<script data-pm-proxy="intercept"></script><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Brad Florescu's Fragmentarium]]></title><description><![CDATA[Multă lume nu mă întreabă.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q35p!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb4ee454-2668-4c65-b88a-93d1460eebe9_800x800.png</url><title>Brad Florescu&apos;s Fragmentarium</title><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 17:40:02 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[bradflorescu@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[bradflorescu@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[bradflorescu@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[bradflorescu@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Etimologii (13). Ce-are Zugravul cu Biologia.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ce &#238;nsemna &#8220;zugrav&#8221; acum dou&#259; sute de ani &#537;i cum a intrat el &#238;n rom&#226;n&#259; pe u&#537;a bisericilor.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/etimologii-13-ce-are-zugravul-cu</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/etimologii-13-ce-are-zugravul-cu</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 13:59:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HRwu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24e50eb-40e8-4e20-997b-f7c90833695d_2000x1333.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24e50eb-40e8-4e20-997b-f7c90833695d_2000x1333.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HRwu!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24e50eb-40e8-4e20-997b-f7c90833695d_2000x1333.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Zugrav</em> ne vine din grecescul <em>&#950;&#969;&#947;&#961;&#945;&#966;&#959;&#962;/zografos, </em>care &#238;n greac&#259; nu &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>zugrav</em>, ci <em>pictor, </em>&#537;i care se compune din:</p><p><em><strong>&#950;&#969;&#951;/zoi</strong></em> = via&#539;&#259;</p><p><em><strong>&#947;&#961;&#945;&#966;&#969;/grafo</strong></em> = a scrie</p><p>Prin urmare, pentru greci pictorul<em> </em>este<em> scriitorul de via&#539;&#259;, cel care scrie (cu pensula) via&#539;a cu ale ei. </em></p><p>Frumos &#537;i foarte &#238;ndep&#259;rtat ca sens de prozaicul zugrav din limba rom&#226;n&#259;. Dar n-a fost a&#537;a dintotdeauna. <em>Zugrav</em> a intrat &#238;n limba noastr&#259; cu sensul de <em>pictor de biserici</em>. Vezi de pild&#259; Radu Zugravu<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>, unul dintre cei mai mari pictori rom&#226;ni de biserici din sec. XVIII, care a pictat inclusiv Biserica Domneasc&#259; de la Curtea de Arge&#537;.</p><p>Acum, hai s&#259; lu&#259;m la puricat cuv&#226;ntul <em>&#950;&#969;&#951;/zoi</em>, care ne d&#259; printre altele numele Zoe, dar &#537;i <em>zoologie (zoo+logos=&#537;tiin&#539;a vie&#539;uitoarelor)</em>.</p><p>El e &#238;nrudit prin str&#259;bunica Proto-Indo-European&#259; <strong>*gweih</strong><em> </em>cu <em>&#946;&#953;&#959;&#962;/vios</em>. Care &#238;nseamn&#259; tot <em>via&#539;&#259;</em>, dar &#238;ntr-un sens mai larg, de existen&#539;&#259;, de timp al vie&#539;ii. Din acest <em>bios</em> avem &#238;n rom&#226;n&#259; <em>biologie</em>, <em>biotic, biopsie, </em>pe linie neologist&#259;. Dar tot <em>bios - </em>pronun&#539;at, aten&#539;ie, <em><strong>vios</strong></em><strong> -</strong><em> </em>mai e &#238;nrudit &#537;i cu rom&#226;ne&#537;tile <em>viu, via&#539;&#259;, vioi. </em></p><p>Desigur, etimologii rom&#226;ni, care sunt majoritatea latini&#537;ti <em>hardcore</em> (atunci c&#226;nd nu sunt slavi&#537;ti <em>hardcore</em>) sus&#539;in c&#259; noi am luat <em>via&#539;&#259;</em> &#537;i to&#539;i deriva&#539;ii din latinescul <em>vita. </em>E o explica&#539;ie canonic&#259;, dar nu singura, dac&#259; lu&#259;m &#238;n calcul <strong>*gweih-</strong>ul din PIE, care a descins sub diferite forme &#238;n diferite limbi. De pild&#259;, &#238;n sanscrit&#259; a dat <em>jiva</em>, care e aproape identic cu slavicul <em>jivot </em>(cum se zice <em>via&#539;&#259; </em>&#238;n bulgar&#259;, de pild&#259;). <em>Jivin&#259;</em> vine evident de la aceast&#259; <em>jiva</em>. </p><p>Mai exist&#259; un cuv&#226;nt apropiat &#238;n greaca veche: <em>&#946;&#953;&#945;/via</em>, care exprim&#259; ideea de <em>for&#539;&#259; vital&#259;</em>, dar &#537;i de <em>violen&#539;&#259;</em><strong>.</strong><em> </em>R&#259;d&#259;cina PIE de la care se trage este <strong>*gwei (</strong>a cuceri, a for&#539;a), foarte similar&#259; cu cea pentru <em>via&#539;&#259;.</em> Din <em>&#946;&#953;&#945;, </em>grecii au extras dou&#259; verbe. <em>&#914;&#953;&#945;&#950;&#969;/viazo</em> care &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>a sili, a supune, a viola, </em>&#537;i reflexivul <em>&#946;&#953;&#945;&#950;&#959;&#956;&#945;&#953;/viazome, </em>care are sensul de <em>a se gr&#259;bi. </em>Rom&#226;nescul <em>violen&#539;&#259; </em>vine probabil din latinescul <em>violentia</em> care e &#238;nrudit cu grecescul <em>&#946;&#953;&#945;</em>.</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Bibliofililor le recomand <a href="https://www.librariasophia.ro/arta-bisericeasca/radu-zugravu-caiete-de-modele-13629.html">acest excep&#539;ional caiet de modele</a> ale lui Radu Zugravu, reproduse &#238;n facsimil prin grija editurii Excelen&#539;a prin Cultur&#259; &#537;i a doamnei Gabriela Dumitrescu.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://bradflorescu.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Le mul&#539;umesc tuturor celor care au decis s&#259; se aboneze. Le mul&#539;umesc &#537;i donatorilor, care &#539;in acest blog accesibil tuturor.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Etimologii (12). Câteva nume de sfinți (și mireni) și semnificația lor.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ce &#238;nseamn&#259; &#238;n grece&#537;te Grigore, T&#259;nase, Ilarion, &#536;tefan, Panait, Nichifor sau Parascheva]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/etimologii-12-cateva-nume-de-sfinti</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/etimologii-12-cateva-nume-de-sfinti</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 18:17:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!81hY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F744454af-da9f-4f56-a3ff-1b1ba9741fd5_1200x799.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!81hY!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F744454af-da9f-4f56-a3ff-1b1ba9741fd5_1200x799.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><strong>Atanasie</strong><span> </span>&#8211; vine de la <em><span>&#952;&#945;&#957;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#962;/thanatos</span></em> <span>= </span><em><span>moarte</span></em><span>, cu prefixul privativ </span><em><span>a-. </span></em><span>Deci </span><em><span>ne-muritor</span></em><span>. </span>La noi d&#259; Atanase, dar &#537;i forma contras&#259; <strong>T&#259;nase</strong> (care, ciudat, elimin&#259; a-ul privativ &#537;i r&#259;stoarn&#259; sensul).</p><p><strong>Anastasie/Anastase</strong> &#8211; vine de la <em><span>&#945;&#957;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951;/anastasi</span></em><span>, adic</span>&#259; &#8222;&#238;nviere&#8221; (ana+stasi = sus+&#537;edere = ridicare din mor&#539;i). E un nume &#238;nchinat &#206;nvierii lui Hristos.</p><p><strong>Glicherie</strong> &#8211; vine de la <em><span>&#947;&#955;&#965;&#954;&#959;&#962;</span></em><span>=dulce. Din aceea</span>&#537;i r&#259;d&#259;cin&#259; greceasc&#259; avem <em>glucoz&#259; </em>&#537;i <em>glicemie.</em></p><p><strong>Ghelasie</strong> &#8211; vine de la verbul <span>&#947;&#949;&#955;&#945;&#969;/ghelao = a r</span>&#226;de. Din aceea&#537;i zon&#259; semantic&#259; avem <strong>Ilarion</strong>, pe r&#259;d&#259;cina <em><span>&#953;&#955;&#945;&#961;&#959;&#962;</span>/ilaros, </em>care &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>bun &#537;i vesel. </em>&#206;n greac&#259;, imnul <em>Lumin&#259; Lin&#259; </em>se nume&#537;te <em><span>&#934;&#969;&#962;</span> <span>&#921;&#955;&#945;&#961;&#959;&#957;</span></em>, adic&#259; <em>lumin&#259; care aduce bucurie.</em></p><p><strong>Chiriac</strong> &#8211; vine de la <em><span>&#922;&#965;&#961;&#953;&#959;&#962;/Kyrios = Domnul (Dumnezeu), </span></em><span>adjectivat. Deci </span><em><span>Chiriac </span></em>&#238;nseamn&#259; <em>al lui Dumnezeu. </em>Echivalentul latinest este <strong>Dominicus/Dominic</strong>, de unde &#537;i <strong>Domnica</strong><em> </em>rom&#226;neasc&#259;<em>.</em></p><p><strong>Nicolae</strong> &#8211; de la <em><span>&#957;&#953;&#954;&#951;/niki = </span>victorie </em>&#537;i <em><span>&#955;&#945;&#959;&#962;/laos = popor. Victoria poporului. </span></em><span>De la acela</span>&#537;i <em><span>&#955;&#945;&#959;&#962;</span></em><span> avem </span>&#537;i adjectivul <em>laic. </em><strong>Nicodim</strong> &#238;nseamn&#259; acela&#537;i lucru, doar c&#259; aici se folose&#537;te <em><span>&#948;&#951;&#956;&#959;&#962;</span> </em>pentru popor. Acela&#537;i <em><span>&#948;&#951;&#956;&#959;&#962;</span></em><span> de la care avem </span><em><span>democra</span>&#539;ie. </em></p><p><span>(Aici se impune totu</span>&#537;i o parantez&#259;, fiindc&#259; <em>dimos </em>&#537;i <em>laos </em>nu sunt sinonime. Dimos era poporul cu drept de vot, casta cet&#259;&#539;enilor cu drepturi depline. <em>Laos </em>&#238;nseamn&#259; <em>popor </em>&#238;n general, mul&#539;ime, na&#539;iune.)</p><p><strong>Nichifor</strong> - de la acela&#537;i <em>&#957;&#953;&#954;&#951;/niki (victorie) </em>lipit la r&#259;d&#259;cina <em>&#966;&#959;&#961;-/for- = a purta, a duce. </em>Nichifor &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>purt&#259;tor de biruin&#539;&#259;. </em>Tot cu <em>-for </em>avem <strong>Hristofor/Cristofor</strong>, care &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>purt&#259;torul de Hristos. </em></p><p><strong>Paraschiv/Paraschiva/Parascheva</strong> &#8211; &#238;n unele basme rom&#226;ne&#537;ti apare o anume <em>Sf&#226;nt&#259; Vineri. </em>Dar &#238;n greac&#259;, ziua de <em>vineri </em>se nume&#537;te <em><span>&#928;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#963;&#954;&#949;&#965;&#951;</span></em><span>/</span><em><span>Paraschevi. </span></em><span>Deci Sf</span>&#226;nta Vineri e de fapt Sf&#226;nta Parascheva. Numele se d&#259;dea fetelor n&#259;scute vinerea, zi de preg&#259;tire pentru <em>shabbat</em>. <em>Paraschevi </em>se compune din prefixul <em>para = &#238;nainte</em>, <em>vis-a-vis, l&#226;ng&#259;</em> &#537;i <em>schevi (<span>&#963;&#954;&#949;&#965;&#951;) </span></em><span>=</span><em><span>strai, </span>&#238;mbr&#259;c&#259;minte, g&#259;teal&#259;. </em>Prin urmare, <em>para+schevi </em>&#238;nseamn&#259; <em>pre-g&#259;tire</em>. Preg&#259;tire.</p><p><strong>&#536;tefan</strong> &#8211; vine din grecescul <em><span>&#963;&#964;&#949;&#966;&#945;&#957;&#959;&#962;</span>/stefanos</em> care &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>cunun&#259; (de lauri)</em>, cu sensul extins de <em>renume, faim&#259;</em> (pentru c&#259; cel &#238;ncununat era sau devenea faimos pentru o fapt&#259; anume). Cum Sf&#226;ntul &#536;tefan este primul cre&#537;tin care a purtat cununa muceniciei, lucrurile se leag&#259;.</p><p><strong>Teodora/Teodor/Dorothea</strong> &#8211; aici lucrurile sunt simple. Ca regul&#259;, toate numele care au particula <em>theo/teo</em> au de-a face cu Dumnezeu (<em><span>&#920;&#949;&#959;&#962;</span></em><span>). Teodora </span>&#238;nseamn&#259; <em><span>&#920;&#949;&#959;&#962;+&#948;&#969;&#961;&#959;&#957; </span></em><span>= Dumnezeu+dar. </span><em><span>Dar de la Dumnezeu</span></em><span>. Dorothea e forma inversat</span>&#259;, dar &#238;nseamn&#259; acela&#537;i lucru.</p><p><strong><span>Teofil</span></strong><span> &#8211; aplic&#259;m regula &#537;i ob&#539;inem </span><em><span>&#920;&#949;&#959;&#962;+&#966;&#951;&#955;&#959;&#962;</span></em><span> = </span><em><span>Dumnezeu+iubit/prieten</span></em><span>= Iubitorul de Dumnezeu sau Prietenul lui Dumnezeu.</span> Avem &#537;i echivalentul feminin <em>Filoftea (</em>de la<em> Filotheea).</em></p><p>Pe aceea&#537;i construc&#539;ie avem substantivul comun <strong>teolog</strong><em> (Dumnezeu+logos/vorb&#259;)</em> &#8211; <em>cel ce vorbe&#537;te despre</em> (sau cu) <em>Dumnezeu</em> &#537;i numele <strong>Teofrast</strong><em> (Dumnezeu+fraz&#259;/frazare)</em> = <em>cel ce gr&#259;ie&#537;te dumnezeie&#537;te</em> sau <strong>Teofilact</strong> (cu &#966;&#965;&#955;&#945;&#954;&#8053; = paz&#259;), <em>cel p&#259;zit de Dumnezeu</em>.</p><p><strong>Stratilat</strong> = vine de la <em><span>&#963;&#964;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#962;</span></em><span> = oaste, de la care avem cuvinte ca </span><em><span>strateg </span></em>&#537;i <em><span>strategie. </span></em>Termina&#539;ia <em>lat</em> vine din grecescul <em><span>&#949;&#955;&#945;&#965;&#957;&#949;&#953;&#957; &#8211; a conduce, a c</span>&#259;l&#259;ri, a m&#226;na. </em>Deci <em>stratilat </em>&#238;nsemna comandant de o&#537;ti. Era echivalentul generalului din zilele noastre.</p><p><strong>Grigorie/Grigore</strong> &#8211; vine de la verbul grecesc <em><span>&#947;&#961;&#951;&#947;&#959;&#961;&#949;&#953;&#957; = a fi </span>treaz, de&#537;tept, vigilent. </em>&#536;i &#238;n greaca de azi &#238;nt&#226;lnim adverbul <em><span>&#947;&#961;&#951;&#947;&#959;&#961;&#945;</span></em>/grigora care &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>repede, iute, mai cu via&#539;&#259;.</em></p><p><strong>Panaghiotis/Panos/Panait</strong> &#8211; vine de la <em><span>&#928;&#945;&#957;&#945;&#947;&#953;&#945;</span>/Panaghia, </em>unul dintre supranumele Maicii Domnului<em>.</em> Adic&#259; <em>pan+aghia = atot+sf&#226;nt&#259; =preasf&#226;nt&#259;. </em>Cei care poart&#259; acest nume i-au fost &#238;nchina&#539;i Maicii Domnului.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://bradflorescu.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Dac&#259; te abonezi, le cite&#537;ti c&#226;nd apar. Dac&#259; nu te abonezi, decide Facebook c&#226;nd le cite&#537;ti.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Părintești. Cum mi-am făcut băiețelul să scrie și să citească.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ilie cite&#537;te &#537;i scrie la &#537;ase ani. Iat&#259; cum l-am convins.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/parintesti-cum-mi-am-facut-baietelul</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/parintesti-cum-mi-am-facut-baietelul</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 08:35:43 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPzj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0cf8f06-652c-4b86-bf10-a9bdcc31ec44_6000x2819.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Radu Cujba, patronul editurii Anacronic, mi-a trimis la un moment dat c&#226;teva c&#259;r&#539;i pentru copii semnate de un autor american de care nu auzisem niciodat&#259;: Thorton W. Burgess. Le-am citit &#537;i mi-au pl&#259;cut. Mi-au pl&#259;cut at&#226;t de mult, &#238;nc&#259;t m-am apucat imediat s&#259; traduc una pentru Iliu&#539;&#259;. Care la momentul acela avea vreo patru ani &#537;i jum&#259;tate.</p><p>I-am citit prima traducere &#537;i i-a pl&#259;cut &#537;i lui. Am mai tradus o carte &#537;i apoi &#238;nc&#259; una; i-au pl&#259;cut la fel de mult. &#536;i atunci i-am transmis lui Radu c&#259; Burgess al lui ar putea fi un mare succes. Am convenit s&#259; le scoatem &#537;i m-am apucat s&#259; traduc &#537;i restul. La un an dup&#259; primul contact cu Thortnon Burgess, ap&#259;reau primele opt volume din seria <em>Povestiri din P&#259;durea Verde.</em></p><p>C&#226;nd am intrat &#238;n posesia lor &#537;i i le-am ar&#259;tat lui Ilie, copilului nu-i venea s&#259; cread&#259; c&#259; pove&#537;tile pe care i le citisem p&#226;n&#259; atunci de pe foi printate c&#259;p&#259;taser&#259; haina aleas&#259; a c&#259;r&#539;ii. Le-am recitit pe cele trei deja cunoscute, plus restul de cinci, de c&#226;te dou&#259; ori. Iliu&#539;&#259; a prins un drag enorm de personaje - adev&#259;rul e c&#259; sunt minunate - &#537;i a &#238;nceput s&#259;-&#537;i imagineze dialoguri cu ele, &#238;nt&#226;mpl&#259;ri cu ele &#537;i a&#537;a mai departe. Erau prietenii lui imaginari. &#536;i &#238;ntr-o zi i-am spus:</p><p>-Auzi? Ce-ar fi dac&#259; le-ai scrie scrisori?</p><p>&#206;ncepusem deja cu el lec&#539;iile de scris, dar mergeau destul de greu, fiindc&#259; n-avea motiva&#539;ie. I-au dat-o anim&#259;lu&#539;ele lui Burgess. I-a pl&#259;cut ideea. I-am me&#537;terit o cutie de scrisori, l-am &#238;nv&#259;&#539;at s&#259;-&#537;i fac&#259; timbre, i-am explicat cum func&#539;ioneaz&#259; po&#537;ta, care-i treaba cu expeditorul &#537;i destinatarul, cum se compune o scrisoare. </p><p>Primele scrisori au fost destul de scurte &#537;i de st&#226;ngace, pline de gre&#537;eli adorabile:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPzj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0cf8f06-652c-4b86-bf10-a9bdcc31ec44_6000x2819.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPzj!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jt8i!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f92db0d-fa6f-4a3c-9213-bdefc13a8413_6000x2502.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Dar treaba a prins aripi &#238;n momentul &#238;n care Taica Oac, Petric&#259; Iepura&#537;, Vulpe Ro&#537;cule&#539;, Bobi Raton, &#538;epurcel Spineanu &#537;i restul trupei au &#238;nceput s&#259;-i 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8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>De aici, lucrurile au devenit serioase. Ilie ajunsese s&#259; scrie trei-patru scrisori pe zi, ca s&#259; nu lase nimic ner&#259;spuns (fiindc&#259; nu e frumos). &#536;i s&#259; primeasc&#259; trei-patru scrisori pe zi de la prietenii lui la fel de bine crescu&#539;i. Adic&#259; eu &#537;i Elena, care seara, dup&#259; ce-l culcam pe &#539;&#226;nc, ne apucam s&#259; ne schimonosim scrisurile ca s&#259; reproducem caligrafia unui raton sau a unui porc spinos.</p><p>A&#537;a arat&#259; scrisorile &#537;i scrisul lui Ilie acum, la &#537;ase ani abia &#238;mplini&#539;i.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vc_8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb143d28e-cdf0-4519-adfb-7bf0948ed88f_3706x6000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vc_8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb143d28e-cdf0-4519-adfb-7bf0948ed88f_3706x6000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vc_8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb143d28e-cdf0-4519-adfb-7bf0948ed88f_3706x6000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vc_8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb143d28e-cdf0-4519-adfb-7bf0948ed88f_3706x6000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vc_8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb143d28e-cdf0-4519-adfb-7bf0948ed88f_3706x6000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vc_8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb143d28e-cdf0-4519-adfb-7bf0948ed88f_3706x6000.jpeg" width="1456" height="2357" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b143d28e-cdf0-4519-adfb-7bf0948ed88f_3706x6000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2357,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:7107211,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://bradflorescu.substack.com/i/212317683?