<script data-pm-proxy="intercept"></script><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></title><description><![CDATA[I am writing about the importance of historical knowledge and a sustained conversation in the public sphere in creating sustainable and democratic societies where human rights are at the core.]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d5zR!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39ec62bf-03a2-4164-a0cd-c3d9aa7a8277_4592x3448.jpeg</url><title>Andrea Peto</title><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 12:07:09 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[andreapeto@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[andreapeto@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[andreapeto@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[andreapeto@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[My 36th academic year at CEU begins]]></title><description><![CDATA[For the anniversary of the start of the 36th school year, I decided to gather pictures that ended up in boxes across various apartments because of all the moves over recent years.]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/my-36th-academic-year-at-ceu-begins</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/my-36th-academic-year-at-ceu-begins</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 05:32:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bDfx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0eed92d-13fe-439a-a19b-7e0c4076a02d_1415x1061.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>For the anniversary of the start of the 36th school year, I decided to gather pictures that ended up in boxes across various apartments because of all the moves over recent years. (<em>See more: t</em>he personal costs of living and working in an illiberal state for an Open Society Foundation-funded institution.)</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p>In 2026, CEU will celebrate its 35th anniversary, and I have been working at the institution since the autumn of 1991<span>.</span> The first CEU main campus was in Prague, on Taboritska Street, where we commuted regularly by minibus for years, and the Warsaw campus was funded. Both are gone now. Some colleagues don't even remember that CEU had campuses there, but local politics closed both.</p><h1><strong>The Camera</strong></h1><p>This was my first camera. I am no technical genius: it had a simple dual-lens/switch system&#8212;one for portraits and one for distance shots. As a result, the photos I will share for the anniversary aren't World Press Photo-standard, but they might be interesting with the stories. I'm sharing photos of me first, then the photos I made.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bDfx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0eed92d-13fe-439a-a19b-7e0c4076a02d_1415x1061.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bDfx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0eed92d-13fe-439a-a19b-7e0c4076a02d_1415x1061.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bDfx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0eed92d-13fe-439a-a19b-7e0c4076a02d_1415x1061.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bDfx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0eed92d-13fe-439a-a19b-7e0c4076a02d_1415x1061.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bDfx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0eed92d-13fe-439a-a19b-7e0c4076a02d_1415x1061.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bDfx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0eed92d-13fe-439a-a19b-7e0c4076a02d_1415x1061.jpeg" width="1415" height="1061" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d0eed92d-13fe-439a-a19b-7e0c4076a02d_1415x1061.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1061,&quot;width&quot;:1415,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:477595,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/212383799?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0eed92d-13fe-439a-a19b-7e0c4076a02d_1415x1061.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bDfx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0eed92d-13fe-439a-a19b-7e0c4076a02d_1415x1061.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bDfx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0eed92d-13fe-439a-a19b-7e0c4076a02d_1415x1061.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bDfx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0eed92d-13fe-439a-a19b-7e0c4076a02d_1415x1061.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bDfx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0eed92d-13fe-439a-a19b-7e0c4076a02d_1415x1061.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Me and my camera&#8212;before we all got better cameras in our phones.</p><h1><strong>The Early Locations</strong></h1><p><strong><span>The Academy &amp; Soros Foundation (1991)</span></strong><span> </span></p><p><span>Our very first CEU office was in the Budapest complex of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), in &#218;ri utca, shared with the Soros Foundation. Environmentalists, lawyers, and historians were all located here.</span></p><p><strong><span>T&#225;rogat&#243; &#218;t (1991&#8211;1992)</span></strong><span> </span></p><p><span>From there, the law and history departments moved first to the trade union building at T&#225;rogat&#243; &#250;t 2&#8211;4. It operated in a palace built in 1902, which also served as SZOT's (the National Council of Trade Unions) central building, library, and school. CEU rented rooms here for the 1991&#8211;92 teacher training course.</span></p><p>Then there&#8217;s the <strong>Ajt&#243;si D&#252;rer sor</strong>, where CEU rented offices and rooms from ELTE and the Austrian Europe Institute, which is also gone by now.</p><p><strong><span>H&#369;v&#246;sv&#246;lgyi &#218;t (1992&#8211;1993)</span></strong><span> </span></p><p><span>Next, CEU moved to H&#369;v&#246;sv&#246;lgyi &#250;t, into the former technical flagship company, the Videoton building. By then, we had master&#8217;s students and teachers&#8212;especially those living in </span>Buda&#8212;so<span> the location was ideal for a campus. The fenced, flat-roofed building complex stretched up the hill, with plenty of guaranteed parking spaces and green spaces to sit and talk. </span></p><p><span>The first building at the entrance became the library. CEU initially rented the last building on the right as you headed up. Later, as the number of departments (and thus teachers and students) grew, CEU rented the building on the left as well.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZ92!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5151b8f-81a9-48f3-8f24-bec3160ec691_4026x3019.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZ92!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5151b8f-81a9-48f3-8f24-bec3160ec691_4026x3019.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZ92!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5151b8f-81a9-48f3-8f24-bec3160ec691_4026x3019.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZ92!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5151b8f-81a9-48f3-8f24-bec3160ec691_4026x3019.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZ92!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5151b8f-81a9-48f3-8f24-bec3160ec691_4026x3019.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZ92!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5151b8f-81a9-48f3-8f24-bec3160ec691_4026x3019.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e5151b8f-81a9-48f3-8f24-bec3160ec691_4026x3019.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2972453,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/212383799?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5151b8f-81a9-48f3-8f24-bec3160ec691_4026x3019.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZ92!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5151b8f-81a9-48f3-8f24-bec3160ec691_4026x3019.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZ92!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5151b8f-81a9-48f3-8f24-bec3160ec691_4026x3019.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZ92!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5151b8f-81a9-48f3-8f24-bec3160ec691_4026x3019.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZ92!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe5151b8f-81a9-48f3-8f24-bec3160ec691_4026x3019.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>I am teaching in H&#252;v&#246;sv&#246;lgyi &#250;t.</p><h1><strong><span>N&#225;dor Street &amp; Okt&#243;ber 6 Street</span></strong><span> </span></h1><p><span>Then came the N</span><strong><span>&#225;dor Street </span></strong><span>building, which was quite small and </span>representative, and<span> therefore it couldn&#8217;t fit everyone. My office was in the </span><strong><span>Okt&#243;ber 6 Street building</span></strong><span>, the first property sold after CEU moved to Vienna&#8212;even though the original plans laid out a nice connection between the two streets through it. But, of course, it had asbestos. I haven&#8217;t walked by there in a long time, so I don&#8217;t know what is there now.</span></p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7qSx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bf684f4-6402-427d-8272-8e3661d321f0_200x325.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7qSx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bf684f4-6402-427d-8272-8e3661d321f0_200x325.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7qSx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bf684f4-6402-427d-8272-8e3661d321f0_200x325.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7qSx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bf684f4-6402-427d-8272-8e3661d321f0_200x325.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7qSx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bf684f4-6402-427d-8272-8e3661d321f0_200x325.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7qSx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bf684f4-6402-427d-8272-8e3661d321f0_200x325.jpeg" width="200" height="325" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4bf684f4-6402-427d-8272-8e3661d321f0_200x325.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:325,&quot;width&quot;:200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:18967,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/212383799?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bf684f4-6402-427d-8272-8e3661d321f0_200x325.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7qSx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bf684f4-6402-427d-8272-8e3661d321f0_200x325.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7qSx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bf684f4-6402-427d-8272-8e3661d321f0_200x325.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7qSx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bf684f4-6402-427d-8272-8e3661d321f0_200x325.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7qSx!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bf684f4-6402-427d-8272-8e3661d321f0_200x325.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Teaching in the 6th October Street</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1-ZY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fa7a9a4-dea8-436c-b26f-37d3275050f0_900x425.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1-ZY!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fa7a9a4-dea8-436c-b26f-37d3275050f0_900x425.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1-ZY!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fa7a9a4-dea8-436c-b26f-37d3275050f0_900x425.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1-ZY!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fa7a9a4-dea8-436c-b26f-37d3275050f0_900x425.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1-ZY!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fa7a9a4-dea8-436c-b26f-37d3275050f0_900x425.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1-ZY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fa7a9a4-dea8-436c-b26f-37d3275050f0_900x425.jpeg" width="900" height="425" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7fa7a9a4-dea8-436c-b26f-37d3275050f0_900x425.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:425,&quot;width&quot;:900,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1-ZY!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fa7a9a4-dea8-436c-b26f-37d3275050f0_900x425.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1-ZY!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fa7a9a4-dea8-436c-b26f-37d3275050f0_900x425.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1-ZY!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fa7a9a4-dea8-436c-b26f-37d3275050f0_900x425.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1-ZY!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fa7a9a4-dea8-436c-b26f-37d3275050f0_900x425.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">I</figcaption></figure></div><p>I had a photo op in the Nador building. In the Panorama elevator. </p><p><strong><span>14 Zr&#237;nyi Street:</span></strong><span> Afterward, the Open Society Institute (OSI) moved there, and our department was relocated to the building on Zr&#237;nyi Street rented from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, MTA. I recently went to </span>check and found no sign of the former CEU presence there anymore. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca07ab71-460f-4aad-8cde-5e7b36f11dfe_1704x2272.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhp!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca07ab71-460f-4aad-8cde-5e7b36f11dfe_1704x2272.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhp!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca07ab71-460f-4aad-8cde-5e7b36f11dfe_1704x2272.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhp!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca07ab71-460f-4aad-8cde-5e7b36f11dfe_1704x2272.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhp!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ca07ab71-460f-4aad-8cde-5e7b36f11dfe_1704x2272.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:139609,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/212383799?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca07ab71-460f-4aad-8cde-5e7b36f11dfe_1704x2272.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhp!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca07ab71-460f-4aad-8cde-5e7b36f11dfe_1704x2272.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhp!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca07ab71-460f-4aad-8cde-5e7b36f11dfe_1704x2272.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhp!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca07ab71-460f-4aad-8cde-5e7b36f11dfe_1704x2272.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhp!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca07ab71-460f-4aad-8cde-5e7b36f11dfe_1704x2272.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Entering my office on 9 May 2007</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHd5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe499eaaa-0435-4b0a-ac69-49a385c61060_1200x800.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHd5!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe499eaaa-0435-4b0a-ac69-49a385c61060_1200x800.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHd5!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe499eaaa-0435-4b0a-ac69-49a385c61060_1200x800.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHd5!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe499eaaa-0435-4b0a-ac69-49a385c61060_1200x800.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHd5!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe499eaaa-0435-4b0a-ac69-49a385c61060_1200x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHd5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe499eaaa-0435-4b0a-ac69-49a385c61060_1200x800.jpeg" width="1200" height="800" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e499eaaa-0435-4b0a-ac69-49a385c61060_1200x800.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:800,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:173742,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/212383799?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe499eaaa-0435-4b0a-ac69-49a385c61060_1200x800.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHd5!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe499eaaa-0435-4b0a-ac69-49a385c61060_1200x800.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHd5!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe499eaaa-0435-4b0a-ac69-49a385c61060_1200x800.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHd5!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe499eaaa-0435-4b0a-ac69-49a385c61060_1200x800.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHd5!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe499eaaa-0435-4b0a-ac69-49a385c61060_1200x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>My office in Zrinyi utca. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-jU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8abdaad6-623b-4036-ac0a-f60bd8ffa4f2_5012x3489.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-jU!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8abdaad6-623b-4036-ac0a-f60bd8ffa4f2_5012x3489.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-jU!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8abdaad6-623b-4036-ac0a-f60bd8ffa4f2_5012x3489.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-jU!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8abdaad6-623b-4036-ac0a-f60bd8ffa4f2_5012x3489.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-jU!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8abdaad6-623b-4036-ac0a-f60bd8ffa4f2_5012x3489.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-jU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8abdaad6-623b-4036-ac0a-f60bd8ffa4f2_5012x3489.jpeg" width="1456" height="1014" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8abdaad6-623b-4036-ac0a-f60bd8ffa4f2_5012x3489.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1014,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:6249751,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/212383799?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8abdaad6-623b-4036-ac0a-f60bd8ffa4f2_5012x3489.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-jU!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8abdaad6-623b-4036-ac0a-f60bd8ffa4f2_5012x3489.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-jU!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8abdaad6-623b-4036-ac0a-f60bd8ffa4f2_5012x3489.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-jU!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8abdaad6-623b-4036-ac0a-f60bd8ffa4f2_5012x3489.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-jU!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8abdaad6-623b-4036-ac0a-f60bd8ffa4f2_5012x3489.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Giving an interview in front of the picturesque elevator in Zrinyi utca</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m8NV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F358b2a95-c5f3-463c-a9f3-9d1e1f417912_4488x2992.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m8NV!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F358b2a95-c5f3-463c-a9f3-9d1e1f417912_4488x2992.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m8NV!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F358b2a95-c5f3-463c-a9f3-9d1e1f417912_4488x2992.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m8NV!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F358b2a95-c5f3-463c-a9f3-9d1e1f417912_4488x2992.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m8NV!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F358b2a95-c5f3-463c-a9f3-9d1e1f417912_4488x2992.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m8NV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F358b2a95-c5f3-463c-a9f3-9d1e1f417912_4488x2992.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F358b2a95-c5f3-463c-a9f3-9d1e1f417912_4488x2992.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m8NV!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F358b2a95-c5f3-463c-a9f3-9d1e1f417912_4488x2992.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m8NV!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F358b2a95-c5f3-463c-a9f3-9d1e1f417912_4488x2992.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m8NV!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F358b2a95-c5f3-463c-a9f3-9d1e1f417912_4488x2992.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This is what academics do. I am sitting at my desk in Zrinyi Street</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7rQo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4831a520-779f-450b-97ea-03c7c025f91c_1600x1200.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7rQo!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4831a520-779f-450b-97ea-03c7c025f91c_1600x1200.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7rQo!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4831a520-779f-450b-97ea-03c7c025f91c_1600x1200.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7rQo!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4831a520-779f-450b-97ea-03c7c025f91c_1600x1200.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7rQo!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4831a520-779f-450b-97ea-03c7c025f91c_1600x1200.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7rQo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4831a520-779f-450b-97ea-03c7c025f91c_1600x1200.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4831a520-779f-450b-97ea-03c7c025f91c_1600x1200.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:350621,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/212383799?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4831a520-779f-450b-97ea-03c7c025f91c_1600x1200.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7rQo!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4831a520-779f-450b-97ea-03c7c025f91c_1600x1200.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7rQo!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4831a520-779f-450b-97ea-03c7c025f91c_1600x1200.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7rQo!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4831a520-779f-450b-97ea-03c7c025f91c_1600x1200.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7rQo!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4831a520-779f-450b-97ea-03c7c025f91c_1600x1200.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This was the desk without me. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AqB7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31802838-4044-45fd-94ce-aa18cc3c6b72_1409x794.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AqB7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31802838-4044-45fd-94ce-aa18cc3c6b72_1409x794.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AqB7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31802838-4044-45fd-94ce-aa18cc3c6b72_1409x794.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AqB7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31802838-4044-45fd-94ce-aa18cc3c6b72_1409x794.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AqB7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31802838-4044-45fd-94ce-aa18cc3c6b72_1409x794.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AqB7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31802838-4044-45fd-94ce-aa18cc3c6b72_1409x794.jpeg" width="1409" height="794" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/31802838-4044-45fd-94ce-aa18cc3c6b72_1409x794.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:794,&quot;width&quot;:1409,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:119592,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/212383799?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31802838-4044-45fd-94ce-aa18cc3c6b72_1409x794.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AqB7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31802838-4044-45fd-94ce-aa18cc3c6b72_1409x794.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AqB7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31802838-4044-45fd-94ce-aa18cc3c6b72_1409x794.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AqB7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31802838-4044-45fd-94ce-aa18cc3c6b72_1409x794.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AqB7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31802838-4044-45fd-94ce-aa18cc3c6b72_1409x794.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This is the most representative room in Nador utca. I could use it when I had an interview. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-wXT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9866d30-ca5c-46e6-9057-f758a0ab11fc_2272x1704.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-wXT!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9866d30-ca5c-46e6-9057-f758a0ab11fc_2272x1704.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-wXT!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9866d30-ca5c-46e6-9057-f758a0ab11fc_2272x1704.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-wXT!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9866d30-ca5c-46e6-9057-f758a0ab11fc_2272x1704.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-wXT!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9866d30-ca5c-46e6-9057-f758a0ab11fc_2272x1704.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-wXT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9866d30-ca5c-46e6-9057-f758a0ab11fc_2272x1704.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9866d30-ca5c-46e6-9057-f758a0ab11fc_2272x1704.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-wXT!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9866d30-ca5c-46e6-9057-f758a0ab11fc_2272x1704.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-wXT!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9866d30-ca5c-46e6-9057-f758a0ab11fc_2272x1704.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-wXT!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9866d30-ca5c-46e6-9057-f758a0ab11fc_2272x1704.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Students in my office in Zrinyi utca.</p><h1>And now?</h1><p>When Alfred Stepan, the Rector of CEU (1993-1996), climbed to the top of the dormitory on Kerepesi &#250;t, a workers&#8217; hostel at the time, looked around, and remarked, &#8220;If everything goes wrong, we will sell it as a three-star hotel.&#8221; Indeed, many things did go wrong, but the buildings still stand, and CEU still owns them.</p><p>It remains an open question whether a new Hungarian government will view CEU as an institution that belongs in Budapest. CEU has not yet earned symbolic compensation for the attacks it endured from Hungary&#8217;s illiberal government, much as the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the 1956 Institute have more recently. It could also become an important part of the newly built higher education infrastructure of a re-democratized Hungary.</p><p>That would be a fitting gift for this anniversary.</p><p></p><blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/my-36th-academic-year-at-ceu-begins?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/my-36th-academic-year-at-ceu-begins?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p></blockquote><h3></h3><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Is an Asexual Carmen Antifeminist?]]></title><description><![CDATA[About the new "Carmen" in the Salzburg Festival in 2026]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/is-the-anti-sexual-carmen-antifeminist</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/is-the-anti-sexual-carmen-antifeminist</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 05:31:02 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VUVb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ba859f-6fb7-4b47-a0d6-33703d203ce8_3816x2614.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Is <em>Carmen</em> a timeless celebration of women's freedom and desire or opera&#8217;s most famous femicide? In the Salzburg Festival&#8217;s new production, that question can no longer be avoided.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VUVb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ba859f-6fb7-4b47-a0d6-33703d203ce8_3816x2614.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VUVb!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ba859f-6fb7-4b47-a0d6-33703d203ce8_3816x2614.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VUVb!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ba859f-6fb7-4b47-a0d6-33703d203ce8_3816x2614.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VUVb!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ba859f-6fb7-4b47-a0d6-33703d203ce8_3816x2614.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VUVb!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ba859f-6fb7-4b47-a0d6-33703d203ce8_3816x2614.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VUVb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ba859f-6fb7-4b47-a0d6-33703d203ce8_3816x2614.jpeg" width="1456" height="997" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/27ba859f-6fb7-4b47-a0d6-33703d203ce8_3816x2614.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:997,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5094801,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/211398602?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ba859f-6fb7-4b47-a0d6-33703d203ce8_3816x2614.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VUVb!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ba859f-6fb7-4b47-a0d6-33703d203ce8_3816x2614.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VUVb!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ba859f-6fb7-4b47-a0d6-33703d203ce8_3816x2614.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VUVb!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ba859f-6fb7-4b47-a0d6-33703d203ce8_3816x2614.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VUVb!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ba859f-6fb7-4b47-a0d6-33703d203ce8_3816x2614.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h5><strong>Fortepan, Spain, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?city=La%20L%C3%ADnea%20de%20la%20Concepci%C3%B3n">La L&#237;nea de la Concepci&#243;n</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?year=1933">1933</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?id=56721">56721</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?donor=Balassa%20P%C3%A9ter">Balassa P&#233;ter</a></strong></h5><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong>The easily accessible Bizet&#8217;s </strong><em><strong>Carmen</strong></em><strong> is not without its stereotypes:</strong> the freedom-loving Gypsies, the dashing torero, an even more dashing soldier in uniform, the loving mother, the self-sacrificing woman enduring unrequited love who finds refuge in faith, and the camaraderie and friendship of soldiers, just to list a few.</p><p><em>How can this collection of clich&#233;s be brought to the stage in 2026?</em></p><p><span>The question is particularly intriguing because opera was a popular art form when&nbsp;</span><em><span>Bizet</span></em><span>&nbsp;wrote Carmen in French, using its Southern neighbor as an exotic other in Prosper M&#233;rim&#233;e's script</span>. Everyone, from barbers to aristocratic ladies, hummed its melodies. At the time, opera fulfilled roughly the same role that musicals do today: audiences could find a place in the theatre depending on their financial possibilities, and think about, through music, the themes that concerned them directly: love, death, freedom, responsibility, friendship, and male rivalry created a community. From barbers to aristocratic ladies.</p><p>Today, Broadway musicals have largely taken over this cultural function, while opera has become part of high culture, with a higher threshold of entry and an increasingly narrow audience.</p><p><em>So what can be done with an operetta like Carmen at the 2026 <a href="https://www.salzburgerfestspiele.at/p/carmen-2026">Salzburg Festival</a>?</em></p><p>The question is all the more pressing because the work is fundamentally about the murder of a woman (<a href="https://eige.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/20211560_mh0121100enn_pdf.pdf">femicide</a>), and in Austria, news reports of women being killed continue to appear with alarming regularity, almost weekly. </p><p>The key question, therefore, is how this work can be presented in 2026.</p><p>Gabriela Carrizo's production is an excellent example of contemporary conservative opera staging. (The director has a ballet company, so she, without much thought, made sure her dancers got jobs in the opera too.) It is hardly surprising that the world-famous singer performing Carmen, Asmik Grigorian, emphasizes in interviews that she does not consider herself a feminist.</p><p><em>But how can one stage the story of a femicide from a non-feminist perspective?</em></p><h1>The new concept of freedom</h1><p>The key lies in redefining freedom, a notion the opera repeatedly invokes: the freedom not to engage.  (From Camus to Imre Kert&#233;sz and Szalay&#8217;s Flesh, the <em>estrangement</em> has been represented well.)</p><p>In this production, Carmen appears to be the only character who truly possesses freedom. Simply because she does not care.</p><p>In the play, Don Jos&#233;, the dashing and reliable soldier, falls in love with Carmen and thereby ceases to be an autonomous, free agent. Escamillo, the torero, also falls in love, and thus even this embodiment of confident, rural macho masculinity becomes captive to an emotional attachment to a woman and the desire for his conquest to be mirrored and appreciated by a woman.</p><p>Carmen finds Don Jos&#233;&#8217;s love rather dull, yet she accepts it because it helps her escape prison. She is largely indifferent to the fact that Don Jos&#233; ultimately ends up imprisoned. Eroticism and sexuality play only a very limited role here. The popular, sensual, and memorable arias are sung by Carmen here  as purposeful, self-controlled, a master of her own desires, and fundamentally disillusioned. She is bored. One of the most erotic overtures in opera history for Act 3, which can be played as a romance between Don Jos&#233;, who gave up everything for Carmen, and Carmen, is not about love, intimacy, and sensuality in this adaptation. For Carmen, love is rhetoric, not a feeling or a destiny, but a tool she uses to navigate a dangerous society, as when she refuses to engage in smuggling with her peers. </p><p>At the same time, Carmen loses her freedom the moment she becomes captivated by the world of the successful torero, his entourage, and the social recognition that surrounds him. What drives her is not primarily sexual desire, not Eros, but rather a longing for power, appreciation, and recognition. These are things she had previously been denied as a wandering Gitano woman living on society's margins, wearing unappealing dresses. Carmen&#8217;s freedom therefore signifies not merely the absence of emotional ties but also the possibility of social advancement. This is precisely why it is so tragic that, by the end of the opera, everything she understood as freedom collides fatally with Don Jos&#233;&#8217;s possessive conception of love.</p><p>In Act 4. Don Jos&#233; desperately begs Carmen to save both herself and him. All she would have to do is perform once more the role she had previously played so successfully: to pretend that she loves him. In other words, she could preserve her life by renouncing her freedom and choosing dependence. She refuses, taking no sides and not wanting to be involved.</p><p>In this production, Jonathan Tetelman&#8217;s Don Jos&#233; completely overshadowed the somewhat weary Carmen, both dramatically and vocally. By the end of the evening, one might well wonder whether the opera ought to be titled <em>Don Jos&#233;</em> rather than <em>Carmen</em>.</p><p>In this reading, <em>Carmen</em> is not a story about punishing a sexually active and self-determining woman. <em>This play is <strong>not</strong> about women&#8217;s liberation. </em> Indeed, Asmik Grigorian is <strong>not</strong> playing a feminist Carmen. Rather, it is a portrayal of how fundamentally incompatible male and female understandings of freedom, like moving outside sexuality and desire, necessarily lead to violence and, ultimately, to murder, because exactly that sexuality and desire makes a human human: compassionate and trustful. It is no surprise that this adaptation was a major success in Salzburg, as this reading helps avoid uncomfortable questions while relying on easily understood stereotypes of love and desire that this adaptation aimed to question and criticize.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/is-the-anti-sexual-carmen-antifeminist?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/is-the-anti-sexual-carmen-antifeminist?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p>The play can be viewed on ORF and Arte on 8 August. </p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Making of Professor Arday]]></title><description><![CDATA[How did Professor Arday become a victim of the educational system he was also using?]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/the-making-of-professor-arday</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/the-making-of-professor-arday</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 20 Aug 2026 05:20:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f9f4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d05e6b-9a30-459e-9952-83b759cd1548_5543x3292.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>How did Professor Arday become a victim of the educational system he was also using? I will tell you.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f9f4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d05e6b-9a30-459e-9952-83b759cd1548_5543x3292.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f9f4!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d05e6b-9a30-459e-9952-83b759cd1548_5543x3292.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f9f4!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d05e6b-9a30-459e-9952-83b759cd1548_5543x3292.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f9f4!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d05e6b-9a30-459e-9952-83b759cd1548_5543x3292.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f9f4!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d05e6b-9a30-459e-9952-83b759cd1548_5543x3292.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f9f4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d05e6b-9a30-459e-9952-83b759cd1548_5543x3292.jpeg" width="1456" height="865" 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d05e6b-9a30-459e-9952-83b759cd1548_5543x3292.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f9f4!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d05e6b-9a30-459e-9952-83b759cd1548_5543x3292.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f9f4!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d05e6b-9a30-459e-9952-83b759cd1548_5543x3292.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f9f4!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d05e6b-9a30-459e-9952-83b759cd1548_5543x3292.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Fortepan, Cambridge, <strong><a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?year=1959">1959</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?id=41927">41927</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?donor=MZSL%2FOfner%20K%C3%A1roly">MZSL/Ofner K&#225;roly</a></strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>As with every career in academia, the story starts with a Ph.D. </p><h1>What is a Ph.D.?</h1><p>A doctoral degree (Ph.D.) is an examination consisting of advanced training, writing a dissertation, and a public defense before a committee, and, in some countries, two or even three written reviews of the thesis by external experts. It is intended to certify professional competence. By analogy, it resembles a language examination: it certifies that its holder meets a required standard of language proficiency.</p><p>Of course, language certificates can be bought or falsified; therefore, those examination agencies are strict in their requirements to maintain their monopolies on issuing quality-assured certificates. The question is whether everyone holding a C1 language certificate actually speaks that language at a C1 level. Not necessarily. But they have met the given institution's examination requirements, which certain other institutions trust, namely, hiring those who have that certificate or admitting them to their educational programs.</p><p>With PhDs, <strong>the institution, namely the university,</strong> has the right, which is periodically reviewed by the local accreditation committee, to issue a doctoral degree, and the institution is responsible for making sure that the degree-awarding process followed the required process. </p><h1><strong>The appeal of the doctoral degree (Ph.D.)</strong></h1><p>The doctoral degree has a wide-ranging appeal. From numerous German politicians to the Hungarian former president and even the current president of Russia, many political figures have submitted plagiarized dissertations or theses written by others. They all hoped to use "Dr." before their names to impress their voters.</p><p><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bewi.202100013?__cf_chl_tk=7.OrGtl2HMYE_M8A4Y.jMCxpuLu4.eEL0VgzWEY16Kg-1786871068-1.0.1.1-.0aHh4vuE7glgu6gkV0IXsDIUqgPTTIf8UelSywtODo">Illiberal states solve this problem differently: </a>they run PhD-awarding proxy programs where reliable loyalists are awarded doctoral degrees, as alleged in cases linked to the University of P&#233;cs in Hungary. Accreditation bodies should prevent such proxy doctoral programs from emerging. In Hungary, however, the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/hungarian-academic-andrea-peto-quits-in-censorship-row">Accreditation Committee has long failed to serve as an effective safeguard for academic quality assurance.</a></p><p>Why do so many non-academics take the risk of getting a Ph.D. degree by cheating? This suggests the degree has high social prestige, partly because of institutional guarantees of the knowledge and the quality assurance of how it was awarded. </p><p>The situation is different for those pursuing an academic career. They want to impress their peers and students. In informal, often feudal academic structures, trust and reputation matter. First, supervisors ensure that the dissertation-writing process meets the requirements. The fact that university graduates who have successfully completed doctoral training can still engage in plagiarism often results from poor training, negligent supervision, or weak quality assurance. </p><p><em>And this is where the Arday case becomes relevant.</em></p><p>If examination committees and reviewers fail to meet professional standards or do not properly assess either the dissertation or the candidate&#8217;s knowledge, the failure is <strong>institutional and collective</strong>, not individual, even if the individual pays the price for this. T<a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jason-arday-death-cambridge-plagiarism-statement-b3033719.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawTujsVwZG9mBWV4dG4DYWVtAjEwAGJyaWQRMU1ZVzEwQUlWeGM5ZVVWUDFzcnRjBmFwcF9pZBAyMjIwMzkxNzg4MjAwODkyAAEeSulAxrPy1gM-bUImJaQ8MqXAu8oTSIz4u-eQHlz1LDpcLQpXJOKyzjRelHg_aem_24J2tnY4Ak7U9s14A3Snwg">he university that issued Arday's degree argued that the doctoral process followed the required</a> procedures. </p><p>The story continues with hiring, the ultimate and desired follow-up to years (4-10) spent working on a doctoral dissertation. </p><h1>Institutional Responsibility</h1><p>Why did the University of Cambridge (ranked 3rd in the Times Higher Education (THE) ranking) hire a young academic with a doctorate from a solid but not elite university ranked 801-1000 in the THE ranking? Why did Arday stand out, as Cambridge usually hires graduates of the top-of-the-top universities? Especially when concerns about his questionable academic record were allegedly already known in parts of the profession and when several of Arday&#8217;s applications in the small job market of academia had reportedly been rejected elsewhere? The NYT reported that for the job interview, 4 scholars were invited, including 2 women of color.</p><p>Confabulation about academic achievements is not isolated or exceptional. I have heard of more than one academic who has enhanced their CV by listing books that never existed, without much academic or professional consequence. Moreover, they continued to flourish as international academics, arguing that they were victims of malicious intent. This did not happen with Arday, who, after the professional and private confabulation were exposed, killed himself.</p><p><span>No surprise that Cambridge now argues it gave all the support needed&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jason-arday-death-cambridge-plagiarism-statement-b3033719.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawTujsVwZG9mBWV4dG4DYWVtAjEwAGJyaWQRMU1ZVzEwQUlWeGM5ZVVWUDFzcnRjBmFwcF9pZBAyMjIwMzkxNzg4MjAwODkyAAEeSulAxrPy1gM-bUImJaQ8MqXAu8oTSIz4u-eQHlz1LDpcLQpXJOKyzjRelHg_aem_24J2tnY4Ak7U9s14A3Snwg">after Arday resigned</a><span>, which is not very plausible, as faculty who leave an institution are usually condemned to social death, as the institution needs fresh blood to operate, not </span>the ballast<span> of its own institutional history.</span></p><p>At universities, committees appointed by institutional leadership handle quality assurance. These committees, composed of internal and external members, evaluate applications. A single academic position, even without tenure, meaning a promise of a permanent position for life, which was the case of Arday, in any field may attract at least a three-digit number of candidates. Committee members, two of whom are externals and invited by the university for this evaluation task, are expected to know the literature, understand disciplinary trends and research developments, and assess whether the materials submitted by a candidate, including their CV, publication list, and writing samples, justify inviting them for a job interview and a job talk.</p><p>I have served on many such committees and observed two approaches. One is to evaluate candidates solely on the submitted materials. The other is to investigate further, read their work, and often consult colleagues off the record. Yet even under the first approach, someone should have noticed if a book listed in a publication record did not actually exist. You notice because you are on that committee, especially as an external expert, because of your expertise to do so.</p><p>This is precisely why hiring committees consist of multiple members. Each member represents different priorities and perspectives and may support different candidates for different reasons. But they are all bound by rules of the profession. If this fails and they keep silent, this is not an<strong> &#8220;aberration,</strong>&#8221; as the <a href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/jason-arday-cambridge-chief-calls-plagiarism-case-an-aberration/">Vice Chancellor of Cambridge</a> declared after reviewing the Arday case. By now, the explanation by the university has shifted toward <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jason-arday-death-cambridge-plagiarism-statement-b3033719.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawTujsVwZG9mBWV4dG4DYWVtAjEwAGJyaWQRMU1ZVzEwQUlWeGM5ZVVWUDFzcnRjBmFwcF9pZBAyMjIwMzkxNzg4MjAwODkyAAEeSulAxrPy1gM-bUImJaQ8MqXAu8oTSIz4u-eQHlz1LDpcLQpXJOKyzjRelHg_aem_24J2tnY4Ak7U9s14A3Snwg">&#8220;</a><strong><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jason-arday-death-cambridge-plagiarism-statement-b3033719.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawTujsVwZG9mBWV4dG4DYWVtAjEwAGJyaWQRMU1ZVzEwQUlWeGM5ZVVWUDFzcnRjBmFwcF9pZBAyMjIwMzkxNzg4MjAwODkyAAEeSulAxrPy1gM-bUImJaQ8MqXAu8oTSIz4u-eQHlz1LDpcLQpXJOKyzjRelHg_aem_24J2tnY4Ak7U9s14A3Snwg">the media</a></strong><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jason-arday-death-cambridge-plagiarism-statement-b3033719.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawTujsVwZG9mBWV4dG4DYWVtAjEwAGJyaWQRMU1ZVzEwQUlWeGM5ZVVWUDFzcnRjBmFwcF9pZBAyMjIwMzkxNzg4MjAwODkyAAEeSulAxrPy1gM-bUImJaQ8MqXAu8oTSIz4u-eQHlz1LDpcLQpXJOKyzjRelHg_aem_24J2tnY4Ak7U9s14A3Snwg">&#8221; </a>to blame for the death.</p><p>The question is, if not &#8220;aberration, or &#8220;the media&#8221; are the causes of this tragic ending, then what?</p><p><em>Cambridge, like most universities, depends significantly on tuition income. If it can hire an academic whose personal story and possibly academic achievements inspire prospective students to borrow money, seek financial support from their parents, apply, and then pay a serious amount to study under these high-profile academics, that is already a recruitment success.</em></p><p>Few academics can attract such financially backed public attention. Many, particularly those privileged enough to enjoy secure careers, can devote themselves to highly specialized scholarly questions that may interest only a few dozen experts worldwide. That is why, after this hire, Cambridge immediately issued a press release, as Arday represented the opposite model. He practiced what might be called popular scholarship and communicated widely and publicly. </p><p><em>By leveraging the Cambridge brand to build his own profile, Arday simultaneously strengthened the institution&#8217;s brand.</em></p><p>That brand value translated into tuition revenue and public engagement metrics, which were measured in the university rankings. Universities increasingly measure how often their academics appear in the media (quoted or being interviewed as an expert), and in many research funding applications, a candidate&#8217;s public visibility, including social media presence counted by followers on different social media platforms, is now considered a relevant evaluation metric of scholarly excellence.</p><h1>The Cambridge One</h1><p>The story of the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Five"> Cambridge Five</a> is well known. Soviet intelligence successfully recruited several individuals associated with Cambridge during the Cold War to cause harm. <a href="https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/279b7827-a3ea-479d-95ad-36830269f33d/content">Science and academia </a>are a major battlefield for human rights and liberalism in this new Cold War. There is more than one &#8220;Cambridge One&#8221; in the present Cold War, which is no longer that cold.</p><p>It is no accident that <a href="https://kjonnsforskning.no/en/2022/09/andrea-peto-working-within-higher-education-has-become-high-risk">female scholars</a> in academia are also harassed as trespassers in &#8220;men&#8217;s world&#8221; from the moment they enter (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia">first female philosophe</a>r was killed in 415 AD to set the tone), and that <a href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/gender/2018/09/24/attack-on-freedom-of-education-in-hungary-the-case-of-gender-studies/">gender studies, as a field of study</a>, has been constantly delegitimized together with postcolonial studies, climate research, and virology. To name a few, sociology has now joined. </p><p>The University of Cambridge ranks 6th globally in the QS Rankings and symbolizes academic excellence as we define it today. Therefore, the attack is not just against one institution. </p><p><em>The Arday case is a major blow to institutional autonomy, quality assurance, and socially engaged scholarship as we know it.</em></p><p>Other academic misconduct is not judged so harshly. Stories circulate constantly at academic conferences about universities protecting faculty accused of sexual misconduct, about programs where students feel disadvantaged unless they maintain inappropriate relationships with supervisors, and about institutions suppressing criticism in order to protect their reputation and to have leverage over those faculty members. Most promising young male scholars asking around after some glasses of the cheap red wine offered at the conference reception, where a reasonably priced but still safe brothel is in the city, seem to be acceptable. <span>Stories of </span><a href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20260310122802220">appropriation of academic work</a><span>&nbsp;from those not protected by institutional mechanisms are also well </span>known,<span> and little is done to protect the work of those who are vulnerable: women, junior scholars, and scholars from less resourceful institutions, mostly outside the Global North. Careers are destroyed, institutions are complicit, but nobody dies. </span></p><p><em><span>Till Professor Arday.</span></em></p><p>Universities, like Cambridge, as finance-driven corporations, prioritize cashing in on their brand. Those who speak out about institutional failures of quality assurance may find themselves marginalized. <span>Not everybody has access to the lawyers paid by the University of </span>Cambridge,<span> like Arday, to threaten those who want to expose institutional failures. Now Cambridge is carefully crafting a new narrative of the caring university. (I do not want to know how much they paid a communications firm to come up with this.)</span></p><p><em>Is this acceptable?</em></p><p>Academic disputes should not be settled through the police and lawyers; independently, the Arday reported the journalist, who wrote an article about the case, to the police. Whatever legal actions may be pursued, the proper venue for evaluating academic claims remains the university itself and the scholarly community.</p><p>This institutional process seems not to be working in this case and led to the tragic death of a colleague. Increasingly, <a href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20240501143215958">politicians and influencers worldwide argue</a> that academics cannot govern their own institutions; they are naive and, after the Arday case, even incompetent and irrelevant. They point to cases in which universities hire researchers whose backgrounds raise concerns or engage in international collaborations that generate political controversy. Political actors with obvious political agendas then use such examples to justify greater intervention in the name of the <a href="https://higheredstrategy.com/illiberal-universities/">so-called interest of the state</a> or the new buzzword &#8220;knowledge security.&#8221;</p><p><em>That is what is at stake: who will decide what knowledge is?</em></p><p>Universities increasingly operate like corporations, concerned above all with reputation and the revenue that reputation generates. As long as faculty fail to enforce the rules and standards they created, ruthless market pressures will always risk overriding academic principles. In many ways, the tragic Arday case illustrates precisely this danger.</p><p>Researchers and academics still occupy a relatively privileged position despite increasing precarity driven by financially motivated institutional policies, yet public trust in higher education and science continues to decline steadily. Part of that <em>decline stems from how institutions handle cases such as Arday&#8216;s and from how illiberal intellectuals and influencers exploit such controversies for political purposes to undermine trust in higher education and science and speak about the &#8220;reconquista&#8221; of universities. </em></p><p><em>&#8220;Reconquista</em>&#8221; refers to the conquest of Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, culminating in the fall of Granada in 1492. However, the term &#8220;Reconquista&#8221; is itself a much later historiographical construction, developed and popularized by nineteenth-century Romantic nationalist historians. The concept retrospectively frames a complex and uneven historical process as a coherent and inevitable project of &#8220;reconquest,&#8221; thereby attributing to it a political and religious unity that did not exist at the time. Similarly, contemporary attacks on liberal university systems by illiberal forces are often justified through narratives of moral, cultural, or religious restoration that presume a form of superiority whose legitimacy is neither self-evident nor historically grounded. Professor Arday's case becomes an important part of this.</p><p>Once institutions, values, and quality-assurance mechanisms in the social sciences and humanities are systematically questioned, demands for government intervention inevitably follow. In the end, the government, namely the taxpayers, pays the bills and the salaries. </p><p>In Hungary, Russia, and China, among others, this <a href="https://higheredstrategy.com/illiberal-universities/">transformation</a> of higher education is already evident, and it can lead to illiberal science and higher education systems producing irrelevant, often plagiarized scholarship in the humanities and social sciences, while STEM, where metrics as a form of evaluation are clear, rises but is also often based on plagiarism. (In<a href="https://arxiv.org/html/2404.15306v1"> India</a>, recently, more than 3000 scientific articles were retracted because of plagiarism. <span>In Russia,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissernet"><span>a civil initiative&nbsp;</span></a><span>started to monitor cases of plagiarism in 2013 as state institutions were dysfunctional, </span>identifying<span> 40000 cases of academic misconduct and 14000 plagiarized dissertations by </span>2025.) </p><p><em>As far as I know, no deaths resulted from this.</em></p><p>If academia's tendency to lose control of the institutional processes that define the rules of its own work continues, we may no longer have the language, institutions, or intellectual spaces needed to address the questions that matter most today: What kind of society do we want to live in? What counts as knowledge? And what is the purpose of the university in the twenty-first century? Why should taxpayers pay academics and researchers?</p><p>It would be a significant, irreversible loss that would fundamentally alter how scientific knowledge is defined and understood.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/the-making-of-professor-arday?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/the-making-of-professor-arday?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A szerencsejáték neme]]></title><description><![CDATA[Dosztojevszkij J&#225;t&#233;kos&#225;t&#243;l a gengszterfilmek csillog&#243; kaszin&#243;ig a j&#225;t&#233;kosok f&#233;rfiak.]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-szerencsejatek-neme</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-szerencsejatek-neme</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 05:50:13 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mvky!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0dbbf7e3-77b6-4bf9-9e77-febc57d1862e_7034x4243.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mvky!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0dbbf7e3-77b6-4bf9-9e77-febc57d1862e_7034x4243.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mvky!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0dbbf7e3-77b6-4bf9-9e77-febc57d1862e_7034x4243.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Szerencsej&#225;t&#233;kos. Fortepan. <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?year=1964">1964</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?id=232456">232456</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?donor=Vir%C3%A1ny%20L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3">Vir&#225;ny L&#225;szl&#243;</a></strong>...</figcaption></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p>Dosztojevszkij <em>J&#225;t&#233;kos&#225;t</em>&#243;l a gengszterfilmek csillog&#243; kaszin&#243;ig a j&#225;t&#233;kosok f&#233;rfiak. A n&#337;k legfeljebb csinos kieg&#233;sz&#237;t&#337;k&#233;nt, a terembe elvitt t&#225;rgyk&#233;nt szerepelnek, akik hozz&#225;j&#225;rulnak a f&#233;rfiak teljesebb &#233;lm&#233;ny&#233;hez. Pedig az egyre n&#246;vekv&#337; szerencsej&#225;t&#233;kpiacon egyre t&#246;bb a n&#337;i fogyaszt&#243;. &#201;s a szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k pedig nem is j&#225;t&#233;k, hi&#225;ba h&#237;vj&#225;k &#250;gy.</p><h1>A n&#246;vekv&#337; szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k piac</h1><p>A szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k-f&#252;gg&#337;s&#233;g egyre jelent&#337;sebb k&#246;zeg&#233;szs&#233;g&#252;gyi &#233;s t&#225;rsadalmi probl&#233;ma Eur&#243;p&#225;ban, azonban nemi dimenzi&#243;i tov&#225;bbra is ismeretlenek. </p><p>P&#233;ld&#225;ul Olaszorsz&#225;g Eur&#243;pa egyik legnagyobb szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k-piac&#225;val rendelkezik: a teljes szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k-forgalom a felm&#233;r&#233;sek szerint meghaladja a <strong>140 milli&#225;rd eur&#243;t</strong>, mik&#246;zben az egy f&#337;re jut&#243; &#233;ves k&#246;lt&#233;s is kiemelked&#337;en magas volt, megk&#246;zel&#237;t&#337;leg <strong>2500 eur&#243;</strong> volt 2023-ban. A teljes szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k-forgalom a 2021-es k&#246;r&#252;lbel&#252;l <strong>111 milli&#225;rd eur&#243;r&#243;l</strong> az ut&#243;bbi &#233;vekben <strong>140 milli&#225;rd eur&#243; f&#246;l&#233;</strong> emelkedett. Ez azt jelenti, hogy a szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k-piac a 2000-es &#233;vek k&#246;zepe &#243;ta t&#246;bb mint <strong>200%-kal n&#246;vekedett</strong>.</p><p>Adat Magyarorsz&#225;gr&#243;l csak a hivatalos Szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k Zrt.-t&#337;l van, a t&#246;bbi becsl&#233;s. Ez a c&#233;g 2024-ben t&#246;bb mint <strong>1235 milli&#225;rd forint nett&#243;, azaz kb. 3,1 mrd eur&#243; &#225;rbev&#233;telt</strong> &#233;rt el, ami 26%-os n&#246;veked&#233;st jelentett az el&#337;z&#337; &#233;vhez k&#233;pest. Kis &#233;s szeg&#233;ny orsz&#225;g, kis szerencsej&#225;t&#233;kpiac. De az adat f&#233;lrevezet&#337;.</p><p><em>Ez&nbsp;<strong>320 eur&#243;t&nbsp;</strong>jelent egy f&#337;re sz&#225;m&#237;tva &#233;vente. </em></p><p><em>Kult&#250;r&#225;ra pedig egy magyar &#233;vente <strong>115 eur&#243;t</strong> k&#246;lt. </em></p><p>A j&#225;t&#233;kosoknak kifizetett nyerem&#233;nyek &#246;sszege Magyarorsz&#225;gon 2024-ben meghaladta a <strong>929 milli&#225;rd forintot</strong>, ami j&#243;l mutatja a piac m&#233;ret&#233;t. Az online &#233;s sportfogad&#225;s a leggyorsabban n&#246;vekedett; az online &#233;rt&#233;kes&#237;t&#233;sek t&#246;bb mint <strong>50%-kal emelkedtek</strong> egy &#233;v alatt. De ezt neh&#233;z megbecs&#252;lni, mert sok a sz&#252;rke z&#243;na a fogad&#225;sokban &#233;s nem is foglalkozik olyan sok civil szervezet a j&#225;t&#233;kf&#252;gg&#337;k nyilv&#225;ntart&#225;s&#225;val &#233;s rehabilit&#225;ci&#243;j&#225;val, mint pl. Olaszorsz&#225;gban.</p><h1>A hi&#225;nyz&#243; n&#337;k</h1><p>B&#225;r a szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k hagyom&#225;nyosan a f&#233;rfiakhoz kapcsol&#243;dik, az elm&#250;lt &#233;vtizedekben a n&#337;k k&#246;r&#233;ben is jelent&#337;s n&#246;veked&#233;s figyelhet&#337; meg, k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen az online szerencsej&#225;t&#233;kok, a kapar&#243;s sorsjegyek &#233;s a mindennapi fogyaszt&#225;si terekben &#8211; p&#233;ld&#225;ul trafikokban vagy bev&#225;s&#225;rl&#243;k&#246;zpontokban &#8211; el&#233;rhet&#337;, online j&#225;t&#233;klehet&#337;s&#233;gek terjed&#233;s&#233;vel. Az &#225;rtalmatlannak kin&#233;z&#337; lott&#243;z&#243;kban elk&#233;peszt&#337; &#246;sszegeket fizetnek be j&#225;t&#233;k c&#237;m&#233;n. Magyarorsz&#225;gon azonban rendk&#237;v&#252;l kev&#233;s kutat&#225;s vizsg&#225;lja a n&#337;k szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k-viselked&#233;s&#233;t, a f&#252;gg&#337;s&#233;g kialakul&#225;s&#225;nak saj&#225;tos &#250;tjait vagy azokat a t&#225;rsadalmi t&#233;nyez&#337;ket, amelyek a n&#337;ket k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen s&#233;r&#252;l&#233;kenny&#233; tehetik.</p><p>A nemzetk&#246;zi szakirodalom szerint a n&#337;kn&#233;l gyakran megfigyelhet&#337;, hogy  a szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k kipr&#243;b&#225;l&#225;sa &#233;s a f&#252;gg&#337;s&#233;g kialakul&#225;sa k&#246;z&#246;tti id&#337;szak jelent&#337;sen r&#246;videbb, mint a f&#233;rfiakn&#225;l. Emellett a n&#337;i  szerencsej&#225;t&#233;kosok k&#246;r&#233;ben magasabb a depresszi&#243;, a szorong&#225;s &#233;s m&#225;s ment&#225;lis eg&#233;szs&#233;g&#252;gyi probl&#233;m&#225;k el&#337;fordul&#225;sa. Sok n&#337; nem az izgalom vagy a verseng&#233;s miatt j&#225;tszik, hanem a stressz, a mag&#225;ny, a r&#225; nehezed&#337; gondoz&#225;si terhek vagy az anyagi bizonytalans&#225;g kezel&#233;s&#233;nek eszk&#246;zek&#233;nt. Ezek az okok alapvet&#337;en elt&#233;rnek a f&#233;rfiak k&#246;r&#233;ben jellemz&#337; mint&#225;zatokt&#243;l, ez&#233;rt a csak f&#233;rfiak tapasztalataira &#233;p&#252;l&#337; megel&#337;z&#233;si modellek gyakran nem tudj&#225;k megfelel&#337;en megsz&#243;l&#237;tani a n&#337;ket.