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb143d28e-cdf0-4519-adfb-7bf0948ed88f_3706x6000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vc_8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb143d28e-cdf0-4519-adfb-7bf0948ed88f_3706x6000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vc_8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb143d28e-cdf0-4519-adfb-7bf0948ed88f_3706x6000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vc_8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb143d28e-cdf0-4519-adfb-7bf0948ed88f_3706x6000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vc_8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb143d28e-cdf0-4519-adfb-7bf0948ed88f_3706x6000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>La citit, tot c&#259;r&#539;ile lui Burgess m-au ajutat. Dup&#259; prima serie de opt, am continuat traducerile. &#536;i i le-am citit lui Ilie la fel ca pe primele, &#238;n versiune <em>draft</em>. Ba chiar ne-am f&#259;cut &#8220;edi&#539;ia&#8221; noastr&#259;, printat&#259;, legat&#259; &#537;i colorat&#259; de noi. Dup&#259; care a ie&#537;it a doua serie de opt volume la Anacronic. </p><p>Lec&#539;iile de citire le &#238;ncepusem foarte devreme cu el, &#238;nainte s&#259; &#238;mplineasc&#259; patru ani. Pe texte inventate de mine, special pentru nivelul &#537;i nevoile lui. La momentul despre care povestesc acum (avea vreo cinci ani copilul), putea s&#259; citeasc&#259;, dar destul de poticnit. Cam 10-20 de r&#226;nduri pe zi. &#536;i nu prea &#238;i pl&#259;cea.</p><p>Dar &#238;i pl&#259;ceau pove&#537;tile &#537;i personajele lui Burgess &#537;i m&#259; tot b&#259;tea la cap c&#259; mai vrea. I-am zis:</p><p>- Dac&#259;-&#539;i mai traduc pove&#537;ti din P&#259;durea Verde, le cite&#537;ti tu singur?</p><p>&#536;i i-am mai tradus &#238;nc&#259; patru sau cinci volume (care &#238;nc&#259; n-au ap&#259;rut) pe care le-am transformat &#238;n material didactic pentru lec&#539;iile de citire. Am &#238;nceput cu un capitol (o pagin&#259; &#537;i jum&#259;tate) pe zi &#537;i am &#539;inut-o tot a&#537;a p&#226;n&#259; c&#226;nd am ajuns la patru-cinci capitole per sesiune; nu-l mai puteam opri.</p><p>Iar dup&#259; ce le-a terminat, s-a apucat de citit singur. &#536;i-a luat o carte (<em>Fridolin </em>a lui Franz Caspar), s-a pus &#238;n hamacul din gr&#259;din&#259; &#537;i a &#238;nceput s-o citeasc&#259;. I-a luat cam zece zile. Asta se &#238;nt&#226;mpla prin iulie. Acum, la final de august, e la a zecea carte. &#536;i nu-s c&#259;r&#539;i din acelea cu trei r&#226;nduri pe pagin&#259; &#537;i restul ilustra&#539;ii, ci c&#259;r&#539;i serioase pentru copii, cu mult text. </p><p>Toat&#259; povestea asta <em>from zero to hero </em>a durat cam un an &#537;i jum&#259;tate. &#536;tiu c&#259; nu to&#539;i p&#259;rin&#539;ii au timpul &#537;i disponibilitatea de a traduce c&#259;r&#539;i pentru copiii lor. Dar dac&#259; ave&#539;i copii &#537;i vre&#539;i s&#259;-i face&#539;i s&#259; scrie &#537;i s&#259; citeasc&#259;, pute&#539;i folosi c&#259;r&#539;ile deja tip&#259;rite (le g&#259;si&#539;i <a href="https://magazin.anacronic.ro/categorie-produs/anacronic-pentru-copii/povestiri-din-padurea-verde/">aici</a>). O cutie de scrisori se face u&#537;or. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EgBY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34d5fc7c-bdae-4780-89b7-1a43652fc7a4_4515x3385.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EgBY!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34d5fc7c-bdae-4780-89b7-1a43652fc7a4_4515x3385.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EgBY!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34d5fc7c-bdae-4780-89b7-1a43652fc7a4_4515x3385.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EgBY!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34d5fc7c-bdae-4780-89b7-1a43652fc7a4_4515x3385.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EgBY!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34d5fc7c-bdae-4780-89b7-1a43652fc7a4_4515x3385.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EgBY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34d5fc7c-bdae-4780-89b7-1a43652fc7a4_4515x3385.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" 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/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34d5fc7c-bdae-4780-89b7-1a43652fc7a4_4515x3385.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EgBY!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34d5fc7c-bdae-4780-89b7-1a43652fc7a4_4515x3385.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EgBY!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34d5fc7c-bdae-4780-89b7-1a43652fc7a4_4515x3385.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EgBY!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34d5fc7c-bdae-4780-89b7-1a43652fc7a4_4515x3385.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Au existat &#537;i alte ramifica&#539;ii, pe care le-a&#537; putea &#238;ncadra la categoria <em>miracolele copil&#259;riei. </em></p><ul><li><p>La un moment dat, i-a trimis o scrisoare lui <em>Tomi Pi&#539;igoi </em>(personaj din c&#259;r&#539;i). Dou&#259; zile mai t&#226;rziu, au ap&#259;rut doi pi&#539;igoi la hr&#259;nitoarea de p&#259;s&#259;ri din curte. Evident, erau Tomi &#537;i nevast&#259;-sa (guraliva de Cloe).</p></li><li><p>I-am f&#259;cut &#238;n curte un mic hele&#537;teu care s&#259; replice <em>Z&#226;mb&#259;ltoaca </em>din pove&#537;ti. Imediat au crescut &#238;n jurul b&#259;l&#539;ii ni&#537;te plante care seam&#259;n&#259; leit cu p&#259;puri&#537;ul. Lipsea doar locatarul b&#259;l&#539;ii din c&#259;r&#539;i, b&#259;tr&#226;nul broscoi &#238;n&#539;elept cunoscut sub numele de <em>Taica Oac. </em>Ei, &#537;i acum vreo trei luni Ilie a reu&#537;it s&#259; prind&#259; un puiu&#539; de broasc&#259; de lac pe care l-am pus la hele&#537;teu &#537;i s-a f&#259;cut ditamai broscanul. </p></li><li><p>&#206;ntr-o zi de luni i-a scris lui <em>Vulpe Ro&#537;cule&#539; </em>s&#259; vin&#259; pe la el. Miercuri l-am auzit pe Ilie r&#226;z&#226;nd &#238;n hohote la poart&#259;. Se dusese la o tur&#259; cu bicicleta &#537;i d&#259;duse nas &#238;n nas cu o vulpe!</p></li></ul><p>Bine, &#537;i noi nebuni.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Etimologii (11). Ce înseamnă de fapt Parastas.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Totul a &#238;nceput c&#226;nd un vecin m-a invitat la parastasul Greciei.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/etimologii-11-ce-inseamna-de-fapt</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/etimologii-11-ce-inseamna-de-fapt</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 22 Aug 2026 18:00:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_i3d!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1ba2905-02d5-4381-b6f5-8d2fa3c5494d_2000x1333.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_i3d!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1ba2905-02d5-4381-b6f5-8d2fa3c5494d_2000x1333.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_i3d!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1ba2905-02d5-4381-b6f5-8d2fa3c5494d_2000x1333.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_i3d!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1ba2905-02d5-4381-b6f5-8d2fa3c5494d_2000x1333.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_i3d!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1ba2905-02d5-4381-b6f5-8d2fa3c5494d_2000x1333.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_i3d!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1ba2905-02d5-4381-b6f5-8d2fa3c5494d_2000x1333.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_i3d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1ba2905-02d5-4381-b6f5-8d2fa3c5494d_2000x1333.jpeg" width="1456" height="970" 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/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1ba2905-02d5-4381-b6f5-8d2fa3c5494d_2000x1333.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_i3d!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1ba2905-02d5-4381-b6f5-8d2fa3c5494d_2000x1333.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_i3d!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1ba2905-02d5-4381-b6f5-8d2fa3c5494d_2000x1333.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_i3d!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1ba2905-02d5-4381-b6f5-8d2fa3c5494d_2000x1333.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Pe la &#238;nceputurile &#537;ederii mele &#238;n Elada, m-a &#238;ntrebat &#238;ntr-o zi un vecin dac&#259; a doua zi am de g&#226;nd&#259; s&#259; particip la <em>parastasis</em>. L-am &#238;ntrebat cine a murit &#537;i mi-a zis c&#259; e ziua na&#539;ional&#259;. M-am g&#226;ndit c&#259; &#537;i pentru greci ziua na&#539;ional&#259; o fi un motiv de <em>parastas </em>&#537;i <em>comemorare, </em>cum era pe vremuri 1 decembrie pentru domnul Iohannis.</p><p>M-am apucat s&#259; caut informa&#539;ii &#537;i uite ce-am aflat. <em>Parastas</em>-ul rom&#226;nesc e &#238;nrudit cu acest <em>&#960;&#945;&#961;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951;/parastasi </em>grecesc care azi &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>ceremonie, festivitate </em>sau <em>parad&#259;. </em>Greaca veche chiar are cuv&#226;ntul <em>&#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#940;&#962;</em>, pronun&#539;at exact ca &#238;n rom&#226;n&#259;, care &#238;nsemna <em>ceea ce st&#259; l&#226;ng&#259;. </em></p><p>Etimologic, aceste <em>parastas &#537;i parastasi</em> vin din r&#259;d&#259;cina <em>&#963;&#964;&#940;&#963;&#953;&#962;</em>/<em>stasis = stare, &#537;edere, statur&#259;, loc, pilon, piatr&#259;. </em>E &#238;nrudit cu rom&#226;ne&#537;tile <em>stare, statur&#259;, stat </em>&#537;i <em>staz&#259;</em> &#537;i, b&#259;nuiesc eu, &#537;i cu <em>stan&#259;. </em>La acest <em>stasis</em> s-a ad&#259;ugat prefixul <em>&#960;&#940;&#961;&#945;/para </em>care &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>l&#226;ng&#259; </em>sau <em>vis-a-vis </em>(&#537;i multe, multe alte lucruri, &#238;n func&#539;ie de context) &#537;i care ne-a dat <em>paradox, parabol&#259;, paralel&#259;, parametru </em>&#537;i altele.</p><p>Ca s&#259; &#238;nchei, <em>parastas</em>-ul rom&#226;nesc descrie foarte corect ce se petrece la o astfel de ceremonie: <em>se st&#259;</em> <em>l&#226;ng&#259; </em>cel r&#259;posat. </p><p>Dou&#259; vorbe &#537;i despre <strong>coliv&#259;</strong>. Grecii au cuv&#226;ntul <em>&#954;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#965;&#946;&#945;/kolliva</em> care se pronun&#539;&#259; la fel ca al nostru &#537;i desemneaz&#259; acela&#537;i lucru: un dulce care se ofer&#259; &#238;ntru pomenirea mor&#539;ilor. Re&#539;eta greceasc&#259; e u&#537;or diferit&#259;; mie a noastr&#259; mi se pare mai bun&#259;. Dic&#539;ionarele etimologice zic c&#259; rom&#226;na a preluat termenul din greac&#259;, dar nu direct, ci prin slav&#259; (de&#537;i nu se precizeaz&#259; care slav&#259; anume). </p><p>Grecii mai au un cuv&#226;nt care se pronun&#539;&#259; exact la fel, de&#537;i se scrie u&#537;or diferit: <em>&#954;&#945;&#955;&#965;&#946;&#945;/kaliva</em> care &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>colib&#259;</em>. La arom&#226;ni i se zice &#537;i <em>c&#259;liv&#259;. </em>Ortodoc&#537;ilor le este poate familiar dac&#259; au auzit de a&#537;ezarea monahal&#259; din Sf&#226;ntul Munte numit&#259; <em>Kavsokalivia</em>, <em>coliba ars&#259;, </em>care &#238;&#537;i datoreaz&#259; numele Sf&#226;ntului Maxim Kavsokalivitul<em>. </em>Unul dintre obiceiurile sf&#226;ntului era s&#259; pun&#259; foc din c&#226;nd &#238;n c&#226;nd c&#259;su&#539;ei &#238;n care locuia, pentru a nu se ata&#537;a de bunurile materiale.</p><p>Aici, etimologii sunt de acord: <em>coliba </em>rom&#226;neasc&#259; vine probabil din greac&#259;, fie direct, fie o limb&#259; slav&#259;. Dac&#259; m&#259; &#238;ntrebi pe mine <em>coliva </em>&#537;i <em>coliba </em>au o &#238;nrudire pe undeva, fiindc&#259; nu doar c&#259; sun&#259; foarte similar, ci &#537;i pentru c&#259; o coliv&#259; seam&#259;n&#259; cu o colib&#259;. Evident, speculez.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Malaezia/ Melaka. Prăvălia de timp.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Un articol recuperat de pe vechiul Tedoo.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/malaezia-melaka-pravalia-de-timp</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/malaezia-melaka-pravalia-de-timp</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 2026 19:48:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lmvU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadf09148-41a2-4687-a059-75ff6bcbde1f_2000x1500.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lmvU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadf09148-41a2-4687-a059-75ff6bcbde1f_2000x1500.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lmvU!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadf09148-41a2-4687-a059-75ff6bcbde1f_2000x1500.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lmvU!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadf09148-41a2-4687-a059-75ff6bcbde1f_2000x1500.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lmvU!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lmvU!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadf09148-41a2-4687-a059-75ff6bcbde1f_2000x1500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Oamenii par s&#259; creasc&#259; din p&#259;m&#226;nt. Nu vin de nic&#259;ieri &#537;i nu pleac&#259; niciunde. Se &#238;ntrupeaz&#259; din umbra mangotierilor sau din cotloanele aleilor, sprijinind zidul pictat al unei cl&#259;diri ori pedal&#226;nd o biciclet&#259; veche. Nu ei locuiesc ora&#537;ul, ci ora&#537;ul &#238;i locuie&#537;te pe ei.</p><p>La fiecare col&#539; mai ferit, c&#226;teva scaune de plastic invit&#259; la o lung&#259; tacla, iar la intr&#259;rile caselor sau pe l&#226;ng&#259; tomberoane vezi mici boluri cu ap&#259; pentru pisicile vagaboante. Melaka e plin&#259; de pisici, multe gravide, care-&#537;i t&#226;r&#259;sc ostenite burticile pe caldar&#226;mul b&#259;tr&#226;n &#537;i fierbinte al ora&#537;ului. Una dintre ele, o pufoas&#259; alb&#259; cu pete negre, miorl&#259;ie la u&#537;a balconului meu care d&#259; spre r&#226;u. Cum o fi urcat p&#226;n&#259; aici? (Ei, cum).</p><p>&#206;n <em>lobby</em>-ul pensiunii e o pianin&#259; suficient de dezacordat&#259; ca s&#259; po&#539;i da vina pe ea c&#259; nu &#539;i-a ie&#537;it Preludiul &#238;n Mi Minor dup&#259; ureche. L&#226;ng&#259; pianin&#259;, ca un bibelou chinezesc, secularul tat&#259; al proprietarei pare n&#259;scut dintr-o broasc&#259; &#539;estoas&#259;. C&#226;nd &#238;i apare cineva &#238;n preajm&#259;, ridic&#259; &#238;ncet, foarte &#238;ncet privirea din laptopul pe care urm&#259;rise p&#226;n&#259; atunci videoclipuri &#537;i desene animate, &#238;ntoarce capul la fel de &#238;ncet, urm&#259;re&#537;te apari&#539;ia cu ochi placizi apoi, cu aceea&#537;i infinit&#259; lentoare de chinez, se &#238;ntoarce la ceea ce nu f&#259;cea. &#206;i ia cincisprezece secunde s&#259; clipeasc&#259; &#537;i alte cincisprezece ca s&#259; r&#259;spund&#259; la salut printr-o mi&#537;care a capului. </p><p>Trebuie c&#259; e dirijorul ora&#537;ului.</p><p>Un pic mai sprinten&#259; ca el este b&#259;tr&#226;na broasca &#539;estoas&#259; pe care o f&#259;tuc&#259; de dou&#259;zeci &#537;i ceva de ani a scos-o la plimbare pe malul r&#226;ului. T&#226;n&#259;ra toac&#259; zarzavat pe piatra ro&#537;iatic&#259; a falezei, animalul vine &#537;i-i molf&#259;ie din m&#226;n&#259;, apoi st&#259;p&#226;na ia &#539;estoasa &#238;n bra&#539;e &#537;i o a&#537;eaz&#259; mai &#238;ncolo, &#238;ntr-un ochi de soare, s&#259; produc&#259; vitamin&#259; D. Trec&#259;torii ocolesc scena pe trotuarul de vis-a-vis, pe jum&#259;tate amuza&#539;i, pe jum&#259;tate speria&#539;i, fiindc&#259; omul nu de&#539;ine &#238;n cod informa&#539;ii despre cum se gestioneaz&#259; &#238;nt&#226;lnirea cu o broasc&#259; &#539;estoas&#259; ziua pe trotuar. Pruden&#539;a e cuv&#226;ntul cheie.</p><p>Nu &#537;tiu c&#226;t &#537;i pe cine afecteaz&#259; &#238;nc&#259;lzirea global&#259;, dar eu am probleme mari cu cea local&#259;. La temperatura atmosferic&#259;, s&#259;rit&#259; bine de 30 de grade la ora pr&#226;nzului, se adaug&#259; &#537;i dogoarea zidurilor &#238;nghesuite unele &#238;ntr-altele, iar v&#226;ntul care bate vioi prin coridoarele ora&#537;ului vechi nu face dec&#226;t s&#259; plimbe fierbin&#539;eala &#238;nmiresmat&#259; de pe o strad&#259; pe alta. Fac ie&#537;iri scurte, de cel mult un ceas, fie diminea&#539;a, fie dup&#259; 5 &#537;i jum&#259;tate seara, c&#226;nd soarele coboar&#259; dincolo de acoperi&#537;uri &#537;i se mai poate respira.</p><p>Multe pr&#259;v&#259;lii &#537;i case au grilajul tras. O ochead&#259; prin u&#537;ile ferecate nu dibuie&#537;te dec&#226;t buruieni, rugin&#259; &#537;i c&#226;te un motan care evit&#259; pensia alimentar&#259;. Pe bulevardul Laksamana e chiar mai r&#259;u dec&#226;t &#238;n centru. Nou&#259; u&#537;i din zece poart&#259; lac&#259;te grele, iar deasupra celei de-a zecea scrie <em>The Moral Uplifting Association</em>. E plin de lume &#238;n&#259;untru.</p><p><em>Normal c&#259; nu mai merge treaba cum mergea, Melaka nu e promovat&#259; deloc,</em> se pl&#226;nge doamna Mandee, care se chinuie s&#259; &#539;in&#259; &#238;n via&#539;&#259; un b&#259;rule&#539; pe malul r&#226;ului c&#226;t e plecat patronul &#238;n Irlanda natal&#259;. <em>Se promoveaz&#259;, &#238;n schimb, Langkawi, c&#259; acolo are interese prim-ministrul Malaeziei. La Melaka n-are nimeni niciun interes.</em></p><p>Nici turi&#537;tii n-au interes. Sunt c&#226;&#539;iva, dar din ce apuc s&#259; vorbesc cu ei, se afl&#259; &#238;n tranzit de o noapte sau dou&#259;. Fie c&#259;tre Singapore, fie c&#259;tre Langkawi-ul prim-ministerial, fie c&#259;tre Kuala Lumpur unde-i a&#537;teapt&#259; avionul de Thailanda sau de Bali. &#536;i c&#226;nd te g&#226;nde&#537;ti...</p><p>&#536;i c&#226;nd te g&#226;nde&#537;ti c&#259; Melaka a fost timp de sute de ani plexul solar al Asiei est-meridionale, capt&#226;nd, amplific&#226;nd &#537;i distil&#226;nd resursele muncii &#537;i g&#226;ndirii &#238;ntregului spa&#539;iu adiacent str&#226;mtorii omonime, din sudul Thailandei p&#226;n&#259; &#238;n nordul Sumatrei &#537;i din golful Bengalului p&#226;n&#259; h&#259;t, spre m&#259;rile calde ale Chinei.</p><p>Un g&#259;ina&#539; al ciorilor melakane con&#539;ine mai mult&#259; istorie dec&#226;t toat&#259; Kuala Lumpur, aceast&#259; capital&#259; fals&#259; &#537;i lipsit&#259; de suflet a c&#259;rei mediocritate colosal&#259; a devenit &#539;ip&#259;tor de vizibil&#259; odat&#259; cu &#238;n&#259;l&#539;area celor dou&#259; inutile turnuri Petronas, singurele elemente din ora&#537; cu care po&#539;i s&#259;-&#539;i faci o poz&#259; ca s&#259; &#537;tie lumea unde e&#537;ti. Avea &#537;i KL-ul un <em>landmark</em>, c&#226;t de c&#226;t, piticania aia de colin&#259; (Bukit Nenas), dar au &#238;ngropat-o sub oroarea de KL Tower de la &#238;n&#259;l&#539;imea c&#259;ruia po&#539;i s&#259; prive&#537;ti, la apus, defini&#539;ia sintagmei &#8220;&#238;n curs de dezvoltare&#8221;.</p><h3>Unde a &#238;n&#539;&#259;rcat Alexandru malaya.</h3><p>Un ipotetic zbor direct &#238;ntre Melaka &#537;i Balcani ar dura vreo zece, poate unsprezece ore. Aceea&#537;i distan&#539;&#259; am reu&#537;it s-o parcurg &#238;ns&#259; &#238;n c&#226;teva minute dup&#259; ce am deschis traducerea englezeasc&#259; a <em>Sulalatus Salatin/Malay Annals</em>, hronicul de c&#259;p&#259;t&#226;i al civiliza&#539;iei malaeze. Drumul &#238;ncepe direct cu scurt&#259;tura:</p><blockquote><p>&#8221;S-a &#238;nt&#226;mplat odat&#259; c&#259; Raja Secander, fiul lui Raja Darab al Rumului, din rasa Makaduniah, al c&#259;rui imperiu purta numele Zulkarneini, &#537;i-a dorit s&#259; vad&#259; r&#259;s&#259;ritul soarelui; &#537;i m&#226;nat de aceast&#259; &#238;nchipuire, a ajuns p&#226;n&#259; la hotarele p&#259;m&#226;nturilor Indului.&#8221;</p><p>(&#8220;It happened on a time that Raja Secander, the son of, Raja Darab of Rum, of the race of Makaduniah, the name of whose empire was Zulkarneini, wished to see the rising of the sun; and with this view he reached the confines of the land of Hind.&#8221; - traducerea lui John Leyden din 1821)</p></blockquote><p>Un cititor cu ureche muzical&#259; &#537;i cu un pic de cultur&#259; va fi recunoscut &#238;n personajul principal al acestui paragraf - &#537;i al por&#539;iuni consistente din cele care urmeaz&#259; - pe Alexandru Macedon. Secander sau Iskander fiind echivalentul Indo-Malay pentru Alexandru, iar rasa &#8211; Makaduniah &#8211; fiind una &#537;i aceea&#537;i cu tracii macedoneni din care s-a ridicat r&#259;zboinicul nepereche c&#259;ruia ast&#259;zi &#238;i spunem <em>Cel Mare</em> ca s&#259; nu se supere grecii. </p><p>Alexandru mai este men&#539;ionat &#238;n scripte &#537;i ca Iskander Zulkarnain, iar &#238;n Sura 18 din Coran el apare ca Dul Qarnayn (<em>Cel cu Dou&#259; Coarne</em>, lucru explicat prin portretizarea sa pe monede purt&#226;nd coarne de berbec) &#537;i este creditat cu &#238;nzidirea lui Gog &#537;i Magog, probabil la Derbent, pe &#539;&#259;rmul Caspicei, ca s&#259; fie izola&#539;i de restul omenirii. Derbent, Dervent, da.