</p><p>Magyarorsz&#225;gon a n&#337;k szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k-f&#252;gg&#337;s&#233;ge a nemi egyenl&#337;tlens&#233;gekkel &#233;s sz&#225;mos m&#225;s t&#225;rsadalmi h&#225;tr&#225;nnyal is &#246;sszef&#252;gg. Az alacsony j&#246;vedelm&#369;, egyed&#252;l&#225;ll&#243;, id&#337;sebb vagy gondoz&#225;si feladatokat ell&#225;t&#243; n&#337;k fokozott kock&#225;zatnak vannak kit&#233;ve. A gazdas&#225;gi bizonytalans&#225;g egyszerre &#246;szt&#246;n&#246;zheti a szerencsej&#225;t&#233;kot rem&#233;lt p&#233;nz&#252;gyi megold&#225;sk&#233;nt, mik&#246;zben a vesztes&#233;gek sokkal s&#250;lyosabb k&#246;vetkezm&#233;nyekkel j&#225;rhatnak sz&#225;mukra &#233;s csal&#225;djukra. A szerencsej&#225;t&#233;kot ez&#233;rt nem csup&#225;n egy&#233;ni viselked&#233;sk&#233;nt, hanem struktur&#225;lis egyenl&#337;tlens&#233;gekkel &#246;sszef&#252;gg&#337; t&#225;rsadalmi probl&#233;mak&#233;nt kell &#233;rtelmezni.</p><p>A fiatal l&#225;nyok egyre kor&#225;bban, &#233;s felk&#233;sz&#252;letlen&#252;l tal&#225;lkoznak online szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k-szer&#369; alkalmaz&#225;sokkal &#233;s digit&#225;lis j&#225;t&#233;kform&#225;kkal, m&#237;g az id&#337;sebb n&#337;k eset&#233;ben a nyugd&#237;jaz&#225;s, az egyed&#252;ll&#233;t vagy a gy&#225;sz fokozhatja a s&#233;r&#252;l&#233;kenys&#233;g&#252;ket. </p><p>A jelenlegi magyar szakpolitikai &#233;s eg&#233;szs&#233;g&#252;gyi megk&#246;zel&#237;t&#233;sek jellemz&#337;en homog&#233;n t&#225;rsadalmi probl&#233;mak&#233;nt kezelik a szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k-f&#252;gg&#337;s&#233;get. Hi&#225;nyoznak azok a tudom&#225;nyos adatok, amelyek lehet&#337;v&#233; tenn&#233;k a nemre, &#233;letkorra &#233;s t&#225;rsadalmi helyzetre szabott beavatkoz&#225;sok kidolgoz&#225;s&#225;t. Emiatt a legink&#225;bb vesz&#233;lyeztetett csoportok &#8211; k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen az alacsony j&#246;vedelm&#369; n&#337;k &#233;s az id&#337;sebb n&#337;k &#8211; gyakran k&#237;v&#252;l maradnak a kev&#233;s, alulfinansz&#237;rozott megel&#337;z&#337; &#233;s t&#225;mogat&#243; szolg&#225;ltat&#225;sok l&#225;t&#243;k&#246;r&#233;n. Sajnos.</p><p>Egy di&#225;kom k&#233;sz&#237;tett interj&#250;kat azokkal a n&#337;kkel, akik gyakran egy vagy k&#233;t csal&#225;di h&#225;z &#225;r&#225;t dob&#225;lj&#225;k be a nyer&#337;g&#233;pekbe &#252;veges szemmel, gyakran &#250;gy, hogy a csal&#225;d csak akkor veszi ezt &#233;szre, mikor megjelennek a v&#233;grehajt&#243;k. Hogy addig a csal&#225;djuk mire figyelt, az rejt&#233;ly. </p><p>Mivel a szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k ugyan&#250;gy szenved&#233;lybetegs&#233;g, mint a doh&#225;nyz&#225;s vagy az alkohol ez&#233;rt az ebb&#337;l nagyon nagy profitot h&#250;z&#243;  Szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k Zrt. honlapj&#225;n el&#233;rhet&#337; egy lista arr&#243;l, hova forduljon, aki seg&#237;ts&#233;get k&#233;r. Az el&#233;g r&#233;ginek &#233;s alibiszer&#369;nek t&#369;n&#337; list&#225;n szerepl&#337; helyek &#225;ltal&#225;nos k&#243;rh&#225;zak &#225;ltal&#225;nos c&#237;mekkel, &#233;s semmi m&#225;s inform&#225;ci&#243; n&#233;lk&#252;l,  kit lehet keresni &#233;s mikor. Ez &#237;gy nem t&#250;l h&#237;vogat&#243; vagy biztat&#243;, ismerve a magyar eg&#233;szs&#233;g&#252;gyet, f&#337;leg a pszichi&#225;triai ell&#225;t&#225;s &#225;llapot&#225;t. </p><p>A lista szerint, ha seg&#237;ts&#233;gre lenne valakinek sz&#252;ks&#233;ge, a Szerencsej&#225;t&#233;k-f&#252;gg&#337;s&#233;g Megel&#337;z&#233;si Seg&#237;t&#337; K&#246;zpont (SzMSK) ingyenes z&#246;ld sz&#225;m&#225;t h&#237;vhatja: <strong>06 80 49 69 69</strong>. (Igaz, ezen a sz&#225;mon el&#337;fizet&#337; nem kapcsolhat&#243;.)  N&#233;h&#225;ny m&#225;s telefonsz&#225;mot felh&#237;vtam a tal&#225;lomra; senki sem v&#225;laszolt. Sz&#243;val sok szerencs&#233;t.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-szerencsejatek-neme?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-szerencsejatek-neme?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Hungary's Recent Political Earthquake: Charisma, Discontent, and Political Bargains]]></title><description><![CDATA["Intra Hungariam" No. 1.]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/hungarys-new-political-earthquake</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/hungarys-new-political-earthquake</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 05:59:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JF0X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb836a46-224f-48ab-9485-33517274aaad_1802x1332.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hungarian politics has become interesting again as a possible model for global redemocratization. In the new series, &#8220;<em>Intra Hungariam,</em>&#8221; I will tell you why.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JF0X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb836a46-224f-48ab-9485-33517274aaad_1802x1332.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JF0X!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb836a46-224f-48ab-9485-33517274aaad_1802x1332.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JF0X!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb836a46-224f-48ab-9485-33517274aaad_1802x1332.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JF0X!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb836a46-224f-48ab-9485-33517274aaad_1802x1332.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JF0X!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb836a46-224f-48ab-9485-33517274aaad_1802x1332.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JF0X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb836a46-224f-48ab-9485-33517274aaad_1802x1332.jpeg" width="1456" height="1076" 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb836a46-224f-48ab-9485-33517274aaad_1802x1332.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JF0X!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb836a46-224f-48ab-9485-33517274aaad_1802x1332.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JF0X!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb836a46-224f-48ab-9485-33517274aaad_1802x1332.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JF0X!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb836a46-224f-48ab-9485-33517274aaad_1802x1332.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Kossuth Lajos (Parliament) Square, in front of the Parliament building. A crowd is inspecting 16 captured Russian cannons that were put on display. Fortepan, <strong><a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?year=1914">1914</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?id=256102">256102</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?donor=Orsz%C3%A1gos%20Sz%C3%A9ch%C3%A9nyi%20K%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r">Orsz&#225;gos Sz&#233;ch&#233;nyi K&#246;nyvt&#225;r</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?photographer=M%C3%BCllner%20J%C3%A1nos">M&#252;llner J&#225;nos</a></strong></em></p><p>For more than a decade, Hungary&#8217;s illiberal system rested on a simple promise: leave politics to the government and enjoy stability, security, and rising living standards. This illiberal political offer collapsed due to Hungary&#8217;s impoverishment, and as a result, the meteoric rise of the TISZA Party reflects more than the appeal of a new opposition force; it signals a broader transformation of Hungarian politics. </p><p>In this new series, &#8220;<em>Intra Hungariam</em>,&#8221; I will explain this transformation.</p><h1>Explaining the popularity of TISZA</h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The TISZA Party's stable </span>popularity <a href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/after-collapse?r=rpms0"><span>after the election</span></a><span> can be explained by several interconnected factors. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>First, there is the well-known bandwagon effect. In politics, voters often gravitate toward parties that appear to be gaining momentum and have a realistic chance of winning. As public support for TISZA has increased, more people have become willing to identify with the party. It is not uncommon for citizens to remember their past voting behavior in ways that align with current political trends, leading to a perception that support for the emerging winner is even stronger than it actually was. TISZA has benefited significantly from this dynamic.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Second, Hungarian society appears to be emerging from what might be described as a &#8220;Sleeping Beauty&#8221; phase. For 16 years of illiberal rule, a large segment of the population remained politically passive, believing that individual action or public opinion would make little difference and would harm their personal position. Today, however, growing numbers of citizens are demanding accountability, transparency, and a greater voice in public affairs. This political awakening has created fertile ground for a political force that presents itself as a vehicle for change and civic participation. TISZA has successfully channeled this renewed sense of public engagement into political support.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Third, the style of politics has fundamentally changed. Political communication is no longer dominated by traditional media or institutional channels. (Partly because the public stopped till the end of August, and before that, it was a simple propaganda machine directly led by the illiberal FIDESZ.) Decisions, debates, and political messages during the electoral campaign, and now increasingly, reach citizens through social media platforms, especially Facebook. Politics has become more immediate, personalized, and interactive. TISZA has adapted effectively to this new media environment, communicating directly with voters and bypassing conventional gatekeepers. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>If politics becomes understandable and trust in politicians' professionalism returns, there is a limited need for journalists and self-appointed influencers to explain politics to voters, as voters can understand it </span>themselves. <span>Maybe Hungarian media returns to the </span>practice of<span> interviewing experts instead of fellow journalists or </span>self-appointed<span> influencers without expertise. This would be </span>a strategic<span> move to </span>strengthen<span> universities as sites of expertise with quality assurance.</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>This transformation is also visible in the growing public interest in parliamentary politics. For years, parliamentary plenary sessions attracted little attention beyond a narrow political audience. Today, however, livestreams and clips of parliamentary debates on Facebook are watched by hundreds of thousands of citizens. What was once considered routine legislative procedure has increasingly taken on the characteristics of political reality television, generating public interest, emotional engagement, and widespread online discussion. TISZA has been particularly successful in leveraging this new political spectacle, turning parliamentary appearances into opportunities to reach and mobilize large audiences.</span></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>A charismatic leader. Again?</span></strong></h1><p style="text-align: justify;">The influence<span> of charismatic politicians in Hungary can be explained by several developments that have transformed both political communication and political culture.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>First, illiberal politics have fundamentally changed the language and rules of political competition. Complex policy questions have been translated into clear, easily understandable messages delivered in an emotional and highly personalized style. Political success today often depends less on detailed policy programs and more on the ability to communicate simple narratives about complicated questions that resonate with voters&#8217; experiences and concerns. Any political force seeking to challenge illiberal politics must recognize this reality. It cannot rely solely on the traditional language of rationality, expertise, and professionalism. In many respects, opponents of illiberal politics must &#8220;steal the clothes&#8221; of their rivals by mastering the same direct and emotionally engaging forms of communication while promoting different political values. Like in this case, fighting against corruption.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>This represents a significant departure from the classical model of politics described by Max Weber, in which public debate was expected to be shaped by professional expertise, rational arguments, and institutional procedures. Contemporary voters, however, often make political decisions based on emotions, identities, and compelling narratives rather than detailed policy analysis. The clear, rational, and technocratic language of politics no longer aligns with the expectations of many citizens who ultimately decide elections at the voting booth.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Second, Hungarian society has historically shown a strong receptiveness to charismatic leadership. One reason for this is that charismatic leaders can reduce the perceived burden of individual responsibility. Citizens may place their hopes in a powerful political figure who promises to solve collective problems on their behalf. This creates a sense of security and certainty in an increasingly complex world.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>At the same time, this dynamic allows individuals to avoid taking political responsibility. When policies fail or expectations are disappointed, supporters can attribute the outcome to the leader&#8217;s mistakes, betrayal, or misuse of public trust rather than reflecting on their own political choices. The concentration of hope in a single political figure thus often goes hand in hand with a diffusion of civic responsibility. Citizens become followers rather than active participants in democratic decision-making. As a result, Peter Magyar is currently walking a very thin line. He is very popular now, but that can change overnight.</span></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Higher education as a strategic field? Not yet.</span></strong></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Culture and education, long neglected and underfinanced by successive liberal and left-liberal governments, </span><a href="/__u/substack.com/@andreapeto/note/p-187741089?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=rpms0"><span>became strategic sector</span></a><span>s under Hungary&#8217;s illiberal political system. Never had so much public money been directed toward cultural institutions, universities, museums, academies, and heritage projects as during the past 16 years of illiberal rule. The Orban </span>governments<span> treated culture and education as security projects and used a securitized language. Yet while the scale of investment was unprecedented, its distribution often followed political rather than professional considerations.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Many flagship institutions and projects in culture and education were entrusted to politically loyal appointees who frequently operated them </span><a href="/__u/substack.com/@andreapeto/note/p-177248366?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=rpms0"><span>as personal fiefdoms. </span></a><span>Access to resources, influence, and opportunities often depended less on performance, innovation, or international recognition than on political loyalty and alignment with the governing illiberal camp. As a result, substantial public funding did not translate into greater excellence, competitiveness, or openness.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="/__u/substack.com/@andreapeto/note/p-194167042?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=rpms0"><span>The consequence</span></a><span> has been a further provincialization of Hungarian culture and education. International partnerships, external funding sources, and transnational academic networks were often viewed with suspicion. Recognition and achievements gained abroad are increasingly losing their value in domestic evaluation systems. Instead of encouraging integration into global intellectual and cultural exchanges, the system frequently rewarded inward-looking loyalty and conformity.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The past sixteen years have also produced new modes of individual survival strategies. Many academics, cultural workers, and institutional leaders learned that belonging to the right political camp could be more important than professional achievement. Success increasingly appeared to depend on loyalty to networks and leaders rather than on merit, creativity, or entrepreneurship. Such incentives inevitably weaken critical thinking, discourage intellectual risk-taking, and undermine the culture of free inquiry that is essential for both higher education and democratic societies.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>At the same time, Hungarian higher education faces challenges that extend well beyond the national context. Public universities across Europe are experiencing profound transformations driven by globalization, demographic change, technological innovation, market pressures, and increasing international competition. Hungary is therefore confronting not only the legacy of illiberal governance but also a wider European crisis concerning the future of the university itself.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The </span><a href="/__u/substack.com/@andreapeto/note/p-193875045?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=rpms0"><span>central question of higher education reform in Hungary</span></a><span> is likely to be determined by the outcome of an emerging debate between competing visions. One vision emphasizes institutional transformation, internationalization, and deeper European integration. Another stresses marketization, competitiveness, and the alignment of universities with economic demands and labor-market needs. Yet an equally important issue has received far less attention: the restoration of intellectual pluralism, critical thinking, and academic freedom.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Remarkably, discussions about restructuring Hungarian higher education often focus on governance models, funding mechanisms, and international rankings, while questions concerning previously marginalized or banned fields of study remain largely absent. The fate of disciplines such as gender studies has become symbolic of a broader issue: whether Hungarian universities will once again become spaces where controversial ideas can be discussed freely and where intellectual diversity is considered a strength rather than a threat. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The key challenge is whether the system can move from loyalty-based allocation to merit-based excellence, from political dependence to institutional autonomy, and from intellectual provincialism to meaningful participation in European and global academic life.</span></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Towards a new political bargain?</span></strong></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The illiberal political model that proved highly successful during the past decade was built on a relatively simple offer to Hungarian voters: citizens did not need to concern themselves with politics, and in return they would enjoy stability, security, and a steadily improving standard of living. For many years, this bargain appeared to work. Economic growth, generous family policies, and extensive government communication helped sustain the perception that the system was delivering prosperity.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>After sixteen years in power, however, the limits of this political offer have become increasingly visible. A growing number of Hungarians are experiencing declining living standards, high inflation, and greater difficulty accessing quality public services. Critics argue that the roots of these problems lie not simply in external economic shocks such as COVID or wars, but in the structure of the illiberal system itself, where political loyalty frequently takes precedence over market competition, professional expertise, and institutional performance.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>A defining characteristic of this model has been the concentration of economic resources in the hands of politically connected actors. Significant amounts of public wealth have been transferred to private funds, favored business groups, and networks closely associated with the governing elite. As a result, economic success often appears to depend less on innovation, productivity, or entrepreneurial talent than on access to political connections and, consequently, to unlimited and unregulated EU funding.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>At the same time, many public institutions that once functioned, imperfectly or otherwise, have come under severe strain because investments were lacking, and when they were made, they did not follow professional logic. Education, healthcare, public transportation, and other sectors increasingly face shortages of resources, personnel, and investment. Schools struggle to retain teachers, hospitals suffer from staff shortages and aging infrastructure, and transport networks require substantial modernization. The consequence is a gradual erosion of the quality and accessibility of public services.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>For voters, this creates a sense that they are paying twice for the same service. First, they contribute through some of the highest consumption taxes in Europe and through other forms of taxation. Then, when public services fail to meet their needs, they are often compelled to seek private alternatives&#8212;private healthcare, tutoring, or transportation&#8212;paying a second time for services already financed through taxation. This experience contributes to growing frustration and declining trust in public institutions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The impact is particularly visible in rural Hungary. For decades, small and medium-sized entrepreneurs formed the backbone of local economies and communities. Yet many have found it increasingly difficult to compete with large oligarchic business networks that enjoy privileged access to state contracts, EU subsidies, and distribution channels. Critics of the system argue that these dominant market positions were frequently acquired not because of superior business performance or innovation but because of close political relationships. As competition decreases, local businesses often lose the ability to survive independently, weakening both economic diversity and community resilience.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The result is a growing contradiction at the heart of the illiberal model. A system that originally promised security and prosperity now faces increasing questions about its economic sustainability and social consequences. Citizens who were encouraged to disengage from politics are becoming more aware that political decisions directly influence the quality of schools, hospitals, transportation networks, and economic opportunities. However, illiberal politics intervene</span><a href="/__u/substack.com/@andreapeto/note/p-176492180?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=rpms0"><span>d in private matters, seeking to regulate intimacy.</span></a><span> As public services deteriorate and living standards stagnate or decline, the promise of material well-being in exchange for political passivity becomes more difficult to sustain.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ultimately, the political challenge confronting Hungary is not merely a question of economic growth but of </span><a href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/the-lessons-of-a-hungarian-folk-tale?r=rpms0"><span>governance. </span></a><span>The central issue is whether shrinking public resources of an impoverished country are allocated according to loyalty or performance, whether institutions serve political interests or the broader public good, and whether economic success is determined by political access or by talent, innovation, and competition. The </span><a href="/__u/substack.com/@andreapeto/note/p-193652962?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=rpms0"><span>answers to these questions</span></a><span> are likely to shape not only Hungary&#8217;s future economic development but also the future relationship between citizens and the state.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/hungarys-new-political-earthquake?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/hungarys-new-political-earthquake?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Odysseus, the Wagnerian Hero]]></title><description><![CDATA[About the new film by Christopher Nolan]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/odysseus-the-wagnerian-hero</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/odysseus-the-wagnerian-hero</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 04:59:04 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oAr7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9531c68a-8bb0-41ae-946c-b7a15063d4bb_5703x3636.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The director, Christopher Nolan, was not only envious of Coppola&#8217;s achievements but also of Wagner&#8217;s talking about war, so he transforms Odysseus into a Wagnerian hero&#8212;one who violates the divine order and is punished for it. I will tell you how.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oAr7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9531c68a-8bb0-41ae-946c-b7a15063d4bb_5703x3636.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oAr7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9531c68a-8bb0-41ae-946c-b7a15063d4bb_5703x3636.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oAr7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9531c68a-8bb0-41ae-946c-b7a15063d4bb_5703x3636.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oAr7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9531c68a-8bb0-41ae-946c-b7a15063d4bb_5703x3636.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oAr7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9531c68a-8bb0-41ae-946c-b7a15063d4bb_5703x3636.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oAr7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9531c68a-8bb0-41ae-946c-b7a15063d4bb_5703x3636.jpeg" width="1456" height="928" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9531c68a-8bb0-41ae-946c-b7a15063d4bb_5703x3636.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:928,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:15544586,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/208168957?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9531c68a-8bb0-41ae-946c-b7a15063d4bb_5703x3636.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oAr7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9531c68a-8bb0-41ae-946c-b7a15063d4bb_5703x3636.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oAr7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9531c68a-8bb0-41ae-946c-b7a15063d4bb_5703x3636.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oAr7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9531c68a-8bb0-41ae-946c-b7a15063d4bb_5703x3636.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oAr7!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9531c68a-8bb0-41ae-946c-b7a15063d4bb_5703x3636.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h5><strong>Fortepan, Greece, Mykene, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?year=1964">1964</a> , <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?id=93065">93065</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?donor=Holen%C3%A1r%20Csaba%20%C3%A9s%20Edina">Holen&#225;r Csaba &#233;s Edina</a></strong></h5><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><span>Just as Coppola found in&nbsp;</span><em>Heart of Darkness</em><span>&nbsp;by Joseph Conrad, the literary material through which he could express his views on the Vietnam War in&nbsp;</span><em>Apocalypse Now</em><span>, Nolan likewise discovered a source that would allow him to communicate a very similar, yet strategically important, message to a broad audience.</span> The <em>Odyssey</em> seemed an obvious choice because of its plot. At its center is a sympathetic yet complex male hero who wanders far and wide, encounters extraordinary beings, fights numerous battles, and ultimately reaches his goal. This fits neatly with the narrative expectations of contemporary audiences raised on the dramaturgy of <em>Game of Thrones</em> and <em>The Lord of the Rings</em>.</p><p>The challenge, however, lay in Homer&#8217;s magnificent text, which is layered, complex, and multifaceted. Nolan addressed this simply by translating the poem into straightforward dialogue that modern viewers can easily understand. There is little point in lamenting the fact that generations of readers over many centuries were perfectly capable of reading and understanding the original work. Nor is it worth mourning the omission or fusion of episodes from the epic, or even the fact that the warriors of the <em>Odyssey</em> do not wear historically accurate clothing. When Agamemnon first appears on screen as the leader of the Greek forces, viewers are initially struck speechless with fear. Only afterward do we reflect that we have seen this sort of &#8220;Dark Lord&#8221; portrayal many times before in fantasy films. Or rather, those who watch such films have. (I personally fear more men in expensive dark suits with ties.) Historical authenticity has, after all, been sacrificed rather heavily. This is not a documentary movie but an opera by Wagner with less obvious, still extraordinary music.</p><p>Nolan was not only envious of Coppola&#8217;s achievements but also of Wagner&#8217;s, for he transforms Odysseus into a Wagnerian hero&#8212;one who violates the divine order and is punished for it. Rather than reaching his goal directly, he relies on cunning ingenuity. The crafty Odysseus devises the plan of hiding inside an offering dedicated to the gods&#8212;the Trojan Horse&#8212;in order to open the gates of Troy to the enemy. Nor is that his only act of defiance. After the victory, on the journey home, he refuses to continue following Agamemnon, the commander whom he had obeyed for ten years during the siege, simply because he has grown tired of him. He abandons rationality, despite the fact that they are traveling in the same direction, and openly rebels against his superior. It is hardly surprising, then, that the gods become enraged, destroy his loyal companions through a succession of disasters, and delay his return home.</p><p>The lesson&#8212;much like in so many of Wagner&#8217;s works&#8212;is that when Odysseus reaches the nymph Calypso, who herself is no stranger to creative disobedience, he comes to understand that there is no such thing as absolute free will. He entrusts himself to the sea, abandoning his earlier hubris: the belief that he alone could solve all the problems the world placed before him. It can be interpreted as a symbolic and real suicide, the killing of the modern rational and willful man. And, of course, after this, the sea eventually carries him precisely to the destination he had always wanted to reach. The only difference is that he has wasted ten years along the way and was responsible for the comrades.</p><p>The film also repeats the familiar scholarly commonplace that the Trojan War was not fundamentally about male jealousy or the forbidden love of Paris and Helen. Rather, it was about the rational financial argument of controlling the trade routes that supplied the strategically vital metals of the Bronze Age. </p><p><em>Likewise, as in Heart of Darkness, the film suggests that violence and war ultimately destroy those who initiate them first.</em></p><p>The people and politicians of peaceful Ithaca fear the arrival of the so-called Sea Peoples, who are violent and ruthless, and would gladly prepare for war were they not preoccupied with the question of succession. Meanwhile, it gradually becomes clear that these frightening and cruel Sea Peoples are none other than the Achaeans themselves&#8212;the inhabitants of Ithaca and, above all, Odysseus. </p><p><em>Nobody wins. </em></p><p>Odysseus and Penelope sail to the realm of the dead, while Telemachus cannot fully enjoy his happiness or his golden crown, because the approaching disaster&#8212;which we already know is coming&#8212;brings an end to this civilization.</p><p><em>As war changes everything.</em></p><p>For scholars of war and political violence, there is little that is entirely new in this observation. War is easy to begin, but it rarely ends. The memory and routines of violence are passed down from father to son, from one generation to the next, and across entire families. The traumatized generations of Vietnam or Afghanistan&#8212;just to mention two well-known examples&#8212;could tell countless stories about this inheritance of violence, if only they were able to tell them and if someone were willing to listen.</p><p>Christopher Nolan succeeds in conveying this relatively simple but important message through a distinctly Wagnerian language, aided by the undervalued yet remarkably innovative music of Ludwig G&#246;ransson. Hundreds of thousands of people worldwide are watching the film. In the visually driven twenty-first century&#8212;where fewer and fewer people can understand the text of the <em>Odyssey</em>, partly because of educational systems that simultaneously simplify and diminish intellectual engagement&#8212;we have few other means of discussing such important questions before we ourselves become dangerous Sea Peoples. Let us hope that many will hear the film&#8217;s message. The surge in sales of Homer's original book worldwide is a hopeful sign for us all. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/odysseus-the-wagnerian-hero?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/odysseus-the-wagnerian-hero?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Universal Language of Suffering: Memory, Kitsch, and the Erasure of Responsibility]]></title><description><![CDATA[Under the illiberal regime in Hungary, it was increasingly difficult to speak openly, meaningfully, and critically about the crimes of communism.]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/the-universal-language-of-suffering</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/the-universal-language-of-suffering</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2026 05:43:09 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCvZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef90fea0-3410-412b-bcc1-457b1f1660ef_4032x3024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Under the illiberal regime in Hungary, it was increasingly difficult to speak openly, meaningfully, and critically about the crimes of communism. <a href="https://capacenter.hu/kiallitasok/zart-ajtok-mogott-terek-es-gesztusok-egy-diktaturabol/">An exhibition at the Robert Capa Contemporary Photography Center in Budapest&#8212;</a>opened after the collapse of the illiberal regime but obviously planned during the illiberal period &#8212;attempted to tell this story. It is worth examining how successful it was.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCvZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef90fea0-3410-412b-bcc1-457b1f1660ef_4032x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCvZ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef90fea0-3410-412b-bcc1-457b1f1660ef_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCvZ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef90fea0-3410-412b-bcc1-457b1f1660ef_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCvZ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef90fea0-3410-412b-bcc1-457b1f1660ef_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCvZ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef90fea0-3410-412b-bcc1-457b1f1660ef_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCvZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef90fea0-3410-412b-bcc1-457b1f1660ef_4032x3024.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ef90fea0-3410-412b-bcc1-457b1f1660ef_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3081105,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/206675044?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef90fea0-3410-412b-bcc1-457b1f1660ef_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCvZ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef90fea0-3410-412b-bcc1-457b1f1660ef_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCvZ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef90fea0-3410-412b-bcc1-457b1f1660ef_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCvZ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef90fea0-3410-412b-bcc1-457b1f1660ef_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCvZ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef90fea0-3410-412b-bcc1-457b1f1660ef_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>My photo in the exhibition. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h1>Memory</h1><p>The study of the topography of terror&#8212;that is, the mapping of the institutions, prisons, interrogation sites, mines, and camps through which states confined citizens deemed undesirable or dangerous&#8212;has been an important field of research since the 1990s. This approach helps us understand the everyday workings of repressive systems. It is, however, an extraordinarily resource-intensive undertaking. Large areas must be investigated, sometimes using methods akin to archaeology or digital tools run by experts not paid by the civil servant salary scale, while the buildings in question are often located in highly visible, valuable urban spaces whose future interests involve many actors beyond museums.</p><p>In Hungary, research into sites of terror developed slowly, and the presentation of its results, as in this exhibition, too, has been heavily shaped by the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2021.1968150">illiberal memory politics. </a></p><p>One of the characteristics of an illiberal regime is that it systematically destroys places like museums or universities, which could be sites of critical thinking of the recent past. As a consequence, there is currently no contemporary art museum or contemporary historical museum in Budapest, so this exhibition is paying for this spatial deficit, paradoxically covering the history of spaces of violence.</p><h1>Erasure</h1><p>One consequence of illiberal memory politics is that the earlier histories of these spaces&#8212;most of which had already served as sites of discipline, confinement, and bodily suffering before 1945&#8212;remain largely obscured. In this exhibition, at most, a brief note mentions that a building functioned as a prison before the communist takeover, while the detailed presentation focuses almost exclusively on the crimes of the communist dictatorship.</p><p>The representation of gender is equally revealing. Of the roughly 30 minutes of video material visitors can watch while standing in the exhibition space, all the stories are about men, except one. On the walls, the victims depicted in photographs are all male. The fact that many of these prisons had women&#8217;s sections is mentioned only in passing. Women&#8217;s experiences, the stories of female prisoners, and the specific forms of violence directed against them remain practically invisible, despite the fact that there is extensive academic research in Hungary and beyond, discussing this.</p><h1>Kitsch</h1><p>The visual representation of victimhood is a difficult task in itself, as the visual aesthetics, or rather non-aesthetics, of incarceration have changed little from ancient Rome to the present day. Precisely for that reason, the exhibition should have sought to historicize and explain those continuities and changes rather than sinking into a set of images we merely assume we already understand.</p><p>In European memory culture, the depiction of Holocaust victims has shaped a visual language that is now widely regarded as the almost universal visual language of suffering. The exhibition draws heavily on this repertoire: worn shoes, barbed wire, and prison doors recur throughout. </p><p>The adaptation of this visual toolkit is not unproblematic. With the enlargement of the European Union, countries that experienced Soviet occupation after 1945 also expected to become part of this shared memory culture. As a result, the visual codes of Holocaust remembrance gradually came to serve as a means of representing the victims of communist dictatorships as well, placing distinct historical experiences beneath a common veil of double victimhood in totalitarian regimes.</p><p>Yet this approach often conceals more than it reveals. It spares us the emotional and intellectual work necessary to understand why Soviet-style power functioned so effectively in these societies for decades. Here, the universal language of suffering frequently slips into kitsch: familiar symbols (barbed wire, boots, prison bunks, etc.) are deployed to generate automatic empathy while saying less and less about historical context itself.</p><p>It is understandable that, for institutional reasons&#8212;not least because Budapest still lacks a world-class contemporary historical museum&#8212;a historical exhibition now housed in a photography museum felt compelled to display photographs rather than original objects or unspecified artworks.</p><p>And yet original objects possess a remarkable power of their own. An authentic door, restored to a perfect, exhibitable state; a prison bunk; or an everyday object from the period can communicate far more than aesthetically appealing but contextually detached photographs that might just as easily have been taken in Karaganda, on Andr&#225;ssy Avenue, or anywhere else. Yet authentic objects carry the specific history of a place; they do not simply reproduce a generalized iconography of suffering as these exhibited photos do.</p><h1>Erasure of responsibility</h1><p>The people who made these repressive institutions function in communist Hungary, however, are largely absent from the exhibition. Apart from a few well-known perpetrators, such as Andr&#225;s Berkesi and Gy&#246;rgy Kardos, who later became the darlings of the cultural elite in the Kadar era (1956-1989), the videos remain discreetly silent about the multitude of employees who diligently maintained the system. Yet these complexes employed hundreds of people: cleaning women, mid-level functionaries, doctors, cooks, lawyers, clerks, and administrators. The operation and survival of the system depended upon their everyday labor. Nevertheless, they have almost disappeared from public memory.</p><p>As a result, the exhibition not only simplifies the stories of the victims and aestheticizes their experiences but also renders invisible the world of perpetrators, executors, and collaborators. Yet this is precisely one of the most important lessons to be drawn from the history of dictatorship.</p><p>Particularly telling is a caption accompanying a photo of a pair of boots on display, which states only that &#8220;it is not known with certainty whether it belonged to a guard or a prisoner.&#8221; The gesture seems to translate into museological language Giorgio Agamben&#8217;s problematic claim that the camp is not an exceptional space but the paradigmatic space of modernity, where all individuals ultimately become captives of the same system.</p><p>Historical experience, however, suggests the opposite. If there is one lesson to be learned from the collapse of the illiberal regime in Hungary in 2026, it is that it matters very much who was the guard and who was the prisoner; who made the decisions and who suffered their consequences. Political communities and individual citizens can distinguish between perpetrators and victims, maybe later than one wishes and not entirely, but there is still a line. </p><p>One may hope that, in a new era in Hungary, museums and museum professionals will finally awaken from their Sleeping Beauty state and begin once again to think seriously about how the history of repressive systems can be presented in all its complexity. There is certainly no shortage of work to be done.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/the-universal-language-of-suffering?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/the-universal-language-of-suffering?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Die Vergangenheit der Zukunft: Illiberale Erinnerungspolitik im Museum]]></title><description><![CDATA["Time of Monsters" in Wien]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/die-vergangenheit-der-zukunft-illiberale</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/die-vergangenheit-der-zukunft-illiberale</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2026 05:47:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5W_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc87247cb-eaf7-458b-ac46-5ad1ca7190ec_4032x3024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Das Wiener Heeresgeschichtliche Museum versucht, auf innovative Weise &#252;ber Gewalt und Krieg nachzudenken. Ich wurde zu einer der Veranstaltungen eingeladen, um &#252;ber illiberale Erinnerungspolitik und m&#246;gliche Formen des Widerstands dagegen zu sprechen. Hier ist meine Rede. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Doch zun&#228;chst m&#246;chte ich schildern, wie es sich anf&#252;hlte, diese Rede zu halten. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5W_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc87247cb-eaf7-458b-ac46-5ad1ca7190ec_4032x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5W_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc87247cb-eaf7-458b-ac46-5ad1ca7190ec_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5W_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc87247cb-eaf7-458b-ac46-5ad1ca7190ec_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5W_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc87247cb-eaf7-458b-ac46-5ad1ca7190ec_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5W_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc87247cb-eaf7-458b-ac46-5ad1ca7190ec_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5W_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc87247cb-eaf7-458b-ac46-5ad1ca7190ec_4032x3024.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c87247cb-eaf7-458b-ac46-5ad1ca7190ec_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1958884,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/205021214?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc87247cb-eaf7-458b-ac46-5ad1ca7190ec_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5W_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc87247cb-eaf7-458b-ac46-5ad1ca7190ec_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5W_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc87247cb-eaf7-458b-ac46-5ad1ca7190ec_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5W_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc87247cb-eaf7-458b-ac46-5ad1ca7190ec_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5W_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc87247cb-eaf7-458b-ac46-5ad1ca7190ec_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Und so sah mich das Publikum.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlCp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc830e278-d38e-4c03-bcdc-b5d4b9b8a233_1284x1598.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlCp!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc830e278-d38e-4c03-bcdc-b5d4b9b8a233_1284x1598.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlCp!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc830e278-d38e-4c03-bcdc-b5d4b9b8a233_1284x1598.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlCp!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc830e278-d38e-4c03-bcdc-b5d4b9b8a233_1284x1598.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlCp!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc830e278-d38e-4c03-bcdc-b5d4b9b8a233_1284x1598.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlCp!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc830e278-d38e-4c03-bcdc-b5d4b9b8a233_1284x1598.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Und die Rede</p><h1>Intro</h1><p><span>Heute haben wir es mit einem grunds&#228;tzlich neuen Ph&#228;nomen zu tun, wenn wir &#252;ber illiberale Politik sprechen, nicht mit einem Backlash.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Diese neue Form der Erinnerungspolitik resultiert aus dem Scheitern der globalisierten (neo-)liberalen Demokratie und wird durch neue politische Formen und Kooperationen verbreitet. Politolog:innen suchten danach, welche Bezeichnung am besten geeignet ist, um den illiberalen Staat zu beschreiben: &#8222;demokratischer Autoritarismus&#8220;, &#8222;Hybridstaat&#8220; oder &#8222;Mafiastaat&#8220;. Weronika Grzebalska und ich haben vorgeschlagen, die Bezeichnung &#8222;Polypore-Staat&#8220; zu verwenden. Polypore &#8211; auf Deutsch: Porling &#8211; sind jene Pilze, die am Baumstamm schmarotzen und nichts anderes zustande bringen als einen neuen Porling, sie verf&#252;gen &#252;ber keine eigenst&#228;ndige Existenz. Aus dem Stamm des Baumes saugen sie heraus, was sie brauchen, und sorgen knallhart ausschlie&#223;lich f&#252;r die eigene Existenz.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Der Prozess, wie illiberale Kr&#228;fte in verschiedenen L&#228;ndern den Staat unter ihre Kontrolle bringen, ist gut erforscht. Die Art und Weise, wie unabh&#228;ngige Institutionen von einem illiberalen Staat vereinnahmt werden, ist von Russland bis zur T&#252;rkei, von Serbien bis Ungarn gut dokumentiert. Wie jedoch die Erinnerungspolitik als Instrument der Soft Power zur Verbreitung illiberaler Ideen dient, ist weniger bekannt. Historiker:innen k&#246;nnen sich nicht &#252;ber mangelndes Interesse beklagen. Illiberale sind von der Geschichte besessen, von der Vergangenheit, weil diese f&#252;r Propagandazwecke genutzt werden kann, um die Glanzzeit der Vergangenheit hervorzuheben und die gegenw&#228;rtigen Gefahren zu betonen, die eine R&#252;ckkehr dieser imagin&#228;ren goldenen Zeit verhindern. Und mit diesen gro&#223;en staatlichen Investitionen unterst&#252;tzt der illiberale Staat seine loyalen Anh&#228;nger finanziell. Wie das funktioniert, zeige ich anhand der Hunyadi-TV-Serie.</span></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span>Der Aufstieg des Raben</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Im April 2025 wurde in Wien mit einer eleganten Veranstaltung die neue Fernsehserie &#8222;Der Aufstieg des Raben&#8220; vorgestellt, die bald f&#252;r das &#246;sterreichische Publikum im &#246;ffentlich-rechtlichen Fernsehsender ORF zu sehen war und &#252;ber die auch die &#8222;ZiB&#8220; in ihrer Hauptsendezeit berichtete. Ungew&#246;hnlich war, dass die gutaussehenden Darsteller*innen, die den &#246;sterreichischen Zuschauer:innen bis dahin gr&#246;&#223;tenteils unbekannt waren, von einem Blatt Papier in charmantem ungarischem Dialekt ablasen, um den Zuschauer:innen die neue zehnteilige Fernsehserie ans Herz zu legen. Die Serie, die vom &#246;ffentlich-rechtlichen ORF koproduziert wurde, erz&#228;hlt die Geschichte der aus dem heutigen Rum&#228;nien stammenden Familie Hunyadi im 15. Jahrhundert, als das aufstrebende Osmanische Reich unter anderem das K&#246;nigreich Ungarn und das Habsburgerreich bedrohte.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Die illiberale Erinnerungspolitik greift oft auf das imagin&#228;re Mittelalter zur&#252;ck, um ihre politischen Ziele zu erreichen. Am Beispiel der Serie &#8222;Der Aufstieg des Raben&#8220; zeige ich, was illiberale Erinnerungspolitik ist, wie sie funktioniert und, vor allem, wie sie auf internationaler Ebene genutzt wird, um Illiberalismus zu verbreiten. So auch in &#214;sterreich. Dieses Beispiel gilt als Warnung daf&#252;r, wie leicht illiberale Erinnerungspolitik nach &#214;sterreich exportiert werden kann.</span></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span>1. Follow the Money!</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Das Wichtigste f&#252;r illiberale Polypore-Staaten ist Geld: Sie wollen jeden Cent kontrollieren, um sicherzustellen, dass ihre Gegner nichts haben, und wenn doch, nehmen sie es ihnen einfach weg. Das gilt auch f&#252;r die Filmindustrie, in die riesige Summen &#246;ffentlicher Gelder ohne Transparenz investiert werden. Hier ist der Porling/Polypore eine n&#252;tzliche Metapher: Der Staat nutzt einfach alle verf&#252;gbaren Ressourcen, &#246;ffentliche Gelder, f&#252;r seine eigenen Zwecke.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Um zu verstehen, wie illiberale Erinnerungspolitik finanziell funktioniert, ist die Serie &#252;ber die Hunyadis ebenfalls hilfreich. &#8222;Der Aufstieg des Raben&#8220; ist die teuerste ungarische Produktion aller Zeiten, wobei der Gro&#223;teil des Budgets aus staatlichen F&#246;rdermitteln stammt. Die H&#228;lfte davon wurde direkt vom Staat gef&#246;rdert. Hinzu kommen noch die Steuerverg&#252;nstigungen f&#252;r Filmemacher:innen, die keine Steuern zahlen m&#252;ssen, sodass die ungarischen Steuerzahler:innen die Serie doppelt finanziert haben.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Das w&#228;re an sich kein Problem, da europ&#228;ische Staaten die nationale Filmproduktion unterst&#252;tzen. Problematisch ist jedoch, dass weder der Prozess der Mittelverwendung noch die Frage, wer daran beteiligt ist, demokratisch und transparent entschieden wurden.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Die ungarische Filmindustrie steht jedoch vollst&#228;ndig unter staatlicher Kontrolle. Alle staatlichen Institutionen, die mit &#246;ffentlichen Geldern finanziert werden, sind ausschlie&#223;lich mit loyalen Kommissar:innen besetzt, nicht mit Fachexpert:innen. Filmemacher:innen, die nicht der Regierung nahestehen, haben bei Ausschreibungen keine Chance. Alle erfolgreichen ungarischen Filme der letzten zehn Jahre waren unabh&#228;ngige Low-Budget-Produktionen. Die prestigetr&#228;chtigen historischen Filme der illiberalen Regierung, von denen einer mit einem Budget produziert wurde, das so hoch war wie das aller unabh&#228;ngigen ungarischen Filme dieses Jahres zusammen, stehen im Kontrast zu den Filmen von Macher:innen, die Geld f&#252;r ihre Arbeit aufbringen mussten und keine &#246;ffentlichen Gelder erhalten haben.</span></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span>2. Keine originellen Ideen</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Das illiberale Denken ist eine Ansammlung bereits existierender und gut funktionierender Ideen wie Nostalgie, antikommunistischer Nationalismus und oberfl&#228;chliches Christentum. Die illiberale Erinnerungspolitik nutzt bestehende Konzepte, Rahmenbedingungen und Institutionen zu eigenen Zwecken. Hier hilft uns der Porling/Polypore auch dabei, zu verstehen, wie illiberale Erinnerungspolitik funktioniert: Der illiberale Staat gr&#252;ndet eine Parallelwelt und beh&#228;lt die urspr&#252;nglichen Institutionen, Werte und R&#228;ume nur als Ressourcen f&#252;r seine eigene Existenz.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In dieser Parallelwelt gelten &#228;hnliche Regeln wie in &#8222;Alice im Wunderland&#8220;: </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8222;</span><em><span>&#8218;Wenn ich ein Wort benutze&#8216;, sagte Humpty Dumpty in einem ziemlich ver&#228;chtlichen Ton, &#8218;dann bedeutet es genau das, was ich will, dass es bedeutet &#8211; nicht mehr und nicht weniger.&#8216;</span></em><span>&#8220;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Die Bedeutungen sind ad hoc und unabh&#228;ngig von fr&#252;heren Bezugspunkten, da sie nur ihre eigene Welt aufrechterhalten.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Illiberale Politiker:innen haben keine originellen Ideen; alles, was als Wert gilt, wurde bereits erfunden. Neu sind jedoch sowohl die Vorgehensweise als auch die Tatsache, dass diese Werte nur oberfl&#228;chlich wichtig sind, um den eigentlichen Zweck zu verschleiern: die Notwendigkeit, ihr System zun&#228;chst einmal mit Geld aufrechtzuerhalten.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Die Hunyadi-Serie ist nicht nur unabh&#228;ngig davon sehr beliebt, sondern auch, weil sie verschiedene und umfangreiche Sexszenen enth&#228;lt. Wenn Sie die ungarische Grenze passieren, werben riesige Plakate daf&#252;r, dass Sie ein familienfreundliches Land betreten haben. Wie kann man familienfreundlich sein, wenn man lesbischen Sex finanziert? Unter dem Motto des Kinderschutzes d&#252;rfen B&#252;cher, die Sexualit&#228;t propagieren, nur in Folie verpackt verkauft werden. Auch die Hunyadi-Serie lie&#223;e sich in Folie verpacken, denn auch in der Renaissance hatten Menschen ein Sexualleben, das der Film in L&#228;nge und Tiefe zeigt. Lesbische Sexszenen sind in einem von der Regierung aus Steuergeldern finanzierten Film besonders pikant, w&#228;hrend die Pride verboten ist und Homosexualit&#228;t mit P&#228;dophilie gleichgesetzt wird.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Hunyadi k&#228;mpfte im 15. Jahrhundert erfolgreich gegen das Osmanische Reich. Die Darstellung des Osmanischen Reiches wurde aus historischen Filmen kopiert, die in Erdo&#287;ans T&#252;rkei produziert wurden, um Nostalgie f&#252;r das Osmanische Reich zu wecken &#8211; f&#252;r das System eines erfolgreichen Herrschers statt des komplexen demokratischen politischen Systems. Wie k&#246;nnen illiberale Verteidiger der Christen sein, wenn sie sich mit Muslimen verb&#252;nden? Die illiberale Erinnerungspolitik erfindet und &#252;berarbeitet Elemente der Vergangenheit, um die neue Allianz mit illiberalen Staaten wie der T&#252;rkei, Russland oder China zu st&#252;tzen. Die illiberale Erinnerungspolitik musste das Problem l&#246;sen, Ungarn als Bastion des Christentums zu pr&#228;sentieren, ohne dabei ihren wichtigsten illiberalen Verb&#252;ndeten, Erdo&#287;an, zu ver&#228;rgern. Und l&#246;st mit illiberalem Pragmatismus alles, was m&#246;glich ist. Oder indem er, wie Humpty Dumpty, die Bedeutung von W&#246;rtern neu definiert, &#252;ber die zuvor Einigkeit herrschte.</span></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span>3. Illiberaler Pragmatismus</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Wenn die illiberale Erinnerungspolitik wie eine seltsame Mischung wirkt, ist das kein Zufall. Sie greift verschiedene Aspekte, Werte und Narrative des europ&#228;ischen liberalen Demokratieprojekts auf und nutzt sie, um ihre Macht zu wahren. Gerade der illiberale Pragmatismus ist das Geheimnis des Erfolgs der illiberalen Erinnerungspolitik. Aufgrund des Charakters seiner Regierungsf&#252;hrung ist es genauer, dieses Regime nicht als &#8222;illiberale Demokratie&#8220;, sondern als &#8222;illiberale Demokratieausbeutung&#8220; zu bezeichnen. Es handelt sich um eine billige und f&#252;r das illiberale Lager leicht zu erzielende Ausbeutung, die sich trotz der hyperbolischen revolution&#228;ren Behauptungen illiberaler Politiker:innen auf altbew&#228;hrte Formeln st&#252;tzt und auf der Veruntreuung und Aush&#246;hlung genau der demokratischen Verfahren basiert, denen die Illiberalen ihren Aufstieg zur Macht verdanken. Sie &#252;bernehmen den bisherigen Interpretationsrahmen, l&#246;schen ihn und f&#252;llen ihn mit ihrem eigenen Inhalt. Pragmatisch, damit ihre eigene Wahrheit durchkommt.</span></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span>Aber warum gerade Hunyadi?</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Hunyadi wurde als Hauptfigur f&#252;r diese sehr teure TV-Produktion ausgew&#228;hlt, weil die illiberale FIDESZ und ihre f&#252;hrenden Pers&#246;nlichkeiten in der Geschichte der Hunyadis ihre geistigen Vorl&#228;ufer:innen sehen.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Die Geschichte der Familie Hunyadi wird von der illiberalen Regierung Orb&#225;ns als ihre eigene Geschichte betrachtet. Die Hunyadis stiegen dank ihrer Geschicklichkeit und Kampfeslust aus dem niederen Adel auf, in einer Zeit, in der Geschicklichkeit und Kampfeslust, aber auch das S&#246;ldnerwesen ernsthafte Karrierem&#246;glichkeiten boten. Das Image des Selfmade-Mannes ist den Gr&#252;ndern der illiberalen FIDESZ nicht fremd, die als Intellektuelle der ersten Generation in den Studentenwohnheimen w&#228;hrend des Regimewechsels mit einem Stipendium von Gy&#246;rgy Soros auf eine gro&#223;e Karriere hofften.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Der andere Teil der Geschichte ist, dass J&#225;nos Hunyadi dann aufsteigt und zum Vater von Matthias Corvinus wird, w&#228;hrend das K&#246;nigreich Ungarn gegen die osmanische Eroberung k&#228;mpft. J&#225;nos Hunyadi wird als christlicher Verteidiger gegen die osmanische Expansion dargestellt &#8211; ein Narrativ, das perfekt in die aktuelle ungarische illiberale Regierungsrhetorik &#252;ber die &#8222;Verteidigung des christlichen Europas&#8220; gegen &#228;u&#223;ere Bedrohungen passt. Die Darstellung, dass die Ungarn allein gegen die Muslime k&#228;mpfen, w&#228;hrend die europ&#228;ischen F&#252;hrer verw&#246;hnt sind, die wahren Probleme und Verb&#252;ndeten nicht erkennen und es vers&#228;umen, den Ungarn zu helfen, ist die Lieblingswendung der illiberalen Politik.</span></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span>Export von Illiberalismus nach &#214;sterreich</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Die Hunyadi-Serie dient als Beispiel daf&#252;r, wie historische Figuren und Ereignisse in zeitgen&#246;ssische politische Narrative eingebettet werden, um bestimmte Weltanschauungen zu legitimieren &#8211; ein Kernmerkmal illiberaler Erinnerungspolitik. Die Serie ist nicht nur eine reine ORF-Produktion. Neben dem Wiener Murad Muslu geh&#246;rt auch Alexander Rupp als Albrecht II. dazu. dazu. und Cornelius Obonya als Friedrich III. zur &#246;sterreichischen Besetzung. Die Serie wurde vom aus Transsilvanien stammenden &#246;sterreichischen Regisseur Robert Dornhelm gedreht. Es ist kein Einzelfall, dass Schauspieler und Regisseure, die unter prek&#228;ren Arbeitsbedingungen arbeiten, unabh&#228;ngig von ihrem Ruhm eine gut finanzierte Gelegenheit ergreifen. Vielmehr findet die illiberale Erinnerungspolitik genau im strukturellen Problem der Filmindustrie einen Ansatzpunkt, indem sie unkontrolliert Geld in die Branche pumpt, um Macht zu gewinnen.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Es ist kein Zufall, dass die illiberale Politik, die scheinbar gro&#223;en Wert auf nationale Souver&#228;nit&#228;t legt, die internationale Institution Mathias Corvinus Collegium (MCC) nach Hunyadis Sohn Matthias Corvinus benannt hat. Diese Institution hatte ein Jahresbudget, das genau dreimal so hoch war wie das des gesamten ungarischen Hochschulwesens, das 185.000 Student:innen versorgt, w&#228;hrend hier 12 junge wei&#223;e M&#228;nner ohne jegliche wissenschaftliche Leistungen f&#252;r ihre Website in die Kamera l&#228;cheln. Dies ist die Institution, das Mathias Corvinus Collegium (MCC), das die Wiener Modul-Universit&#228;t gekauft hat und ein Pendant zum derzeit parallelen illiberalen Universit&#228;tssystem darstellt. Universit&#228;ten werden von Illiberalen &#252;bernommen, da diese wissen, dass im Kampf um die Herzen und K&#246;pfe der neuen Generation, die die neuen W&#228;hler sein werden, die Universit&#228;ten eine Schl&#252;sselrolle als Produzenten, Vermittler und Autoren von Wissen spielen.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Der Illiberalismus nutzt alle M&#246;glichkeiten, um sich auszubreiten, und seine Methoden, um sich zu verbreiten. Dass der ORF nicht wusste oder nicht wissen wollte, wie illiberale Erinnerungspolitik funktioniert, ist bemerkenswert. Umso wichtiger ist, wie &#214;sterreich sich diesem Eindringen widersetzt.</span></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span>Und heute</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nat&#252;rlich erwarten Sie, dass ich &#8211; da sich das Ende meiner &#8222;15. Minute&#8220; n&#228;hert &#8211; &#252;ber Hoffnung spreche, denn am 12. April ist das Orb&#225;n-System gescheitert und hat damit eine neue Situation im illiberalen System geschaffen. Zu diesem Scheitern waren auch 16 Jahre voller Misserfolge n&#246;tig. Viele, viele erfolglose Demonstrationen und Unterschriftensammlungen sowie sehr viele hunderttausend junge Ungarinnen und Ungarn, die das Land verlassen haben. Denn im Vergleich zur ungarischen Revolution von 1956 &#8211; deren Jahrestag wir begehen &#8211; sind in den vergangenen 16 Jahren deutlich mehr Menschen aus Ungarn ausgewandert.