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a></p><p>M&#226;nat de aspira&#539;ia de a vedea r&#259;s&#259;ritul &#8211; se pare c&#259; &#537;i pe vremea aceea &#238;n Grecia nu erau disponibile dec&#226;t apusuri, &#537;i asta doar &#238;n Santorini &#8211;, Alexandru a cucerit Hindustanul, s-a &#238;nsurat cu fiica regelui &#238;nvins &#537;i, &#238;nainte de a se &#238;ntoarce acas&#259;, i-a f&#259;cut so&#539;iei un b&#259;iat pe nume Araston Shah. </p><p>Acest Araston este considerat str&#259;mo&#537;ul marilor regi care au edificat &#537;i condus destinele lumii malaeze p&#226;n&#259; au venit nenoroci&#539;ii de portughezi &#537;i i-au civilizat. A&#537;a sus&#539;in autorii <em>Sulalatus Salatin</em>.</p><p>Printre urma&#537;ii lui Araston s-a num&#259;rat prin&#539;ul sumatran Sang Nila Utama (cunoscut &#238;n legende ca Parameswara), pe care <a href="https://www.tedoo.ro/orang-laut-oamenii-marii-bajau-borneo/">Orang Laut </a>(Oamenii M&#259;rii) l-au ridicat la rang de prim rege al Temasek-ului &#8211; Singaporele de ast&#259;zi &#8211; &#537;i care, la cap&#259;tul unui lan&#539; de fabuloase peripe&#539;ii, s-a oprit sub un copac din specia <em>melaka </em>de pe malul Bertamului &#537;i a fondat ora&#537;ul. Asta se &#238;nt&#226;mpla pe vremea lui &#536;tefan cel Mare.</p><p>Poate din acest motiv, poate din altul, Melaka de azi arat&#259; un ata&#537;ament uria&#537; fa&#539;&#259; copaci. Fiec&#259;rei cl&#259;diri mai impozante &#238;i este alocat un arbore care s&#259;-i pondereze arogan&#539;a &#537;i s&#259;-i ofere model de cum se cre&#537;te, cum se st&#259; drept &#537;i cum se ofer&#259; ospitalitate micilor f&#259;pturi c&#259;ut&#259;toare de ad&#259;post. Pensiunea unde stau, de&#537;i nu foarte m&#259;rea&#539;&#259;, e &#537;i ea construit&#259; &#238;n jurul unui copac-tutore. Un bananier.</p><h3>Flor do Karma.</h3><p>Mai jos pe r&#226;u, l&#226;ng&#259; Christ Church, e replica &#238;n m&#259;rime natural&#259; a celebrei &#537;i infamei <em>Flor do Mar</em>, corabia portughez&#259; de 400 de tone care a participat la cucerirea Melak&#259;i dup&#259; ce &#238;n prealabil &#238;&#537;i folosise tunurile la &#238;ngenuncherea altor porturi asiatice: Socotra, Muscat, Ormuz, Goa. Sultanatul Melacc&#259;i se bucurase de pace, prosperitate &#537;i o bun&#259; reputa&#539;ie timp de mai bine de un secol mul&#539;umit&#259; pozi&#539;iei sale geografice ideale, prin care controla tot nego&#539;ul naval &#238;ntre China &#537;i India. Ora&#537;ul era at&#226;t de popular printre negustori &#537;i aventurieri, &#238;nc&#226;t la o popula&#539;ie de 40.000 de locuitori se vorbeau peste 80 de limbi &#537;i dialecte din a c&#259;ror &#238;ngem&#259;nare a rezultat idiomul <em>malay</em>, aceast&#259; <em>lingua franca</em> a m&#259;rilor estului, care se vorbe&#537;te azi &#238;n diverse forme din Madagascar p&#226;n&#259; &#238;n Papua.</p><p><em>Flor do Mar</em> &#537;i celelalte 17 nave ale Flotei a Opta portugheze au ap&#259;rut &#238;n dreptul ora&#537;ului &#238;n diminea&#539;a zilei de 1 iulie 1511, sub comanda temutului Afonso de Albuquerque, pentru a ob&#539;ine cu for&#539;a ceea ce misiunile portugheze anterioare nu reu&#537;iser&#259; s&#259; ob&#539;in&#259; cu bini&#537;orul: dreptul de a construi un avanpost comercial &#537;i militar &#238;n zona ora&#537;ului. Dup&#259; ce negocierile au e&#537;uat, lusitanii au decis s&#259; ia ora&#537;ul cu totul. Dup&#259; o lun&#259; de atacuri, bombardamente &#537;i tr&#259;d&#259;ri din partea chinezilor &#537;i indienilor locali, ora&#537;ul &#238;nc&#259;pea pe m&#226;ini europene, unde avea s&#259; r&#259;m&#226;n&#259; doar un pic, p&#226;n&#259; la 31 august 1957.</p><p>Dup&#259; cucerire, Albuquerque a &#238;nc&#259;rcat prada de r&#259;zboi pe trei cor&#259;bii, cu uria&#537;a <em>Flor do Mar</em> &#238;n frunte. 60 de tone de aur, 200 de cufere cu diamante &#537;i multe alte bog&#259;&#539;ii au luat calea Portugaliei &#238;n diminea&#539;a zilei de 1 noiembrie 1511. Dar imediat ce au ajuns &#238;n apele Sumatrei, o furtun&#259; teribil&#259; le-a scufundat, cu tot cu tezaurul Melak&#259;i, care nu a mai fost recuperat niciodat&#259;. Cum se zice <em>karma</em> &#238;n portughez&#259;?</p><h3>Pr&#259;v&#259;lia de Timp.</h3><p>Merg la vale cu r&#226;ul. Ne strecur&#259;m &#238;mpreun&#259; printre terase care zgomotoase, care pustii, printre hoteluri cu piscin&#259;, alerg&#259;tori de duminic&#259; &#537;i inevitabile pisici care nu doar c&#259; nu fug din cale, dar se apropie solicit&#226;nd &#8211; revendic&#226;nd chiar! - s&#259; fie m&#226;ng&#226;iate. Plaja se &#238;ntinde, dezolat&#259;, la dou&#259;zeci de minute de centrul ora&#537;ului. Ad&#259;postite de peninsul&#259; &#537;i de <a href="https://www.tedoo.ro/tag/sumatra/">Sumatra</a>, apele str&#226;mtorii Melacca sunt lini&#537;tite ca cele ale unei f&#226;nt&#226;ni. Niciun val, c&#226;t de mic, nu r&#259;core&#537;te bolovanii &#238;ncin&#537;i care se &#238;n&#537;ir&#259; de-a lungul f&#226;&#537;iei de nisip grunjos.</p><p>&#206;n zare se z&#259;re&#537;te silueta fumeg&#226;nd&#259; a unui vapor de marf&#259;. E una dintre cele o sut&#259; de mii de nave care tranziteaz&#259; anual str&#226;mtoarea, duc&#226;nd &#238;n m&#259;runtaiele lor un sfert din comer&#539;ul naval mondial. Pe vremuri, bog&#259;&#539;iile acestea treceau prin Melaka. Acum, s-au mutat o sut&#259; de mile mai la sud, unde Singapore a devenit cel mai tranzitat punct naval al lumii, ca tonaj. Jum&#259;tate din traficul mondial de &#539;i&#539;ei &#537;i o cincime din toate containerele planetei trec prin cele unsprezece porturi ale sale. </p><p>Dar aici, coasta e pustie. Pe plaja umbrit&#259; de casuarine tinere, de un verde ascu&#539;it, nu se v&#259;d dec&#226;t dou&#259; feti&#537;cane care-&#537;i fac selfie-uri, un grup de tineri care r&#226;d din nimic &#537;i un senior care s-a oprit din alergarea de sear&#259; ca s&#259;-&#539;i fixeze v&#226;rful pantofilor. La toneta mobil&#259;, o bunicu&#539;&#259; vinde sucuri at&#226;t de dulci, &#238;nc&#226;t trebuie s&#259; beau o Cola dup&#259; ca s&#259;-mi revin.</p><p>Pe bulevardul Temenggong, sub &#537;irurile de lampioane ro&#537;ii care amintesc c&#259;, nu demult, am intrat &#238;n anul chinezesc al porcului, &#537;i printre semnele care poart&#259; urarea tradi&#539;ional&#259; <em>Dilarang Merokok</em>! (Fumatul Interzis), e o pr&#259;v&#259;lie pe a c&#259;rei firm&#259; scrie <em>Kedai Jam</em>. Literal, asta s-ar traduce prin <em>Pr&#259;v&#259;lia de Timp</em>. Un b&#259;rbat &#238;ntre dou&#259; v&#226;rste, aplecat peste tejghea, &#238;&#537;i alege un ceas bun. Doar unul, ca s&#259; ajung&#259; la toat&#259; lumea.</p><p>Parc&#259; n-a mai plouat de c&#226;nd au plecat portughezii. &#536;i parc&#259; tot de-atunci n-am mai trecut pe-acas&#259;. </p><p><em>(Melaka, Malaezia, 2019)</em></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Pentru astfel de rezonan&#539;e, a se consulta blogul lui <a href="https://www.dragosbirlea.ro/">Drago&#537; B&#238;rlea</a>, cel cu urechea pe limb&#259;. </p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Cele cinci trepte spirituale ale vieții noastre, după sufiți.]]></title><description><![CDATA[M&#259; tot &#238;ntreb: eu la care am ajuns?]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/cele-cinci-trepte-spirituale-ale</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/cele-cinci-trepte-spirituale-ale</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 18:19:45 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5KMt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F110ca7ce-9c24-4a9c-ba8b-5047439d733c_900x600.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5KMt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F110ca7ce-9c24-4a9c-ba8b-5047439d733c_900x600.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5KMt!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F110ca7ce-9c24-4a9c-ba8b-5047439d733c_900x600.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5KMt!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F110ca7ce-9c24-4a9c-ba8b-5047439d733c_900x600.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5KMt!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F110ca7ce-9c24-4a9c-ba8b-5047439d733c_900x600.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5KMt!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F110ca7ce-9c24-4a9c-ba8b-5047439d733c_900x600.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5KMt!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F110ca7ce-9c24-4a9c-ba8b-5047439d733c_900x600.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5KMt!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F110ca7ce-9c24-4a9c-ba8b-5047439d733c_900x600.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#206;n doctrina sufit&#259; exist&#259; o &#8220;foaie de parcurs spiritual&#8221; pe care practicantul o urm&#259;re&#537;te &#238;n c&#259;utarea des&#259;v&#226;r&#537;irii. Dar aceast&#259; foaie de parcurs nu se aplic&#259; doar sufitului, ci oric&#259;rui individ, credincios sau nu, musulman sau nu. Fiecare om trece, de-a lungul vie&#539;ii sale, printr-una, dou&#259; sau mai multe etape spirituale din acest itinerariu. &#536;i fiecare etap&#259; vine cu bunele &#537;i cu relele sale, suflete&#537;ti &#537;i fizice. A&#537;a zic ei, misticii mahomedani, dar o s&#259; vedem spre final c&#259; &#537;i cre&#537;tinismul atinge acelea&#537;i idei.</p><p>Am s&#259; rezum aici cele cinci etape ale des&#259;v&#226;r&#537;irii sufite, a&#537;a cum le-am g&#259;sit &#238;n <em>The Book of Sufi Healing</em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a><em> </em>a lui Abu Abdullah Ghulam Moinuddin.</p><h3>1. Etapa Poftelor (<em>maqam an-nafs</em>)</h3><p>E starea &#238;n care ne na&#537;tem, starea prunciei. Copilul e prin defini&#539;ie egoist, fiind preocupat s&#259;-&#537;i asigure nevoile fizice &#537;i s&#259; creasc&#259;. Cere tot timpul, pl&#226;nge dac&#259; nu prime&#537;te, vrea totul pentru el, face scandal c&#226;nd nu-i convine ceva. Consecin&#539;ele ac&#539;iunilor sale nu-l intereseaz&#259; c&#226;tu&#537;i de pu&#539;in. </p><p>Unii - hai s&#259; le zicem &#8220;hedoni&#537;ti&#8221; - stagneaz&#259; &#537;i la maturitate &#238;n <em>maqam an-nafs, </em>iar aceast&#259;<em> </em>stagnare genereaz&#259; boli cronice &#537;i degenerative, depresie, paranoia, devian&#539;&#259; sexual&#259;, tendin&#539;e suicidare, nebunie, anxietate.</p><p>Ie&#537;irea din etapa copil&#259;riei se face prin disciplinarea sinelui &#537;i a pornirilor sale, educarea voin&#539;ei, a responsabilit&#259;&#539;ii, a compasiunii &#537;i grijii pentru ceilal&#539;i, a polite&#539;ii. Exact ce &#238;ncearc&#259; &#537;i p&#259;rin&#539;ii normali la cap s&#259;-&#537;i &#238;nve&#539;e copiii.</p><h3>2. Etapa Inimii (<em>maqam-al-qalb</em>)</h3><p>&#206;n arab&#259;, <em>qalb </em>&#238;nseamn&#259; mai multe lucruri: inim&#259;, suflet, minte, &#238;n&#539;elegere, dar &#537;i miez, autenticitate sau puritate.</p><p>Cei ajun&#537;i &#238;n etapa inimii sunt &#238;n general oameni cumsecade, mul&#539;umi&#539;i de via&#539;&#259; &#537;i de lume. Sunt genero&#537;i, civiliza&#539;i &#537;i relativ cump&#259;ta&#539;i. E etapa tinere&#539;ii, nu neap&#259;rat biologice, ci mai degrab&#259; suflete&#537;ti.</p><p>Aceast&#259; sta&#539;ie a inimii predispune &#238;ns&#259; la dezechilibre emo&#539;ionale &#537;i cognitive: incapacitatea de concentrare, amnezia, teama de e&#537;ec, ipocrizia, triste&#539;ea sau bucuria duse la extrem.</p><p>Tot aici pot avea loc tulbur&#259;ri emo&#539;ionale serioase care s&#259; duc&#259; la divor&#539;uri sau la prietenii destr&#259;mate din cauz&#259; c&#259; subiec&#539;ii afla&#539;i &#238;n acest stagiu simt nevoia excesiv&#259; de a se bucura de via&#539;&#259;. &#536;i atunci nu mai conteaz&#259; nimic, nici prieteni, nici parteneri. </p><p>Apar &#537;i boli fizice, cauzate de caracterul purgativ al acestei etape. Organismul scap&#259; acum de toxicitatea &#537;i surplusul acumulate &#238;n etapa copil&#259;reasc&#259; a egoismului. &#536;i astfel apar probleme de inim&#259;, migrene, gre&#539;uri, diaree, m&#226;nc&#259;rimi &#537;i erup&#539;ii cutanate, probleme la rinichi &#537;i vezic&#259;. </p><h3>3. Etapa Sufletului (<em>maqam ar-ruh)</em></h3><p>De la etapa 2 la etapa 3 e foarte dificil de ajuns f&#259;r&#259; ajutorul unui <em>shaykh </em>(maestru spiritual, duhovnic dac&#259; vrei) care-&#537;i va &#238;ndruma ucenicul pe calea compasiunii, a milosteniei &#537;i a unei autodiscipline stricte f&#259;r&#259; de care nu se poate merge mai departe.</p><p>Persoana ajuns&#259; &#238;n etapa sufletului este f&#259;r&#259; &#238;ndoial&#259; una maturizat&#259; spiritual &#537;i, cel pu&#539;in &#238;n aparen&#539;&#259;, plin&#259; de iubire &#537;i de pace interioar&#259;.</p><p>Dar &#537;i aici apar probleme, cea mai mare dintre ele fiind arogan&#539;a. &#536;tim inclusiv din scrierile Sfin&#539;ilor P&#259;rin&#539;i c&#259; cel &#238;mbun&#259;t&#259;&#539;it duhovnice&#537;te poate c&#259;dea &#238;n ispita trufiei &#537;i a dispre&#539;ului fa&#539;&#259; de ceilal&#539;i. Risc&#259; s&#259; se cread&#259; mai bun, mai smerit, mai rug&#259;tor &#537;i mai postitor dec&#226;t al&#539;ii &#537;i, prin asta, &#238;&#537;i risc&#259; m&#226;ntuirea. Valabil &#537;i la ortodoc&#537;i, &#537;i la sufi&#539;i. Cauza acestei trufii este nelep&#259;darea integral&#259; de <em>nafs</em>, de pofte. </p><p>Problemele medicale ale acestui stagiu sunt de natur&#259; respiratorie (pricinuit&#259; de exerci&#539;iile de respira&#539;ie), oboseal&#259; cronic&#259;, lipsa poftei de m&#226;ncare, spasme &#537;i febr&#259;. Febra, &#238;n cazul de fa&#539;&#259;, e tot un simptom al purga&#539;iei, doar c&#259; de data asta nu trupul se cur&#259;&#539;e&#537;te, ci sufletul.</p><h3>4. Etapa Tainelor Divine (<em>maqam as-sirr</em>)</h3><p>Celor care izbutesc s&#259; ajung&#259; aici li se dezv&#259;luie mecanismele universului. Ei cap&#259;t&#259; darul str&#259;vederii &#537;i pot citi g&#226;ndurile celorlal&#539;i. &#206;ngerii li se arat&#259; adesea &#537;i le aduc informa&#539;ii din t&#259;r&#226;murile nev&#259;zute. </p><p>E o etap&#259; rezervat&#259; celor care au dep&#259;&#537;it &#238;ntrutotul n&#259;zuin&#539;ele lume&#537;ti. Nu mai vor nici faim&#259;, nici averi, nici pl&#259;cere trupeasc&#259;. Tind doar c&#259;tre apropierea de Dumnezeu &#537;i de &#8220;cei de sus&#8221;. </p><p>E o etap&#259; alunecoas&#259;, din care se poate regresa u&#537;or spre cea dinainte. Subiectul ajuns &#238;n stagiul acesta poate deveni ira&#539;ional, &#238;&#537;i poate pierde cu totul interesul pentru via&#539;a p&#259;m&#226;nteasc&#259;, risc&#259; s&#259; interpreteze eronat viziunile pe care le are &#537;i, &#238;n anumite cazuri, aiureaz&#259;. </p><p>Fizic, pot surveni febra &#537;i dificult&#259;&#539;ile de respira&#539;ie, p&#226;n&#259; la senza&#539;ia de sufocare. Acestea apar tot pe fondul anilor de exerci&#539;ii de respira&#539;ie (care la sufi&#539;i presupun &#238;n primul r&#226;nd citirea corect&#259; a Coranului). </p><h3>5. Etapa Apropierii de Dumnezeu (<em>maqam al-qurb</em>)</h3><p>Foarte pu&#539;ini ajung aici (ceea ce v&#259; dorim &#537;i dumneavoastr&#259;). Cei care ajung se despart practic de lume &#537;i devin, spiritual vorbind, vecini ai Creatorului &#537;i locatari ai Cerurilor. Ei v&#259;d lumea de acum, dar se bucur&#259; &#537;i de viziunea lumii viitoare &#537;i a universurilor paralele.  </p><p>Din fericire, aceast&#259; etap&#259; e s&#259;rac&#259; &#238;n probleme de s&#259;n&#259;tate, dar cele c&#226;teva care exist&#259; pot c&#259;p&#259;ta forme severe, dintre care cea mai grav&#259; este &#8220;excesul de extaz&#8221;, care face subiectul s&#259;-&#537;i piard&#259; absolut orice interes pentru via&#539;a &#238;n trup. Uit&#259; s&#259; m&#259;n&#226;nce, s&#259; bea ap&#259;, chiar s&#259; se &#238;mbrace. &#206;n arab&#259;, un asemenea om se nume&#537;te <em>majdhub. </em>&#206;n lumea ortodox&#259;, &#238;i zicem &#8220;nebun pentru Hristos&#8221; &#537;i este o form&#259; aleas&#259; &#537;i foarte pre&#539;uit&#259; de sfin&#539;enie. </p><p>Ar mai exista &#537;i o &#537;asea etap&#259;, a <em>Unirii cu Dumnezeu (maqam al-wisal</em>)<em> </em>la care &#238;ns&#259; nu se poate ajunge prin nevoin&#539;e, ci doar prin bun&#259;voin&#539;a Celui de Sus. Aici intr&#259; &#8220;ale&#537;ii&#8221;, care se fac una cu Dumnezeu. </p><h3>Sf&#226;ntul Ioan Sc&#259;rarul, contemporanul Profetului</h3><p>Exist&#259; convergen&#539;e evidente cu ortodoxia. &#536;i &#238;n practica duhovniceasc&#259; cre&#537;tin-ortodox&#259; exist&#259; o anumit&#259; etapizare. Mai &#238;nt&#226;i se cur&#259;&#539;e&#537;te inima prin st&#226;rpirea poftelor, smerenie &#537;i post, pe scurt prin ascez&#259; (etapa <em>praxis/</em>fapta<em>)</em>. Apoi se lumineaz&#259; &#537;i lini&#537;te&#537;te mintea prin rug&#259;ciune continu&#259; (<em>apatheia/</em>dezb&#259;rarea de patimi). Iar faza final&#259; este &#206;ndumnezeirea (<em>Theosis</em>) &#238;n care omul, de&#537;i r&#259;mas &#238;n trup, tr&#259;ie&#537;te haric &#238;n comuniune cu Dumnezeu. </p><p>G&#226;ndul m&#259; duce &#537;i la cele treizeci de trepte ale <em>Sc&#259;rii dumnezeiescului urcu&#537;</em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>. Autorul acestei capodopere a literaturi ascetice, Sf&#226;ntul Ioan Climakos<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> (Sc&#259;rarul), s-a n&#259;scut &#238;n Siria cu nou&#259; ani mai t&#226;rziu dec&#226;t Profetul Mohamed (579 vs 570 d. Hr) &#537;i a adormit &#238;n Sinai la 17 ani dup&#259; moartea Profetului (649 vs 632). <em>Scara</em> Sf&#226;ntului Ioan a fost scris&#259; &#238;n jurul anului 600, iar Coranul a fost compilat vreo 30 de ani mai t&#226;rziu. </p><p>Doamne, ajut&#259;!</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Dincolo de partea teologic&#259; &#537;i de cea ritual&#259;, cu care putem fi sau nu fi de acord, cartea e de fapt un mic tratat de medicin&#259; tradi&#539;ional&#259;. De la capitolul 5 &#238;ncep aplica&#539;iile practice. Se g&#259;se&#537;te <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Book-Sufi-Healing-Hakim-Chishti/dp/0892813245/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1VRH8LR2COVPP&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.PHvmmoH-lnFSjiPVa8FMWKChGAuaoXAZIMDpvjGlIxk3XE1IUwV8tlO-gabzuZxm5cQJBxI4kRdMlAV3ZXKQY9z-1jT8EN7Mn_6A8ruAmcuIKceF0QERuuXsxAX3i0ZWdcYHYuIcLsEJUx-NHJsQ_yRlryOQaSkJzTRog9JFnVVsLMTKit1ztmijKoNyfC7hVjxKKlKZp9pqHMyq8x89C2-Bm7vJ_xqm3o2HU1y8kgI.uRvmhIDSeAC16UuNJvq4c8Ew4f5zkX3pxM_klTlqulY&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;keywords=sufi+book+of+healing&amp;qid=1786545691&amp;sprefix=sufi+book+of+healin%2Caps%2C268&amp;sr=8-1">pe Amazon</a>, dar poate fi desc&#259;rcat&#259; &#537;i &#238;n format pdf de <a href="https://sufi.co.za/books/the-book-of-sufi-healing/">aici</a>. </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Se poate desc&#259;rca (sau cump&#259;ra &#238;n format fizic) de pe <a href="https://predania.ro/cautare/editura_izvoarele-orthodoxiei/scara.html">site-ul editurii Predania</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Nu pot s&#259; m&#259; ab&#539;in: <em>climakos</em> &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>sc&#259;rarul </em>&#537;i vine de la verbul grecesc <em>&#954;&#955;&#953;&#957;&#969;/klino=a &#238;nclina, a apleca. </em>Evident, <em>a &#238;nclina </em>vine din aceea&#537;i r&#259;d&#259;cin&#259;. Dar &#537;i <em>clim&#259;</em> vine tot dintr-un derivat grecesc al lui <em>klino. &#922;&#955;&#953;&#956;&#945;/klima</em> &#238;nsemna <em>pant&#259; </em>sau <em>zon&#259; de latitudine. </em></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Fragmentarium (9). Pericolele alfabetizării.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ce &#537;tiau analfabe&#539;ii &#537;i noi nu mai &#537;tim.