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bei dieser Abwanderung spielte auch meine Universit&#228;t, die CEU, eine Rolle &#8211; wenn auch nicht freiwillig. Wir beginnen nun das sechste akademische Jahr in Wien, und das bringt viele Vorteile mit sich. Nicht nur konnte ich Ihnen hier heute darlegen, was ich aus dem illiberalen System gelernt habe, sondern auch, dass wir vielleicht eine gewisse Orientierung bieten k&#246;nnen, damit &#214;sterreich &#8211; das vor einer illiberalen Wende steht &#8211; sich besser darauf vorbereiten kann.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Deshalb ist diese Veranstaltung wichtig. Noch einmal vielen Dank f&#252;r die Einladung. Und wenn Sie an einer Universit&#228;t arbeiten, schauen Sie sich die Seite AcademicResilience.edu an, auf der auch </span><a href="https://academicresilience.eu/pocket-guide/"><span>ein &#8222;Pocket Guide&#8220; auf Deutsch verf&#252;gbar</span></a><span> ist, der zeigt, wie man politischen Angriffen widerstehen kann. Alle Ratschl&#228;ge basieren auf Erfahrungen, die Kolleginnen und Kollegen in Europa und in Ungarn in den letzten 25 Jahren gemacht haben. Oft sind sie gescheitert, aber beim n&#228;chsten Mal werden sie es besser und vorbereiteter versuchen.</span></p><p>Hier sind die Objekte der K&#228;mpfe der vergangenen 16 Jahre gegen den Illiberalismus. Die meisten davon sind gescheitert, doch das Gef&#252;hl, Nein zu sagen, ist st&#228;rkend.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fA5k!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23c189b-551c-4ac6-b512-4fc97e84553d_4032x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fA5k!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23c189b-551c-4ac6-b512-4fc97e84553d_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fA5k!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23c189b-551c-4ac6-b512-4fc97e84553d_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fA5k!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23c189b-551c-4ac6-b512-4fc97e84553d_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fA5k!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23c189b-551c-4ac6-b512-4fc97e84553d_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fA5k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23c189b-551c-4ac6-b512-4fc97e84553d_4032x3024.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23c189b-551c-4ac6-b512-4fc97e84553d_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fA5k!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23c189b-551c-4ac6-b512-4fc97e84553d_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fA5k!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23c189b-551c-4ac6-b512-4fc97e84553d_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fA5k!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23c189b-551c-4ac6-b512-4fc97e84553d_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Und der einzige erfolgreiche Kampf der K&#252;nstler*innen &#8211; einschlie&#223;lich der niedlichen Socken.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iglB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeeb822f-71c4-40c8-85af-61a3eec4ab29_4032x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iglB!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeeb822f-71c4-40c8-85af-61a3eec4ab29_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iglB!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeeb822f-71c4-40c8-85af-61a3eec4ab29_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iglB!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeeb822f-71c4-40c8-85af-61a3eec4ab29_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iglB!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeeb822f-71c4-40c8-85af-61a3eec4ab29_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iglB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeeb822f-71c4-40c8-85af-61a3eec4ab29_4032x3024.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeeb822f-71c4-40c8-85af-61a3eec4ab29_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iglB!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeeb822f-71c4-40c8-85af-61a3eec4ab29_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iglB!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeeb822f-71c4-40c8-85af-61a3eec4ab29_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iglB!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeeb822f-71c4-40c8-85af-61a3eec4ab29_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/die-vergangenheit-der-zukunft-illiberale?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/die-vergangenheit-der-zukunft-illiberale?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Who Reviewed My Paper? An Academic Mystery]]></title><description><![CDATA[Relying on unpaid labor is never a particularly good idea in academia, because it tends to unleash instincts that would be better left dormant.]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/who-reviewed-my-paper-an-academic</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/who-reviewed-my-paper-an-academic</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 05:52:31 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vy2I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfd2aba4-ffbc-41ff-8064-2e480fce87c5_2252x2366.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Relying on unpaid labor is never a particularly good idea in academia, because it tends to unleash instincts that would be better left dormant. Something has changed recently. Let me explain.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vy2I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfd2aba4-ffbc-41ff-8064-2e480fce87c5_2252x2366.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vy2I!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfd2aba4-ffbc-41ff-8064-2e480fce87c5_2252x2366.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vy2I!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfd2aba4-ffbc-41ff-8064-2e480fce87c5_2252x2366.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vy2I!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfd2aba4-ffbc-41ff-8064-2e480fce87c5_2252x2366.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vy2I!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfd2aba4-ffbc-41ff-8064-2e480fce87c5_2252x2366.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vy2I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfd2aba4-ffbc-41ff-8064-2e480fce87c5_2252x2366.jpeg" width="1456" height="1530" 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfd2aba4-ffbc-41ff-8064-2e480fce87c5_2252x2366.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vy2I!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfd2aba4-ffbc-41ff-8064-2e480fce87c5_2252x2366.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vy2I!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfd2aba4-ffbc-41ff-8064-2e480fce87c5_2252x2366.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vy2I!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfd2aba4-ffbc-41ff-8064-2e480fce87c5_2252x2366.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>A review. Fortepan. Tolnai Lajos utca 43., a Budapesti Rend&#337;r F&#337;kapit&#225;nys&#225;g Vizsg&#225;lati F&#337;oszt&#225;lya, (Investigations Department, Budapest Police Headquarters (BRFK), 43 Tolnai Lajos Street, Budapest), <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?year=1968">1968</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?id=65703">65703</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?donor=Magyar%20Rend%C5%91r">Magyar Rend&#337;r</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p>As I have written before,<a href="/__u/open.substack.com/pub/andreapeto/p/the-hunger-games-of-peer-reviewing?r=rpms0&amp;utm_campaign=post-expanded-share&amp;utm_medium=post%20viewer"> quality assurance in academia depends to a remarkable extent on colleagues' unpaid labor for reviewing articles.</a> </p><p><em>That is where the problem starts.</em></p><h1>The process</h1><p>For those not familiar with the process, academics are evaluated by the number of articles submitted and accepted to peer-reviewed international journals with an impact factor. Universities that pay the salaries of the academics are ranked by the number of such articles submitted by the faculty they employ.</p><p>These submitted papers are reviewed by two anonymous reviewers. The results of this review are &#8220;accept&#8221;, &#8220;minor revisions&#8221;, &#8220;major revisions&#8221;, or &#8220;reject&#8221; communicated by the editor-in-chief. The &#8220;accept&#8221; nearly never happens exactly because of the reviewers, for two reasons.</p><ol><li><p>There is no text that cannot be improved unless it is a perfect haiku.</p></li><li><p>The reviewer asked to write a review, so it is their task to find a problem to correct, even if there is none. </p></li></ol><p><em>That is where the problem starts.</em></p><p>The memes and often discouraging stories about &#8220;Reviewer No. 2,&#8221; shared in conference breaks, are bitter evidence that the system does not always work as intended and that anonymous reviewing is sometimes used as a tool for their personal ego projects. Anonymity often brings out the worst in our colleagues.</p><p><strong>Here are a few recurring types of reviewers.</strong></p><h2>The Concise Indifferent Reviewer</h2><p>In two sentences, the reviewer informs you that the structure is excellent, the style is good, the research topic is fascinating, the empirical material is appropriate, and the theoretical framework is original and convincing. Task completed with minimal effort.</p><p>Everyone wins: the journal receives the review quickly; the reviewer can add another completed review to their annual report, if their university cares to ask for &#8220;academic service&#8221;; and nobody&#8217;s feelings get hurt. Business as usual.</p><h1>The Grumpy </h1><p>In two sentences, the reviewer informs you that the structure is weak, the writing unclear, the research question uninteresting, the empirical material inadequate, and the theoretical framework underdeveloped. No examples are provided. No suggestions are offered. No evidence is cited. Task completed with minimal effort. Straight reject. </p><p>The review is just detailed enough to justify a rejection, yet vague enough to make a response impossible. The author is left wondering whether the reviewer discovered fundamental flaws in the manuscript, simply had a train to catch, did not risk saying &#8216;no&#8217; to the review request, or vented another conflict while submitting a review.</p><h2>The Regretful Reviewer</h2><p>After a lengthy discussion of the topic's importance and timeliness, the reviewer regretfully notes that the author has failed to cite a key piece of scholarship. They are very sorry about this&#8212;perhaps even sorrier than anyone else&#8212;but under the circumstances, they have no choice but to recommend a &#8220;reject.&#8221;</p><p>Later, it turns out that the missing &#8220;key reference&#8221; was a loosely related presentation given at a closed workshop and never published in any form. At that point, the editor quietly changes the decision from <em><span>'reject'</span></em><span>&nbsp;to&nbsp;</span><em><span>'major revisions </span>required.&#8217;</em></p><h2>The Whataboutist</h2><p>Reading the article sparks a cascade of thoughts in the reviewer, leading them to develop new ideas, raise new questions, and imagine alternative research directions. The reviewer proceeds to hold the author accountable for all of them.</p><p>By the end of the review, it becomes clear that they were not evaluating the submitted manuscript. They were evaluating the manuscript they themselves would have written on the same topic.</p><h3>The Timekiller</h3><p>Most international academic journals set two deadlines: one for accepting or declining the invitation to review, and another for submitting the review itself. The most effective way to kill a manuscript is to make full use of both deadlines and then disappear into thin air. This is usually followed by a series of increasingly desperate emails from the editor begging for a response, each met with a reassuring promise that the review will be delivered &#8220;soon.&#8221; The process can continue for up to 6 months, sometimes longer.</p><p>If the author&#8217;s promotion, tenure case, grant application, or doctoral degree depends on this publication timeline, every month that passes is another nail in the academic coffin. The beauty of the Timekiller strategy is that, unlike a rejection, it leaves no trace. No criticism, no decision, no accountability&#8212;just the slow and relentless passage of time. The manuscript remains neither accepted nor rejected, suspended in a kind of scholarly purgatory. After all, in academia, delay is often far more effective than criticism.</p><h1>The Egoist</h1><p>The Egoist does not actually read the manuscript. Instead, they scan the reference list looking for three things:</p><ol><li><p>Are <strong>they</strong> themselves cited?</p></li><li><p>Are their academic allies cited?</p></li><li><p>Are their academic enemies cited?</p></li></ol><p>The first two are encouraging signs of &#8220;minor revisions,&#8221; as the author surely has not quoted all the works the reviewer has ever written. That needs to be changed immediately. The third option is grounds for immediate rejection.</p><p>The written report will rarely mention any of this. Instead, it will contain solemn references to &#8220;sloppy scholarship,&#8221; a &#8220;lack of engagement with the relevant literature,&#8221; and the author&#8217;s &#8220;uncritical approach to existing research.&#8221;</p><p>To the untrained eye, the review appears rigorous and principled. To anyone familiar with the field, however, it reads less like an evaluation of a manuscript and more like a map of the reviewer&#8217;s professional relationships and preferences.</p><p><em>What is new here?</em></p><h2>AI Is My Best Friend</h2><p>Ever since universities started spending substantial sums of taxpayers` money on acquiring whatever AI system currently appears to be the newest and most fashionable, the practice of peer review has also evolved. With just a few clicks, the anonymized PDF of the article to be reviewed can be uploaded, and an AI system will produce a review in about three seconds.</p><p>The structure, the language, and the not entirely insignificant detail that the reviewer never bothered to read and edit the generated text usually give the game away. The same criticism appears three different times in slightly different wording, and generic recommendations such as &#8220;the author should improve the missing details&#8221; somehow survive into the final report.</p><p>Naturally, the author is still expected to provide a detailed, point-by-point response to the AI-generated review, authenticated by the academic credentials of the human reviewer. In the name of scientific quality assurance.</p><p><em>If this process lacks accountability or financial resources for scholarship quality assurance, I leave the reader to decide. Special thanks to all the hard-working colleagues who submit useful, timely, and professional reviews, as the present quality assurance system is built on their unpaid work. </em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/who-reviewed-my-paper-an-academic?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/who-reviewed-my-paper-an-academic?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Hunger Games of Peer Reviewing]]></title><description><![CDATA[Also for the reviewers]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/the-hunger-games-of-peer-reviewing</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/the-hunger-games-of-peer-reviewing</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 05:48:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lzaG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3caf5758-eb34-4c8f-82d7-1aeb3a8e7ecf_1350x921.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The foundation of quality assurance in scientific research is anonymous peer review conducted by colleagues. Let me explain how this has changed.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lzaG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3caf5758-eb34-4c8f-82d7-1aeb3a8e7ecf_1350x921.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lzaG!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3caf5758-eb34-4c8f-82d7-1aeb3a8e7ecf_1350x921.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lzaG!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3caf5758-eb34-4c8f-82d7-1aeb3a8e7ecf_1350x921.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lzaG!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3caf5758-eb34-4c8f-82d7-1aeb3a8e7ecf_1350x921.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lzaG!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3caf5758-eb34-4c8f-82d7-1aeb3a8e7ecf_1350x921.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lzaG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3caf5758-eb34-4c8f-82d7-1aeb3a8e7ecf_1350x921.jpeg" width="1350" height="921" 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3caf5758-eb34-4c8f-82d7-1aeb3a8e7ecf_1350x921.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lzaG!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3caf5758-eb34-4c8f-82d7-1aeb3a8e7ecf_1350x921.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lzaG!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3caf5758-eb34-4c8f-82d7-1aeb3a8e7ecf_1350x921.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lzaG!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3caf5758-eb34-4c8f-82d7-1aeb3a8e7ecf_1350x921.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Exam. Fortepan. <strong><a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?city=Domb%C3%B3v%C3%A1r">Domb&#243;v&#225;r</a> <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?year=1958">1958</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?id=13963">13963</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?donor=Erky-Nagy%20Tibor">Erky-Nagy Tibor</a></strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p>The basis of this quality assurance system is that scholars devote part of their paid working time to unpaid work, evaluating their colleagues&#8217; articles or grant applications against given criteria.</p><p><em>What is the problem with this?</em></p><h1>The reviewers: the illusion of academic citizenship</h1><p>Fewer and fewer scholars work at elite institutions where they can afford to work for others for free. This transformation of the higher education sector is driven by several factors.</p><ul><li><p>Academics have precarious contracts</p></li><li><p>Academics have contracts that pay only for teaching.</p></li><li><p>Their institution does not recognize this pro bono work as a part of their workload ; </p></li><li><p>They do not even have time for their own research, let alone read and comment on others' research for free. </p></li></ul><p>But scholars in elite institutions, the top of the profession, do not do reviews. I still remember the glance of a colleague, an often-quoted US scholar, when I asked how many reviews she was doing per month. </p><h1>Proxy acknowledgment</h1><p>This problem was also recognized by the publishers, who introduced a new platform to &#8220;acknowledge&#8221; AI-assigned evaluations. Yet another platform has since been introduced, where reviewers can simply claim they have completed a review, which then appears on a separate platform. There is no assessment of the quality, depth, or usefulness of the review&#8212;only a perfunctory box to tick. In effect, the system rewards mere participation rather than meaningful intellectual contribution.</p><h1>The paradox of visibility </h1><p>The more well-known someone is, the more such requests they receive. I get one every two or three days. If I accepted all of them, I could work full-time on this&#8212;unpaid, or rather, at my employer&#8217;s expense. But invisible, as I am anonymous, and my work supports the work of others.</p><p>This is why journals often find a reviewer only after 20&#8211;25 rejections: the best 20&#8211;25 decline, and after a desperate internet search, the 26th person is the one who accepts.</p><h1>Who profits from this?</h1><p>The major international publishers&#8212;the so&#8209;called &#8220;big five&#8221;&#8212;profit twice over. Not only do they obtain content for free, produced by scholars who are usually funded by the state during their working hours or unpaid free time, but they also do not pay reviewers. Yet they sell this freely produced content at high prices to libraries and individuals. The online price of a single article can be around &#8364;30 for those without institutional access. This further increases inequality.</p><h1>Is paying for the reviews a solution?</h1><p>This would only partially address the structural problem, but it would at least have symbolic value. Symbolic, because the payment is negligible compared to the effort involved. </p><p>To begin with, no one pays for thoroughly reading and commenting on a 7,000-word article. This is approximately 3&#8211;5 hours of work.<br>For book proposals, one can choose between &#8364;160 worth of books or &#8364;100 in cash before taxation. This amounts to less than a cleaner&#8217;s hourly wage.</p><p>Moreover, it is costly for the publisher, as they need to manage payroll administration for AI processes. AI has specific requirements regarding what it can handle; for instance, I have never once managed to submit an invoice properly. So payroll staff is involved, and AI consumes electricity and water.</p><h1>What is new: The Hunger Games for Reviewers  </h1><p>And this is where the &#8220;Hunger Games&#8221; begin. Potential reviewers are in the institution&#8217;s database, along with their fields of interest, when an applicant submits keywords. AI matches the applicants with reviewers who have listed those keywords. </p><p>Of course, no one checks whether this is actually accurate. </p><p>I could easily claim to be a gynecologist, as the horribly expensive PURE system of CEU initially labeled me because I wrote about sexual violence and rape. Consequently, I received proposals to review venereal diseases as the AI scans open-access faculty pages and hunts for humans with the requested profiles. (This actually happened until I managed to remove gynecology from my faculty page as my alleged field of expertise; I then received no review requests from medical journals.)</p><p>The new development is that there is now cruel competition among reviewers for the paid reviews. The Czech system works as follows:</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;Our system for obtaining reviews from abroad is partially automated. The application sends out several emails at once requesting reviews. If two international reviewers submit reviews for a given project, the system closes the requesting process automatically.&#8221;</p></blockquote><p>The administrator&#8217;s task is only to monitor the system and verify that sufficient acceptances have been received. Those reviewers who were not quick enough are not informed that other potential reviewers selected by the AI have already obtained sufficient reviews, so they are out of the Hunger Games.</p><p>So if you are not fast enough to accept the review, those who are quicker get the opportunity to review, earning a generous &#8364;100, which is less than &#8364;10 per hour before tax.</p><p>Whether this resource-poor system actually supports the quality assurance of European science is for the reader to decide. </p><p>I encourage you to look at global rankings, where Chinese universities now occupy 9 of the top 10 places. Admittedly, the government reviews the state of research and innovation (!) monthly, and the necessary resources are available. The Hunger Games for academics in China has other layers, but I will write about this in another post.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/the-hunger-games-of-peer-reviewing?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/the-hunger-games-of-peer-reviewing?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A viharból a vurstliba]]></title><description><![CDATA[A vihar a b&#233;csi Burgtheaterben]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-viharbol-a-vurstliba</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-viharbol-a-vurstliba</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 25 Jun 2026 05:23:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15Ij!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4151c508-67f6-41db-9105-e969a838155f_2069x1400.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Shakespeare darabjait sokf&#233;lek&#233;ppen lehet &#233;rtelmezni &#233;s sokf&#233;lek&#233;ppen el&#337; lehet adni. Elmondom, milyen volt a 2025-ben elhunyt legend&#225;s Robert Wilson utols&#243; rendez&#233;se, a Sz&#243;fi&#225;ban bemutatott <em>&#8222;A vihar&#8221;</em>. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15Ij!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4151c508-67f6-41db-9105-e969a838155f_2069x1400.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15Ij!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4151c508-67f6-41db-9105-e969a838155f_2069x1400.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15Ij!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4151c508-67f6-41db-9105-e969a838155f_2069x1400.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15Ij!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4151c508-67f6-41db-9105-e969a838155f_2069x1400.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15Ij!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4151c508-67f6-41db-9105-e969a838155f_2069x1400.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15Ij!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4151c508-67f6-41db-9105-e969a838155f_2069x1400.jpeg" width="1456" height="985" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4151c508-67f6-41db-9105-e969a838155f_2069x1400.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:985,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1960913,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/201603279?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4151c508-67f6-41db-9105-e969a838155f_2069x1400.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15Ij!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4151c508-67f6-41db-9105-e969a838155f_2069x1400.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15Ij!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4151c508-67f6-41db-9105-e969a838155f_2069x1400.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15Ij!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4151c508-67f6-41db-9105-e969a838155f_2069x1400.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15Ij!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4151c508-67f6-41db-9105-e969a838155f_2069x1400.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Fortepan, <strong><a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?year=1929">1929</a> <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?id=18895">18895</a>  <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?donor=Jur%C3%A1nyi%20Attila">Jur&#225;nyi Attila</a></strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p><em>A vihar</em> alapvet&#337;en hossz&#250; m&#369;, &#237;gy amikor l&#225;ttam, hogy 90 perc alatt az el&#337;ad&#225;snak sz&#252;net n&#233;lk&#252;l v&#233;ge van, r&#246;gt&#246;n gyan&#250;s lett. Am&#250;gy 2 &#233;s f&#233;l &#243;ra szokott lenni.Ez nem is igaz&#225;n 90 perc. F&#337;leg az&#233;rt, mert a sz&#246;veg gyakran t&#246;bbsz&#246;r is megism&#233;tli ugyanazt a mondatot. Egyszer ez remek &#246;tlet volt; a n&#233;z&#337; meg&#233;rtette az &#252;zenetet (pipa). Nem kellett volna t&#246;bbsz&#246;r. </p><p>Robert Wilson a rendez&#337;i sz&#237;nh&#225;z alap&#237;t&#243;ja, &#237;gy a sz&#237;n&#233;szek itt nem m&#225;sok, mint a rendez&#337;i instrukci&#243;k profi v&#233;grehajt&#243;i, &#233;l&#337;, de mechanikusan mozg&#243; &#233;s mozgatott b&#225;bok. Az &#233;letm&#369; lez&#225;r&#225;s&#225;ra az utols&#243; rendezett darab, <em>A vihar</em> kiv&#225;l&#243; v&#225;laszt&#225;s volt, hiszen Prospero mozgatja a sz&#225;lakat &#233;s a cselekm&#233;nyt, pontosan &#250;gy, ahogy Wilson mozgatja a sz&#237;n&#233;szeit. Prospero ugyan&#250;gy sz&#225;mot vet az &#233;let&#233;vel, mint az id&#337;s rendez&#337;.</p><p>A nyit&#243;k&#233;p k&#246;rhintaszer&#369;en mutatja be a szerepl&#337;ket, akik csup&#225;n mechanikus b&#225;buk egy marionettj&#225;t&#233;kban. Furcsa kis sikkant&#225;sokat hallatnak, tal&#225;n nem is k&#233;pesek emberi besz&#233;dre. &#336;ket Prospero, Prosper&#243;t pedig maga a rendez&#337; mozgatja. Prosper&#243;r&#243;l v&#233;g&#252;l kider&#252;l, hogy csup&#225;n &#211;z, a nagy var&#225;zsl&#243;.</p><p>Wilson rendk&#237;v&#252;l szabadon kezeli az eredeti sz&#246;veget: &#233;s nagyon kev&#233;s marad meg a csonkol&#225;s ut&#225;n  sz&#246;vegb&#337;l. Gyakran nem az a karakter besz&#233;l, aki az eredeti m&#369;ben besz&#233;l. A h&#237;res mondatot &#8211; <em>&#8222;A pokol &#252;res, &#233;s az &#246;sszes &#246;rd&#246;g itt van.&#8221;</em> &#8211;, amelyet elvileg Ariel mond, Wilson szeg&#233;ny Fernando sz&#225;j&#225;ba adja. Mindent &#233;s mindenkit a rendez&#337; manipul&#225;l, a kiv&#225;l&#243;an felk&#233;sz&#252;lt bolg&#225;r sz&#237;n&#233;szek pedig fegyelmezetten elj&#225;tssz&#225;k azt az egydimenzi&#243;s szerepet, amit nekik feladatul adtak. M&#225;s v&#225;laszt&#225;suk nincsen.</p><p>&#205;gy Mirand&#225;b&#243;l is csak egy butus b&#225;bu lesz; a darab &#337;t &#233;s a t&#246;bbi karaktert is leegyszer&#369;s&#237;tve, egydimenzi&#243;s, felh&#250;zhat&#243; &#225;rnyj&#225;t&#233;kk&#233;nt &#225;br&#225;zolja. </p><p>A Calibant j&#225;tsz&#243; sz&#237;n&#233;sz egy&#225;ltal&#225;n nem j&#225;rt j&#243;l, mert testsz&#237;n&#369; fecskenadr&#225;gban, szinte meztelen&#252;l kell &#250;gy kin&#233;znie, mint egy neanderv&#246;lgyi &#337;sember m&#250;zeumi rekonstrukci&#243;j&#225;nak vagy egy a b&#233;csi Ringre t&#233;vedt ausztr&#225;liai &#337;slakosnak. Ez a politikailag &#233;rz&#233;ketlen &#233;rtelmez&#233;s tal&#225;n m&#225;r m&#225;shol sem &#225;lln&#225; meg a hely&#233;t &#8211; a darab m&#233;g a COVID el&#337;tt k&#233;sz&#252;lt. Nekem Caliban karakter&#233;hez egy dr&#225;ga, Armani-&#246;lt&#246;ny&#246;s, sz&#233;lesen mosolyg&#243; &#252;zletember figur&#225;ja sokkal jobban illett volna. Ha m&#225;r pokolr&#243;l van sz&#243;.</p><p>A darab nagyon sz&#233;p k&#233;pekb&#337;l &#225;ll, amelyek azonban nem igaz&#225;n illenek &#246;ssze, vagy nem kapcsol&#243;dnak egym&#225;shoz. </p><p>A rendez&#337; tudatosan szakitja darabokra a gy&#246;ny&#246;r&#369; sz&#246;veget, mondv&#225;n, hogy &#8220;minden eg&#233;sz elt&#246;r&#246;tt&#8221;, minden g&#233;pes&#237;tett rem&#233;nytelens&#233;g.  Ariel megjelen&#237;t&#233;se Ilja &#233;s Emilia Kabakov <em>&#8222;How to Meet an Angel?&#8221;</em> c&#237;m&#369; ki&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s&#225;nak k&#233;pi vil&#225;g&#225;t id&#233;zi, amely hivatkoz&#225;s n&#233;lk&#252;l hagyott nyomot a rendez&#337; lelk&#233;n. </p><p>Minden k&#233;p megkap&#243;, mondhatni leny&#369;g&#246;z&#337;, mert m&#225;r l&#225;ttuk valahol, de most itt, ebben az &#233;rtelmez&#233;sben l&#225;tjuk &#250;jra. A sz&#237;nh&#225;zi aur&#225;t &#233;s a n&#233;z&#337;i megillet&#337;d&#246;tts&#233;get a rendez&#337; arra haszn&#225;lja ki, hogy &#225;t&#237;rja, &#233;s sz&#243;rakoztat&#243;, de egyben rem&#233;nytelen vurstliv&#225; fokozza le <em>A vihart</em>. Pedig Shakespeare az eredeti m&#369;veivel a sz&#237;nh&#225;z&#225;ban egyszerre ny&#250;jtott sz&#243;rakoz&#225;st mindenf&#233;le n&#233;z&#337;nek &#8211; a helyi szat&#243;csokt&#243;l a hercegekig. M&#225;ra m&#225;r itt csak a szat&#243;csok maradtak. </p><p>Val&#243;ban az &#246;rd&#246;g&#246;k vannak itt, ha ez a darab egys&#237;k&#250; sz&#243;rakoztat&#225;ss&#225; v&#225;lik. K&#225;r &#233;rte, mert sokat vesz&#237;thet&#252;nk vele most is, &#233;s a j&#246;v&#337;ben is.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-viharbol-a-vurstliba?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-viharbol-a-vurstliba?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A hatalom bemutatása: a magyar illiberális rendszer múzeumi emlékezete]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hogyan eml&#233;kezz&#252;nk a bukott illiber&#225;lis rendszer 16 &#233;v&#233;re?]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-hatalom-bemutatasa-a-magyar-illiberalis</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-hatalom-bemutatasa-a-magyar-illiberalis</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 05:51:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YA1P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6d2fa7-81d8-4f40-961c-21b0472e4c27_4032x3024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hogyan eml&#233;kezz&#252;nk a bukott illiber&#225;lis rendszer 16 &#233;v&#233;re? Elmondom a b&#233;csi Hadt&#246;rt&#233;neti M&#250;zeum kezdem&#233;nyez&#233;se kapcs&#225;n. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YA1P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6d2fa7-81d8-4f40-961c-21b0472e4c27_4032x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YA1P!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6d2fa7-81d8-4f40-961c-21b0472e4c27_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YA1P!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6d2fa7-81d8-4f40-961c-21b0472e4c27_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YA1P!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6d2fa7-81d8-4f40-961c-21b0472e4c27_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YA1P!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6d2fa7-81d8-4f40-961c-21b0472e4c27_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YA1P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6d2fa7-81d8-4f40-961c-21b0472e4c27_4032x3024.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/df6d2fa7-81d8-4f40-961c-21b0472e4c27_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3731047,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/201965471?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6d2fa7-81d8-4f40-961c-21b0472e4c27_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YA1P!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6d2fa7-81d8-4f40-961c-21b0472e4c27_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YA1P!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6d2fa7-81d8-4f40-961c-21b0472e4c27_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YA1P!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6d2fa7-81d8-4f40-961c-21b0472e4c27_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YA1P!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6d2fa7-81d8-4f40-961c-21b0472e4c27_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Perlaki-Borsos Noel Gy&#369;jtem&#233;ny. Enged&#233;llyel.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p>A b&#233;csi <a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti_M%C3%BAzeum_(B%C3%A9cs)">Hadt&#246;rt&#233;neti M&#250;zeumnak</a> bonyolult t&#246;rt&#233;nete van. B&#225;r ez volt az els&#337; m&#250;zeumnak &#233;p&#252;lt &#233;p&#252;let a cs&#225;sz&#225;rv&#225;rosban, 1856-ban ny&#237;lt, a hadsereg &#233;s az er&#337;szak kritik&#225;tlan dics&#337;&#237;t&#233;se miatt sok b&#237;r&#225;lat &#233;rte az ut&#243;bbi id&#337;kben. </p><p>Az elm&#250;lt h&#225;rom &#233;ve &#250;j igazgat&#243;ja van, aki tervezi a m&#250;zeum, a ki&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;sok &#233;s az int&#233;zm&#233;ny funkci&#243;j&#225;nak teljes &#225;tgondol&#225;s&#225;t. Ennek keret&#233;ben hirdette meg a <em><a href="https://www.hgm.at/besuch/heeresgeschichtliches-museum/zeit-der-monster">Sz&#246;rnyek ideje</a></em> c&#237;m&#369; sorozatot. A sz&#246;rnyek megnevez&#233;s Shakespeare A vihar cim&#369; darabj&#225;b&#243;l j&#246;het, b&#225;r nem vagyok meggy&#337;z&#246;dve, hogy a politika ellenf&#233;l lesz&#246;rnyez&#233;se seg&#237;t a strat&#233;gia &#233;p&#237;t&#233;sben. Az esem&#233;nyen n&#233;gy k&#252;ls&#337; szak&#233;rt&#337; &#233;s n&#233;gy m&#250;zeumi szakember besz&#233;lget arr&#243;l a h&#225;rom-h&#225;rom t&#225;rgyr&#243;l, amelyeket a szak&#233;rt&#337;k hoztak el az esem&#233;nyre.</p><p>&#201;n j&#250;nius 16-&#225;n besz&#233;lek, &#233;s mind a h&#225;rom t&#225;rgy, amelyet javasoltam, meglep&#337;en nagy sikert aratott a b&#233;csi m&#250;zeumban.</p><p>Els&#337; t&#225;rgynak a Hunyadi-sorozat plak&#225;tj&#225;t javasoltam. Az illiber&#225;lis eml&#233;kezetpolitika gyakran t&#225;maszkodik az elk&#233;pzelt k&#246;z&#233;pkorra politikai c&#233;ljai el&#233;r&#233;se &#233;rdek&#233;ben. <em>A Holl&#243; felemelked&#233;se</em> (<em>Der Aufstieg des Raben</em>) c&#237;m&#369; sorozat p&#233;ld&#225;j&#225;n kereszt&#252;l mutatom be, mi az az illiber&#225;lis eml&#233;kezetpolitika, hogyan m&#369;k&#246;dik, &#233;s mindenekel&#337;tt, hogyan haszn&#225;lj&#225;k fel nemzetk&#246;zi szinten az illiberalizmus terjeszt&#233;s&#233;re. &#205;gy t&#246;rt&#233;nik ez Ausztri&#225;ban is, hiszen az ORF j&#243; sok p&#233;nzt kapott erre a sorozatra a magyar ad&#243;fizet&#337;kt&#337;l. Ez a p&#233;lda figyelmeztet&#233;s&#252;l szolg&#225;l arra, hogy az illiber&#225;lis eml&#233;kezetpolitikai mint&#225;k milyen k&#246;nnyen export&#225;lhat&#243;k Ausztri&#225;ba. </p><p>A m&#250;zeum dolgoz&#243;inak annyira tetszett a t&#233;ma, hogy megszerezt&#233;k az ORF-t&#337;l az eredeti jelmezeket, &#237;gy ki lehet &#225;ll&#237;tani &#337;ket &#233;s tervezik a jelmezek megv&#225;s&#225;rl&#225;s&#225;t az &#225;lland&#243; gy&#369;jtem&#233;nynek.</p><p>A Hunyadi sorozatr&#243;l, mint az illiber&#225;lis kult&#250;rpolitika sikeres p&#233;ld&#225;j&#225;r&#243;l, <a href="/__u/substack.com/@andreapeto/p-189636452">itt olvashat. </a></p><p>A m&#225;sodik &#233;s a harmadik t&#225;rgy az illiberalizmus elleni harc k&#233;t eseteit mutatja be. M&#225;r csak az&#233;rt is, mert sz&#225;momra mindig &#233;rthetetlen m&#243;don az elm&#250;lt id&#337;szakban Orb&#225;n politikai tehets&#233;ge &#233;s a rendszer hat&#233;konys&#225;ga &#233;s megd&#246;nthetetlens&#233;ge volt a f&#337; diskurzus belf&#246;ldi &#233;s a k&#252;lf&#246;ldi sajt&#243;ban vagy elemz&#337;kn&#233;l.</p><p>Ez&#233;rt is fontos bemutatni azokat, akik azt mert&#233;k mondani, hogy: Nem! &#233;s nem hitt&#233;k el, hogy mindenhat&#243; illiber&#225;lis &#225;llam. Ez&#233;rt sokan nagy &#225;rat fizettek, &#233;s ezt nem kellene elfelejteni most, mikor olyan nagy (megint) az egyir&#225;ny&#250; forgalom a damaszkuszi &#250;ton. </p><p>(Spoiler: nekem ez a harmadik rendszerv&#225;lt&#225;som, &#233;s ahogy a demogr&#225;fiai el&#337;rejelz&#233;seket n&#233;zem, lehet, hogy lesz m&#233;g egy.)</p><ul><li><p><strong>Els&#337;:</strong> a FREESZFE t&#225;rgyai (p&#243;l&#243;, t&#225;ska, b&#246;gre &#233;s zokni). (Upor L&#225;szl&#243; Gy&#252;jtem&#233;ny)</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IzGH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82545a32-4d84-461d-b20e-1e9ee74dac87_4032x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IzGH!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82545a32-4d84-461d-b20e-1e9ee74dac87_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IzGH!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82545a32-4d84-461d-b20e-1e9ee74dac87_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IzGH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82545a32-4d84-461d-b20e-1e9ee74dac87_4032x3024.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82545a32-4d84-461d-b20e-1e9ee74dac87_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IzGH!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82545a32-4d84-461d-b20e-1e9ee74dac87_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IzGH!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82545a32-4d84-461d-b20e-1e9ee74dac87_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IzGH!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82545a32-4d84-461d-b20e-1e9ee74dac87_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><ul><li><p><strong>M&#225;sodik:</strong> az alulr&#243;l szervez&#337;d&#337; di&#225;kt&#252;ntet&#233;sek kell&#233;kei (kit&#369;z&#337;k &#233;s plak&#225;tok). (Perlaki-Borsos Noel Gy&#252;jtem&#233;ny)</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZY-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de95007-4f19-4b8b-bada-918306d57e7c_4032x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZY-!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de95007-4f19-4b8b-bada-918306d57e7c_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZY-!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de95007-4f19-4b8b-bada-918306d57e7c_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZY-!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de95007-4f19-4b8b-bada-918306d57e7c_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZY-!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de95007-4f19-4b8b-bada-918306d57e7c_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZY-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de95007-4f19-4b8b-bada-918306d57e7c_4032x3024.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6de95007-4f19-4b8b-bada-918306d57e7c_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3956634,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/201965471?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de95007-4f19-4b8b-bada-918306d57e7c_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZY-!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de95007-4f19-4b8b-bada-918306d57e7c_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZY-!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de95007-4f19-4b8b-bada-918306d57e7c_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZY-!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de95007-4f19-4b8b-bada-918306d57e7c_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZY-!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de95007-4f19-4b8b-bada-918306d57e7c_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p></li></ul><p>Azzal z&#225;rom majd az el&#337;ad&#225;somat, hogy az elm&#250;lt 16 &#233;v sok-sok kudarca kellett ahhoz, hogy az illiber&#225;lis, polypork&#233;nt m&#369;k&#246;d&#337; &#225;llam elleni harc megtan&#237;tsa a v&#225;laszt&#243;kat: csak kompromisszumok &#225;r&#225;n lehet egy k&#246;z&#246;s orsz&#225;gban &#233;lni. Az, hogy az alulr&#243;l j&#246;v&#337; mozgalmak t&#225;rgyait mikor kezdi majd gy&#369;jteni egy magyar &#225;llami m&#250;zeum, pontosan mutatja majd, hogy siker&#252;lt-e ezt el&#233;rni vagy sem.</p><p>K&#246;sz&#246;net Upor L&#225;szl&#243;nak &#233;s Perlaki-Borsos Noelnek, hogy mag&#225;ngy&#369;jtem&#233;ny&#252;ket nagy bizalommal k&#246;lcs&#246;nadt&#225;k.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-hatalom-bemutatasa-a-magyar-illiberalis?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-hatalom-bemutatasa-a-magyar-illiberalis?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Itt lehet feliratkozni.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Szívhang visszhangja]]></title><description><![CDATA[Mik&#246;zben a mesters&#233;ges terhess&#233;gmegszak&#237;t&#225;sok sz&#225;ma cs&#246;kken, a sz&#252;let&#233;sek nem n&#337;nek, hanem cs&#246;kkennek.]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/szivhang-visszhangja</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/szivhang-visszhangja</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 05:11:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZNJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a3faff1-f1bf-4dec-950a-4684ccd3f307_2811x4308.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Mik&#246;zben a mesters&#233;ges terhess&#233;gmegszak&#237;t&#225;sok sz&#225;ma cs&#246;kken, a sz&#252;let&#233;sek nem n&#337;nek, hanem cs&#246;kkennek. Hogyan &#233;s honnan ker&#252;l ide a sz&#237;vhang? Elmondom.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZNJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a3faff1-f1bf-4dec-950a-4684ccd3f307_2811x4308.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZNJ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a3faff1-f1bf-4dec-950a-4684ccd3f307_2811x4308.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZNJ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a3faff1-f1bf-4dec-950a-4684ccd3f307_2811x4308.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZNJ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a3faff1-f1bf-4dec-950a-4684ccd3f307_2811x4308.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZNJ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a3faff1-f1bf-4dec-950a-4684ccd3f307_2811x4308.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZNJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a3faff1-f1bf-4dec-950a-4684ccd3f307_2811x4308.jpeg" width="1456" height="2231" 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a3faff1-f1bf-4dec-950a-4684ccd3f307_2811x4308.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZNJ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a3faff1-f1bf-4dec-950a-4684ccd3f307_2811x4308.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZNJ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a3faff1-f1bf-4dec-950a-4684ccd3f307_2811x4308.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZNJ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a3faff1-f1bf-4dec-950a-4684ccd3f307_2811x4308.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Fortepan <strong><a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?year=1971">1971</a> <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?id=6624">6624</a> <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?donor=S%C3%A1ndor%20D%C3%A1vid">S&#225;ndor D&#225;vid</a></strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Magyarorsz&#225;gon az abortuszok sz&#225;ma folyamatosan cs&#246;kken, &#233;s a felm&#233;r&#233;sek azt mutatj&#225;k, hogy els&#337;sorban a szeg&#233;nyek, a fiatalok &#233;s a m&#225;r t&#246;bb gyermeket nevel&#337; n&#337;k tekintik az abortuszot az egyetlen megfizethet&#337; fogamz&#225;sg&#225;tl&#225;si lehet&#337;s&#233;geknek. Ezt ha b&#225;rkit val&#243;ban &#233;rdekelne az abortuszok sz&#225;m&#225;nak a cs&#246;kkent&#233;se olcs&#243;bb fogamz&#225;sg&#225;tl&#225;si eszk&#246;z&#246;kkel &#233;s iskolai szexu&#225;lis oktat&#225;ssal lehetne tov&#225;bb cs&#246;kkenteni.</p><h1>Akkor mi is a probl&#233;ma?</h1><p>A n&#337;k t&#225;rsadalmi helyzet&#233;nek meg&#237;t&#233;l&#233;s&#233;vel kapcsolatos politikai k&#252;zdelmek &#233;s vit&#225;k egyre er&#337;s&#246;dnek. Ezzel egy&#252;tt az n&#337;i term&#233;kenys&#233;g szab&#225;lyoz&#225;sa is.</p><p>Ezt j&#243;l mutatj&#225;k Lengyelorsz&#225;gban a legszigor&#250;bb eur&#243;pai abortuszt&#246;rv&#233;ny m&#243;dos&#237;t&#225;sa elleni tiltakoz&#225;sok vezettek az illiber&#225;lis PiS v&#225;alszt&#225;si veres&#233;g&#233;hez. Valamint az Egyes&#252;lt &#193;llamokban a Roe kontra Wade &#237;t&#233;let hat&#225;lyon k&#237;v&#252;l helyez&#233;se alapvet&#337;en rajzolja &#225;t a politikai t&#233;rk&#233;pet.  </p><p>Az abortusszal kapcsolatos politikai diskurzust Eur&#243;p&#225;ban az amerikai &#233;s latin-amerikai kereszt&#233;ny fundamentalista abortuszellenes csoportok er&#337;s&#237;tik (azaz finansz&#237;rozz&#225;k). A &#8222;sz&#237;vhang&#8221; elv&#233;t &#233;s nyelvezet&#233;t import&#225;lt&#225;k Magyarorsz&#225;gra, k&#246;zp&#233;nzek t&#225;mogat&#225;s&#225;val. Ez a t&#246;rekv&#233;s a mesters&#233;ges fogamz&#225;sg&#225;tl&#225;s legitimit&#225;s&#225;t is megk&#233;rd&#337;jelezi. </p><h1>&#201;s mi a val&#243;di probl&#233;ma?</h1><p>Magyarorsz&#225;gon a szakmai &#233;s politikai vit&#225;k k&#246;z&#233;ppontj&#225;ban k&#233;t k&#233;rd&#233;s &#225;ll. </p><ol><li><p>A <strong><a href="/__u/open.substack.com/pub/andreapeto/p/miert-szuletnek-a-gyerekek?r=rpms0&amp;utm_campaign=post-expanded-share&amp;utm_medium=post%20viewer">sz&#252;l&#233;s </a></strong><a href="/__u/open.substack.com/pub/andreapeto/p/miert-szuletnek-a-gyerekek?r=rpms0&amp;utm_campaign=post-expanded-share&amp;utm_medium=post%20viewer">eset&#233;ben</a> a vita a korrupci&#243;r&#243;l, a sz&#252;l&#233;szeti er&#337;szakr&#243;l &#233;s az any&#225;k jogair&#243;l sz&#243;l a t&#250;lmedikaliz&#225;lt, alulfinansz&#237;rozott magyar eg&#233;szs&#233;g&#252;gyi rendszerben. A beavatkoz&#225;s mentes, term&#233;szetes &#250;n.k&#237;m&#233;letes sz&#252;l&#233;s &#233;s a hormonmentes fogamz&#225;sg&#225;tl&#225;s egyfajta &#8222;tr&#243;jai fal&#243;k&#233;nt&#8221; jelennek meg az eg&#233;szs&#233;g&#252;gyi rendszerben.</p></li><li><p>M&#237;g a <strong>TB nem t&#225;mogatja a fogamz&#225;sg&#225;tl&#225;st</strong>, az az &#250;n. kereszt&#233;ny &#8222;tablettaellenes&#8221; diskurzus kihaszn&#225;lja a n&#337;k reprodukt&#237;v inform&#225;ci&#243;k &#233;s alternat&#237;v orvosi gyakorlat ir&#225;nti ig&#233;ny&#233;t a sz&#252;l&#233;szeti er&#337;szak elker&#252;l&#233;se &#233;rdek&#233;ben. </p><p></p></li></ol><p>A sz&#237;vhangr&#243;l sz&#243;l&#243; legut&#243;bbi rendeletet el&#337;sz&#246;r a sz&#233;ls&#337;jobboldali Jobbik javasolta 2016-ban, &#233;s c&#233;lja a sz&#233;ls&#337;s&#233;ges  szavaz&#243;k megnyer&#233;se volt. <a href="/__u/open.substack.com/pub/andreapeto/p/az-alibi-szivhang-rendelet?r=rpms0&amp;utm_campaign=post-expanded-share&amp;utm_medium=post%20viewer">(Itt olvashat err&#337;l t&#246;bbet.)</a> A rendelet v&#233;grehajt&#225;sa azonban a n&#337;gy&#243;gy&#225;szok egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s&#233;t&#337;l f&#252;gg. A Magyar Orvosi Kamara akkor t&#225;mogatta a rendeletet, ami egy k&#233;ts&#233;ges politikai agenda melletti ki&#225;ll&#225;st jelez &#8212; nem el&#337;sz&#246;r a magyarorsz&#225;gi reprodukci&#243; t&#246;rt&#233;net&#233;ben. (A n&#337;gy&#243;gy&#225;sz lobbyr&#243;l itt olvashat t&#246;bbet.)</p><p>Ugyanakkor a magyar t&#225;rsadalom ma toler&#225;nsabb a leg&#225;lis abortusszal szemben, mint az eur&#243;pai &#225;tlag, f&#337;k&#233;nt a h&#225;bor&#250;s nemi er&#337;szak eml&#233;ke &#233;s az 1950-es &#233;vek szt&#225;linista abortuszkorl&#225;toz&#225;sai miatt. (E<a href="https://szakcikkadatbazis.hu/doc/8593528">rr&#337;l itt lehet t&#246;bbet olvasn</a>i.) Mind a szakmai, mind a politikai konfliktusok arra utalnak, hogy a sz&#252;let&#233;sszab&#225;lyoz&#225;s &#250;jraszab&#225;lyoz&#225;sa kulcsfontoss&#225;g&#250; eleme a sz&#233;ls&#337;jobboldali rendszerek politikai legitimit&#225;s&#225;nak vil&#225;gszerte. K&#233;rd&#233;s, hogy az &#250;n. sz&#237;vhangrendelet megsz&#252;ntet&#233;si javaslatban mi&#233;rt a magzat eg&#233;szs&#233;g&#233;t v&#233;dt&#233;k a k&#225;rt&#233;kony ultrahangos meghallgat&#225;st&#243;l &#233;s nem a n&#337;k &#233;rdekeit. </p><p>Az abortusz t&#246;rt&#233;net&#233;t Magyarorsz&#225;gon a <a href="/__u/open.substack.com/pub/andreapeto/p/miert-fontos-a-haborukban-megeroszakolt?r=rpms0&amp;utm_campaign=post-expanded-share&amp;utm_medium=post%20viewer">h&#225;bor&#250;s nemi er&#337;szak,</a> a n&#337;gy&#243;gy&#225;szok m&#246;g&#246;ttes lobbiereje &#233;s az illiber&#225;lis, antigender diskurzus metsz&#233;spontj&#225;ban, amelyet a nacionalista diskurzus, mely a n&#233;pess&#233;gsz&#225;m cs&#246;kken&#233;s&#233;t&#337;l tart, k&#246;ti &#246;ssze. </p><p>Magyarorsz&#225;gon k&#252;l&#246;nleges, hogy az abortusz legaliz&#225;l&#225;sa 1945-ben a h&#225;bor&#250;s nemi er&#337;szak k&#246;vetkezm&#233;nye volt. A jogalkot&#225;si folyamatban &#233;s a szakmai-politikai vit&#225;kban a politikailag j&#243;l be&#225;gyazott n&#337;gy&#243;gy&#225;szok hol el&#337;seg&#237;tett&#233;k, hol akad&#225;lyozt&#225;k a reprodukt&#237;v jogok&#233;rt folytatott k&#252;zdelmet aktu&#225;lis politikai &#233;rdekeik szerint. Az illiber&#225;lis fordulatot k&#246;vet&#337; ultrakonzervat&#237;v tendencia pedig a reprodukt&#237;v szab&#225;lyoz&#225;sban nem &#225;ll &#246;sszhangban a magyar t&#225;rsadalom &#233;rt&#233;keivel &#233;s gyakorlataival. &#205;gy k&#233;rd&#233;ses, hogy az orvosi szakma, amely a  korl&#225;toz&#243; rendelkez&#233;s v&#233;grehajt&#225;s&#225;&#233;rt felel&#337;s volt, most meg a v&#225;laszt&#225;sok ut&#225;n &#250;gy d&#246;nt&#246;tt, hogy nem, melyik utat v&#225;lasztja: a politikai &#233;rdekek kiszolg&#225;l&#225;s&#225;t vagy a n&#337;k v&#233;lem&#233;ny&#233;nek figyelembev&#233;tel&#233;t a politikai megosztotts&#225;gon t&#250;l.</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/szivhang-visszhangja?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/szivhang-visszhangja?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Az Orbánizáció árnyékában: felsőoktatás a posztilliberális korszakban]]></title><description><![CDATA[A magyar k&#246;zbesz&#233;det eddig a &#8222;helyre&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s&#8221; narrat&#237;v&#225;ja uralta: a &#8222;nyugatosod&#225;s&#8221; &#233;s &#8222;eur&#243;paiz&#225;ci&#243;&#8221; &#237;g&#233;rete, amely szerint az EU &#225;ltal finansz&#237;rozott, auton&#243;m fels&#337;oktat&#225;s &#250;jraindulhat, megszabadulva az illiber&#225;lis politikai befoly&#225;st&#243;l.]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/az-orbanizacio-arnyekaban-felsooktatas</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/az-orbanizacio-arnyekaban-felsooktatas</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 05:52:02 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P7Pe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa410af73-e816-4f44-91eb-90e59ffde7ef_6399x4424.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A magyar k&#246;zbesz&#233;det eddig a &#8222;helyre&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s&#8221; narrat&#237;v&#225;ja uralta: a &#8222;nyugatosod&#225;s&#8221; &#233;s &#8222;eur&#243;paiz&#225;ci&#243;&#8221; &#237;g&#233;rete, amely szerint az EU &#225;ltal finansz&#237;rozott, auton&#243;m fels&#337;oktat&#225;s &#250;jraindulhat, megszabadulva az illiber&#225;lis politikai befoly&#225;st&#243;l. Ezek az elk&#233;pzel&#233;sek azonban f&#233;lrevezet&#337;ek &#233;s nem t&#252;kr&#246;zik a magyar fels&#337;oktat&#225;s t&#246;rt&#233;neti val&#243;s&#225;g&#225;t. </p><p>Jo Dillabough-val k&#246;z&#246;sen &#237;rt cikk&#252;nk magyar v&#225;ltozata ezt vizsg&#225;lja. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P7Pe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa410af73-e816-4f44-91eb-90e59ffde7ef_6399x4424.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P7Pe!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa410af73-e816-4f44-91eb-90e59ffde7ef_6399x4424.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P7Pe!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa410af73-e816-4f44-91eb-90e59ffde7ef_6399x4424.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P7Pe!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa410af73-e816-4f44-91eb-90e59ffde7ef_6399x4424.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P7Pe!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa410af73-e816-4f44-91eb-90e59ffde7ef_6399x4424.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P7Pe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa410af73-e816-4f44-91eb-90e59ffde7ef_6399x4424.jpeg" width="1456" height="1007" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a410af73-e816-4f44-91eb-90e59ffde7ef_6399x4424.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1007,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:19687733,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/199846758?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa410af73-e816-4f44-91eb-90e59ffde7ef_6399x4424.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P7Pe!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa410af73-e816-4f44-91eb-90e59ffde7ef_6399x4424.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P7Pe!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa410af73-e816-4f44-91eb-90e59ffde7ef_6399x4424.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P7Pe!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa410af73-e816-4f44-91eb-90e59ffde7ef_6399x4424.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P7Pe!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa410af73-e816-4f44-91eb-90e59ffde7ef_6399x4424.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Fortepan, <strong><a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?year=1929">1929</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?id=235328">235328</a>, <a href="https://fortepan.hu/hu/photos/?donor=Fej%C3%A9r%20Csaba-Kindert%20Piroska">Fej&#233;r Csaba-Kindert Piroska</a></strong></p><p>2026. &#225;prilis 12-&#233;n tartott magyar orsz&#225;ggy&#369;l&#233;si v&#225;laszt&#225;sok &#8211; rendk&#237;v&#252;l magas r&#233;szv&#233;tel mellett &#8211; p&#233;ld&#225;tlan euf&#243;riahull&#225;mot ind&#237;tottak el Magyarorsz&#225;gon &#233;s Eur&#243;p&#225;ban. A v&#225;laszt&#243;k d&#246;nt&#233;se v&#233;gre v&#233;get vetett a tizenhat &#233;vnyi illiber&#225;lis &#233;s autokratikus korm&#225;nyz&#225;snak, &#233;s ezzel egy&#252;tt rem&#233;nyt adott egy olyan illiber&#225;lis technokrata tudom&#225;nypolitikai rendszer visszaford&#237;t&#225;s&#225;ra, amely m&#233;lyrehat&#243;an &#225;talak&#237;totta a magyar fels&#337;oktat&#225;st, kutat&#225;st &#233;s az akad&#233;miai auton&#243;mia fogalm&#225;t Magyarorsz&#225;gon &#233;s azon t&#250;l is.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ez a lelkesed&#233;s a magyar v&#225;laszt&#225;si eredm&#233;ny kapcs&#225;n kor&#225;ntsem &#225;ltal&#225;nos. K&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen csal&#243;dottak lehetnek azok az elit, transzatlanti fels&#337;oktat&#225;si szerepl&#337;k, akik m&#225;r jelen vannak a b&#233;csi ingatlanpiacon &#233;s k&#233;t, a Duna-csatorna ment&#233;n fekv&#337; palota megszerz&#233;s&#233;t tervezt&#233;k. A Mathias Corvinus Collegium (MCC), amely kor&#225;bban m&#225;r beolvasztotta portf&#243;li&#243;j&#225;ba a b&#233;csi Modul Egyetemet, jelezte &#233;rdekl&#337;d&#233;s&#233;t az ingatlanok ir&#225;nt; a v&#225;s&#225;rl&#225;s feltehet&#337;en a v&#225;laszt&#225;si kimenetelhez k&#246;t&#337;d&#246;tt. A politikai vezet&#233;s gyors v&#225;ltoz&#225;sa azonban egyik napr&#243;l a m&#225;sikra ellehetetlen&#237;tette ezt a ingatlan terjeszked&#233;si strat&#233;gi&#225;t.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ez felveti a k&#233;rd&#233;st: mit jelent az ilyen m&#233;rt&#233;k&#369; v&#225;s&#225;rl&#243;er&#337;-koncentr&#225;ci&#243;ja ideol&#243;giailag &#246;sszehangolt mag&#225;nalap&#237;tv&#225;nyok kez&#233;ben az osztr&#225;k &#233;s magyar fels&#337;oktat&#225;s f&#252;ggetlens&#233;ge, soksz&#237;n&#369;s&#233;ge &#233;s demokratikus ir&#225;ny&#237;t&#225;sa szempontj&#225;b&#243;l, &#225;ltal&#225;ban, &#233;s k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen a posztorb&#225;niz&#225;ci&#243; keret&#233;ben?</p><h1 style="text-align: justify;">Mi lesz Magyarorsz&#225;gon &#233;s azon t&#250;l az illiber&#225;lis tudom&#225;nypolitika &#246;r&#246;ks&#233;g&#233;vel?</h1><p style="text-align: justify;">Az &#250;jonnan megv&#225;lasztott minisztereln&#246;k egyik els&#337; int&#233;zked&#233;se az volt, hogy priorit&#225;ss&#225; nyilv&#225;n&#237;totta az akad&#233;miai szabads&#225;g helyre&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s&#225;t a magyar egyetemeken. Ez a l&#233;p&#233;s nemcsak szimbolikus jelent&#337;s&#233;g&#369; egy m&#233;lyen megosztott Magyarorsz&#225;gon, hanem nagyon is gyakorlati k&#246;vetkezm&#233;nyekkel j&#225;r: el&#337;felt&#233;tele az Eur&#243;pai Uni&#243; befagyasztott forr&#225;sainak felszabad&#237;t&#225;s&#225;nak, valamint annak, hogy a magyar egyetemek &#233;s hallgat&#243;ik visszat&#233;rhessenek az Erasmus+ programba. Ezt a m&#225;jus v&#233;gi br&#252;sszeli t&#225;rgyal&#225;son el is &#233;rte.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>A val&#243;di k&#233;rd&#233;s azonban messze t&#250;lmutat a b&#233;csi ingatlanfejleszt&#337;k csal&#243;d&#225;s&#225;n. Milyen k&#246;vetkezm&#233;nyei lesznek Magyarorsz&#225;gon &#233;s nemzetk&#246;zi szinten az illiber&#225;lis tudom&#225;nypolitika &#233;s az erre &#233;p&#252;l&#337; p&#225;rhuzamos egyetemi rendszer esetleges &#246;sszeoml&#225;s&#225;nak?</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Egy kor&#225;bbi, a <a href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20240501143215958">University World News-ban megjelent k&#246;z&#246;s cikk&#252;nkben</a> &#8211; amely ut&#225;n mindk&#233;t szerz&#337; fenyeget&#233;seket kapott Cambridge-ben &#233;s B&#233;csben &#8211; amellett &#233;rvelt&#252;nk, hogy Magyarorsz&#225;gon egy illiber&#225;lis tudom&#225;nyos rendszer &#233;p&#252;lt ki, amelyet k&#246;zp&#233;nzek &#233;s &#225;tl&#225;thatatlan &#8222;s&#246;t&#233;t p&#233;nzek&#8221; finansz&#237;roztak. Ez a rendszer nemcsak a magyar ad&#243;fizet&#337; polg&#225;rokat k&#225;ros&#237;totta, hanem v&#233;gs&#337; soron a fels&#337;oktat&#225;si szektort is elfoglalta. Nem puszt&#225;n a tud&#225;stermel&#233;s neo-nacionalista kereteken bel&#252;li korl&#225;toz&#225;s&#225;r&#243;l volt sz&#243;; ezt a rendszert arra haszn&#225;lt&#225;k, <em>hogy autoriter hajlam&#250; &#233;rtelmez&#233;si kereteket hozzanak l&#233;tre a tudom&#225;nyon bel&#252;l, mik&#246;zben transzatlanti konzervat&#237;v h&#225;l&#243;zatokat &#233;s egy &#250;j, illiber&#225;lis tudom&#225;nyos &#246;kosziszt&#233;m&#225;t &#233;p&#237;tettek ki.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ez nem a tudom&#225;nyos korrupci&#243; hagyom&#225;nyos &#233;rtelemben vett form&#225;ja. Mindenkinek vannak t&#246;rt&#233;netei arr&#243;l, hogy az egyetlen &#246;szt&#246;nd&#237;jat a b&#237;r&#225;l&#243; bizotts&#225;g eln&#246;ke magabbra &#237;t&#233;lte, vagy hogy sim&#225;n lehetett valaki MTA doktora az el&#337;&#237;rt tudom&#225;nymetria sz&#225;mok n&#233;lk&#252;l, vagy az &#225;ll&#225;sinterj&#250; bizotts&#225;gi tagja saj&#225;t mag&#225;t tal&#225;lja legmegfelel&#337;bbnek az &#225;ll&#225;sra, pedig nem is p&#225;ly&#225;zott. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ez itt ink&#225;bb a radik&#225;lis tudom&#225;nyos korrupci&#243; megnyilv&#225;nul&#225;sa, amely az autoriter t&#233;rnyer&#233;shez kapcsol&#243;dik: az egyetem tudatos &#225;talak&#237;t&#225;sa egy egyre ink&#225;bb &#246;sszefon&#243;d&#243; rendszerben.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mit&#337;l &#250;j ez az amerikai mint&#225;j&#250; <em>Orb&#225;nomics</em> rendszer a tudom&#225;nyban?</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 1. A populista jobboldali think-tank-logika fel&#252;l&#237;rja a tudom&#225;nyt. Az &#225;ll&#237;t&#243;lagos adatvez&#233;relt bizony&#237;t&#233;kokra hivatkozva, gyakran hamis &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;sokkal, komplex t&#225;rsadalmi, gazdas&#225;gi vagy politikai probl&#233;m&#225;k &#8222;megold&#225;sainak&#8221; kialak&#237;t&#225;sa kiz&#225;r&#243;lag a t&#225;mogat&#243;k &#233;rdekei &#233;s napirendje szerint. </p><ol start="2"><li><p style="text-align: justify;"> Az &#225;llam int&#233;zm&#233;nyeinek elfoglal&#225;sa &#233;s felhaszn&#225;l&#225;sa szem&#233;lyes gazdagod&#225;s c&#233;lj&#225;b&#243;l.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;">A tudom&#225;nyos int&#233;zm&#233;nyek &#233;s m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s&#252;k a demokratikus ellen&#337;rz&#233;st&#337;l &#233;s a min&#337;s&#233;gellen&#337;rz&#233;sen k&#237;v&#252;l ker&#252;lnek (p&#233;ld&#225;ul a Heritage Foundation)</p></li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Hol &#225;llunk teh&#225;t most, amikor a magyar fels&#337;oktat&#225;s &#250;j korszak&#225;ba l&#233;p&#252;nk, mik&#246;zben a k&#246;z&#233;p- &#233;s kelet-eur&#243;pai fels&#337;oktat&#225;si rendszereket egyre er&#337;sebb politikai nyom&#225;s &#233;ri? Ez egy &#237;g&#233;retesebb, es&#233;lyegyenl&#337;s&#233;get biztos&#237;t&#243; fels&#337;oktat&#225;si politika v&#233;g&#233;t jelenti &#8211; vagy &#233;ppen a kezdet&#233;t?</em></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;">Az &#250;j magyar korm&#225;ny &#237;g&#233;retei &#233;s a struktur&#225;lis k&#233;rd&#233;sek</h1><p style="text-align: justify;">A jelenlegi magyar korm&#225;ny egyik azonnali c&#233;lja az illiber&#225;lis korm&#225;nyz&#225;st int&#233;zm&#233;nyes&#237;t&#337; p&#233;nz&#252;gyi strukt&#250;ra lebont&#225;sa. Ez mag&#225;ban foglalja a k&#246;zvagyon visszaford&#237;t&#225;s&#225;t olyan l&#225;tsz&#243;lag mag&#225;nalap&#237;tv&#225;nyokb&#243;l, mint az MCC, amely rendk&#237;v&#252;l r&#246;vid id&#337; alatt a Cambridge-i &#233;s Oxfordi Egyetemekhez m&#233;rhet&#337; vagyont szedett &#246;ssze, mik&#246;zben mentes&#252;lt a nyilv&#225;nos elsz&#225;moltathat&#243;s&#225;ghoz &#233;s min&#337;s&#233;gellen&#337;rz&#233;shez al&#243;l &#233;s csak az illiber&#225;lis politikai c&#233;lokhoz igazodott.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ez azonban csak az els&#337; l&#233;p&#233;s. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>A k&#246;vetkez&#337; k&#233;rd&#233;s az, hogy mik&#233;nt k&#233;pzelhet&#337;k el az illiber&#225;lis akad&#233;miai korrupci&#243; &#233;s az illiber&#225;lis tudom&#225;nyos &#246;kosziszt&#233;ma alternat&#237;v&#225;i. Lehets&#233;ges-e visszat&#233;rni egy kor&#225;bbi int&#233;zm&#233;nyi rendhez, vagy a folyamat egy teljesen &#250;j fejl&#337;d&#233;si p&#225;ly&#225;t ind&#237;t el?