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/fragmentarium-9-pericolele-alfabetizarii</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/fragmentarium-9-pericolele-alfabetizarii</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 08 Aug 2026 19:02:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KTNW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fb81f7-740c-4c86-bc10-a57ae09c97ff_900x600.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KTNW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fb81f7-740c-4c86-bc10-a57ae09c97ff_900x600.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KTNW!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fb81f7-740c-4c86-bc10-a57ae09c97ff_900x600.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KTNW!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fb81f7-740c-4c86-bc10-a57ae09c97ff_900x600.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KTNW!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fb81f7-740c-4c86-bc10-a57ae09c97ff_900x600.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KTNW!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fb81f7-740c-4c86-bc10-a57ae09c97ff_900x600.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KTNW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fb81f7-740c-4c86-bc10-a57ae09c97ff_900x600.jpeg" width="900" height="600" 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/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fb81f7-740c-4c86-bc10-a57ae09c97ff_900x600.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KTNW!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fb81f7-740c-4c86-bc10-a57ae09c97ff_900x600.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KTNW!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fb81f7-740c-4c86-bc10-a57ae09c97ff_900x600.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KTNW!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fb81f7-740c-4c86-bc10-a57ae09c97ff_900x600.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#206;n 1935, doi etnografi americani - Milman Parry &#537;i studentul s&#259;u, Albert Bates Lord - au ajuns &#238;n localitatea Bijelo Polje din  Muntenegru. Cei doi lucrau la o colec&#539;ie de poezie epic&#259; oral&#259; de zon&#259; slav&#259; &#537;i c&#259;utau rapsozi populari pe care s&#259;-i &#238;nregistreze interpret&#226;nd diverse balade &#537;i legende locale. </p><p>A&#537;a l-au cunoscut pe guzla&#537;ul (c&#226;nt&#259;re&#539;ul la guzl&#259;, un fel de vioar&#259; primitiv&#259;) Avdo Me&#273;edovi&#263;, care le-a zis <em>Nunta lui Smailagi&#263; Meho, </em>balada unui t&#226;n&#259;r care pleac&#259; din Imperiul Otoman s&#259; se c&#259;p&#259;tuiasc&#259; &#537;i, finalmente s&#259; se &#238;nsoare.</p><p>&#206;nregistrarea s-a &#238;ntins pe opt zile, fiindc&#259; balada s-a dovedit a avea nu mai pu&#539;in de 12.300 de versuri decasilabice, pe care b&#259;tr&#226;nul Me&#273;edovi&#263; le-a c&#226;ntat integral <strong>din memorie</strong>. Nici n-avea cum altfel, fiind analfabet.</p><p>Parry &#537;i Bates Lord plecaser&#259; &#238;n Balcani dup&#259; o ipotez&#259; pe care muntenegreanul o confirmase. Anume c&#259; alfabetizarea poate duce la amnezie colectiv&#259;. &#536;i c&#259; marile epopei ale Greciei clasice, <em>Iliada </em>&#537;i <em>Odiseea</em> circulaser&#259; sub form&#259; oral&#259; cu mult &#238;nainte ca Homer s&#259; le fixeze forma &#238;n scris. </p><p>&#206;n <em>The Singer of Tales (</em>1960), Bates Lord spune:</p><p><em>&#8220;Odiseea </em>este una dintre multe balade despre &#238;ntoarcerea acas&#259; din vremea lui Homer. Unele dintre ele erau cu siguran&#539;&#259; &#238;n repertoriul lui. Este limpede c&#259; atunci c&#226;nd a compus <em>Odiseea, </em>el avea &#238;n minte povestea &#238;ntoarcerii lui Agamemnon, dar &#537;i pe cea a lui Menelaus. Aventura c&#259;l&#259;toriei Argonau&#539;ilor &#238;i era sigur cunoscut&#259;. Toate aceste balade - &#537;i multe altele - se reg&#259;seau &#238;n repertoriul menestrelilor acelor vremuri. Ele &#238;mprejmuiau <em>Odiseea, </em>&#238;mpreun&#259; cu care alc&#259;tuiau un corpus de material &#238;nrudit tematic.&#8221;</p><p>(Jean Defradas, &#238;n <em>La Litt&#233;rature grecque</em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a><em>,</em> afirm&#259;<em> </em>chiar c&#259; Homer n-a fixat doar forma epopeilor populare, ci &#537;i conturul caracterial al zeit&#259;&#539;ilor, care p&#226;n&#259; la punerea lor &#238;n <em>Iliada </em>aveau tot at&#226;tea fe&#539;e c&#226;&#539;i credincio&#537;i se &#238;nchinau la ele. Zeii grece&#537;ti a&#537;a cum &#238;i &#537;tim azi sunt de fapt personaje fic&#539;ionale creionate de Homer.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>)</p><p>Bates Lord &#238;l citeaz&#259; &#238;n cartea sa <em>Epic Singers and the Oral Tradition </em>pe faimosul clasicist englez Eric Havelock:</p><blockquote><p><em>Societ&#259;&#539;ile alfabetizate &#238;&#537;i conserv&#259; obiceiurile &#238;n documente. Cele pre-alfabetizate ob&#539;in acela&#537;i rezultat cre&#226;nd nara&#539;iuni poetice care servesc &#537;i drept enciclopedii comportamentale.</em></p></blockquote><p>Filosoful Ananda Coomaraswamy pune &#238;n balan&#539;&#259; vesticul alfabetizat &#537;i esticul pre-alfabetizat &#537;i - poate firesc pentru un hindus - concluzioneaz&#259; c&#259; omul care poate recita pe de rost sute sau mii de versete dintr-o carte sacr&#259; e superior nu doar intelectual, ci &#537;i spiritual celui care a &#238;nv&#259;&#539;at carte doar c&#226;t s&#259; citeasc&#259; ziarul &#537;i contractul de angajare.</p><p>Vorbind despre textele sacre ale vechimii - Biblia, Vedele indiene sau Eddele nordice - Coomaraswamy spune &#238;n <em>Gogori&#539;a alfabetiz&#259;rii (The Bugbear of Literacy</em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a><em>)</em>:</p><blockquote><p><em>Dintre aceste &#8220;c&#259;r&#539;i&#8221;, multe au existat cu mult &#238;nainte s&#259; fie scrise, multe nu au fost scrise niciodat&#259;, iar altele au fost scrise &#537;i s-au pierdut sau se vor pierde.</em></p></blockquote><p>&#537;i, &#238;n acord cu Havelock:</p><blockquote><p><em>C&#226;nd o na&#539;iune &#238;ncepe s&#259; citeasc&#259;, ceea ce se afla c&#226;ndva &#238;n proprietatea &#238;ntregului popor r&#259;m&#226;ne exclusiv &#238;n bagajul anaflabe&#539;ilor. Iar dac&#259; aceast&#259; mo&#537;tenire nu e arhivat&#259;, se pierde pentru totdeauna.</em></p></blockquote><p>Citeaz&#259; &#238;n continuare istorisirea unui autor familiar cu insulele din Sudul Pacificului, unde copiii &#238;nva&#539;&#259; tot ce au nevoie s&#259; &#537;tie doar ascult&#226;nd &#537;i privind, f&#259;r&#259; ajutorul literelor, &#537;i reu&#537;esc s&#259; &#539;in&#259; minte pe de rost pove&#537;ti din mitologie care dureaz&#259; ceasuri &#238;ntregi (poate fi o exagerare, totu&#537;i). C&#226;nd au venit englezii peste ei &#537;i au &#238;nceput s&#259;-i &#238;nve&#539;e scrisul, copiii l-au deprins repede, &#238;ns&#259; nu i-au prins rostul &#537;i-au &#238;ntrebat: <em>La ce v&#259; folose&#537;te treaba asta? Voi chiar nu pute&#539;i s&#259; &#539;ine&#539;i minte &#537;i s&#259; spune&#539;i?</em></p><p>Probabil ca un ecou al acelor vremuri dinaintea ilumin&#259;rii prin scris &#537;i citit, unii dintre noi &#238;nc&#259; &#238;&#537;i mai pun copiii s&#259; &#238;nve&#539;e poezii.</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>A ap&#259;rut &#537;i la noi &#238;n 1968 sub titlul <em>Literatura Elin&#259; </em>la Editura Tineretului, colec&#539;ia Lyceum, cu o traducere de Ileana Vulpescu. Se mai g&#259;se&#537;te &#238;n anticariate.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Despre cum au ajuns grecii &#537;i romanii s&#259; aib&#259; &#8220;mai mul&#539;i zei dec&#226;t cet&#259;&#539;eni&#8221; &#537;i despre cum ar&#259;tau ace&#537;ti zei &#238;n religia timpurie am scris &#238;n <a href="/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/p/de-ce-aveau-grecii-si-romanii-atatea?r=1pl7gm">articolul despre</a><em><a href="/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/p/de-ce-aveau-grecii-si-romanii-atatea?r=1pl7gm"> Cetatea antic&#259; </a></em><a href="/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/p/de-ce-aveau-grecii-si-romanii-atatea?r=1pl7gm">a lui Foustel de Coulanges</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Cartea lui A. Coomaraswamy se poate desc&#259;rca gratuit de <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7230">aici</a>. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://bradflorescu.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Ne abon&#259;m &#537;i sc&#259;p&#259;m!</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Borneo/ Comoara din mijlocul lacului.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Despre lini&#537;te.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/borneo-comoara-din-mijlocul-lacului</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/borneo-comoara-din-mijlocul-lacului</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 18:45:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f4uQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ef844c4-1855-4e41-8320-57f8108b2230_900x735.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f4uQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ef844c4-1855-4e41-8320-57f8108b2230_900x735.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f4uQ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ef844c4-1855-4e41-8320-57f8108b2230_900x735.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>(Un articol salvat de pe fostul Tedoo.ro)</em></p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>&#8222;C&#226;nd taci &#238;ncepi s&#259; vezi.&#8221;</em> - <em>Van Morrison.</em></p></div><p>Barca p&#259;trunse pe un canal &#238;ngust &#537;i pu&#539;in ad&#226;nc &#537;i &#238;naint&#259; &#238;ncet, atent&#259; s&#259; nu se &#238;nfig&#259; &#238;n vreun desi&#537;, p&#226;n&#259; ajunse la unul dintre lacurile care se desprind din trunchiul r&#226;ului Kinabatangan f&#259;c&#226;ndu-l s&#259; semene, privit de deasupra, cu arborele sefirot. Ajuns &#238;n mijlocul lacului, Raihan barcagiul opri motorul. Barca mai &#238;naint&#259; din iner&#539;ie c&#226;&#539;iva metri, m&#226;ng&#226;iat&#259; de apa r&#226;ului, fierbinte &#537;i l&#259;ptoas&#259; ca un capuccino, apoi r&#259;mase s&#259; se legene u&#537;urel &#238;n jurul unui ax invizibil care o conecta cu centrul P&#259;m&#226;ntului.</p><p> - Ce facem aici? m&#259; &#238;ntreab&#259; &#238;n &#537;oapt&#259; Adrian, unul dintre tovar&#259;&#537;ii de drum.</p><p>- T&#259;cem, &#238;i r&#259;spund.</p><p>A durat ceva p&#226;n&#259; c&#226;nd &#537;u&#537;otelile au &#238;ncetat, telefoanele au fost puse pe <em>silent</em>, iar r&#259;p&#259;itul camerelor foto s-a stins, satisf&#259;cut de recolt&#259;. Apoi s-a f&#259;cut lini&#537;te. Peretele &#238;nalt de jungl&#259; care ne &#238;nconjura din toate p&#259;r&#539;ile &#537;i care p&#226;n&#259; atunci se ghemuise &#238;n sine cu pruden&#539;&#259;, se relax&#259; &#537;i se apropie de b&#259;rcu&#539;a din mijlocul lacului, pres&#259;r&#226;nd peste ea sunetul dulce al lini&#537;tii: fo&#537;netul frunzelor, &#537;oaptele brizei, zumzetul g&#226;zelor, clipocitul pe&#537;tilor &#537;i f&#226;lf&#226;itul de aripi al p&#259;s&#259;rilor. Au urmat cincisprezece minute pe care, &#238;n seara aceea, la cin&#259;, Cristina le-a descris drept &#8220;cel mai magic moment din toat&#259; tura.&#8221; &#536;i mie, din toate minunile pe care le-am tr&#259;it excursia respectiv&#259;, &#238;mi amintesc acel sfert de or&#259; ca pe cea mai de pre&#539; comoar&#259;.</p><p><strong>Frica de lini&#537;te.</strong></p><p>Omul zilelor noastre asimileaz&#259; lini&#537;tea cu dispari&#539;ia, cu non-existen&#539;a, &#537;i o alung&#259; din prima secund&#259;. Fiecare &#8222;gol&#8221; de sunet trebuie umplut cu ceva. Fiecare uimire &#8211; &#238;nso&#539;it&#259; de un <em>wow</em>. Fiecare t&#259;cere &#8211; tradus&#259; &#238;n cuvinte (<em>b&#259;i, voi auzi&#539;i ce lini&#537;te e???) </em>Fiecare sentiment sau impresie trebuie turnate impulsiv &#238;n forme de <em>exprimare a sinelui, </em>de parc&#259; s&#259; taci e o ru&#537;ine. </p><p>St&#226;ng&#259;cia &#238;n fa&#539;a lini&#537;tii este efectul unui stil de via&#539;&#259; &#238;n care zgomotul e at&#226;t de prezent, &#238;nc&#226;t dispari&#539;ia lui, chiar &#537;i pentru c&#226;teva clipe, induce un sentiment de nesiguran&#539;&#259;. Zgomotul a devenit funda&#539;ia existen&#539;ei noastre &#537;i ne sim&#539;im arunca&#539;i &#238;n vid atunci c&#226;nd nu auzim o siren&#259; de ambulan&#539;&#259;, un zorn&#259;it de tramvai, un telefon sun&#226;nd, un post de radio care b&#226;z&#226;ie de undeva &#537;i, pe dedesubtul tuturor, acel murmur continuu al civiliza&#539;iei bazate pe hidrocarburi &#537;i electricitate.</p><p>Zgomotul este semn&#259;tura societ&#259;&#539;ii de consum. Zgomotul atrage aten&#539;ia &#8211; sau o distrage, depinde cum vrei s&#259; prive&#537;ti lucrurile &#8211; oblig&#259; mintea s&#259; se concentreze asupra sursei &#537;i o absoarbe temporar p&#226;n&#259; c&#226;nd un alt zgomot, mai strident, &#238;i ia locul. E o curs&#259; a decibelilor &#238;n care fiecare emi&#539;&#259;tor &#238;ncearc&#259; s&#259; fie mai zgomotos dec&#226;t cel dinaintea sa pentru a <em>aresta aten&#539;ia. </em>M&#259;car de i-ar citi drepturile &#238;nainte.</p><p>&#206;ntr-un final, puterea asupra lumii ajunge &#238;n m&#226;inile celui care vorbe&#537;te mai tare. De aici &#537;i starea dezolant&#259; &#238;n care a ajuns comunicarea, indiferent de forma pe care o &#238;mbrac&#259;: discurs politic, publicitate, mass-media, arte. Accentul se pune pe unda de &#537;oc, pe volumul de sunet transmis, nu pe con&#539;inutul transmisiei. Ca-n cluburi, unde muzica este at&#226;t de tare &#238;nc&#226;t <em>nu-&#539;i mai auzi nici g&#226;ndurile</em> (c&#226;t adev&#259;r &#238;n aceast&#259; metafor&#259;). De fapt, nici muzica nu se mai aude. R&#259;m&#226;ne doar <em>beat</em>-ul, s&#259;-&#539;i dicteze ritmul &#238;n care s&#259; te mi&#537;ti: 120 de b&#259;t&#259;i pe minut, st&#226;ng-drept, st&#226;ng-drept, caden&#539;a civiliza&#539;iei noastre. &#206;nc&#259; un <em>whisky-red-bull</em>!</p><p>Stuart Sim spunea: &#8222;Zgomotul contribuie la crearea unei atmosfere de frenezie supra-stimulat&#259; care promoveaz&#259; un consum &#238;nc&#259; &#537;i mai frenetic. [&#8230;] Publicitatea are nevoie de consumatori, nu de g&#226;nditori; de oameni domina&#539;i permanent de dorin&#539;a unei gratific&#259;ri instantanee. G&#226;ndirea este antiteza unei astfel de dorin&#539;e.&#8221;</p><p>Poate c&#259; este momentul s&#259; &#238;ncerc o defini&#539;ie, sau mai bine zis o distinc&#539;ie, &#238;ntre <em>lini&#537;te </em>&#537;i <em>t&#259;cere.</em> T&#259;cerea este o <em>non-ac&#539;iune voluntar&#259;</em>. Este alegerea de a <em>nu</em> face zgomot. Lini&#537;tea, pe de alt&#259; parte, este o <em>ac&#539;iune involuntar&#259;</em>. De exemplu, o pas&#259;re &#238;n zbor nu alege s&#259; produc&#259; sunetul f&#226;lf&#226;itului, iar un pe&#537;te care iese la suprafa&#539;a apei s&#259; respire nu &#537;i-a propus s&#259; clipoceasc&#259;. Se &#238;nt&#226;mpl&#259; pentru c&#259; a&#537;a dicteaz&#259; legile fizicii.</p><p>De aceea, lini&#537;tea nu &#238;nseamn&#259; absen&#539;a sunetului ci, dimpotriv&#259;, ea este compus&#259; din miriadele de sunete naturale ale vie&#539;ii. &#206;n timp ce scriu acest paragraf, ascult &#238;n jurul meu &#238;ncerc&#226;nd s&#259; decelez sunetele zgomotului de sunetele lini&#537;tii. &#206;n prima categorie &#238;ncadrez fo&#537;netul ventilatorului, dou&#259; tac&#226;muri care se lovesc &#238;n buc&#259;t&#259;rie &#537;i vuietul &#238;ndep&#259;rtat al unui avion care vine la aterizare. Celelalte sunete, mici &#537;i prea multe pentru a le enumera aici, sunt cele care compun mozaicul lini&#537;tii. &#536;i, spre deosebire, de ventilator, care urmeaz&#259; robotic aceea&#537;i rutin&#259;, lini&#537;tea nu este niciodat&#259; la fel. Sun&#259; diferit &#238;n fiecare secund&#259;. Evolueaz&#259;.</p><p>Lini&#537;tea este at&#226;t de rar&#259; &#238;n lumea modern&#259; &#238;nc&#226;t, &#238;n loc s&#259; fugim de ea, potrivit ar fi s&#259; o &#238;mbr&#259;&#539;i&#537;&#259;m &#537;i s&#259; o pre&#539;uim ori de c&#226;te ori ne afl&#259;m &#238;n preajma ei. De exemplu, &#238;n vacan&#539;e, &#537;i ele la fel de pre&#539;ioase.</p><p>Te-ai g&#226;ndit vreodat&#259; de ce tot mai mul&#539;i vacan&#539;ieri caut&#259; destina&#539;ii f&#259;r&#259; turi&#537;ti? Au devenit ei brusc, odat&#259; cu intrarea &#238;n concediu, asociali, ba chiar mizantropi? Nu. Este doar nevoia fireasc&#259; de lini&#537;te pe care doar lipsa principalului generator de zgomot &#8211; omul &#8211; o poate promite.</p><p>De ce avem nevoie de lini&#537;te? &#206;n primul r&#226;nd, pentru ne regenera. Lini&#537;tea <em>vie</em> despre care vorbeam mai devreme este un soi de simfonie continu&#259; &#238;n care orice fiin&#539;&#259; g&#259;se&#537;te o partitur&#259; de interpretat. Bucur&#226;ndu-te cu voluptate de lini&#537;te, integr&#226;ndu-&#539;i lini&#537;tea interioar&#259; &#238;n marele concert  universal, te reconectezi la armoniile fire&#537;ti &#537;i binef&#259;c&#259;toare ale vie&#539;ii. Lini&#537;tea te re&#238;nva&#539;&#259; s&#259; fii viu.</p><p>&#206;ntr-un alt plan, lini&#537;tea este indispensabil&#259; procesului de g&#226;ndire. Acela&#537;i Stuart Sim spunea: </p><blockquote><p><em>&#8222;Capacitatea de a g&#226;ndi, de a reflecta &#537;i de a crea &#539;in &#238;n mare m&#259;sur&#259; de accesul regulat la lini&#537;te.&#8221;</em> </p></blockquote><p>Lini&#537;tea este oxigenul g&#226;ndului. G&#226;ndirea este un act de contemplare activ&#259;, de topire a sinelui &#238;n obiectul contemplat &#537;i, prin aceasta, de exindere a grani&#539;elor acestui sine. F&#259;r&#259; lini&#537;te, nu exist&#259; g&#226;nd, iar f&#259;r&#259; g&#226;nd, mintea se legumizeaz&#259;. </p><p>&#206;mi place s&#259; c&#259;l&#259;toresc cu trenul, de&#537;i nu e &#238;ntotdeauna cea mai practic&#259; variant&#259; de transport. Trenul, &#238;ns&#259;, &#238;mi permite s&#259; petrec ore &#238;ntregi privind pe geam &#537;i contempl&#226;nd activ ansamblul lucrurilor care-mi trec prin fa&#539;a ochilor. O colib&#259; de stuf, un r&#226;ule&#539;, un stol de egrete, un nor cu o form&#259; ciudat&#259; sau un copil juc&#226;ndu-se cu c&#259;&#539;elul, fiecare dintre aceste pove&#537;ti scurtissime alc&#259;tuiesc un spa&#539;iu &#238;n care mintea se simte vie &#537;i liber&#259;. <em>Glasul ro&#539;ilor de tren</em> e at&#226;t de previzibil &#537;i de familiar &#238;nc&#226;t nu doar c&#259; nu deranjeaz&#259;, ba chiar stimuleaz&#259; acest proces. E un exerci&#539;iu pe care-l fac atunci c&#226;nd am ocazia. (De fapt, &#238;nsu&#537;i acest articol este inspirat de ultima c&#259;l&#259;torie cu trenul.)</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8222;F&#259;r&#259; contemplare, omul &#238;nceteaz&#259; s&#259; se mai simt&#259; &#238;nr&#259;d&#259;cinat, iar f&#259;r&#259; r&#259;d&#259;cini nu pot exista nici stabilitate, nici siguran&#539;&#259; &#537;i nici cre&#537;tere.&#8221;</em> (Monica Furlong)</p></blockquote><p>Lini&#537;tea este esen&#539;ial&#259; &#537;i &#238;n comunicare. Este imposibil s&#259; avem - sau m&#259;car s&#259; ne imagin&#259;m - un dialog din care lipsesc t&#259;cerile, pauzele, ascultarea. Elementele non-verbale sunt cel pu&#539;in la fel de importante ca cele verbale. Lini&#537;tea este cea care organizeaz&#259; conversa&#539;ia.</p><p>Din p&#259;cate, tehnologiile ultimului secol, &#238;n ciuda ingeniozit&#259;&#539;ii lor, v&#259;duvesc dialogul de aceste elemente. Ele faciliteaz&#259; transmiterea <em>textului</em>, nu a subtextului, ele te ajut&#259; <em>s&#259; te faci auzit</em>, nu neap&#259;rat &#537;i &#238;n&#539;eles.</p><p>De pild&#259;, atunci c&#226;nd ai o discu&#539;ie pe <em>instant messaging</em>, nu prime&#537;ti <em>feedback</em> non-verbal pe lucrurile pe care le spui. Vorbe&#537;ti oarecum cu un perete. Dac&#259; ai un <em>video call</em>, aten&#539;ia &#238;&#539;i este distras&#259; ba de calitatea transmisiei, ba de ferestruica mic&#259; &#238;n care apari tu (<em>oare ar&#259;t bine?)</em>, iar inevitabilul <em>delay</em> distruge sincronicit&#259;&#539;ile pre&#539;ioase &#8211; &#537;i t&#259;cute - ale unui dialog fa&#539;&#259; &#238;n fa&#539;&#259;. Lini&#537;tile sunt codificate ca zgomot de fond sau ca absen&#539;&#259;.