</em></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;">Helyre&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s vagy &#225;talakul&#225;s?</h1><p style="text-align: justify;">A magyar k&#246;zbesz&#233;det eddig a &#8222;helyre&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s&#8221; narrat&#237;v&#225;ja uralta: a &#8222;nyugatosod&#225;s&#8221; &#233;s &#8222;eur&#243;paiz&#225;ci&#243;&#8221; &#237;g&#233;rete, amely szerint az EU &#225;ltal finansz&#237;rozott, auton&#243;m fels&#337;oktat&#225;s &#250;jraindulhat, megszabadulva az illiber&#225;lis politikai befoly&#225;st&#243;l. Ezek az elk&#233;pzel&#233;sek azonban f&#233;lrevezet&#337;ek &#233;s nem t&#252;kr&#246;zik a magyar fels&#337;oktat&#225;s t&#246;rt&#233;neti val&#243;s&#225;g&#225;t.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A nyugatosod&#225;s &#233;s eur&#243;paiz&#225;ci&#243; &#8211; amelyeket gyakran a szabads&#225;g &#233;s a demokratikus modernit&#225;s garanci&#225;ik&#233;nt mutatnak be &#8211; t&#246;rt&#233;nelmileg is vitatott, egym&#225;ssal verseng&#337; birodalmi expanzi&#243;s mint&#225;zatok, geopolitikai &#233;rdekek &#233;s &#250;jra&#233;led&#337; nativista logik&#225;k &#225;ltal form&#225;l&#243;dtak, amelyek a kapitalizmus strukt&#250;r&#225;iba &#225;gyaz&#243;dnak.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az elm&#250;lt tizenhat &#233;vben az eur&#243;pai fels&#337;oktat&#225;s m&#233;lyrehat&#243; &#225;talakul&#225;sokon ment kereszt&#252;l. A fejl&#337;d&#233;s &#233;s verseny logik&#225;ja, a reput&#225;ci&#243;s kock&#225;zatkezel&#233;s, a p&#233;nz&#252;gyi hi&#225;ny el&#337;rejelz&#233;se, a rossz munkak&#246;r&#252;lm&#233;nyek &#233;s az ipari partners&#233;g keres&#233;se ma m&#225;r &#225;thatj&#225;k az oktat&#225;si szektort, &#250;jrameghat&#225;rozva annak kor&#225;bbi szerkezet&#233;t. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ez azt jelenti, hogy<em> nincs egyszer&#369; visszat&#233;r&#233;s egy nosztalgikus, kor&#225;bbi demokratikus &#225;llapothoz; a fels&#337;oktat&#225;s egy min&#337;s&#233;gileg &#250;j helyzettel n&#233;z szembe.</em></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;">A tud&#225;s, hatalom &#233;s korm&#225;nyz&#225;s &#250;j &#252;tk&#246;z&#337;terei</h1><p style="text-align: justify;">Egy fontos v&#225;ltoz&#225;s m&#225;r &#233;rz&#233;kelhet&#337; a fiatal magyar gener&#225;ci&#243; k&#246;r&#233;ben: egy&#233;rtelm&#369; ig&#233;ny mutatkozik a tud&#225;s &#233;s hatalom orosz t&#237;pus&#250; autokratikus &#246;sszefon&#243;d&#225;s&#225;nak lebont&#225;s&#225;ra, amely a tud&#225;st a politikai uralom &#233;s az elit &#250;jratermel&#233;s&#233;nek szolg&#225;lat&#225;ba &#225;ll&#237;tja. B&#225;r sok hallgat&#243; akt&#237;van ellen&#225;llt az Orb&#225;n-korm&#225;ny fels&#337;oktat&#225;si &#225;talak&#237;t&#225;sainak (pl. a SZFE, a CEU), ez az ellen&#225;ll&#225;s nem eredm&#233;nyezte az illiberalizmus &#225;ltal&#225;nos visszaszorul&#225;s&#225;t. Ehelyett &#250;j politikai konfliktusz&#243;n&#225;k alakulnak ki, mik&#246;zben az illiber&#225;lis &#233;s sz&#233;ls&#337;jobboldali csoportok nemzetk&#246;zi szinten is er&#337;s&#246;dnek.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A t&#233;t teh&#225;t nem puszt&#225;n a fels&#337;oktat&#225;s le&#233;p&#252;l&#233;se, hanem annak &#225;talakul&#225;sa, valamint a politikai-gazdas&#225;gi hatalom &#250;j form&#225;inak kialak&#237;t&#225;sa. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Vajon Magyarorsz&#225;g k&#233;pes lesz-e egy nyitott, kritikai &#233;s t&#225;rsadalmilag felel&#337;s tud&#225;srendszer kialak&#237;t&#225;s&#225;ra? L&#233;tezett-e egy&#225;ltal&#225;n ilyen rendszer az Orb&#225;n-iz&#225;ci&#243; el&#337;tt?</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Vagy a reformok csup&#225;n &#250;jratermelik a glob&#225;lis tudom&#225;ny-metria &#225;ltal vez&#233;relt privatiz&#225;ci&#243;s strukt&#250;r&#225;kat &#8211; ugyan&#250;gy problematikusan, de m&#225;s logika szerint? &#201;s mi lesz az &#250;gynevezett &#8222;woke&#8221; vit&#225;val? Visszaker&#252;lnek-e az egyetemekre a gender studies, a kritikai elm&#233;letek &#233;s a migr&#225;ci&#243;kutat&#225;s? Vagy a sz&#233;ls&#337;jobboldal, a h&#225;bor&#250;k &#233;s az elh&#250;z&#243;d&#243; konfliktusok tov&#225;bbra is meghat&#225;rozz&#225;k majd a politikai kereteket?</p><h1 style="text-align: justify;">Ami el&#337;tt&#252;nk &#225;ll</h1><p style="text-align: justify;">Az &#225;prilisi v&#225;laszt&#225;sok euf&#243;ri&#225;ja teh&#225;t csak a kezdet. Az igazi munka most kezd&#337;dik &#8211; az egyetemeken, a kutat&#243;int&#233;zetekben &#233;s a nyilv&#225;nos vit&#225;kban, amelyek a tud&#225;s jelent&#233;s&#233;t form&#225;lj&#225;k egy &#250;j, sz&#233;ls&#337;s&#233;gek &#225;ltal jellemzett korszakban.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tal&#225;n a legjobb l&#233;p&#233;s az &#250;j magyar korm&#225;ny r&#233;sz&#233;r&#337;l az lenne, ha kifel&#233; is tekintene, &#233;s r&#233;szt venne a szomsz&#233;dos orsz&#225;gok fels&#337;oktat&#225;s&#225;nak &#225;talakul&#225;s&#225;ban, ahol a populista hatalomgyakorl&#225;s tov&#225;bbra is az egyetemeket saj&#225;t politikai c&#233;ljaira haszn&#225;lja. Tizenhat &#233;v autoriter uralom ut&#225;n egy ilyen ir&#225;nyv&#225;lt&#225;s messze t&#250;lmutatna a r&#233;gi&#243;n: azt jelezn&#233;, hogy egy &#250;j korm&#225;ny demokratikus hiteless&#233;get nemcsak az &#246;r&#246;k&#246;lt strukt&#250;r&#225;k kezel&#233;s&#233;vel, hanem azok hat&#225;rozott lebont&#225;s&#225;val is k&#233;pes megszerezni, nemzetk&#246;zileg is.</p><p>A cikk kor&#225;bbi v&#225;ltozata eredetileg megjelent <a href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20260519154032638">itt.</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/az-orbanizacio-arnyekaban-felsooktatas?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/az-orbanizacio-arnyekaban-felsooktatas?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Marulics Márk titka]]></title><description><![CDATA[Mi t&#246;rt&#233;nt a v&#233;gzetes 1482.]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/marulics-mark-a-titokzatos-remete</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/marulics-mark-a-titokzatos-remete</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 08:04:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gw6Q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40810d96-8fb0-4fc3-9266-c97a0909fc29_4032x3024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Mi t&#246;rt&#233;nt a v&#233;gzetes 1482. okt&#243;ber 3-&#225;n a renesz&#225;nsz Spalat&#243;ban, a mai horv&#225;torsz&#225;gi Splitben? Elmondom.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gw6Q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40810d96-8fb0-4fc3-9266-c97a0909fc29_4032x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gw6Q!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40810d96-8fb0-4fc3-9266-c97a0909fc29_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gw6Q!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40810d96-8fb0-4fc3-9266-c97a0909fc29_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gw6Q!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40810d96-8fb0-4fc3-9266-c97a0909fc29_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gw6Q!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40810d96-8fb0-4fc3-9266-c97a0909fc29_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gw6Q!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40810d96-8fb0-4fc3-9266-c97a0909fc29_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Az &#233;n f&#233;nyk&#233;pem Marulicsr&#243;l a spliti V&#225;rosi M&#250;zeumban. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><h1>Ki volt Marulics M&#225;rk?</h1><p>Marko Maruli&#263;, vagy magyarul Marulics M&#225;rk (1450-1524), a horv&#225;t renesz&#225;nsz egyik legjelent&#337;sebb alakja, a horv&#225;t nyelv&#369; irodalom alap&#237;t&#243;ja. Szinte minden horv&#225;t v&#225;rosban van utc&#225;ja &#233;s t&#246;bb&#233;-kev&#233;sb&#233; j&#243;l siker&#252;lt szobra. Mivel nem lehet tudni, hogy n&#233;zett ki a val&#243;s&#225;gban, ez&#233;rt jelent&#337;s m&#369;v&#233;szi szabads&#225;ggal rendelkeztek a m&#369;v&#233;szek, &#233;s f&#337;leg az 1903-ban a Habsburg Birodalomban a horv&#225;t nemzeti t&#246;rekv&#233;sek jegy&#233;ben elk&#233;sz&#252;lt zord, szak&#225;llas f&#233;rfi ikonogr&#225;fi&#225;t k&#246;vetik.</p><p>Marulics  egy gener&#225;ci&#243;val fiatalabb, mint a szint&#233;n horv&#225;torsz&#225;gi Janus Pannonius (Ivan &#268;esmi&#269;ki) (1432-1472) de n&#225;la l&#233;nyegesen nagyobb &#233;letm&#369;vet hagyott maga ut&#225;n, r&#225;ad&#225;sul nemcsak latinul, hanem horv&#225;tul is. Azaz bar&#225;tj&#225;val, ebben a t&#246;rt&#233;netben fontos szerepet j&#225;tsz&#243;  Dmine Papali&#263;, tal&#225;ltak egy helyt&#246;rt&#233;neti munk&#225;t, amely ill&#237;r nyelven, de korai cirill bet&#369;kkel &#237;r&#243;dott, amit &#225;t&#237;rtak latin bet&#369;kre; &#237;gy sz&#252;letett meg az, amit ma horv&#225;t nyelvnek neveznek.  </p><p>Marulics sikeres &#233;s hossz&#250; &#233;lete nem f&#252;ggetlen att&#243;l, hogy &#337; maga a befoly&#225;sos Pe&#269;eni&#263;, patricius csal&#225;db&#243;l sz&#225;rmazott, &#233;s a csal&#225;d palot&#225;ja m&#233;g mindig Splitben &#225;ll- ellent&#233;tben a szeg&#233;ny Janus Pannoniussal. B&#225;r mindketten P&#225;dov&#225;ban tanultak jogot, Janus Pannonius kev&#233;s &#233;rz&#233;kkel belevetette mag&#225;t a magyar politika &#233;let&#233;be, ami sz&#225;m&#225;ra rosszul is v&#233;gz&#337;d&#246;tt, m&#237;g Marulic megbecs&#252;lt jog&#225;szk&#233;nt dolgozott &#233;lete v&#233;g&#233;ig sz&#252;l&#337;v&#225;ros&#225;ban.  </p><p>De az &#233;lete neki sem volt mindig egyszer&#369;. </p><h1>Mi t&#246;rt&#233;nt 1482. okt&#243;ber 3-&#225;n?</h1><p><em>&#8220;Ifj&#250;kori kicsapong&#225;sai levezekl&#233;sek&#233;ppen harminc&#233;ves kor&#225;ban visszavonult a vil&#225;gt&#243;l, &#233;s az irodalomnak &#233;s a tudom&#225;nyoknak szentelte tov&#225;bbi &#233;let&#233;t&#8217;</em> - &#237;rja  Marulicsr&#243;l a magyar Wikipedia.</p><p>Mi ez a kicsapong&#225;s? Mit kellett levezekelni?</p><p>A Split V&#225;rost&#246;rt&#233;neti M&#250;zeumban h&#225;romf&#233;le magyar&#225;zatot tal&#225;l erre az &#233;rdekl&#337;d&#337;, h&#225;rom k&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;z&#337; helyen.</p><ol><li><p>Nem tudjuk, mi volt az a bizonyos kicsapong&#225;s. T&#246;rt&#233;nelmi hom&#225;ly fedi.</p><p></p></li><li><p>A Dekameron verzi&#243;: Marulics bar&#225;tj&#225;val, a szint&#233;n befoly&#225;sos Papali&#263; csal&#225;d egyik tagj&#225;val, Dmine-vel, ugyanannak a n&#337;nek udvaroltak, &#233;s sikerrel is. A n&#337;nek nincs neve, sehol sem eml&#237;tik. A t&#246;rt&#233;net saj&#225;tos r&#233;szlete, hogy Marulics bar&#225;tj&#225;val az egy n&#337;h&#246;z val&#243; hozz&#225;f&#233;r&#233;st szinte &#8222;szervezetten&#8221; bonyol&#237;tott&#225;k: felv&#225;ltva l&#225;togatt&#225;k &#337;t. </p><p>A dolog nem volt kock&#225;zatmentes, mert az im&#225;dott h&#246;lgy apja a v&#225;ros velencei laktany&#225;j&#225;nak parancsnoka  volt. Ez&#233;rt tr&#252;kk&#246;t alkalmaztak. Az egyik szerelemes lovag a  k&#246;t&#233;l seg&#237;ts&#233;g&#233;vel felh&#250;zta a m&#225;sikat a falon kos&#225;rban az ablakhoz. Azt&#225;n m&#225;snap cser&#233;ltek.</p><p>A Decameronba ill&#337; t&#246;rt&#233;net sz&#252;ks&#233;gszer&#369;en nem v&#233;gz&#337;d&#246;tt j&#243;l. A trag&#233;dia akkor k&#246;vetkezett be, amikor Papalic egy ilyen felh&#250;z&#225;sn&#225;l ismeretlen okb&#243;l lezuhant. A bar&#225;tja hal&#225;l&#225;t Marulics igyekezett eltitkolni: egy szolg&#225;val temettette el titokban. Az, hogy egy befoly&#225;sos  &#233;s gazdag csal&#225;d eset&#233;ben nem kezdenek el keresni az elt&#369;nt fi&#250;t, el&#233;g val&#243;sz&#237;n&#369;tlen. Az esem&#233;ny m&#233;lyen megr&#225;zta az egyik &#233;rintettet &#8211; a hagyom&#225;ny szerint Marulicsot &#8211;, aki ezt k&#246;vet&#337;en visszavonult a vil&#225;gi &#233;lett&#337;l, &#233;s egyfajta aszketikus, remeteszer&#369; &#233;letform&#225;t v&#225;lasztott. Ebben a v&#225;ltozatban nincs sz&#243; arr&#243;l, hogy az igazs&#225;gszolg&#225;ltat&#225;snak b&#225;rmilyen szerepe lett volna Marulics hirtelen, kiss&#233; v&#225;ratlan &#233;rdekl&#337;d&#233;s&#233;ben az aszk&#233;zis ir&#225;nt.</p><p></p></li><li><p>A tragikus Dekameron verzi&#243;. A k&#246;vetkez&#337; v&#225;ltozat nem eml&#237;ti a hal&#225;los balesetet szenvedett vagy tal&#225;n valamilyen okokb&#243;l meg&#246;lt tanul&#243;t&#225;rs &#233;s bar&#225;t balsors&#225;t. A szeretett n&#337;, aki az eg&#233;sz t&#246;rt&#233;netben n&#233;vtelen, sorsa k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen tragikus alakul: apja, miut&#225;n tudom&#225;st szerzett a t&#246;rt&#233;ntekr&#337;l, a saj&#225;t l&#225;ny&#225;t &#233;lve eltemette. Ez az extr&#233;m b&#252;ntet&#233;s a csal&#225;di becs&#252;let v&#233;delm&#233;nek radik&#225;lis form&#225;ja volt. Az esem&#233;ny jogosan m&#233;ly nyomot hagyott a k&#246;lt&#337;n, aki ezt a traum&#225;t feltehet&#337;en &#237;rott erk&#246;lcsi &#233;s vall&#225;si reflexi&#243;k form&#225;j&#225;ban dolgozta fel &#233;s vastag, latin nyelv&#369; k&#246;nyveket &#237;rt az er&#233;nyes &#233;letr&#337;l. </p></li></ol><h1>K&#246;vetkezm&#233;nyek</h1><p>Hogy a lezuhan&#243; sz&#246;rnyethalt bar&#225;t, vagy az &#233;lve eltemetett szeret&#337; miatt, de Marulics a spalat&#243;i b&#246;rt&#246;nbe ker&#252;lt. B&#225;tyjai, Simun &#233;s Alexander, kimentett&#233;k onnan a bajba ker&#252;lt &#246;ccs&#252;ket, &#233;s h&#225;zi &#337;rizet&#233;&#233;rt 1000 duk&#225;tot fizettek. &#201;s meg&#237;g&#233;rt&#233;k a bir&#243;s&#225;gnak, hogy Marulics nem fog elmenek&#252;lni. Mindegy, mit &#237;g&#233;rtek, de Marulics m&#225;r a k&#246;vetkez&#337; h&#243;napban szabadl&#225;bra ker&#252;lt. </p><p>Ezek ut&#225;n k&#233;t &#233;vig Marulics a szomsz&#233;dos &#352;olta sziget&#233;n visszavonultan elm&#233;lkedett a vall&#225;sos &#233;let er&#233;nyeir&#337;l &#233;s err&#337;l hosszas latinyelv&#369; k&#246;nyveket is &#237;rt. Hogy ez a k&#233;t &#233;v az elv&#225;rt b&#252;ntet&#233;s volt az okozott trag&#233;di&#225;k&#233;rt, nem tudjuk. A v&#225;rosi m&#250;zeumb&#243;l &#250;gy t&#369;nik, mintha ez egy v&#225;lasztott &#250;t lett volna.</p><p>Ebb&#337;l is l&#225;tjuk, hogy a t&#225;rsadalmi helyzet &#233;s a p&#233;nz sok mindent eltussolt. &#201;s azt&#225;n k&#246;nnyed&#233;n lett a horv&#225;t irodalom alap&#237;t&#243;ja. Valamint sok, szigor&#250; tekintet&#369; szobor, mely az erk&#246;lcs&#246;kre, er&#233;nyes &#233;letre &#233;s a hazaszeretetre eml&#233;kezteti a horv&#225;tokat. Janus Pannonius nem volt ilyen szerencs&#233;s, mert a Hunyadi M&#225;ty&#225;s elleni rosszul siker&#252;lt &#225;llamcs&#237;ny ut&#225;n meghalt fiatalon t&#252;d&#337;bajban, f&#337;leg verseket &#233;s epigramm&#225;kat h&#225;trahagyva.</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/marulics-mark-a-titokzatos-remete?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/marulics-mark-a-titokzatos-remete?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A bécsi Burgtheater első emeleti női mosdója]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ez a n&#337;i mosd&#243; nem ez&#233;rt &#233;rdekes, ami&#233;rt sok illiber&#225;lis, az ad&#243;fizet&#337;k p&#233;nz&#233;b&#337;l fizetett politikus &#233;s megmond&#243;ember az elm&#250;lt 16 &#233;vben agg&#243;dott.]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-burgtheater-elso-emeleti-noi-mosdoja</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-burgtheater-elso-emeleti-noi-mosdoja</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 21 May 2026 06:25:48 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4mCq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefb7ea00-3973-4748-8299-04c8cb38acdd_619x459.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ez a n&#337;i mosd&#243; nem ez&#233;rt &#233;rdekes, ami&#233;rt sok illiber&#225;lis, az ad&#243;fizet&#337;k p&#233;nz&#233;b&#337;l fizetett politikus &#233;s megmond&#243;ember az elm&#250;lt 16 &#233;vben agg&#243;dott. Hanem elmondom, mi&#233;rt. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4mCq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefb7ea00-3973-4748-8299-04c8cb38acdd_619x459.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4mCq!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefb7ea00-3973-4748-8299-04c8cb38acdd_619x459.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4mCq!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefb7ea00-3973-4748-8299-04c8cb38acdd_619x459.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4mCq!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefb7ea00-3973-4748-8299-04c8cb38acdd_619x459.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4mCq!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefb7ea00-3973-4748-8299-04c8cb38acdd_619x459.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4mCq!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefb7ea00-3973-4748-8299-04c8cb38acdd_619x459.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>A legr&#233;gibb dagerreotypia a r&#233;gi Burgtheaterr&#337;l 1840. j&#250;niusa  <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_von_Ettingshausen">Andreas von Ettingshausen</a>,  https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgtheater</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h1>A t&#246;rt&#233;net</h1><p>A r&#233;gi Burgtheater el&#337;sz&#246;r b&#225;lterem volt, azt&#225;n labdaj&#225;t&#233;k (azaz a squash/tennisz &#337;se) helysz&#237;ne, v&#233;g&#252;l M&#225;ria Ter&#233;zia apja hal&#225;l&#225;nak tisztelet&#233;re 1741-ben nem oper&#225;t, hanem sz&#237;nj&#225;t&#233;kot rendelt, &#233;s az el&#337;ad&#225;shoz ezt az &#233;p&#252;letet haszn&#225;lt&#225;k. Ezt az &#233;p&#252;letet azt&#225;n t&#246;bbsz&#246;r &#225;t&#233;p&#237;tett&#233;k, m&#237;g II. J&#243;zsef, aki szeretett nyomot hagyni mag&#225;r&#243;l a t&#246;rt&#233;nelemben &#233;s &#225;tnevezni azt, ami m&#225;r &#250;gyis ott volt, <em>Teutschen Nationaltheater</em>-nek nevezte 1776-ban. Ez m&#225;r jelzi a f&#337; kih&#237;v&#225;st: az &#225;llamnak, a nemzetnek &#233;s annak lak&#243;inak  elv&#225;r&#225;sainak kellett megfelelni  a sz&#237;nh&#225;znak a t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi korszakokon &#225;t, mik&#246;zben a birodalmi/nemzeti nyelvet, a n&#233;metet, m&#225;shol is besz&#233;lik. (Spoiler: ez nem probl&#233;mamentes.) Sokan az els&#337; vil&#225;gh&#225;bor&#250; elveszt&#233;s&#233;t annak tulajdon&#237;tj&#225;k, hogy a Monarchi&#225;ban azt a n&#233;metet, amit a tisztek besz&#233;ltek, nem &#233;rtett&#233;k a katon&#225;k, az &#337; n&#233;metj&#252;ket meg a tisztek. De a tisztek maguk is k&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;z&#337; n&#233;metet besz&#233;ltek.</p><p>Azt&#225;n a 19. sz&#225;zadi birodalmi f&#337;v&#225;ros, B&#233;cs ki&#233;p&#237;t&#233;sekor &#250;j, nem kimondottan visszafogott (&#233;rtsd: minden m&#225;rv&#225;ny meg arany), historiz&#225;l&#243; &#233;p&#252;letet tervezett az akkor ki&#233;p&#252;l&#337; f&#337; utc&#225;n, a Ring-en Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach, ahol a most &#233;ppen restaur&#225;l&#225;s alatt &#225;ll&#243; fresk&#243;kat a Klimt testv&#233;rek (is) festett&#233;k. </p><h1>A n&#337;i mosd&#243;</h1><p>A sz&#237;nh&#225;zi darabok m&#225;r a 19. sz&#225;zadban is hosszasan tartottak, &#233;s ugye a sz&#252;ks&#233;g nagy &#250;r. Ebb&#337;l a c&#233;lb&#243;l a k&#246;z&#246;ns&#233;gnek kis beugr&#243;kat terveztek a folyos&#243;kr&#243;l. A sokkal r&#233;gebbi b&#233;csi, Theater in der Josefstadt sz&#237;nh&#225;zban a WC ma is k&#246;zvetlen&#252;l a n&#233;z&#337;t&#233;rr&#337;l ny&#237;lik, ahol kor&#225;bban a h&#246;lgyek &#233;s urak saj&#225;t szolg&#225;l&#243;ik &#225;ltal odavitt kis, fed&#337;vel ell&#225;tott porcel&#225;n-, szeg&#233;nyebbek &#243;n-ed&#233;nyk&#233;kbe el tudt&#225;k v&#233;gezni azt, amit kellett.</p><p>Azt&#225;n j&#246;tt a csatorn&#225;z&#225;s &#233;s a foly&#243;v&#237;z. De a sz&#252;ks&#233;g meg az &#252;l&#337;ke maradt.</p><p>A b&#233;csi Burgtheaterben az emelet&#233;n, ahonnan a zs&#246;llye &#233;s az els&#337; emeleti p&#225;holyok ny&#237;lnak, a n&#337;i mosd&#243;ban csak k&#233;t rendelkez&#233;sre &#225;ll&#243; f&#252;lke van. Ez nem lenne &#250;jdons&#225;g, hiszen minden sz&#237;nh&#225;zban vagy koncertteremben k&#237;gy&#243;znak a sorok a folyos&#243;n n&#337;i mosd&#243;k el&#337;tt, ahol szem&#252;ket szem&#233;rmesen les&#252;t&#337; h&#246;lgyek &#225;lldog&#225;lnak &#246;sszeszoritott t&#233;rdekkel a sz&#252;netekben. (Ezt a probl&#233;m&#225;t az &#233;szaki orsz&#225;gokban a nem semleges helyis&#233;gekkel oldott&#225;k meg, ezzel nagy &#252;zletet teremtve a szanitergy&#225;rt&#243;knak, mert ott minden f&#252;lk&#233;be kellett k&#233;zmos&#243;.)</p><p>Ez a n&#337;i mosd&#243; a Burgtheater els&#337; emelet&#233;n k&#233;t cs&#246;pp teremb&#337;l &#225;ll: a k&#233;t k&#233;zmos&#243;b&#243;l &#233;s a k&#233;t f&#252;lk&#233;b&#337;l, &#233;s patyolattiszta, valamint fert&#337;tlen&#237;t&#337; szag&#250;. A l&#233;tes&#237;tm&#233;nyt j&#243; h&#250;sz &#233;ve &#250;j&#237;tott&#225;k fel; a szaniterek &#233;s a csapok abb&#243;l az eszt&#233;tikai vil&#225;gb&#243;l sz&#225;rmaznak. (&#201;rtsd: a csapot csavarva kell m&#233;g megnyitni.) A k&#233;zmos&#243; felett, a k&#233;t t&#252;k&#246;r el&#337;tti polcon egy-egy poh&#225;r &#225;ll leford&#237;tva, haszn&#225;latra k&#233;szen a pap&#237;rt&#246;r&#252;lk&#246;z&#337;n, mert h&#225;tha valaki megszomjazik &#233;s nem akarja kifizetni a 3,50 eur&#243;t a v&#237;z&#233;rt az egy emelettel feljebb l&#233;v&#337; b&#252;f&#233;ben. Az osztr&#225;kok legend&#225;san sp&#243;rol&#243;sok, &#233;s hogy mennyire k&#233;nyelmetlen k&#233;zb&#337;l inni a csapn&#225;l, azt sokszor megfigyeltem a nercbund&#225;s h&#246;lgyekn&#233;l a Staatsoperben. Itt a Burgban nem kell k&#233;nyelmetlenkedni a fel&#233;kszerezett h&#246;lgyeknek. N&#233;ha kis varr&#243;k&#233;szlet is rendelkez&#233;sre &#225;ll, gondosan feszesre felspulnizott c&#233;rn&#225;kkal, hogy egy csintalan gomb vagy leszakadt ruhafelvarr&#225;s ne rontsa tov&#225;bb a n&#233;z&#337;k kedv&#233;t.</p><p>A Burgtheater mosd&#243;j&#225;nak k&#252;l&#246;nlegess&#233;ge a WC-szakdolgoz&#243;ja, aki ezt a kb. t&#237;z n&#233;gyzetm&#233;tert uralja. Fiatal, ink&#225;bb negyvenes, mint &#246;tvenes, &#225;polt, haj&#225;t feszesen h&#225;tul egy copfba fog&#243; n&#337;, aki mindig makul&#225;tlan, vasalt k&#246;penyt visel. A harisnya test sz&#237;n&#369;, a cip&#337; k&#233;nyelmes, de nem slampos. A k&#233;zmos&#243;n&#225;l, a wc k&#233;t f&#252;lk&#233;j&#233;t a k&#233;zmos&#243;t&#243;l elv&#225;laszt&#243; faln&#225;l &#225;ll&#243; sz&#233;kre kihelyezett kis &#225;tl&#225;tsz&#243; &#252;veged&#233;nyben r&#225;utal&#243;an ott van n&#233;h&#225;ny f&#233;mp&#233;nz, jelezve, hogy ezt a k&#252;l&#246;nleges szolg&#225;ltat&#225;st a fogyaszt&#243;k lelkiismereten alapul&#243; d&#237;jaz&#225;s&#233;rt v&#233;gzi.</p><p>A WC szakdolgoz&#243;ja a k&#233;t , a n&#337;k sz&#225;m&#225;ra rendelkez&#233;sre &#225;ll&#243; f&#252;lke el&#337;tt &#225;ll a kis zugban. Minden egyes l&#225;togat&#243; ut&#225;n a kez&#233;ben l&#233;v&#337; fert&#337;tlen&#237;t&#337;vel &#233;s eldobhat&#243; pap&#237;rkend&#337;vel let&#246;rli az &#252;l&#337;k&#233;t, majd kinyitja az ajt&#243;t a k&#246;vetkez&#337; l&#225;togat&#243; el&#337;tt, &#233;s betess&#233;keli. Ezzel &#337; a fal &#233;s az ajt&#243; k&#246;z&#233; szorul.</p><p>Ez a bonyolult mozdulatsor soha nem tart tov&#225;bb &#246;t m&#225;sodpercn&#233;l. (Tudom, sokszor lem&#233;rtem.) Pontosan tudja, hogy h&#225;ny kis pap&#237;rkend&#337;re &#233;s mennyire felt&#246;lt&#246;tt fert&#337;tlen&#237;t&#337;szeres &#252;vegre van sz&#252;ks&#233;ge az el&#337;ad&#225;s el&#337;tt vagy a sz&#252;netben, hogy ne j&#246;jj&#246;n zavarba &#233;s ne legyen fennakad&#225;s, mikor a cs&#250;csid&#337; van.  </p><p>&#201;s a WC-szakdolgoz&#243;ja saj&#225;t, gumikeszty&#369; n&#233;lk&#252;li kez&#233;vel nemcsak letiszt&#237;tja az &#252;l&#337;k&#233;t, hanem mindenkihez van egy-k&#233;t kedves szava is. Kelet-eur&#243;pai sz&#233;les akcentussal besz&#233;l, de ennek az akcentusnak tudat&#225;ban visszafogottan &#233;s &#233;ppen a megfelel&#337; hanger&#337;vel. Vagy csak mosolyogva k&#246;sz&#246;n &#233;s j&#243; sz&#243;rakoz&#225;st k&#237;v&#225;n, vagy megeml&#237;t egy t&#233;m&#225;t, amit a sorban &#225;ll&#243;k &#246;r&#246;mmel megt&#225;rgyalnak. Ilyen t&#233;ma az id&#337;j&#225;r&#225;s &#8211; ezzel kev&#233;s a kock&#225;zat &#8211;, vagy a k&#246;zleked&#233;s: mindig akad valami kaland, p&#233;ld&#225;ul hogy szokatlanul t&#246;m&#246;tt volt a villamos. Ez m&#225;r politikailag kock&#225;zatosabb lehet, mert a v&#225;rost a szocdemek vezetik. Az a hipot&#233;zisem, hogy a t&#246;m&#246;tt villamos vagy kimarad&#243; j&#225;rat miatt panaszkod&#243;k ink&#225;bb a konzervat&#237;v &#214;VP-szavaz&#243;k. </p><p>Vagy megdics&#233;ri a v&#225;rakoz&#243;k ruh&#225;j&#225;nak egy &#233;rdekesebb sz&#237;n&#246;ssze&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s&#225;t vagy sz&#233;p t&#225;sk&#225;t, esetleg s&#225;lat &#233;s &#233;kszert. Id&#337; van. Ezzel enyh&#237;ti a fesz&#252;lts&#233;get, hogy mindenki &#246;sszet&#246;m&#246;r&#246;dve egy&#252;tt hallgatja a k&#233;t f&#252;lk&#233;b&#337;l kisz&#369;r&#337;d&#337; zajokat. Gyakran strat&#233;giai inform&#225;ci&#243;kat ad &#225;t, mint  az el&#337;ad&#225;s k&#246;vetkez&#337; felvon&#225;s&#225;nak hossza, ami unalmas &#233;s soha v&#233;get nem &#233;r&#337;nek t&#369;n&#337; el&#337;ad&#225;sokn&#225;l &#233;letment&#337; lehet. Soha nem ellentmond&#225;sos vagy vit&#225;t kavar&#243; a felvetett t&#233;ma, de hasznos &#233;s kellemes. V&#233;g&#252;l is az osztr&#225;k nemzeti kult&#250;ra k&#246;zpontj&#225;ban vagyunk.</p><h1>A Burg</h1><p>A b&#233;csi Burgtheater fenn&#225;ll&#225;s&#225;nak 250 &#233;ve alatt, <a href="https://www.burgtheater.at/">amit most &#252;nnepelnek, sokat l&#225;tott.</a> Az ausztrofasiszta &#233;s a n&#225;ci id&#337;szak alatt is m&#369;k&#246;d&#246;tt a sz&#237;nh&#225;z, miut&#225;n gyorsan kir&#250;gt&#225;k a zsid&#243; &#233;s baloldali szem&#233;lyzetet, mert ez Hitler kedvenc sz&#237;nh&#225;za volt. Akkor is volt &#233;rz&#233;ke az &#250;ri &#233;lethez az &#250;j elitnek.</p><p>1945-ben a sz&#237;nh&#225;z egy r&#233;sze ki&#233;gett. B&#233;csnek ez a r&#233;sze a szovjet megsz&#225;ll&#225;si &#246;vezethez tartozott, &#233;s az &#250;jranyit&#225;st, mint a sikeres szovjet uralom bizony&#237;t&#233;k&#225;t, er&#337;sen forsz&#237;rozt&#225;k a Sz&#246;vets&#233;ges Ellen&#337;rz&#337; Bizotts&#225;g szovjet tagjai. Meg is ny&#237;lt a Burg hamar, de a megnyit&#243;t apr&#243; baki zavarta meg: 19 &#243;rakor, mint rendesen, elkezdt&#233;k az &#252;nnepi el&#337;ad&#225;st a h&#225;ziszerz&#337;, Grillparzer m&#369;v&#233;vel. Tett&#233;k ezt, abban a hitben, hogy a d&#237;szp&#225;holyban m&#225;r ott &#252;lt a sok kit&#252;ntet&#233;ssel fesz&#237;t&#337; szovjet egyenruh&#225;s katona, Tolbuhin marsall, aki &#233;let-hal&#225;l ura volt B&#233;csben. De sok kit&#252;ntet&#233;ses katonatiszt nem &#337; volt, mert maga a marsall elk&#233;sett, &#233;s amikor h&#233;t perc m&#250;lva meg&#233;rkezett, akkor miatta &#250;jra kellett kezdeni a megnyit&#243; el&#337;ad&#225;st. Nem volt senki a sz&#237;nh&#225;zban, aki azt merte volna mondani, hogy &#8220;teccet volna id&#337;ben &#233;rkezni&#8221;. De az el&#337;z&#337; &#233;vtizedek t&#246;rt&#233;n&#233;sei olyan sok erk&#246;lcsi t&#337;k&#233;t nem adtak a sz&#237;nh&#225;zi establishmentnek ehhez a mondathoz, &#237;gy nem is hangzott el. </p><p>Most a fenn&#225;ll&#225;s 250. &#233;vfordul&#243;j&#225;ra megpr&#243;b&#225;lnak int&#233;zm&#233;nyesen a Burgtheater t&#246;rt&#233;net&#233;n kereszt&#252;l szemben&#233;zni a modernkori osztr&#225;k t&#246;rt&#233;nelemmel. Ez&#233;rt nemcsak felolvas&#243;estet szerveztek a Burgtheater t&#246;rt&#233;net&#233;r&#337;l, ahol t&#246;rt&#233;n&#233;sz &#233;s sz&#237;niigazgat&#243; besz&#233;lgettek a felel&#337;ss&#233;gr&#337;l, mik&#246;zben t&#246;rt&#233;neti forr&#225;sokat (napl&#243; &#233;s lev&#233;lr&#233;szleteket) olvastak fel, hanem bemutatt&#225;k Elfriede Jelinek a Bonnban el&#337;sz&#246;r bemutatott &#233;s nagy botr&#225;nyt okoz&#243; darabj&#225;t, a <em><a href="https://www.burgtheater.at/produktionen/burgtheater">Burgtheater</a></em><a href="https://www.burgtheater.at/produktionen/burgtheater">-</a>t. Ez a darab, Thomas Bernhard <em>Heldenplatz</em>-&#225;hoz hasonl&#243;an, alapm&#369; az osztr&#225;k k&#246;zelm&#250;ltr&#243;l, egy sz&#237;n&#233;szcsal&#225;d &#233;let&#233;n kereszt&#252;l mutatja be az osztr&#225;k kollabor&#225;ci&#243;t a n&#225;cikkal. (Spoiler: a darab olyan Pint&#233;r B&#233;l&#225;s, csak m&#233;g intellektu&#225;lisan kegyetlenebb.)</p><p>A mikor a sz&#252;net n&#233;lk&#252;l j&#225;tszott, k&#233;t &#233;s f&#233;l &#243;r&#225;s darab el&#337;tt elmentem a kedvenc mell&#233;khelyis&#233;gembe, a WC-szakalkalmazottja r&#225;m n&#233;zve sokatmond&#243;an csak annyit mondott : &#8222;Ma csendesebb est&#233;nk lesz, mert Jelineket j&#225;tszanak.&#8221; Vil&#225;goss&#225; t&#233;ve, hogy ez a t&#246;rt&#233;neti szemben&#233;z&#233;s az&#233;rt nem olyan egyszer&#369;. Ott sem. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-burgtheater-elso-emeleti-noi-mosdoja?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/a-burgtheater-elso-emeleti-noi-mosdoja?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Academic resilience]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#8220;Universities rarely change overnight. The erosion of academic freedom and institutional integrity typically begins with small shifts.&#8221; Do you want act? I will tell you how]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/academic-resilience</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/academic-resilience</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2026 06:49:26 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYuR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30bc92a7-b818-48bf-9121-8ca450e709c0_620x874.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYuR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30bc92a7-b818-48bf-9121-8ca450e709c0_620x874.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYuR!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30bc92a7-b818-48bf-9121-8ca450e709c0_620x874.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYuR!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30bc92a7-b818-48bf-9121-8ca450e709c0_620x874.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYuR!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30bc92a7-b818-48bf-9121-8ca450e709c0_620x874.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYuR!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30bc92a7-b818-48bf-9121-8ca450e709c0_620x874.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYuR!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30bc92a7-b818-48bf-9121-8ca450e709c0_620x874.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYuR!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30bc92a7-b818-48bf-9121-8ca450e709c0_620x874.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#8220;Universities rarely change overnight. The erosion of academic freedom and institutional integrity typically begins with small shifts.&#8221;</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><br><br>A procedural change,<br>A budget cut targeting your department,<br>A meeting you are no longer invited to,<br><br>What feels like &#8220;normal friction&#8221; can in fact quickly escalate into something more serious, especially if it happens over and over again. <br><br>The pocket guide for academics who have been targeted by attacks (available at <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/safety/go/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eacademicresilience%2Eeu&amp;urlhash=bZuP&amp;mt=bRuRXfznh05IXk9ksw3jWR8ZXEiFDaE18u3F_AHgDHQi0C05ZEm-b_U8MxFgFUzNOi2QEGghY75EGFC3m5W8iEtRS2PpHOD7y1i-oN9lGkRDmkXVpQuZwoGX&amp;isSdui=true">www.academicresilience.eu</a></strong> ) has been designed to help you recognise these warning signs and know how to respond in such situations. <br><br>It shows how attacks can take many forms:<br>-       subtle institutional pressure<br>-       career or funding constraints<br>-       reputational attacks<br>-       digital harassment<br>-       and even self-censorship<br><br>The guide doesn&#8217;t give abstract theory.