</p><p>Militarii, marinarii, pompierii, poli&#539;i&#537;tii au descoperit de mult timp poten&#539;ialul catastrofal al absen&#539;ei ordonatoare a lini&#537;tii dintr-un dialog. De aceea, &#238;n lumea uniformelor se folosesc radiourile VHF care, pe l&#226;ng&#259; faptul c&#259; nu permit interlocutorilor s&#259; vorbeasc&#259; simultan, sunt guvernate de un set de reguli pe c&#226;t de simple, pe at&#226;t de stricte. Se vorbe&#537;te rar &#537;i r&#259;spicat, iar acolo unde exist&#259; riscul ca un element verbal important s&#259; fie gre&#537;it &#238;n&#539;eles, se folose&#537;te un cod clarificator cum ar fi Aflabetul NATO, &#238;n care fiecare liter&#259; are asociat un cuv&#226;nt: Alpha, Bravo, Charlie etc. Ideile se &#238;ncheie cu &#8222;Over&#8221;, adic&#259; &#8222;am terminat ideea, a&#537;tept r&#259;spuns&#8221;, conversa&#539;iile &#8211; cu &#8222;Out&#8221;, adic&#259; &#8222;am terminat discu&#539;ia, nu mai a&#537;tept r&#259;spuns.&#8221; </p><p>Lini&#537;tea are &#537;i o dimensiune spiritual&#259;. O reg&#259;sim ca stare fireasc&#259; &#238;n sanctuarele tuturor religiilor. T&#259;cerea este o practic&#259; virtuoas&#259; &#238;n buddhism &#537;i cre&#537;tinism. Balinezii &#539;in cu stricte&#539;e ritualul hinduist <em>Nyepi</em>, acea zi din an &#238;n care orice activitate poten&#539;ial zgomotoas&#259; (sau, mai bine zis, <em>nelini&#537;titoare</em>) este interzis&#259;: nu ai voie s&#259; munce&#537;ti, s&#259; te distrezi, s&#259; c&#259;l&#259;tore&#537;ti, s&#259; faci focul sau s&#259; utilizezi electricitatea. G&#259;sim elemente comune &#238;ntre Nyepi &#537;i Shabbat-ul iudaic, ziua din s&#259;pt&#259;m&#226;n&#259; care celebreaz&#259; odihna lui Dumnezeu dup&#259; crearea Lumii (m-am nimerit &#238;n Ierusalim &#238;ntr-o zi de Shabbat; &#238;mi &#539;iuau urechile.) &#206;n toate religiile majore, lini&#537;tea e pre&#539;uit&#259; &#537;i &#238;ncurajat&#259; ca o condi&#539;ie pentru atingerea Divinului.</p><p>Acum realizez c&#259;, &#238;n contradic&#539;ie cu toate cele scrise mai sus &#537;i cu &#238;ns&#259;&#537;i tema articolului de fa&#539;&#259;, am vorbit prea mult. Se poate glosa la nesf&#226;r&#537;it pe marginea virtu&#539;ilor &#537;i binefacerilor lini&#537;tii, dar este &#238;n mod evident mult mai util s&#259; practic&#259;m lini&#537;tea dec&#226;t s&#259; vorbim despre ea. Ce frumos plou&#259;.</p><p><em>Billit, R&#226;ul Kinabatangan, Borneo, 2017</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Fragmentarium (8). Ce legătură există între Olimpiade, "Don Quixote" și "Dune". ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Don Quijote &#537;i marea b&#259;t&#259;lie naval&#259; de la Lepanto]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/fragmentarium-7-peloponezul-don-quixote</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/fragmentarium-7-peloponezul-don-quixote</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 13:48:54 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s1R8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5edeae71-538e-46a2-9143-a064511627b0_3870x2580.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s1R8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5edeae71-538e-46a2-9143-a064511627b0_3870x2580.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s1R8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5edeae71-538e-46a2-9143-a064511627b0_3870x2580.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s1R8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5edeae71-538e-46a2-9143-a064511627b0_3870x2580.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s1R8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5edeae71-538e-46a2-9143-a064511627b0_3870x2580.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s1R8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5edeae71-538e-46a2-9143-a064511627b0_3870x2580.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s1R8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5edeae71-538e-46a2-9143-a064511627b0_3870x2580.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" 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/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5edeae71-538e-46a2-9143-a064511627b0_3870x2580.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s1R8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5edeae71-538e-46a2-9143-a064511627b0_3870x2580.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s1R8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5edeae71-538e-46a2-9143-a064511627b0_3870x2580.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s1R8!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5edeae71-538e-46a2-9143-a064511627b0_3870x2580.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><span>Don Quijote &#537;i marea b&#259;t&#259;lie naval&#259; de la Lepanto</span></h3><p><span>Unii spun c&#259; personajul </span><em><span>Don Quijote</span></em><span> a fost inspirat de Don Juan de Austria, bastardul lui Carol Quintul cu Barbara Bloomberg. Acest Don Juan a fost amiralul flotei Ligii Sfinte, &#238;nving&#259;toare &#238;n b&#259;t&#259;lia de la Lepanto (1571) contra berbero-otomanilor.</span></p><p><em>Lepanto</em> e pronun&#539;ia vene&#539;ian&#259; a numelui grecesc <em>Navpaktos</em>, care &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>&#536;antier Naval, lit. Leg&#259;torie de nave </em>de la <strong>&#957;&#945;&#965;&#962;</strong> (nav&#259;) &#537;i <strong>&#960;&#951;&#947;</strong> (a lega, a fixa). Se afl&#259; &#238;n Grecia, la intrarea &#238;n Golful Corint, vis-a-vis de Patras, cel mai mare ora&#537; din Peloponez.</p><p><span>Miguel Cervantes Saavedra a servit sub comanda lui &#238;n aceast&#259; b&#259;t&#259;lie (pe nava </span><em><span>Marquesa</span></em><span>). </span> &#206;n lupt&#259;, i s-a dat comanda unui skif cu care s&#259; h&#259;r&#539;uiasc&#259; flota otoman&#259;, sarcin&#259; de care s-a achitat cu o cinste pe care a purtat-o tot restul vie&#539;ii lui. <span> A terminat b&#259;t&#259;lia grav r&#259;nit la piept &#537;i la m&#226;na st&#226;ng&#259;, pe care ulterior nu &#537;i-a mai putut-o folosi. Din cauza bete&#537;ugului, Cervantes a fost poreclit </span><em><span>Ciungul din Lepanto </span></em><span>(</span><em><span>El manco de Lepanto).</span></em><span> </span></p><p>T&#226;n&#259;rul Cervantes <span>a stat apoi &#537;ase luni &#238;n spital &#238;n Sicilia, dup&#259; care a revenit &#238;n serviciul militar.</span><em><span> </span></em><span>&#206;n condi&#539;ii pe care nu prea le pricep - av&#226;nd &#238;n vedere infirmitatea -, a continuat s&#259; serveasc&#259; &#238;n flota militar&#259; spaniol&#259; &#238;nc&#259; patru ani, fiind luat prizonier &#238;n 1575 de pira&#539;ii berberi (despre care am scris mai mult &#238;n </span><a href="/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/p/note-de-lectura-istoria-pirateriei"><span>articolul despre &#8220;Istoria Pirateriei</span></a><span>&#8221;). </span>S-ar p&#259;rea c&#259; acolo s-a ales cu supranumele Saavedra, care ar veni din ar&#259;bescul <em>shaibedraa (ciungul). </em>Al&#539;ii zic c&#259; a &#238;mprumutat numele de la o rud&#259; &#238;ndep&#259;rtat&#259;.</p><p><span>Miguel a fost r&#259;scump&#259;rat cinci ani mai t&#226;rziu &#537;i s-a &#238;ntors la Madrid. &#206;n 1605 publica </span><em><span>Don Quixote, </span></em><span>iar &#238;n 1614 ap&#259;rea </span><em><span>C&#259;l&#259;torie &#238;n Parnassus (Viaje del Parnaso)</span></em><span>, o satir&#259; la adresa poe&#539;ilor spanioli din vremea lui. Culmea e c&#259; muntele Parnassus e la doi pa&#537;i de Lepanto. De la acela&#537;i Parnassus vine &#537;i numele cartierului parizian Montparnasse.</span></p><h3>Peloponezul &#537;i <em>Casa Atreides</em> din &#8220;Dune&#8221;</h3><p>Etimologic, <em>Peloponez/&#928;&#949;&#955;&#959;&#960;&#972;&#957;&#957;&#951;&#963;&#959;&#962;/Peloponissos</em> &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>Insula lui Pelops. </em></p><p>Peloponezul este o peninsul&#259;, dar leg&#259;tura cu corpul Greciei e at&#226;t de &#238;ngust&#259;, &#238;nc&#226;t anticii &#238;l considerau insul&#259; &#238;n toat&#259; legea (iar azi e tehnic insul&#259;, fiindc&#259; istmul e str&#259;b&#259;tut de Canalul Corint). Deci Pelops+nissos (insul&#259;) = <em>Peloponissos</em>. </p><p>Acest Pelops care d&#259; &#8220;titlul albumului&#8221; e un personaj cvasi-mitologic, fost rege al Pisei grece&#537;ti (cetatea-mam&#259; a Pisei italiene), aflat&#259; la doi kilometri de Olympia antic&#259;, leag&#259;nul jocurilor olimpice. Care jocuri olimpice au fost inaugurate &#238;n cinstea lui Pelops.</p><p>Domnul Pelops a avut un fiu, pe nume Atreus, fondatorul dinastiei Atreizilor. Printre cei mai ilu&#537;tri membri ai acestei dinastii se num&#259;r&#259; Menelaus (rege al Spartei) &#537;i Agammemnon (suveran al Mycenei), protagoni&#537;ti ai R&#259;zboiului Troian &#537;i fii ai lui Atreus.</p><p>&#206;n capodopera S.F. &#8220;Dune&#8221;, Frank Herbert face o trimitere <strong>inten&#539;ionat&#259;</strong> la Agammemnon, &#238;nvestindu-l pe Paul <strong>Atreides</strong>, personajul principal, cu o descenden&#539;&#259; direct&#259; din dinastia fondat&#259; de Atreus, fiul lui Pelops. Paul Atreides este un Agammemnon proiectat &#238;ntr-un viitor imaginar. Iar <em>Casa Atreides</em> &#238;i reprezint&#259; pe urma&#537;ii lui Atreu, fiul lui Pelops, patronul Peloponezului. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://bradflorescu.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">M-a&#537; abona s&#259; mai citesc din astea, c&#259; de politic&#259; &#537;i scandaluri m-am s&#259;turat.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Fragmentarium (7). Cum a ajuns Creta pe mâna venețienilor.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Dac&#259; Creta de ast&#259;zi e cum e, se cuvine s&#259;-i mul&#539;umim &#537;i unui m&#259;runt nobil franco-german pe care nu l-a dus capul la mai mult.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/fragmentarium-8-cum-a-ajuns-creta</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/fragmentarium-8-cum-a-ajuns-creta</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 01 Aug 2026 10:18:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1h2X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43bfdb3a-95ad-4757-8801-2e1431db6362_1566x1047.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1h2X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43bfdb3a-95ad-4757-8801-2e1431db6362_1566x1047.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1h2X!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43bfdb3a-95ad-4757-8801-2e1431db6362_1566x1047.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1h2X!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1h2X!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43bfdb3a-95ad-4757-8801-2e1431db6362_1566x1047.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Creta, ca &#537;i Rom&#226;nia, a avut ghinionul de a se situa la intersec&#539;ia marilor vectori de for&#539;&#259; &#537;i interese ai lumii. De-a lungul secolelor, Creta a &#539;inut de Imperiul Roman de R&#259;s&#259;rit (supranumit <em>Bizantin</em>), de arabii egipteni, de vene&#539;ieni, de otomani &#537;i, pentru o foarte scurt&#259; dar s&#226;ngeroas&#259; perioad&#259; de nem&#539;ii lui Hitler.</p><p>Dintre toate aceste st&#259;p&#226;niri, una singur&#259; nu s-a ob&#539;inut prin lupt&#259;: cea vene&#539;ian&#259;, care a survenit ca efect al infamei Cruciade a Patra (1200-1204). Vene&#539;ia asigura logistica &#537;i transportul pe mare al trupelor cruciate, dar cum Papa Inochentie III &#537;i liderii crucia&#539;ilor nu reu&#537;iser&#259; s&#259; str&#226;ng&#259; suficien&#539;i bani ca s&#259; pl&#259;tasc&#259;, dogele Enrico Dandolo a cerut &#8220;plata &#238;n natur&#259;&#8221;, adic&#259; atacuri &#238;n punctele unde poruncea el. </p><p>&#536;i astfel cruciada, care &#238;&#537;i declarase ca &#539;el recucerirea Ierusalimului din m&#226;inile egiptenilor, a debutat prin a ataca rivalii Vene&#539;iei de pe coasta Adriaticii (cet&#259;&#539;ile Zadar &#537;i Ragusa/Dubrovnik) &#537;i a sf&#226;r&#537;it prin cucerirea &#537;i devastarea Constantinopolului. Ocazie cu care au ajuns la Vene&#539;ia nenum&#259;rate odoare care &#238;mpodobesc azi Catedrala San Marco, un l&#259;ca&#537; de cult ornat cu fur&#259;ciuni.</p><p>C&#259;derea definit&#259; a Imperiului Roman de R&#259;s&#259;rit dou&#259; secole &#537;i ceva mai t&#226;rziu a fost favorizat&#259; de distrugerile pricinuite de crucia&#539;i &#238;n timpul asediului.</p><p>Printre c&#259;peteniile Cruciadei s-a num&#259;rat &#537;i un anume Bonifaciu de Montferrat, nobil din Piemont, fratele lui William &#8220;Spad&#259;lung&#259;&#8221; de Montferrat, fost duce de Jaffa &#537;i Askelon &#238;n regatul Ierusalimului.</p><p>Acest Bonifaciu pornise la drum cu impresia (sau cu promisiunea) c&#259; va primi un tron, fie la Ierusalim, fie &#238;n Bizan&#539;. Dar dup&#259; ce zidurile Constantinopolului au c&#259;zut &#537;i s-a trecut la &#238;mp&#259;r&#539;irea pr&#259;zii, lui Bonifaciu i s-a oferit &#8220;doar&#8221; Creta. Dezam&#259;git &#537;i neav&#226;nd mijloacele s-o ia &#238;n st&#259;p&#226;nire, noul proprietar <strong>a v&#226;ndut insula </strong>vene&#539;ienilor pentru 1000 de m&#259;rci de argint &#537;i &#238;n schimbul promisiunii c&#259; va primi sus&#539;inere pentru tronul Salonicului. Pe care Bonifaciu l-a &#537;i primit &#238;n 1205, dar l-a p&#259;strat p&#259;strat doar p&#226;n&#259; &#238;n 1207, c&#226;nd a fost ucis de vlahii lui Ioni&#539;&#259; Caloian, conduc&#259;torul &#538;aratului Vlaho-Bulgar. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://bradflorescu.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Facebook nu vrea s&#259; afi&#537;eze articolele partajate din Substack, pe care-l consider&#259; concuren&#539;&#259;. Ca s&#259; afli c&#226;nd mai scriu ceva aici, ar fi ideal s&#259; te abonezi. </p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><p>Dac&#259; Bonifaciu s-a stins repede, nu acela&#537;i lucru se poate spune despre st&#259;p&#226;nirea vene&#539;ian&#259; asupra Cretei, care a durat aproape 450 de ani. A fost o st&#259;p&#226;nire tiranic&#259;, de model pur extractiv &#537;i cu o puternic&#259; dimensiune anti-ortodox&#259;. Vene&#539;ia &#537;i-a dizlocat aproape o &#537;esime din popula&#539;ia de atunci pentru a coloniza Creta, oferind cet&#259;&#539;enilor s&#259;i statut privilegiat &#238;n raport cu popula&#539;ia local&#259;, pe care s-a str&#259;duit s-o &#8220;civilizeze&#8221;, inclusiv religios.</p><p>Creta a fost cre&#537;tinat&#259; &#238;nc&#259; din secolul I dup&#259; Hristos de Apostolul Tit, l&#259;sat acolo de Sf&#226;ntul Apostol Pavel dup&#259; naufragiul de pe coasta sudic&#259; a Cretei.</p><p>&#206;n punctul unde se crede c&#259; a debarcat Apostolul Pavel s-a construit acum mai bine de o mie de ani bisericu&#539;a din imaginea de copert&#259; a articolului <em>(fotografia e f&#259;cut&#259; de mine, ca s&#259; nu existe AIndoieli).</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Fragmentarium (6). Nume care opresc nașterea de prunci.]]></title><description><![CDATA[De unde afl&#259;m c&#259; Oprea &#537;i Stamate sunt de fapt acela&#537;i nume.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/fragmentarium-6-nume-care-opresc</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/fragmentarium-6-nume-care-opresc</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 29 Jul 2026 19:30:13 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pTcS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fdaf5d-c84a-450a-8e42-257b70092cb3_2000x1333.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pTcS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fdaf5d-c84a-450a-8e42-257b70092cb3_2000x1333.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pTcS!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fdaf5d-c84a-450a-8e42-257b70092cb3_2000x1333.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pTcS!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fdaf5d-c84a-450a-8e42-257b70092cb3_2000x1333.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pTcS!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34fdaf5d-c84a-450a-8e42-257b70092cb3_2000x1333.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>M-au intrigat numele grece&#537;ti <em>&#931;&#964;&#945;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#951;&#962;/Stamatis</em> sau <em>&#931;&#964;&#945;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#954;&#951;&#963;/Stamatakis</em>, o dat&#259; pentru c&#259; sun&#259; ca rom&#226;ne&#537;tile <em>Stamate, Stamatache, </em>&#537;i-n al doilea r&#226;nd pentru c&#259; &#238;n grece&#537;te <em>&#963;&#964;&#945;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#969;/stamatao </em>&#238;nseamn&#259; &#8220;a opri/a se opri.&#8221; Ciudat&#259; r&#259;d&#259;cin&#259; pentru un nume. </p><p>&#913;m investigat.</p><p>Prenumele <em>Stamatis </em>li se d&#259;dea copiilor &#238;n dou&#259; situa&#539;ii:</p><ol><li><p>Ca s&#259; curme un &#537;ir nefast de prunci mor&#539;i la na&#537;tere sau imediat dup&#259; aceea.</p></li><li><p>Ca s&#259; curme un &#537;ir de na&#537;teri reu&#537;ite, atunci c&#226;nd familia nu mai dorea &#537;i al&#539;i copii. Sensul era de <em>ultimul copil dorit. </em></p></li></ol><p>De aici la rom&#226;ne&#537;tile <em>Stamate </em>&#537;i <em>Stamatache </em>se trag u&#537;or liniile. Sunt nume de origine (sau m&#259;car influen&#539;&#259;) greceasc&#259;.</p><p>Dar stai, c&#259; avem &#537;i noi ni&#537;te nume pe ideea de <em>a opri</em>: Oprea, Opran, Opri&#537;or, Oprescu etc. <em>Dic&#539;ionarul Onomastic </em>al lui Constantinescu ne l&#259;mure&#537;te: la rom&#226;ni, prenumele <em>Oprea/Opri&#537;or</em> se d&#259;dea pentru func&#539;ia doi, aceea a opririi &#537;irului de progenituri. &#206;n plus, <em>Oprea</em> avea uneori func&#539;ie apotropaic&#259;, &#238;l proteja pe copil de duhuri rele, boli &#537;i nenorociri. </p><p>Deci <em>Oprea</em> &#537;i <em>Stamate</em> sunt acela&#537;i nume, dar &#238;n limbi diferite. </p><p>R&#259;d&#259;cina  PIE (Proto-Indo-European&#259;) <strong>steh </strong>o reg&#259;sim &#537;i &#238;n greac&#259;, &#537;i &#238;n rom&#226;n&#259;, &#537;i &#238;n multe alte limbi cu acela&#537;i sens de <em>statornicie, nemi&#537;care, soliditate. </em>De aici vin<em> a sta, stan&#259;, st&#226;nc&#259;, stiv&#259;, st&#259;p&#226;n. </em>Numele<em> Stan </em>&#537;i<em> Stanciu </em>tot de aici deriv&#259;<em>. </em>&#206;n greac&#259;, avem nu doar <em>&#963;&#964;&#945;&#956;&#945;/&#963;&#964;&#945;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#969; (a sta, a opri)</em>, ci &#537;i<em> &#963;&#964;&#945;&#965;&#961;&#959;&#962;/stavros = cruce, </em>care ini&#539;ial &#238;nsemna<em> par &#238;nfipt &#238;n p&#259;m&#226;nt. &#206;n persan&#259;, </em><strong>steh</strong> a dat printre altele sufixul <em>-stan</em>, cu sens de <em>loc </em>sau <em>&#539;ar&#259;</em>, pe care-l reg&#259;sim &#238;n <em>Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Kazahstan</em> etc. </p><p>&#206;n italian&#259;, func&#539;ia lui Stamate &#537;i Oprea o &#238;ndepline&#537;te numele <em>Fermo/Fermi</em>, care e cognat (&#238;nrudit) cu <em>ferm,</em> <em>ferm&#259;, firm&#259;, firmament, fermoar, afirma&#539;ie. </em>Toate au la baz&#259; latinescul <em>firmo = a consolida, a fortifica, a dura, a &#238;nt&#259;ri</em>.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Etimologii (10). Caraghios-Caragiu. Argument-Argint-Argilă. Scriitor-Scroafă.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Cine s-ar fi g&#226;ndit c&#259; scriitorul e &#238;nrudit etimologic cu scroafa?]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/etimologii-10-caraghios-caragiu-argument</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/etimologii-10-caraghios-caragiu-argument</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 26 Jul 2026 12:01:31 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!titd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e626c6-50f8-421d-803a-414c961eb41c_2000x1333.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!titd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e626c6-50f8-421d-803a-414c961eb41c_2000x1333.