<br>It gives practical tools:<br>-       how to identify patterns<br>-       whom to contact<br>-       how to protect yourself<br>-       how to act strategically in order to stay safe<br><br>And most importantly, it reminds you:<br>- You are not alone<br>- You can ask for help <br>- There are ways to respond<br><br>Academic freedom is not just a principle.<br>It&#8217;s something we practice, defend, and sometimes have to fight for.<br><br>Read it even if you&#8217;re not in this kind of situation.<br>Share it with colleagues who might be interested. <br>Use it if necessary.<br><br><strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/search/results/all/?keywords=%23academicfreedom&amp;origin=HASH_TAG_FROM_FEED">#academicfreedom</a></strong> <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/search/results/all/?keywords=%23university&amp;origin=HASH_TAG_FROM_FEED">#university</a></strong> <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/search/results/all/?keywords=%23highereducationpolicy&amp;origin=HASH_TAG_FROM_FEED">#highereducationpolicy</a></strong> <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/search/results/all/?keywords=%23academics&amp;origin=HASH_TAG_FROM_FEED">#academics</a></strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/academic-resilience?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/academic-resilience?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Global Progressive Mobilization Begins in Barcelona]]></title><description><![CDATA[Thirty Years Late, Right on Time]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/thirty-years-late-right-on-time-the</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/thirty-years-late-right-on-time-the</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 05:51:50 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JcUQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf258264-d2eb-433a-91ee-8e993d6443bc_4032x3024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The European progressive political actors are now, with some delay, copying the global network&#8209;building of illiberal parties and movements. The first such progressive congress was held in Barcelona in April 2026. I attended, and I will tell you what it was like.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JcUQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf258264-d2eb-433a-91ee-8e993d6443bc_4032x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JcUQ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf258264-d2eb-433a-91ee-8e993d6443bc_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JcUQ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf258264-d2eb-433a-91ee-8e993d6443bc_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JcUQ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf258264-d2eb-433a-91ee-8e993d6443bc_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JcUQ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf258264-d2eb-433a-91ee-8e993d6443bc_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JcUQ!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf258264-d2eb-433a-91ee-8e993d6443bc_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>My photo at the event. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h1><strong>Background</strong></h1><p>It is no news that social-democratic and left-wing parties are continuously losing voter support in Europe. In former communist countries, such as Hungary, these parties have disappeared, and only right-wing, even more right-wing, and very, very right-wing parties remain in the parliaments.</p><p>The European Parliament differs because it requires fewer votes to get elected via party lists, and there, the left-wing parties still form the second-largest parliamentary group and hold important positions that allow them to make various deals at the European level. For example, the FEMM Committee is chaired by a left-wing Spanish politician.</p><p>While Green parties, depending on local conditions, are strengthening in some places (such as the UK) or losing voters in others (such as in certain German states), conservative and far-right forces are becoming increasingly strong everywhere, with conservatives trying to steal the cloth (meaning the program and the rhetoric) from the illiberals with limited success.</p><p>This successful illiberal mobilization has three key elements: </p><p>1) a program that speaks about people&#8217;s everyday problems in a clear, emotionally resonant, and identifiable language, and </p><p>2) effective and cooperation among parties, actors, and movements, actors of the illiberal ecosystem</p><p>3)It is a well financed: from captured states&#8217; public money through donations from private donors to &#8220;dark money&#8221; flow here</p><p>The first of this kind of cooperation was the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), which was first held in 1974 to counter the victories, mobilization, and narratives of the civil rights, women&#8217;s rights, and anti-war movements. The most recent one took place in Budapest, funded by large amounts of Hungarian taxpayers&#8217; money, in an effort to support the reelection of PM Orban. (Spoiler: it did not help. But Orban lost because of other reasons.)</p><p>The recent great success of illiberal mobilization is due to </p><p>1) the many Hungarian taxpayers&#8217; forints invested by the Orb&#225;n government, </p><p>2) the boundless self&#8209;confidence characteristic of illiberal leaders, and </p><p>3) the institutions and salaries funded by Hungarian, American, Russian, and Latin American financial networks. <a href="https://www.epfweb.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/Tip%20of%20the%20Iceberg%20June%202021%20Final.pdf">You can read </a>about this among others here.</p><p>Beyond shared political interest and a joint program, this political cooperation also requires a charismatic leader with a vision to organize it and with money to finance it. </p><p>Until now, these progressive movements&#8212;the Socialist International, the parties, the trade unions, and the think tanks&#8212;have largely operated separately.</p><p><strong>Now, finally learning from illiberal political success, progressive actors are acting together to form a global network.</strong></p><p><em><s>Disclosure</s>: since 2019, I have been a pro bono member of <a href="https://feps-europe.eu/">FEPS Scientific Council, </a> the progressive scientific foundation of the European Parliament. Our task is not only to provide left-wing Members of the European Parliament with scientific support, but also to coordinate the work of different left-wing party foundations and research institutes at the European level. Y<a href="https://feps-europe.eu/person/andrea-peto/">ou can read about my work there here.</a></em></p><h1><strong>Barcelona</strong></h1><p>In Barcelona, European and global progressive thinkers and actors gathered for the first time in a suburban exhibition hall. </p><p>These mega events&#8212;for those who have never attended one&#8212;consist of a large common space with necessarily horrible acoustics, where people can talk and, in the best-case scenario, get food and drink. (In Barcelona, one such space was available for the 4,000 delegates, but water was available free of charge. VIP members (e.g., EP members, etc.) have a separate room for food and drinks. See more: &#8220;We need to find more connections to the people&#8221; slogan mentioned several times during the meeting.)</p><p>There was also an exhibition area where various party foundations and left-wing party publishers presented their work, as well as numerous meeting rooms hosting parallel roundtable discussions. And there was one large hall for the 4,000 delegates&#8212;many of whom were bused in from different parts of Spain&#8212;so that they could see that now Pedro S&#225;nchez is (also) the leader of the global left. The program was put together so that he would not be outshone by anyone. </p><p>Pedro Sanchez was the star as he took credit for legalizing the undocumented migrants in Spain, not participating in the US war against Iran, and supporting Palestine (there was a big UNRWA exhibition with lots of perks). It is a minor problem that Sanchez is much more popular outside Spain than inside, and if the election were held today (May 2026) in Spain, the most likely government would be a conservative PP&#8211;illiberal Vox<strong> </strong>coalition. </p><p>See his entry in the meeting room here. </p><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;63fb6897-f749-4e45-aadc-2f1b837b325e&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><h1><strong>Humble doubts regarding global mobilization</strong></h1><p>The event, <em>luckily</em>, took place before Orb&#225;n&#8217;s electoral defeat, so the participants could avoid the false sense of security that they could be victorious against illiberal politics without major structural change.</p><p>The focus of the meeting was on attracting more left-wing voters. This requires a program&#8212;of which there has been no shortage before&#8212;a leader, now <em>habemus Sanchez</em>, and money, which was available&#8212;at the moment.</p><p><em>But here are my doubts about the future of progressive mobilization:</em></p><h2>Money makes the world go around</h2><p>Money is a real issue, not only because politics is expensive. But also because of the party financing structure in Europe. </p><p>In Europe, the state finances political parties with taxpayers&#8217; money, depending on how many votes the party receives in a democratic election, since membership fees do not cover the costs of the large party apparatus. This structure already poses problems for the German SPD party foundation, the Ebert Foundation, as voters are disappearing, yet the large and well-paid apparatus that produces papers explaining why this happens still needs to be financed somehow.</p><p>On the other hand, large sums of money and infrastructure are concentrated in trade unions, which are funded by membership dues. Also, they are those who have direct contact with the voters. The decline of European social democracy began with the &#8220;New Labor&#8221; of Tony Blair and Gerhard Schr&#246;der, who severed historical ties with the trade unions, which have been the foundation and the lifeline of the social democratic movement since the beginning of the progressive movements. </p><p>It was no coincidence that S&#225;nchez personally attended briefly at half&#8209;day series of union events. (I sat through&#8212;because it offered excellent insight into how the left-wing movement operates globally.)</p><p>Here is a talk by Pedro Sanchez at the meeting of the powerful European trade union federations. </p><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;aa097df1-2d79-41b0-b50e-79f97d1657a8&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><h3></h3><p>Sanchez spoke about hope and facts. For those who believe in &#8220;new truth,&#8221; the facts do not matter, and the whole discussion of &#8220;fake news&#8221; actually just brings this political camp even stronger together. (<em>Spoiler</em>: PM elect Peter Magyar in Hungary is giving speeches with exactly the same content, although he is a conservative, populist, Christian democratic leader sitting in the EPP in the European Parliament.)</p><p>The most important question discussed by the trade union federations was how to prevent the far right from taking over trade unions (and their resources), given that illiberal movements operate precisely this way: lacking any independent ideas of their own, they infiltrate existing organizations, take them over, and hollow them out.</p><p>The recipe is not new and contains nothing extraordinary for political leaders: charismatic leadership and an appealing program that is actually implemented.</p><p>Especially because, unlike far-right or conservative events, this progressive gathering had no private funding. Transparency and faith in the democratic state put left-wing parties, movements, and think tanks at a disadvantage, as all of them depend on taxpayers&#8217; money. But when an illiberal party captures the state, it is party financing that they change, making it impossible for political opponents to function. And the Russian type of &#8220;foreign agent law&#8221; will make it impossible to obtain outside funding, even if it is available. </p><p>This financial insight, realism, and strategy were entirely absent from the public event.</p><h2>Hope against Hope</h2><p>As Lampedusa famously wrote, <strong>&#8220;</strong>Everything must change so that everything can stay the same,&#8221; capturing the paradox of reforms designed to preserve existing power and structures. Participants of the event seemed to believe in several illusions on which they base their strategy. </p><p>Like existing institutions (see: Too Big To Fail), there will always be a progressive-leaning commissioner who can hire the current &#8220;expert&#8221; or fund their academic chair to produce materials that, unfortunately, then of course fail in the European Parliament because the majority is conservative. </p><p>Like the trust, the progressive actors trust that there will always be a functioning deal with the conservatives to avoid the far-right takeover. (Spoiler: <a href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/wofur-ist-der-illiberale-politiker?r=rpms0">There are painful historical precedents that this did not happen in the past.)</a> (See the illustration in this post.) </p><p>Like the hope, that the label &#8220;progressive&#8221; will be enough to stop the increasing grassroot far left mobilization. Not to speak about the illiberal mobilization.</p><p>(See more on this in our podcasts on S<a href="https://democracyinstitute.ceu.edu/sleepwalking-through-assault-democracy-podcasts">leepwalking through Assault on Democracy</a>)</p><h2>Gender matters</h2><p>Another issue was the lack of <a href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/orbans-womens-affairs-or-the-case?r=rpms0">understanding of gender&#8217;s importance </a>in illiberal mobilization. This prevents formulating successful strategies. The g<a href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/why-was-the-hungarian-fundamental?r=rpms0">endered illiberal offer i</a>s not merely local or national but rather part of an international movement. What we are witnessing is transnational knowledge transfer&#8212;illiberal movements learning from one another, sharing strategies, rhetoric, and legal frameworks across borders. (<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Viktor-Orb%C3%A1ns-Affairs-Women-Illiberal/dp/3949607609">Read about this here.</a>) An attack on gender equality in one country becomes a template for another. This is a coordinated, transnational project, and it requires a similarly coordinated response. The templates of attacks on gender studies are used to attack other academic fields, scholars, and groups. Understanding the illiberal project is impossible without talking about gender.</p><h2>Translation to action</h2><p>At the workshop in Barcelona where gender was discussed and I attended, very enthusiastic but poorly trained and informed activists&#8212;who had not read the relevant scholarly literature at all&#8212;spoke and acted as if it were 1996. </p><p>This is part of a major problem: academic research is far ahead of politicians&#8217; ideas, and those expected to translate it into action through numerous state-financed think tanks fail to do so. Either because they simply do not know it, or because the selection of experts is ad hoc, and more importantly, the quality assurance of these think tanks is not academic but popular, namely, how the paper translates to electoral victory or is simply liked by the party gatekeepers. </p><p>Generally, this translation process performs poorly in Europe, leaving academia working in a vacuum and without powerful allies when political attacks begin. (It<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Viktor-Orb%C3%A1ns-Affairs-Women-Illiberal/dp/3949607609/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3F17ZUNGNLGH4&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.gpQPqOqDuayI2Bg8J_ANYA.f0melGjiYcr6qGPH6smmU0pnuqsZIScDsygcqzRektk&amp;dib_ta"> is difficult to translate cutting-edge research into action; see our attempt on the illiberal gender playbook here.</a>)</p><p>In 2026, failing to build alliances with academia is not only a sin; it is a mistake. Higher education is crucial for training future voters and for authorizing and disseminating knowledge and communication practices. Knowledge does not come from nowhere, and definitely not from the parallel, very fragile infrastructure of think tanks. ( See the section on money.)</p><h1><strong>Outlook</strong></h1><p>All these humble doubts above can hopefully be changed. The participants received a letter from the two organizers, and I really hope they are right about the future of progressivism. If not, our common future is very bleak. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JxK_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b64bf41-3789-4158-9018-5c4aede7b8b7_1004x517.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JxK_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b64bf41-3789-4158-9018-5c4aede7b8b7_1004x517.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JxK_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b64bf41-3789-4158-9018-5c4aede7b8b7_1004x517.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JxK_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b64bf41-3789-4158-9018-5c4aede7b8b7_1004x517.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JxK_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b64bf41-3789-4158-9018-5c4aede7b8b7_1004x517.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JxK_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b64bf41-3789-4158-9018-5c4aede7b8b7_1004x517.png" width="1004" height="517" 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/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b64bf41-3789-4158-9018-5c4aede7b8b7_1004x517.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JxK_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b64bf41-3789-4158-9018-5c4aede7b8b7_1004x517.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JxK_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b64bf41-3789-4158-9018-5c4aede7b8b7_1004x517.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JxK_!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b64bf41-3789-4158-9018-5c4aede7b8b7_1004x517.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>PS. What can be done when nothing can be done in progressive politics? Read my piece for the European Greens <a href="http://, https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/no-longer-the-alexanders-the-napoleons-or-the-attilas-gender-illiberalism-and-quiet-resistance/">here</a> and here for  <a href="https://www.eurozine.com/what-is-to-be-done-when-nothing-is-to-be-done/">Eurozine</a> </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/thirty-years-late-right-on-time-the?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/thirty-years-late-right-on-time-the?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Launching OPEN NEXUS Program]]></title><description><![CDATA[A permanent infrastructure to protect academics in Europe]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/launching-open-nexus-program</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/launching-open-nexus-program</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 04 May 2026 05:51:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_EgI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5012a56-1e74-48b3-880d-6bbd6338889c_827x1165.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>What can you do when nothing can be done? Here is the website and guide to help and protect academics under attack. It is available in English and the German and French version is coming out soon. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Across Europe and beyond, higher education is being reshaped by austerity, political interference, and AI&#8209;driven managerial systems, transforming governance, research priorities, and everyday academic life amid growing uncertainty. This pocket guide bridges the gap between critical scholarship and practical support, offering a grounded, flexible framework&#8212;drawn from 15 years of institutional flashpoints&#8212;to help diverse academic actors recognize early warning signs, understand their structural causes, and respond proportionately and effectively.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_EgI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5012a56-1e74-48b3-880d-6bbd6338889c_827x1165.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_EgI!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5012a56-1e74-48b3-880d-6bbd6338889c_827x1165.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_EgI!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5012a56-1e74-48b3-880d-6bbd6338889c_827x1165.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_EgI!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5012a56-1e74-48b3-880d-6bbd6338889c_827x1165.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_EgI!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5012a56-1e74-48b3-880d-6bbd6338889c_827x1165.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_EgI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5012a56-1e74-48b3-880d-6bbd6338889c_827x1165.jpeg" width="827" height="1165" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d5012a56-1e74-48b3-880d-6bbd6338889c_827x1165.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1165,&quot;width&quot;:827,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:103533,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/i/194064393?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5012a56-1e74-48b3-880d-6bbd6338889c_827x1165.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_EgI!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5012a56-1e74-48b3-880d-6bbd6338889c_827x1165.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_EgI!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5012a56-1e74-48b3-880d-6bbd6338889c_827x1165.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_EgI!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5012a56-1e74-48b3-880d-6bbd6338889c_827x1165.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_EgI!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5012a56-1e74-48b3-880d-6bbd6338889c_827x1165.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>We are pleased to share the launch of a new platform dedicated to the defense of academic freedom and academic resilience in Europe: The AcademicResilience.eu website has been set up by WG4 of the OPEN &#8220;Rising nationalism, shifting geopolitics, and the future of European higher education/research openness&#8221; COST Action.</p><p>The<a href="https://academicresilience.eu/"> websit</a>e brings together a range of resources designed to support academics at risk. Its main initiative is the OPEN NEXUS Support Program, which connects researchers with experienced mentors who offer a sympathetic ear and advice.</p><p>On this <a href="https://academicresilience.eu/">website,</a> you will also find:</p><p>- the online version of the Pocket Guide for Academics Under Attack, with forewords from important figures in the higher education sector.</p><p>- materials from past Training Events for Academic Resilience,</p><p>- an interactive map of higher education trade unions across Europe, made to facilitate initial contact and collaboration.</p><p>If you are facing attacks or other forms of harassment in your research or more broadly in your academic environment, we encourage you to explore this website, access available resources, and request personalized support via our contact form if needed.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/launching-open-nexus-program?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/launching-open-nexus-program?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Illiberális politikáról - másképpen]]></title><description><![CDATA[Amikor arr&#243;l besz&#233;l&#252;nk, milyen szerepet j&#225;tszanak a t&#225;rsadalmi nemek az illiber&#225;lis politik&#225;ban, akkor nem egy elvont tudom&#225;nyos k&#233;rd&#233;sr&#337;l van sz&#243;.]]></description><link>https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/illiberalis-politikarol-maskeppen</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/illiberalis-politikarol-maskeppen</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Peto]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 06:11:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HLHl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb2b4078-bce0-489a-be0b-2d4d04e35935_2000x1334.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Amikor arr&#243;l besz&#233;l&#252;nk, milyen szerepet j&#225;tszanak a t&#225;rsadalmi nemek az illiber&#225;lis politik&#225;ban, akkor nem egy elvont tudom&#225;nyos k&#233;rd&#233;sr&#337;l van sz&#243;. Ez mindannyiunk &#233;let&#233;r&#337;l sz&#243;l. Elmondom mi&#233;rt.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HLHl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb2b4078-bce0-489a-be0b-2d4d04e35935_2000x1334.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HLHl!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb2b4078-bce0-489a-be0b-2d4d04e35935_2000x1334.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HLHl!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb2b4078-bce0-489a-be0b-2d4d04e35935_2000x1334.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HLHl!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb2b4078-bce0-489a-be0b-2d4d04e35935_2000x1334.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HLHl!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb2b4078-bce0-489a-be0b-2d4d04e35935_2000x1334.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HLHl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb2b4078-bce0-489a-be0b-2d4d04e35935_2000x1334.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bb2b4078-bce0-489a-be0b-2d4d04e35935_2000x1334.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HLHl!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_424, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb2b4078-bce0-489a-be0b-2d4d04e35935_2000x1334.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HLHl!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_848, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb2b4078-bce0-489a-be0b-2d4d04e35935_2000x1334.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HLHl!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb2b4078-bce0-489a-be0b-2d4d04e35935_2000x1334.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HLHl!, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/andreapeto.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb2b4078-bce0-489a-be0b-2d4d04e35935_2000x1334.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p>Sokan hajlamosak a genderrel kapcsolatos &#252;gyeket &#8222;kult&#250;rharcnak&#8221; b&#233;lyegezni, mintha ezek csak eltereln&#233;k a figyelmet a &#8222;val&#243;di&#8221; probl&#233;m&#225;kr&#243;l: a gazdas&#225;gr&#243;l, a biztons&#225;gr&#243;l, a meg&#233;lhet&#233;sr&#337;l. <a href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/egyenloseg-minusz-hogyan-sullyedt?r=rpms0">Err&#337;l b&#337;vebben itt olvashat</a>. Pedig ez &#243;ri&#225;si t&#233;ved&#233;s. Arr&#243;l sz&#243;l, hogyan &#233;rv&#233;nyes&#252;lnek a demokratikus &#233;rt&#233;kek &#233;s int&#233;zm&#233;nyek &#8211; vagy &#233;pp hogyan gyeng&#252;lnek. A n&#337;k, a csal&#225;d, a szexualit&#225;s, az &#233;rintkez&#233;s hat&#225;rainak meghat&#225;roz&#225;sa &#8211; ezek nem mell&#233;ksz&#225;lak. Ezek k&#233;pezik az illiber&#225;lis hatalomgyakorl&#225;s egyik legfontosabb ter&#252;let&#233;t. Ha ezt a terepet feladjuk, &#233;pp ott adjuk &#225;t a kezdem&#233;nyez&#233;st, ahol a hatalom ma a legakt&#237;vabban form&#225;lja a t&#225;rsadalmat.</p><p>&#201;s van m&#233;g valami: a genderpolitika egyfajta korai jelz&#337;rendszerk&#233;nt is m&#369;k&#246;dik. Ha er&#337;s&#246;dnek a t&#225;mad&#225;sok a n&#337;k jogai, a reprodukt&#237;v jogok vagy az LGBTQ+ emberek ellen, azt nem szabad elszigetelt &#252;gyk&#233;nt kezelni. Ezek figyelmeztet&#337; jelek. Sok helyen l&#225;ttuk m&#225;r: ami a gender szab&#225;lyoz&#225;s&#225;val kezd&#337;dik, az k&#246;nnyen vezethet a v&#233;lem&#233;nyszabads&#225;g sz&#369;k&#237;t&#233;s&#233;hez, a civil k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;gek gyeng&#237;t&#233;s&#233;hez, a hatalom tov&#225;bbi koncentr&#225;ci&#243;j&#225;hoz. A demokr&#225;cia le&#233;p&#252;l&#233;se sokszor &#233;pp ezekben a mindennapi, intim k&#233;rd&#233;sekben indul el.</p><p>Fontos l&#225;tni azt is, hogy az illiber&#225;lis politik&#225;k v&#225;ls&#225;gr&#243;l &#233;s hanyatl&#225;sr&#243;l sz&#243;l&#243; t&#246;rt&#233;netekb&#337;l t&#225;pl&#225;lkoznak. A gender pedig kit&#369;n&#337;en alkalmas arra, hogy ebbe a narrat&#237;v&#225;ba illessz&#233;k. A v&#225;ltoz&#243; nemi szerepek, az LGBTQ+ jogok vagy a reprodukt&#237;v &#246;nrendelkez&#233;s mind-mind a &#8222;civiliz&#225;ci&#243; v&#233;g&#233;nek&#8221; be&#225;ll&#237;tott jelk&#233;peiv&#233; v&#225;lnak. Ilyen bizonytalan id&#337;kben sokan keresnek kapaszkod&#243;t &#8211; &#233;s az illiber&#225;lis politik&#225;k azt &#237;g&#233;rik: egyszer&#369; v&#225;laszokat tudnak adni az &#246;sszetett t&#225;rsadalmi probl&#233;m&#225;kra.</p><p>Ezek az egyszer&#369; v&#225;laszok azonban nemcsak megnyugtatni akarj&#225;k az embereket. Sz&#233;les sz&#246;vets&#233;geket is teremtenek nagyon k&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;z&#337; csoportok k&#246;z&#246;tt: vall&#225;si konzervat&#237;vok, nacionalist&#225;k, hagyom&#225;nytisztel&#337;k k&#246;z&#246;tt. Ami k&#246;z&#246;s benn&#252;k: egy r&#233;gi, merev t&#225;rsadalmi rend vissza&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s&#225;ba vetett hit. Az illiber&#225;lis politika nem egyszer&#369;en reag&#225;l a v&#225;ltoz&#225;sokra &#8211; akt&#237;van alak&#237;tja azt, hogy mi sz&#225;m&#237;t elfogadhat&#243;nak a nyilv&#225;noss&#225;gban &#233;s a mag&#225;n&#233;letben egyar&#225;nt.</p><p>Ha megn&#233;zz&#252;k, hogyan besz&#233;lnek az illiber&#225;lis politikusok az ellenfeleikr&#337;l, ott is vil&#225;gos mint&#225;zatot l&#225;tunk. A &#8222;hal&#225;lkult&#250;ra&#8221; vagy &#8220;aktivista&#8221; kifejez&#233;s p&#233;ld&#225;ul nem v&#233;letlen. Az&#233;rt haszn&#225;lj&#225;k, hogy a n&#337;k &#246;nrendelkez&#233;s&#233;t vagy az LGBTQ+ emberek jogait fenyeget&#233;sk&#233;nt &#225;ll&#237;ts&#225;k be. &#201;s n&#233;zz&#252;k meg, mi t&#246;rt&#233;nik az egyetemeken: amikor a gender studies vagy m&#225;s tudom&#225;nyter&#252;letek ellen indul kamp&#225;ny, az val&#243;j&#225;ban nem csak akad&#233;miai vita. <a href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/miert-fontos-a-tarsadalmi-nemek-kutatasa?r=rpms0">Err&#337;l itt olvashat t&#246;bbet.</a> <a href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/mi-kovetkezmenye-a-gender-studies?r=rpms0">Meg itt</a>. Ez pr&#243;b&#225;ja annak, hogy ki mondhatja meg, milyen k&#233;rd&#233;sek tehet&#337;k fel, milyen tud&#225;s sz&#225;m&#237;t &#233;rv&#233;nyesnek. Ha ezt a teret besz&#369;k&#237;tik, az a gondolatok szabads&#225;g&#225;t &#233;rinti.</p><p>R&#225;ad&#225;sul mindez nem &#225;ll meg az orsz&#225;ghat&#225;rokn&#225;l.<a href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/wofur-ist-der-illiberale-politiker?r=rpms0"> Arr&#243;l, hogyan export&#225;lj&#225;k az illiberalizmus Ausztri&#225;ba itt olvashat. A</a>z illiber&#225;lis szerepl&#337;k tanulnak egym&#225;st&#243;l. Strat&#233;gi&#225;kat, szavakat, jogi megold&#225;sokat vesznek &#225;t: ami ma egy orsz&#225;gban t&#246;rt&#233;nik, holnap m&#225;sutt bukkan fel. Ez egy nemzetk&#246;zi folyamat &#8211; &#233;s ugyanilyen nemzetk&#246;zi v&#225;laszt ig&#233;nyel. Az, hogy Magyarorsz&#225;gon megbukott az illiber&#225;lis politika, m&#233;g nem felt&#233;tlen&#252;l jelenti, hogy az illiberalizmus hippohopp elt&#369;nik, mintha sose lett volna.</p><p><a href="https://qubit.hu/2026/02/21/a-magyar-demokracia-mar-a-szavazatszamlalaskor-elbukik-es-ausztriaban-sem-jobb-a-helyzet">Elhangzott itt. </a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://andreapeto.substack.com/p/illiberalis-politikarol-maskeppen?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/andreapeto.substack.com/p/illiberalis-politikarol-maskeppen?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>