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!titd!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e626c6-50f8-421d-803a-414c961eb41c_2000x1333.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!titd!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e626c6-50f8-421d-803a-414c961eb41c_2000x1333.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!titd!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e626c6-50f8-421d-803a-414c961eb41c_2000x1333.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!titd!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e626c6-50f8-421d-803a-414c961eb41c_2000x1333.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!titd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e626c6-50f8-421d-803a-414c961eb41c_2000x1333.jpeg" width="1456" height="970" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/74e626c6-50f8-421d-803a-414c961eb41c_2000x1333.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:970,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2064808,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://bradflorescu.substack.com/i/208428212?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e626c6-50f8-421d-803a-414c961eb41c_2000x1333.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!titd!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e626c6-50f8-421d-803a-414c961eb41c_2000x1333.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!titd!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e626c6-50f8-421d-803a-414c961eb41c_2000x1333.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!titd!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e626c6-50f8-421d-803a-414c961eb41c_2000x1333.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!titd!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e626c6-50f8-421d-803a-414c961eb41c_2000x1333.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>Caraghios</h3><p>vine din turcescul <strong>karag&#246;z</strong>.<em> </em>Acest <em>Karag&#246;z</em> era protagonistul - &#537;i numele - teatrului de umbre at&#226;t de popular &#238;n lumea otoman&#259;. &#206;l &#238;nt&#226;lnim sub denumiri similare &#238;n multe dintre teritoriile care au fost st&#259;p&#226;nite de turci, inclusiv &#238;n Grecia, unde spectacolele de <em>karaghiozis </em>sunt populare &#537;i &#238;n zilele noastre (chiar asear&#259; l-am dus pe Iliu&#539;&#259; la unul &#537;i s-a distrat foarte tare).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAsV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f97a9fa-4316-495d-801d-f012a30e3c90_400x633.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAsV!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f97a9fa-4316-495d-801d-f012a30e3c90_400x633.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAsV!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f97a9fa-4316-495d-801d-f012a30e3c90_400x633.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAsV!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f97a9fa-4316-495d-801d-f012a30e3c90_400x633.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAsV!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f97a9fa-4316-495d-801d-f012a30e3c90_400x633.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAsV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f97a9fa-4316-495d-801d-f012a30e3c90_400x633.png" width="272" height="430.44" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3f97a9fa-4316-495d-801d-f012a30e3c90_400x633.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:633,&quot;width&quot;:400,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:272,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Karagiozis - Wikipedia&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Karagiozis - Wikipedia" title="Karagiozis - Wikipedia" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAsV!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f97a9fa-4316-495d-801d-f012a30e3c90_400x633.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAsV!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f97a9fa-4316-495d-801d-f012a30e3c90_400x633.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAsV!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f97a9fa-4316-495d-801d-f012a30e3c90_400x633.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAsV!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f97a9fa-4316-495d-801d-f012a30e3c90_400x633.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Karaghiozis, versiunea greceasc&#259; a personajului. Sursa: Wikipedia.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Etimologia lui <em>karag&#246;z</em> nu e mai pu&#539;in interesant&#259;. Termenul se compune din <em>kara</em>=negru &#537;i <em>goz</em>=ochi. Deci <em>ochi negri. </em>Din <em>goz </em>e foarte probabil c&#259; a descins <em>g&#252;zel</em>, care &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>frumos </em>&#238;n turc&#259;. <em>Pl&#259;cut ochiului</em>. </p><p>Prefixul <em>kara</em> apare &#238;n toponime precum <em>Karadeniz </em>(Marea Neagr&#259;) sau &#238;n patronime. <em>Karagiannis</em>, de pild&#259;, &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>Iannis cel brunet. </em>&#206;n parantez&#259; fie spus, acesta era numele original al marelui dirijor austriac Herbert von Karajan, al c&#259;rui str&#259;-str&#259;bunic era arom&#226;n din Macedonia. La noi, prefixul <em>Cara</em> apare &#238;n general &#238;n nume arom&#226;ne (Caramitru, Caragiu).</p><h3>Argument, Argint, Argil&#259;</h3><p>au &#238;n comun r&#259;d&#259;cina proto-indo-european&#259; <em><strong>arg</strong>, </em>care &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>str&#259;lucitor, limpede. </em>Dac&#259; la <em>argint </em>lucrurile sunt destul de evidente, <em>argument</em> necesit&#259; o explica&#539;ie suplimentar&#259;. Latinii au construit pe r&#259;d&#259;cina <em>arg</em> verbul <em>arguere</em> = <em>a limpezi, a l&#259;muri, a explica. </em>Rezultatul lui <em>arguere</em> este <em>argumentum; </em>dovada, proba, logica din spatele unei afirma&#539;ii. Ca s&#259; folosesc un termen mai vechi, dar mai precis &#238;n contextul de fa&#539;&#259;, <em>a argumenta</em> &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>a &#238;nvedera. </em>A pune &#238;n vedere. </p><p><em>Argil&#259;</em> e un compus grecesc pe r&#259;d&#259;cina <em>&#945;&#961;&#947;/arg </em>&#537;i &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>p&#259;m&#226;nt lucios. </em>Din acela&#537;i <em>&#945;&#961;&#947;</em> provine denumirea regiunii Argolia din Peloponez &#537;i a ora&#537;ului Argos. </p><p><em>Argonau&#539;ii</em>, pe de alt&#259; parte, &#537;i-au luat numele de la corabia pe care navigau, <em>Argo</em> (care se scrie <em>&#913;&#961;&#947;&#969;, </em>cu <em>omega</em>). <em>Naut </em>vine din grecescul <em>&#957;&#945;&#965;&#964;&#953;&#962;=marinar, </em>care la r&#226;ndul s&#259;u vine din r&#259;d&#259;cina &#957;&#945;&#965;&#962;/<em>naus</em>=<em>nav&#259;. </em>De aici avem <em>nav&#259;, nautic, </em>dar &#537;i <em>naosul </em>bisericilor. Deci argonau&#539;ii n-au nicio treab&#259; etimologic cu <em>arg-</em>ul str&#259;lucitor (dac&#259; facem abstrac&#539;ie de l&#226;na de aur).</p><h3>Scris</h3><p><span>vine din r&#259;d&#259;cina PIE </span><strong><span>skrabh</span></strong><span>= </span><strong><span>a s&#259;pa</span></strong><span>, </span>care s-a ramificat at&#226;t fonetic, c&#226;t &#537;i semantic.</p><p>Cel care s&#259;pa-scrijelea &#238;n piatr&#259; sau lemn, ulterior pe papirus sau h&#226;rtie se numea <em>scrib. </em>Iar activitatea lui - <em>scris. </em>&#206;n latin&#259; avem <em>scrobis</em>=&#537;an&#539;, <em>scribo=</em>a scrie, <em>scrofa=cea care r&#226;c&#226;ie &#238;n p&#259;m&#226;nt.</em></p><p>&#206;l reg&#259;sim pe <em>skrabh </em>at&#226;t &#238;n rom&#226;nescul <em>a scrijeli</em>, c&#226;t &#537;i &#238;n englezescul <em>scrub/scrubbing.  </em></p><p>&#206;n greac&#259;, acel <em>skrabh</em> a devenit <em>&#947;&#961;&#945;&#966;/graf. </em>La &#238;nceput, <em>&#947;&#961;&#945;&#966;&#969;/grafo </em>&#238;nsemna &#537;i <em>a s&#259;pa, a r&#226;c&#226;i, a sc&#259;rpina</em>. Abia ulterior a &#238;nceput s&#259; semnifice <em>a scrie. </em>De la acest verb <em>grafo</em> avem <em>&#947;&#961;&#945;&#956;&#956;&#945;/gramma=linie trasat&#259;, </em>care &#238;n greac&#259; &#238;nseamn&#259; &#537;i <em>liter&#259;. </em>Din <em>graf </em>&#537;i <em>gramma</em> au ie&#537;it <em>grafie (</em>cu to&#539;i deriva&#539;ii ei, <em>caligrafie, geografie, paleografie </em>etc.<em>), gramatic&#259;, paralelogram </em>&#537;i a&#537;a mai departe.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Etimologii (9). Om, umil, humă. Dovada că suntem niște ceramici.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Despre umil, hum&#259; &#537;i tot ce-i omenesc.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/etimologii-9-umil-huma-om-dovada</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/etimologii-9-umil-huma-om-dovada</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 18:55:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nIXj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F681724e5-c046-4463-916b-3406851060d9_2000x1500.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nIXj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F681724e5-c046-4463-916b-3406851060d9_2000x1500.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nIXj!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F681724e5-c046-4463-916b-3406851060d9_2000x1500.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nIXj!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F681724e5-c046-4463-916b-3406851060d9_2000x1500.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nIXj!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F681724e5-c046-4463-916b-3406851060d9_2000x1500.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nIXj!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F681724e5-c046-4463-916b-3406851060d9_2000x1500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nIXj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F681724e5-c046-4463-916b-3406851060d9_2000x1500.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/681724e5-c046-4463-916b-3406851060d9_2000x1500.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2694293,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://bradflorescu.substack.com/i/207917009?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F681724e5-c046-4463-916b-3406851060d9_2000x1500.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nIXj!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F681724e5-c046-4463-916b-3406851060d9_2000x1500.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nIXj!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F681724e5-c046-4463-916b-3406851060d9_2000x1500.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nIXj!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F681724e5-c046-4463-916b-3406851060d9_2000x1500.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nIXj!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F681724e5-c046-4463-916b-3406851060d9_2000x1500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>S&#259; &#238;ncepem cu <em><strong>umil</strong></em>, despre care toate dic&#539;ionarele &#238;n vigoare sunt de acord c&#259; vine din latinescul <em>humilis</em>. Acest <em>humilis</em> din latin&#259; &#238;nsemna<em> una cu p&#259;m&#226;ntul</em>, adic&#259; una cu <em>humus*</em>, substantivul latinesc pentru &#8220;p&#259;m&#226;nt&#8221;. Umil = culcat la p&#259;m&#226;nt. E clar.</p><p><em>Humus, </em>la r&#226;ndul s&#259;u, e &#238;nrudit cu grecescul <em>&#967;&#969;&#956;&#945;/homa (movil&#259; de p&#259;m&#226;nt)</em>, care vine din r&#259;d&#259;cina <em>&#967;&#952;&#969;&#957;=p&#259;m&#226;nt</em> (de la care avem &#537;i &#238;n rom&#226;n&#259; preten&#539;iosul adjectiv <em>htonian</em>=<em>p&#259;m&#226;ntesc</em> sau <em>sub-p&#259;m&#226;ntean</em>, &#238;n func&#539;ie de context). </p><p>Rom&#226;nescul <em><strong>hum&#259;</strong> </em>(<em>argil&#259;</em>, dar &#537;i <em>p&#259;m&#226;nt, &#539;&#259;r&#226;n&#259;</em>) vine deci:</p><ul><li><p>fie din latinescul <em>humus </em>(de&#537;i schimbarea de gen nu se explic&#259;, <em>humus </em>fiind masculin),</p></li><li><p>fie din grecescul <em>homa, </em></p></li><li><p>fie dintr-o r&#259;d&#259;cin&#259; comun&#259; mai veche<em>. </em>Mihai Vinereanu zice &#238;n <strong><a href="https://editurauranus.ro/shop/dictionarul-etimologic-al-limbii-romane-de-mihai-vinereanu/">DET</a> </strong>c&#259; grecescul <em>&#967;&#952;&#969;&#957;</em> vine probabil din pelasgic&#259;, limba vorbit&#259; pe teritoriul Greciei &#238;nainte de venirea grecilor. Limba greac&#259; a &#238;mprumutat mii de cuvinte din pelasgic&#259;, inclusiv unele foarte comune, ca <em>&#952;&#945;&#955;&#945;&#963;&#963;&#945;</em> <em>(</em>mare<em>) sau &#949;&#955;&#945;&#953;&#945; </em>(m&#259;slin). &#536;i <em>keramos</em> de la care avem <em>ceramic&#259;</em> e probabil tot un cuv&#226;nt pesalgic. </p></li><li><p>&#206;n niciun caz, <em>hum&#259;</em> nu vine din bulgar&#259;, cum zice sinteza etimologic&#259; de pe dexonline.</p></li></ul><p>Dar <em>humus-</em>ul latinesc n-a dat doar <em>humilis</em>, ci &#537;i <em>homo </em>&#537;i <em>humanus</em>=<em>om, omenesc, </em>adic&#259; literalmente <em>f&#259;ptur&#259; din lut</em>. &#206;n latina arhaic&#259; era <em>hemo, </em>ceea ce ne-ar putea duce cu g&#226;ndul la s&#226;nge (<em>&#945;&#953;&#956;&#945;/hema </em>&#238;n grece&#537;te<em>)</em>. Dar dic&#539;ionarele nu ne dau nici etimologia formei <em>hemo </em>din latin&#259;, nici pe cea a lui <em>hema </em>din greac&#259;, deci nu putem uni puncte.</p><p>De la <em>humanus</em> avem <em><strong>om</strong> </em>&#238;n rom&#226;n&#259;, unde aspirata <em>h</em> s-a pierdut, ca &#537;i-n italian&#259;. Au p&#259;strat-o &#238;ns&#259; engleza (<em>human</em>), spaniola (<em>humano/hombre</em>) sau franceza <em>(homme/humain). </em>Fran&#539;uzescul <em>homme</em> se pronun&#539;&#259; ca rom&#226;nescul <em>om </em>&#537;i se scrie aproape ca grecescul <em>homa.</em></p><p>Prin urmare, <em>om </em>&#537;i <em>hum&#259; </em>sunt cognate (rude de s&#226;nge), av&#226;nd aceea&#537;i r&#259;d&#259;cin&#259; - <em>lut, p&#259;m&#226;nt - </em>lucru care confirm&#259; (poate istoric, poate doar simbolic) afirma&#539;ia din <em>Cartea</em> <em>Genezei</em>:</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;Atunci, lu&#226;nd Domnul Dumnezeu &#539;&#259;r&#226;n&#259; din p&#259;m&#226;nt, a f&#259;cut pe om &#537;i a suflat &#238;n fa&#539;a lui suflare de via&#539;&#259; &#537;i s-a f&#259;cut omul fiin&#539;&#259; vie. (Geneza 2:7)</p></blockquote><p><em>*hummus-ul care se &#238;ntinde pe p&#226;ine are etimologie semitic&#259; &#537;i se scrie cu doi &#8220;m&#8221; tocmai pentru a evita confuzia cu humusul-p&#259;m&#226;nt.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Pâinea noastră cea spre neființă.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Despre p&#226;ine, sare, cartof, despre procesul de g&#259;tire din perspectiv&#259; tradi&#539;ional&#259;.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/painea-noastra-cea-spre-nefiinta</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/painea-noastra-cea-spre-nefiinta</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2026 18:32:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fYqj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fbbddc-afa3-4475-b69a-8aa67eff9bf8_2000x1500.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fYqj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fbbddc-afa3-4475-b69a-8aa67eff9bf8_2000x1500.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fYqj!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fbbddc-afa3-4475-b69a-8aa67eff9bf8_2000x1500.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fYqj!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fbbddc-afa3-4475-b69a-8aa67eff9bf8_2000x1500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fYqj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fbbddc-afa3-4475-b69a-8aa67eff9bf8_2000x1500.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fYqj!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fbbddc-afa3-4475-b69a-8aa67eff9bf8_2000x1500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Am citit un eseu al profesorului australian Rodney Blackhirst despre perspectiva tradi&#539;ional&#259; asupra hranei. E o perspectiv&#259; care omului modern i-ar putea p&#259;rea excesiv de romantic&#259;, dac&#259; nu de-a dreptul mistic&#259; (sau </span><em><span>medieval&#259;</span></em><span>, cum eticheteaz&#259; omul </span><strong><span>ultramodern</span></strong><span> tot ce nu s-a &#238;nt&#226;mplat &#238;n timpul vie&#539;ii lui).</span></p><p><span>I-am trimis articolul &#537;i </span><a href="https://www.elenaflorescu.com/"><span>Elenei</span></a><span>, care se ocup&#259; cu nutri&#539;ia. Mi-a zis &#8220;</span><em><span>e fix a&#537;a cum zice omul&#8221;. </span></em><span>&#536;i ea &#238;ncearc&#259; s&#259;-&#537;i &#238;ndrume clientele c&#259;tre o abordare mai profund&#259; &#537;i mai fireasc&#259; asupra hranei. Dar e greu, fiindc&#259; nimeni nu se desparte u&#537;or de gre&#537;elile sale.</span></p><p><span>Am s&#259; &#238;ncerc s&#259; rezum aici c&#226;teva dintre ideile cele mai interesante ale eseului lui Blackhirst. </span></p><h3><strong><span>Facerea hranei ca o Facere a Lumii</span></strong></h3><p><span>&#206;n culturile tradi&#539;ionale, prepararea &#537;i servirea m&#226;nc&#259;rii sunt puternic ritualizate &#537;i se supun legilor divine. Ele constituie o art&#259; &#537;i o &#537;tiin&#539;&#259; cosmologic&#259;. &#206;n lumea modern&#259;,  m&#226;ncarea e o chestiune de utilitate, de mod&#259; &#537;i de satisfacere a pl&#259;cerilor senzoriale. Cei care propov&#259;duiesc &#238;ntoarcerea la hrana s&#259;n&#259;toas&#259; &#537;i acuz&#259; ruptura dintre </span><em><span>om &#537;i natur&#259;</span></em><span> trec &#238;ns&#259; cu vederea o ruptur&#259; mult mai grav&#259;, cea dintre </span><em><span>om &#537;i sacru. </span></em></p><p><span>Naturismul de azi e &#8222;o reac&#539;ie profan&#259;&#8221; care judec&#259; lucrurile &#238;n termeni de vitamine &#537;i compu&#537;i chimici. &#206;n lumea tradi&#539;iei, hrana e &#238;n primul r&#226;nd </span><strong><span>crea&#539;ie</span></strong><span>. E o expresie a milei &#537;i iubirii lui Dumnezeu. </span></p><blockquote><p><em><span>Omul traditional vede cupola universului &#238;n negrul concav al wok-ului, vede boabele de orez ca stele, iar legumele &#8211; semilune de morcov sau p&#259;st&#226;rnac &#8211; ca imagini ale planetelor.</span></em></p></blockquote><h3><span>Chimie &#537;i alchimie alimentar&#259;</span></h3><p><span>Chimia profan&#259; clasific&#259; m&#226;nc&#259;rurile dup&#259; con&#539;inutul de carbohidra&#539;i, anti-oxidan&#539;i &#537;i altele asemenea. &#206;n vechime, categoriile utilizate erau unele cosmologice, cum ar fi </span><em><span>yin </span></em><span>&#537;i </span><em><span>yang</span></em><span> din sistemul chinezesc. Buc&#259;t&#259;ria chinez&#259; asocia fiec&#259;rui ingredient calit&#259;&#539;i </span><em><span>yin </span></em><span>sau </span><em><span>yang </span></em><span>&#537;i avea grij&#259; s&#259; le echilibreze. &#206;n Europa medieval&#259; exista sistemul celor patru umori, mo&#537;tenit de la vechii greci. Aveam m&#226;nc&#259;ruri calde, reci, uscate &#537;i umede, iar valoarea lor nutritiv&#259; era socotit&#259; dup&#259; ac&#539;iunea lor asupra organelor &#537;i a umorilor corespondente.</span></p><p><span>&#536;i &#238;n lumea musulman&#259; g&#259;sim un astfel de sistem. Exist&#259; dou&#259; categorii de m&#226;nc&#259;ruri: fierbin&#539;i (</span><em><span>garmi</span></em><span>) &#537;i reci (</span><em><span>sardi</span></em><span>), cu c&#226;te patru grade pe fiecare categorie. Clasificarea nu se f&#259;cea dup&#259; con&#539;inutul chimic, ci dup&#259; esen&#539;ele constitutive. Fiecare grad de </span><em><span>sardi </span></em><span>sau </span><em><span>garmi </span></em><span>afecta &#238;ntr-un fel sau altul s&#226;ngele, bila &#537;i alte secre&#539;ii din corp. </span></p><p><span>&#206;n&#539;elepciunea musulman&#259; statuta c&#259; pentru a avea o digestie complet&#259; e nevoie ca &#238;n corp s&#259; intre o anumit&#259; cantitate de hran&#259; </span><em><span>garmi </span></em><span>(cald&#259;) care s&#259; ajute &#8222;combustia&#8221;. &#206;n caz contrar, corpul r&#259;m&#226;nea &#8222;rece&#8221; &#537;i o parte important&#259; a nutrien&#539;ilor se pierdeau.</span></p><p><span>Blackhirst afirm&#259; c&#259; dieta occidental&#259; actual&#259; e foarte &#8222;rece&#8221; &#537;i nu favorizeaz&#259; o digestie c&#226;t de c&#226;t decent&#259;. &#206;n timp, organismul &#238;ncepe s&#259; sufere &#537;i apeleaz&#259; la medicamente (care sunt toate &#8222;fierbin&#539;i&#8221;).</span></p><p><span>(Nu cred c&#259; mai e nevoie s&#259; subliniez c&#259; aici nu discut&#259;m despre </span><em><span>temperatura </span></em><span>hranei, ci despre </span><em><span>caracterul</span></em><span> ei).</span></p><h3><span>Timpul ca nutrient</span></h3><p><span>Noi, cei de azi, g&#259;tim repede spre foarte repede, &#238;ns&#259; &#238;n vechime timpul era </span><strong><span>un ingredient</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>nutritiv esen&#539;ial</span></strong><span>. Hrana se g&#259;tea &#238;ndelung, la foc mic, nu doar pentru a deveni comestibil&#259; (ca &#238;n cazul cerealelor) ci &#537;i pentru a fi transmutat&#259;. De altfel &#8211; zice Blackhirst &#8211; arta culinar&#259; tradi&#539;ional&#259; nu era prea diferit&#259; ca practici de alchimie.</span></p><p><span>E dat exemplul celebrei supe evreie&#537;ti &#238;n care un pui se fierbea timp de &#537;apte zile, p&#226;n&#259; devenea o past&#259; gelatinoas&#259;. Practic, devenea </span><strong><span>altceva</span></strong><span> dec&#226;t un pui.</span></p><p><span>&#206;n Asia exist&#259; tradi&#539;ia ou&#259;lor murate, proces care poate dura ani &#238;ntregi (sau sute de ani). Ia la final, ceea ce rezult&#259; nu mai e un ou, ci o materie cu totul nou&#259;.</span></p><h3><strong><span>Revolu&#539;ia cartofului</span></strong></h3><p><span>Zice c&#259;-n Europa lucrurile au mers bini&#537;or p&#226;n&#259; c&#226;nd s-a adus cartoful de peste Atlantic, &#238;n secolele XVI-XVII. Introducerea lui a coincis cu un curent de materialism &#537;i scepticism fa&#539;&#259; de tradi&#539;ie. Iar dieta european&#259;, bazat&#259; p&#226;n&#259; atunci pe cereale, a virat c&#259;tre cartof.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://bradflorescu.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Brad Florescu's Fragmentarium is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><span>Din punct de vedere al tradi&#539;iei, distan&#539;a de la gr&#226;u la cartof e uria&#537;&#259;. Gr&#226;ul e o plant&#259; (sau o f&#259;ptur&#259; vegetal&#259;, dac&#259; vrei) mare iubitoare de lumin&#259;, care cre&#537;te vertical, spre Soare. Cartoful e o f&#259;ptur&#259; subteran&#259;, cu cre&#537;tere orizontal&#259; prin diviziune, care ur&#259;&#537;te Soarele at&#226;t de mult, &#238;nc&#226;t &#238;ncepe s&#259; secrete toxine c&#226;nd e expus la lumin&#259;. De unde europenii se alimentaser&#259; p&#226;n&#259; atunci cu soarele &#238;ncapsulat &#238;n gr&#226;u sau mei, dup&#259; introducerea cartofului au &#238;nceput s&#259; ingurgiteze &#238;ntuneric.</span></p><p><span>Coincident, Parlamentul Francez a interzis cultura cartofului &#238;n 1748, numindu-l &#8222;r&#259;d&#259;cina Diavolului&#8221;. Interdic&#539;ia s-a ridicat &#238;n 1772, iar 17 ani mai t&#226;rziu a izbucnit Revolu&#539;ia Francez&#259;. S-a digerat relativ repede.</span></p><h3><strong><span>P&#226;inea</span></strong></h3><p><span>Zice Blackhirst c&#259; p&#226;inea pe care o m&#226;nc&#259;m noi azi nu e p&#226;ine, ci mai degrab&#259; o pr&#259;jitur&#259;. P&#226;inea de la mama ei se f&#259;cea cu maia de cas&#259;. Se amesteca ni&#537;te f&#259;in&#259; cu ni&#537;te ap&#259; &#537;i se l&#259;sa afar&#259;, ca s&#259; prind&#259; micro-organismele din </span><strong><span>aerul &#238;nconjur&#259;tor</span></strong><span>. Pun&#226;nd acea maia &#238;n p&#226;ine, omul &#238;&#537;i acorda flora intestinal&#259; la cea a mediului &#238;n care tr&#259;ia.</span></p><p><span>&#206;n secolul XIX, ni&#537;te chimi&#537;ti nem&#539;i au izolat o tulpin&#259; de drojdie activ&#259;, au multiplicat-o &#537;i au introdus-o &#238;n produc&#539;ie. A&#537;a s-a intrat &#238;n zodia p&#226;inii industriale, unde orice franzel&#259; con&#539;ine aceea&#537;i drojdie din acela&#537;i laborator. Dup&#259; ce s-a accentuat &#537;i rafinarea f&#259;inii, s-a ajuns la p&#226;inea super-pufoas&#259; &#537;i slab nutritiv&#259; pe care o g&#259;sim azi pe toate drumurile. Dar aceea nu este </span><strong><span>p&#226;ine</span></strong><span> &#238;n accep&#539;iunea clasic&#259; a cuv&#226;ntului.</span></p><h3><strong><span>Sarea</span></strong></h3><p><span>Sarea de azi con&#539;ine aditivi, agen&#539;i liberi &#537;i conservan&#539;i (ceea ce e u&#537;or absurd, fiindc&#259; sarea &#238;ns&#259;&#537;i e un conservant). Societ&#259;&#539;ile tradi&#539;ionale priveau sarea ca pe un ingredient sacru, care cataliza experien&#539;a gustativ&#259;. Sarea industrial&#259; mascheaz&#259; lipsa gustului, ceea ce e cu totul altceva.</span></p><p><span>Sarea e un simbol al purit&#259;&#539;ii &#537;i &#238;n&#539;elepciunii. F&#259;r&#259; efectul ei de catalizator, transmutarea elementelor din hran&#259; nu mai are loc. O g&#259;sim &#238;n nenum&#259;rate pove&#537;ti &#8211; inclusiv &#238;n </span><em><span>Sarea &#238;n bucate</span></em><span> &#8211; pe post de piatr&#259; filosofal&#259;, cheie de bolt&#259; a transform&#259;rilor esen&#539;iale din procesul g&#259;tirii.</span></p><blockquote><p><em><span>Bun&#259; este sarea; dac&#259; &#238;ns&#259; sarea &#238;&#537;i pierde puterea, cu ce o ve&#539;i drege? S&#259; ave&#539;i sare &#238;ntru voi &#537;i s&#259; tr&#259;i&#539;i &#238;n pace unii cu al&#539;ii. (Marcu 9:50).</span></em></p></blockquote><p><span>Concluzia autorului, tradus&#259; mot-a-mot:</span></p><blockquote><p><em><span>M&#226;ncarea industrial&#259; este nutre&#539; pentru robo&#539;i, hran&#259; f&#259;r&#259; suflet pentru fiin&#539;e f&#259;r&#259; suflet. Asta nu e doar o problem&#259; de s&#259;n&#259;tate, ci &#537;i de rela&#539;ie a noastr&#259; cu macro-cosmosul, cu rostul nostru de creaturi &#238;n cadrul Crea&#539;iei.</span></em></p></blockquote><p>Articolul complet al lui Blackhirst poate fi consultat <a href="https://www.themathesontrust.org/library/alchemy-of-food">aici</a>. </p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Evoluția limbilor: cazul cazurilor. ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Unele limbi au 18 cazuri gramaticale, altele nu au niciunul. Da' de ce?]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/evolutia-limbilor-cazul-cazurilor</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/evolutia-limbilor-cazul-cazurilor</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 18:40:03 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRpQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda561716-0b11-429a-9982-d8fd13912557_2000x1333.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRpQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda561716-0b11-429a-9982-d8fd13912557_2000x1333.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRpQ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda561716-0b11-429a-9982-d8fd13912557_2000x1333.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRpQ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda561716-0b11-429a-9982-d8fd13912557_2000x1333.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRpQ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, 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/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda561716-0b11-429a-9982-d8fd13912557_2000x1333.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRpQ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda561716-0b11-429a-9982-d8fd13912557_2000x1333.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRpQ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda561716-0b11-429a-9982-d8fd13912557_2000x1333.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRpQ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda561716-0b11-429a-9982-d8fd13912557_2000x1333.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>(Acesta nu este un articol cu preten&#539;ii academice. Sunt ni&#537;te noti&#539;e cu public.)</em></p><p>Exist&#259; o tendin&#539;&#259;, observat&#259; de-a lungul secolelor, ca limbile sintetice s&#259; devin&#259; limbi analitice. Acest&#259; tendin&#539;&#259; a afectat &#537;i limba rom&#226;n&#259;, dar mult mai pu&#539;in dec&#226;t pe suratele ei romanice.</p><p>Mai &#238;nt&#226;i, s&#259; definim ce &#238;nseamn&#259; <em>sintetic </em>&#537;i <em>analitic </em>&#238;n termeni lingvistici. O limb&#259; sintetic&#259; imprim&#259; roluri cuvintelor ad&#259;ug&#226;ndu-le prefixe, sufixe &#537;i flexiuni. <em>Maria </em>devine <em>Mari<strong>ei </strong></em>la Genitiv-Dativ. Acest caracter sintetic permite - printre altele - concizie &#537;i flexibilitate &#238;n exprimare. <em>I-am dat Mariei cartea</em> are acela&#537;i sens cu <em>Mariei i-am dat cartea</em> &#537;i cu <em>i-am dat cartea Mariei. </em></p><p>Limbile analitice las&#259; cuvintele a&#537;a cum sunt &#537;i le dirijeaz&#259; prin prepozi&#539;ii. Ca &#238;n englez&#259;, unde <em>Maria</em> devine la Genitiv <em>Maria&#8217;s </em>&#537;i la Dativ <em>to Maria. </em>Dar nu te mai po&#539;i juca cu ordinea cuvintelor &#537;i trebuie s&#259; fii foarte precis &#238;n plasamentul prepozi&#539;iilor. Avantajul e c&#259; sunt mai u&#537;or de &#238;nv&#259;&#539;at.</p><p>Engleza este dealtfel un exemplu clasic de tranzi&#539;ie de la o limb&#259; sintetic&#259;, cu forme distincte pentru fiecare caz &#238;n parte, la una analitic&#259;, proptit&#259; &#238;n prepozi&#539;ii. Engleza modern&#259; are doar trei flexiuni cazuale, c&#226;t de c&#226;t vizibile la pronume: Nominativul (<em>I/you/he-she</em>), Acuzativul (<em>me/you/him-her</em>) &#537;i Genitivul <em>(mine/yours/his-her</em>). Pentru Dativ se folose&#537;te forma de Acuzativ (<em>give <strong>me</strong> the ball</em>), iar pentru Vocativ cea de Nominativ. Substantivele nu flexeaz&#259;.</p><p>&#206;n schimb, engleza veche (sau Anglo-Saxona), care s-a vorbit &#238;n insul&#259; &#238;n prima jum&#259;tate a Evului Mediu, era sintetic&#259;, flexionar&#259;, &#537;i avea cinci cazuri clare: N, Ac, G, D &#537;i un Instrumental. Pierderea flexiunii s-a petrecut foarte rapid dup&#259; secolul XI, sub presiunea francezei &#537;i a danezei. </p><p>S&#259; revenim la rom&#226;n&#259;. Nominativul &#537;i Acuzativul, de&#537;i cazuri distincte, au aceea&#537;i form&#259; &#537;i se deosebesc doar prin articulare &#537;i prepozi&#539;ionare (<em>c&#226;inele m&#259;n&#226;nc&#259; </em>vs. <em>am v&#259;zut c&#226;inele </em>sau <em>l-am v&#259;zut pe c&#226;ine</em>). Acela&#537;i lucru se &#238;nt&#226;mpl&#259; cu Genitivul &#537;i Dativul (<em>cartea Mariei</em> vs. <em>d&#259;-i cartea Mariei</em>). Deci, din punct de vedere morfologic, avem doar trei cazuri: Nominativ-Acuzativ, Genitiv-Dativ &#537;i Vocativ (<em>b&#259;iete, fato, c&#259;&#539;elule</em>, care sunt forme distincte &#537;i de N-A, &#537;i de G-D).</p><p>Din acest punct de vedere, rom&#226;na este at&#226;t o limb&#259; sintetic&#259; (folose&#537;te flexiuni pentru a codifica un caz gramatical), c&#226;t &#537;i una analitic&#259; (folose&#537;te prepozi&#539;ii). &#206;ns&#259; Dativul curat e pe duc&#259;. &#206;n limbajul curent, pu&#539;ini mai spun <em>d&#259;-i mingea Mariei</em>. Se folose&#537;te fie <em>d&#259;-i mingea lui Maria</em> fie, a&#537;a cum am auzit pe la unii ardeleni, chiar Acuzativul <em>d&#259;-i mingea <strong>la Maria</strong></em>. Chiar &#537;i la Genitiv auzim adesea <em>cartea lui Maria. </em></p><p>Limbile vechi erau mai bogate &#238;n cazuri gramaticale. Latina avea &#537;ase. Pe l&#226;ng&#259; cele cinci de mai sus, mai avea &#537;i Ablativul, un caz care se folosea pentru complementele de loc sau de mod. De pild&#259;, &#238;n propozi&#539;iile <em>ies din cetate </em>sau <em>lovesc cu sabia, <strong>cetate</strong></em> &#537;i <em><strong>sabie</strong></em> primeau termina&#539;ii de Ablativ. La un moment dat, latina avusese &#537;i cazurile Instrumental (<em>dau cu sapa</em>) &#537;i Locativ <em>(sunt &#238;n ora&#537;)</em> care s-au topit &#238;n ablativul original, care era cazul separ&#259;rii (<em>plec din ora&#537;</em>). Acest ablativ separativ s-a p&#259;strat &#238;n albanez&#259;, de&#537;i nu e o limb&#259; romanic&#259;. </p><p>Latina &#537;i-a p&#259;strat cele &#537;ase cazuri p&#226;n&#259; la &#8220;moarte&#8221;. Dar nu acela&#537;i lucru se poate spune despre descenden&#539;ii s&#259;i. Franceza, spaniola, portugheza, italiana &#537;i roman&#537;a nu au forme flexionare pentru cazuri. Sunt analitice. Rom&#226;na e singura excep&#539;ie din familie.</p><p>Hai s&#259; vedem cine-a mai p&#259;&#539;it-o &#537;i cine nu.</p><p>Greaca veche avea cinci cazuri (N, Ac, D, G, V), unde Dativul comasa &#537;i func&#539;iile instrumental&#259; &#537;i locativ&#259; mo&#537;tenite din Proto-Indo-European&#259;. &#206;n timp, func&#539;iile Dativului au fost preluate de Acuzativ &#537;i Genitiv. Ast&#259;zi, Dativul mai supravie&#539;uie&#537;te ca atare doar &#238;n expresii ca <em><span>&#916;&#959;&#958;&#945; &#964;&#969; &#920;&#949;&#969;</span></em><span> (Slav</span>&#259; Domnului), unde <em><span>&#920;&#949;&#969;</span></em><span> </span>este forma de D a lui <em><span>&#920;&#949;&#959;&#962;. </span></em><span>Greaca a pierdut a&#537;adar un caz &#238;n mai pu&#539;in de dou&#259; mii de ani.</span></p><p>Limbile slave s-au dovedit mai conservatoare. Slavona avea &#537;apte cazuri. S&#226;rba &#537;i poloneza le-au p&#259;strat pe toate &#537;apte: N, Ac, G, D, V, Instrumental &#537;i Locativ. Rusa are &#537;ase (Locativul s-a absorbit &#238;n cazul Prepozi&#539;ional). &#206;n schimb, alte idiomuri slave au renun&#539;at la cazuri de tot. Bulgara nu mai are niciunul. E singura (sau prima) din familia ei care a devenit analitic&#259;. Bine, bulgara are multe alte ciud&#259;&#539;enii care o disting de surorile slave: articuleaz&#259; prin sufix, p&#259;streaz&#259; aoristul (perfectul simplu), nu are infinitiv &#537;i altele. </p><p>Exist&#259; &#537;i limbi care se &#238;nc&#259;p&#259;&#539;&#226;neaz&#259; s&#259;-&#537;i prezerve zestrea de cazuri gramaticale. Finlandeza are nu mai pu&#539;in de 15 cazuri, dintre care &#537;ase locative, &#238;mp&#259;r&#539;ite &#238;n dou&#259;: trei pentru interior (<em>&#238;n, din, &#238;n&#259;untru</em>) &#537;i trei pentru exterior (<em>la, de la, c&#259;tre</em>). Maghiara, &#238;nrudit&#259; cu finlandeza, are 18 cazuri, multe cu func&#539;ie locativ&#259;. </p><p>Recordul mondial &#238;l de&#539;ine limba Tsez, vorbit&#259; &#238;n Daghestan, care zice-se c&#259; ar avea &#238;ntre 48 &#537;i 126 de cazuri (lingvi&#537;tii nu se pot pune de acord). Dintre acestea, cele mai multe sunt locative. Am citit un studiu (Comry, Polinski, <em>The great Daghestanian case hoax) </em>care zice c&#259;<span> </span>n-ar fi vorba at&#226;t despre cazuri distincte, c&#226;t despre combina&#539;ii de cazuri, ceea ce reduce num&#259;rul real la vreo 15-16. S&#259;racii.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Fragmentarium (5). Revolta lucrurilor.]]></title><description><![CDATA[A fost o vreme - &#537;i va fi din nou - c&#226;nd lucrurile se vor r&#259;scula &#238;mpotriva oamenilor.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/fragmentarium-5-revolta-lucrurilor</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/fragmentarium-5-revolta-lucrurilor</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 11 Jul 2026 11:45:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHfU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe53fe41a-5707-44f6-bb00-76fef172bdb8_3684x2456.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHfU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe53fe41a-5707-44f6-bb00-76fef172bdb8_3684x2456.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHfU!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe53fe41a-5707-44f6-bb00-76fef172bdb8_3684x2456.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHfU!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHfU!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe53fe41a-5707-44f6-bb00-76fef172bdb8_3684x2456.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#206;n cartea <em>Origin of Things/Vom Ursprung Der Dinge</em> a etnologului german Julius Lips, apare la un moment dat o ilustra&#539;ie care reproduce &#8222;<em>Revolta lucrurilor</em>&#8221;, o scen&#259; de pe un str&#259;vechi vas de lut g&#259;sit &#238;n Peru.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WGOk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3659239-c6cf-4ac6-9778-587938abb63e_5000x2168.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WGOk!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3659239-c6cf-4ac6-9778-587938abb63e_5000x2168.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WGOk!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3659239-c6cf-4ac6-9778-587938abb63e_5000x2168.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WGOk!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3659239-c6cf-4ac6-9778-587938abb63e_5000x2168.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WGOk!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3659239-c6cf-4ac6-9778-587938abb63e_5000x2168.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WGOk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3659239-c6cf-4ac6-9778-587938abb63e_5000x2168.jpeg" width="1456" height="631" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c3659239-c6cf-4ac6-9778-587938abb63e_5000x2168.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:631,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1330911,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://bradflorescu.substack.com/i/206565937?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3659239-c6cf-4ac6-9778-587938abb63e_5000x2168.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WGOk!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3659239-c6cf-4ac6-9778-587938abb63e_5000x2168.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WGOk!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3659239-c6cf-4ac6-9778-587938abb63e_5000x2168.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WGOk!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3659239-c6cf-4ac6-9778-587938abb63e_5000x2168.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WGOk!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3659239-c6cf-4ac6-9778-587938abb63e_5000x2168.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Aceast&#259; <strong>revolt&#259; sau r&#259;zmeri&#539;&#259; a lucrurilor</strong> e o tem&#259; mitologic&#259; foarte interesant&#259;, pe care o reg&#259;sim nu doar la peruvieni, ci &#537;i la vecinii maya&#537;i din America Central&#259;. Ea e expus&#259; mai pe larg &#238;n <em>Popol Vuh</em> (<em>Cartea poporului)</em>, sf&#226;nta scriptur&#259; a maya&#537;ilor, pe care o putem asem&#259;na, p&#259;str&#226;nd propor&#539;iile, cu cartea Genezei din Vechiul Testament. O versiune u&#537;or modificat&#259; apare &#537;i &#238;n literatura oral&#259; a culturii Moche, &#537;i &#238;ntr-un mural &#537;i dou&#259; vase peruviene datate &#238;ntre anii 100 &#537;i 800 dup&#259; Hristos.</p><p>Pe scurt, povestea este urm&#259;toarea.</p><p>La un moment dat, <em>oamenii de lemn </em>(adic&#259; cei f&#259;uri&#539;i de Divinitate) ajung s&#259; nu mai &#537;tie &#537;i s&#259; nu mai asculte de poruncile zeilor care i-au creat. Soarele se stinge, &#537;i timp de cinci zile &#537;i cinci nop&#539;i toat&#259; lumea e &#238;n bezn&#259;. Apoi, st&#226;ncile &#238;ncep s&#259; se bat&#259; cap &#238;n cap, iar peste oameni se abat un diluviu &#537;i o ploaie de pucioas&#259;. Animalele s&#259;lbatice &#238;ncep s&#259; &#238;i atace.</p><p>&#206;ntreaga fire se ridic&#259; la r&#259;zmeri&#539;&#259; &#238;mpotriva oamenilor neascult&#259;tori. Printre r&#259;scula&#539;i se num&#259;r&#259; pietrele de moar&#259;, p&#259;s&#259;rile comestibile, c&#226;inii de curte &#537;i de v&#226;n&#259;toare, oalele &#537;i tig&#259;ile, pietrele din vetre. Fiecare slujitor &#8211; viu sau inert &#8211; al omului se &#238;ntoarce &#238;mpotriva st&#259;p&#226;nilor s&#259;i. Oalele de buc&#259;t&#259;rie &#238;&#537;i fierb buc&#259;tarii care le m&#226;nuiau, pietrele de moar&#259; &#238;i sf&#259;r&#226;m&#259; pe morari. Casele &#537;i copacii se scutur&#259; de cei care le caut&#259; ad&#259;postul. Pe&#537;terile se &#238;nchid &#238;n calea refugia&#539;ilor, oblig&#226;ndu-i s&#259; fug&#259; &#238;n p&#259;duri, unde fie mor, fie sunt transforma&#539;i &#238;n maimu&#539;e (deci evolu&#539;ia darwinian&#259; e reversibil&#259;, lucru care nu cred c&#259; mai mir&#259; pe nimeni care-a fost &#238;n via&#539;a lui pe un stadion).<br></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69L1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1187e316-7b7c-4a3d-a9f4-028e8c27aba7_3018x1104.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69L1!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1187e316-7b7c-4a3d-a9f4-028e8c27aba7_3018x1104.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69L1!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1187e316-7b7c-4a3d-a9f4-028e8c27aba7_3018x1104.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69L1!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1187e316-7b7c-4a3d-a9f4-028e8c27aba7_3018x1104.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69L1!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1187e316-7b7c-4a3d-a9f4-028e8c27aba7_3018x1104.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69L1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1187e316-7b7c-4a3d-a9f4-028e8c27aba7_3018x1104.jpeg" width="1456" height="533" 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/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1187e316-7b7c-4a3d-a9f4-028e8c27aba7_3018x1104.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69L1!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1187e316-7b7c-4a3d-a9f4-028e8c27aba7_3018x1104.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#206;n muralul de la Huaca (Peru) vedem inclusiv efecte militare (arme, coifuri, centuri) care-&#537;i atac&#259; posesorii. Pe unul dintre cele dou&#259; vase descoperite &#238;n Valea Chicama (tot Peru), oamenii sunt ataca&#539;i de pe&#537;ti, foci &#537;i alte creaturi ale m&#259;rii.</p><p>Corobor&#226;nd versiunile mitului, pare c&#259; &#238;ntreaga lume creat&#259; - necuv&#226;nt&#259;toarele, obiectele, mineralele - s-a &#238;ntors &#238;mpotriva oamenilor care nesocoteau Divinitatea creatoare &#537;i Legea impus&#259; de aceasta &#238;ntregii realit&#259;&#539;i fizice.</p><p>Acea epoc&#259; a fost &#537;i <strong>va mai fi</strong>, spune mitul. </p><p>Nu po&#539;i s&#259; cite&#537;ti sintagma <em>The Revolt of the Objects </em>(traducere oarecum improprie &#238;n englez&#259;, fiindc&#259; nu e vorba doar despre obiecte) f&#259;r&#259; s&#259; te g&#226;nde&#537;ti la <em>The Internet of Things, </em>la toate distopiile science-fiction despre r&#259;zmeri&#539;e ale robo&#539;ilor (vezi <em>Terminator, Robo&#539;ii &#537;i Imperiul, Matrix sau 2001: A Space Odyssey</em>) sau la scenariile destul de plauzibile &#238;n care Inteligen&#539;a Artificial&#259; devine independent&#259;, creatoare &#537;i deturneaz&#259; lumea.</p><p><em>Vom Ursprung Der Dinge </em>a lui Lips a ap&#259;rut &#537;i &#238;n rom&#226;n&#259; sub titlul <em>Ob&#226;r&#537;ia Lucrurilor </em>la Editura &#536;tiin&#539;ific&#259; (1960). Edi&#539;ia cred c&#259; se mai g&#259;se&#537;te prin anticariate.</p><p>(Sursa imaginilor: <a href="https://hollis.harvard.edu/discovery/search?query=any,contains,PHPC001*,AND&amp;query=any,contains,revolt,AND&amp;tab=HVD_IMAGES&amp;search_scope=HVD_IMAGES&amp;vid=01HVD_INST:HVD_IMAGES&amp;mode=advanced&amp;offset=0">Harvard Library</a>, reproduceri de Donna McClelland.)</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Legătura dintre Grecia Antică, "Alice în Țara Minunilor" și România]]></title><description><![CDATA[Asta chiar c&#259;-i o poveste.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/legatura-dintre-grecia-antica-alice</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/legatura-dintre-grecia-antica-alice</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2026 19:49:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ocBm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F012016ba-baef-452e-819c-051b8e46d972_2000x1333.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ocBm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F012016ba-baef-452e-819c-051b8e46d972_2000x1333.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ocBm!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F012016ba-baef-452e-819c-051b8e46d972_2000x1333.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ocBm!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F012016ba-baef-452e-819c-051b8e46d972_2000x1333.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ocBm!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F012016ba-baef-452e-819c-051b8e46d972_2000x1333.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ocBm!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F012016ba-baef-452e-819c-051b8e46d972_2000x1333.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ocBm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F012016ba-baef-452e-819c-051b8e46d972_2000x1333.jpeg" width="1456" height="970" 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ocBm!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F012016ba-baef-452e-819c-051b8e46d972_2000x1333.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>Grecia Antic&#259;</h3><p>&#206;n secolul XIX (1811-1898), a tr&#259;it &#238;n Anglia un savant cu s&#226;nge sco&#539;ian pe nume <strong>Henry George Liddell</strong>, care timp de aproape 40 de ani a fost decanul colegiului Christ Church de la Oxford. </p><p><em>(Nicio leg&#259;tur&#259; cu lan&#539;ul german de supermarketuri; am verificat.)</em></p><p>La doar 32 de ani, &#238;mpreun&#259; cu filologul &#537;i prelatul Robert Scott (1811-1887), Liddell a publicat o lucrare monumental&#259; care avea s&#259; devin&#259; referin&#539;&#259; pentru to&#539;i &#238;nv&#259;&#539;&#259;ceii de greac&#259; veche: <em><strong>A Greek-English Lexicon</strong></em>, cunoscut &#238;n lumea c&#259;r&#539;ilor &#537;i ca <em><strong>Liddell and Scott</strong>. </em>Prima edi&#539;ia a ap&#259;rut &#238;n 1843. Edi&#539;ii ulterioare, revizuite &#537;i ad&#259;ugite, s-au publicat p&#226;n&#259; &#238;n zilele noastre. Nu po&#539;i studia greaca f&#259;r&#259; un <em>L&amp;S</em> la &#238;ndem&#226;n&#259;. Am &#537;i eu un volum pe raftul din fa&#539;a mea.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZWJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50caca99-8785-45a4-8efc-b26c5ba2564f_400x500.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZWJ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50caca99-8785-45a4-8efc-b26c5ba2564f_400x500.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZWJ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50caca99-8785-45a4-8efc-b26c5ba2564f_400x500.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZWJ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50caca99-8785-45a4-8efc-b26c5ba2564f_400x500.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZWJ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50caca99-8785-45a4-8efc-b26c5ba2564f_400x500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZWJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50caca99-8785-45a4-8efc-b26c5ba2564f_400x500.jpeg" width="280" height="350" 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/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50caca99-8785-45a4-8efc-b26c5ba2564f_400x500.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZWJ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50caca99-8785-45a4-8efc-b26c5ba2564f_400x500.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZWJ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50caca99-8785-45a4-8efc-b26c5ba2564f_400x500.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZWJ!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50caca99-8785-45a4-8efc-b26c5ba2564f_400x500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Alice Liddell</figcaption></figure></div><h3><em>Alice in Wonderland</em></h3><p>Domnul Liddle a avut zece copii, printre care &#537;i o feti&#539;&#259; pe nume Alice. <strong>Alice Liddell</strong>, n&#259;scut&#259; pe <strong>4 mai</strong> 1852. Aceast&#259; Alice a inspirat povestea <em>Alice in Wonderland </em>(&#537;i <em>sequel-</em>ul <em>Through the Looking Glass). </em><strong>Lewis Carroll</strong> (nume real Charles Dogson) era un prieten apropiat al familiei Liddell. </p><p>Totul a &#238;nceput &#238;ntr-o zi de iulie 1862 c&#226;nd Lewis Carroll ie&#537;ise la o plimbare cu barca &#238;mpreun&#259; cu un prieten &#537;i cu trei dintre fetele Liddell. </p>
      <p>
          <a href="/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/p/legatura-dintre-grecia-antica-alice">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Note de lectură: "Istoria Pirateriei" de Philip Gosse (1932)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Pira&#539;ii sunt cu totul altceva dec&#226;t vrea industria media s&#259; credem.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/note-de-lectura-istoria-pirateriei</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/note-de-lectura-istoria-pirateriei</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 04 Jul 2026 19:44:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wz9z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8dbc6b-7d5f-4be9-8011-8faddf268e32_3882x2588.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wz9z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8dbc6b-7d5f-4be9-8011-8faddf268e32_3882x2588.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wz9z!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8dbc6b-7d5f-4be9-8011-8faddf268e32_3882x2588.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wz9z!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wz9z!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8dbc6b-7d5f-4be9-8011-8faddf268e32_3882x2588.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>M&#259; intrig&#259; pira&#539;ii din dou&#259; motive str&#226;ns legate.</p><p>&#206;n primul r&#226;nd, pentru imaginea dispropor&#539;ionat de bun&#259; pe care o au &#238;n cultura <em>pop</em>, unde apar reprezenta&#539;i ca ni&#537;te tipi romantici, iubitori de libertate, curajo&#537;i, un pic z&#259;p&#259;ci&#539;i &#537;i, la trasul liniei, mai degrab&#259; simpatici. Seriile &#8220;Pira&#539;ii din Caraibe&#8221; &#537;i &#8220;Black Sails&#8221; fantazeaz&#259; masiv pe marginea unor personaje &#537;i fapte reale, r&#259;sturn&#226;nd at&#226;t morala acestora c&#226;t &#537;i inten&#539;iile &#537;i personalitatea f&#259;pta&#537;ilor. Nu &#537;tiu s&#259; existe vreo alt&#259; categorie de infractori c&#259;rora <em>media</em> s&#259; le creeze imagine at&#226;t de &#238;ndulcit&#259;. Poate doar criminalii financiari (ca Jordan Belford, &#238;n <em>The Wolf of Wall Street</em>).</p><p>&#206;n al doilea r&#226;nd, pentru c&#259; aceast&#259; imagine idilizat&#259; contamineaz&#259; &#537;i produc&#539;iile culturale pentru copii. Pira&#539;ii, al&#259;turi de dinozauri, extratere&#537;tri &#537;i &#8220;monstrule&#539;i&#8221; au umplut p&#226;n&#259; &#537;i c&#259;r&#539;ile de &#537;coal&#259;. Cine are copii &#537;i se ocup&#259; c&#226;t de c&#226;t de educa&#539;ia lor &#537;tie c&#226;te jocuri de logic&#259; sau matematic&#259; includ pira&#539;i: &#8220;Ajut&#259; piratul s&#259; ajung&#259; pe insula lui&#8221; sau &#8220;Adun&#259; numerele de pe cuferele cu comori &#537;i vei afla greutatea cor&#259;biei de pira&#539;i&#8221;. Nu se putea face treaba asta cu pisici sau cu camioane?</p><p>Iat&#259; de pild&#259; descrierea unei c&#259;r&#539;i pentru copii ap&#259;rute acum trei ani, <em>Nava Pira&#539;ilor </em>de Paul Beck. Sublinierile &#238;mi apar&#539;in.</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;Descoper&#259; <strong>epoca de aur</strong> a pirateriei! <strong>Porne&#537;te &#238;ntr-o aventur&#259; &#238;ndr&#259;znea&#539;&#259;</strong>, &#238;n timp ce explorezi pas cu pas toate dedesubturile unei nave clasice de pira&#539;i!&#8221;</p></blockquote><p>Mai g&#259;sim &#238;n comer&#539; <em>Pira&#539;i &#537;i comori (Activit&#259;&#539;i pentru copii iste&#539;i.), Lipim &#537;i color&#259;m: pira&#539;ii</em>, <em>Tatuaje pira&#539;i, lipe&#537;te, coloreaz&#259;, distreaz&#259;-te, </em>minunata carte de colorat <em>Color&#259;m 40 de pira&#539;i</em>, caietul de desen <em>Pisici &#537;i pira&#539;i, </em>cartea de activit&#259;&#539;i <em>G&#259;se&#537;te prietenii pe corabia pira&#539;ilor. </em>&#536;i multe alte prostioare din aceea&#537;i categorie. </p><p>M-am enervat &#537;i am luat la m&#226;n&#259; <em>Istoria Pirateriei </em>a lui Philip Gosse (1932), lucrarea de referin&#539;&#259; &#238;n domeniu. Cartea, excelent documentat&#259; din surse de epoc&#259;, spulber&#259; &#238;n mare m&#259;sur&#259; portretul de &#8220;erou romantic&#8221; cu care ne asasineaz&#259; moralmente industria media. &#206;n locul acestuia g&#259;sim ceea ce era de a&#537;teptat s&#259; g&#259;sim: l&#259;comie, cruzime, tr&#259;dare, &#238;n&#537;el&#259;torie, corup&#539;ie la cel mai &#238;nalt nivel &#537;i un dispre&#539; patologic pentru via&#539;a oamenilor.</p><p>&#206;n primul r&#226;nd, afl&#259;m c&#259; majoritatea pira&#539;ilor erau europeni. Sigur, dac&#259; ne uit&#259;m la seriale, asta pare la mintea coco&#537;ului, dar nu e. Fiindc&#259; mult &#238;nainte de Caraibe, principalul focar pirateresc al lumii era coasta nordic&#259; a Africii, o salb&#259; de fort&#259;re&#539;e &#238;ntre Alger &#537;i Tunis. De aici s-au lansat nenum&#259;rate expedi&#539;ii de jaf - pe mare &#537;i pe uscat - care au b&#259;tut coastele Italiei, Spaniei, Fran&#539;ei, ajung&#226;nd inclusiv s&#259; blocheze Canalul M&#226;necii pentru o bun&#259; perioad&#259; de timp. Ar fi normal ca to&#539;i pira&#539;ii de pe-acolo s&#259; fi fost berberi, arabi sau m&#259;car turci. Dar renega&#539;ii europeni au avut o felie nea&#537;teptat de gras&#259; din ac&#539;iune. </p><p>De pild&#259;, &#238;n 1606, un olandez pe nume <strong>Simon de Danser </strong>&#238;i &#238;nva&#539;&#259; pe pira&#539;ii din Alger s&#259; construiasc&#259; nave oceanice cu vele p&#259;trate, lucru care le-a permis s&#259;-&#537;i extind&#259; masiv aria de opera&#539;iuni spre largul Atlanticului. Danser &#238;nsu&#537;i s-a stabilit la Alger &#537;i a activat ca pirat. Mul&#539;i al&#539;i olandezi s-au al&#259;turat flotei berbere, unii schimb&#226;ndu-&#537;i numele &#537;i adopt&#226;nd religia &#537;i obiceiurile locului. Un exemplu ar fi <strong>Jan Jansz</strong>, cunoscut &#238;n istorie sub numele de <strong>Murad Reis</strong> (<em>reis </em>&#238;nseamn&#259; <em>c&#259;pitan</em>). Piratul <strong>Hagi Ali </strong>era danez, n&#259;scut la Copenhaga.</p><p>Merit&#259; aminti&#539;i &#537;i <strong>Francis Verney</strong> &#537;i unchiul s&#259;u, <strong>Philip Gifford,</strong> doi englezi care s-au mutat la Alger, s-au turcit complet &#537;i au f&#259;cut avere jefuind navele compatrio&#539;ilor lor. </p><p>Doar poate cel mai spectaculos - &#238;ntr-un sens de-a dreptul sinistru - pirat cripto-european a fost englezul <strong>Thomas Horton</strong>. O s&#259; &#238;ncerc pe c&#226;t posibil s&#259; rezum povestea vie&#539;ii lui. </p><p>Horton &#537;i-a &#238;nceput cariera de t&#226;lhar &#238;nc&#259; din fraged&#259; tinere&#539;e c&#226;nd, lucr&#226;nd pentru un negustor, a fost trimis la banc&#259; s&#259; &#238;ncaseze un cec de 6 lire. B&#259;iatul a ad&#259;ugat un zero, a &#238;ncasat cele 60 de lire, i-a dat st&#259;p&#226;nului ce trebuia &#537;i cu restul de 54 de lire &#537;i-a luat un bilet de vapor &#537;i a plecat &#238;n Suedia. Aici, s-a &#238;nrolat la un moment dat &#238;n armat&#259;, i-a picat cu tronc nevasta comandantului (sentimentul fiind reciproc), l-a omor&#226;t pe comandant &#537;i a fugit cu femeia &#238;n sudul Rusiei. &#536;i-a f&#259;cut o c&#226;rcium&#259; pe Volga &#537;i s-a &#238;mbog&#259;&#539;it f&#259;c&#226;nd contraband&#259;. La un moment dat, c&#226;nd nevasta a &#238;nceput s&#259;-l certe pentru repetatele lui indifelit&#259;&#539;i, a omor&#226;t-o &#537;i a fugit &#238;n Crimeea, unde s-a &#238;nh&#259;itat cu t&#259;tarii. </p><p>S-a convertit la Islam, a f&#259;cut un pelerinaj la Mecca pentru a-&#537;i asigura statutul &#537;i turbanul de <em>hajj</em>, iar de-acolo s-a dus la Basra deghizat &#238;n negustor musulman. L-a ucis pe guvernatorul Basrei, apoi s-a pus la dispozi&#539;ia &#537;eicului din Kishmah (actuala Qeshm) din Golful Persic, ajung&#226;nd amiralul flotei acestuia. Evident, la un moment dat a pus la cale o revolt&#259; a popula&#539;iei, l-a dat jos pe &#537;eic, l-a sugrumat cu m&#226;inile lui &#537;i s-a &#238;nsurat cu nevasta r&#259;posatului. &#206;n 1818, c&#226;nd corabia &#8220;Hope&#8221; a e&#537;uat pe &#539;&#259;rmul insulei, marinarii de la bord au fost primi&#539;i cu mare fast &#238;n palatul lui Horton, care se pref&#259;cea c&#259; nu pricepe engleza. Omul o ducea bine, primind inclusiv ni&#537;te bani de la Compania Indiilor Orientale ca s&#259; nu-i atace navele. M&#259; mir c&#259; nu s-au scris c&#259;r&#539;i &#537;i c&#259; nu s-au f&#259;cut filme dup&#259; el.</p><p>Aproape de Golf, pe coasta Malabar (&#238;ntre Bombay &#537;i Cochin) f&#259;cea legea federa&#539;ia piratereasc&#259; a familiei Mahratta. Printre func&#539;ionarii ei se num&#259;rau numero&#537;i europeni, din care &#8220;cei mai r&#259;i&#8221; erau englezii, spune Gosse, englez &#537;i el.</p><p>&#536;i &#238;n apele Extremului Orient, tot pira&#539;ii europeni speriau m&#259;rile, &#238;n special portughezii. Istoria consemneaz&#259; numele lui <strong>Simao de Andrade</strong>, care &#238;n 1521 b&#226;ntuia Marea Chinei &#537;i r&#259;pea copii chinezi din ora&#537;ele de coast&#259; ca s&#259;-i v&#226;nd&#259; ca sclavi. Un alt portughez, <strong>Antonio de Faria</strong>, a ajuns p&#226;n&#259; acolo &#238;nc&#226;t a jefuit inclusiv mormintele sacre ale &#238;mp&#259;ra&#539;ilor chinezi, l&#226;ng&#259; Pekin. Totu&#537;i, cel mai renumit pirat portughez din regiune a fost <strong>Mendes Pinto, </strong>pe care posteritatea ni-l prezint&#259; ca <em>explorator &#537;i scriitor. </em>Pentru desecrarea mormintelor imperiale, a fost pedepsit de chinezi cu t&#259;ierea unor degete &#537;i cu un an de munc&#259; silnic&#259; la Marele Zid. S-a dat o vreme misionar iezuit; probabil c&#259; o s&#259;-l vedem &#238;n manualele de religie c&#226;t de cur&#226;nd.</p><p>Chinezii &#537;i japonezii (mai ales) au dat &#537;i ei pira&#539;i. Dar conform lui Gosse, ace&#537;tia erau mici copii pe l&#226;ng&#259; portughezi, cel pu&#539;in &#238;n privin&#539;a cruzimii. </p><p>Ajungem acum la o alt&#259; ciud&#259;&#539;enie: pira&#539;ii nu ac&#539;ionau singuri, a&#537;a cum s-ar putea crede, ci f&#259;ceau parte dintr-un mecanism complex de interese politice &#537;i mai ales economice. Iar c&#226;nd &#238;ntr-un t&#226;rziu erau prin&#537;i, erau trata&#539;i cu m&#259;nu&#537;i, dac&#259; nu chiar r&#259;spl&#259;ti&#539;i pentru crimele lor. </p><p>De pild&#259;, <strong>John Nutt</strong>, pirat notoriu &#238;n vremea regelui Iacob (1603-1625). C&#226;nd a fost finalmente arestat &#537;i trimis la Londra pentru judecat&#259;, principalul secretar al regelui, Lordul Baltimore, a f&#259;cut toate diligen&#539;ele posibile pentru a-l sc&#259;pa pe pirat, c&#259;ruia &#238;i era dator pentru ni&#537;te &#8220;favoruri&#8221; f&#259;cute la planta&#539;iile lui din Newfoundland (unde Nutt jefuia la s&#226;nge flotele de pescuit). Sentin&#539;a: piratul a fost eliberat &#537;i a mai primit &#537;i 100 de lire recompens&#259;. Un muncitor din Anglia acelor ani c&#226;&#537;tiga dou&#259;-trei lire <strong>pe an</strong>.</p><p>Un caz mult mai celebru a fost cel al lui Henry Morgan (care a inspirat brandul de rom <em>Captain Morgan</em>). C&#226;nd Thomas Modyford a ajuns guvernator al Jamaic&#259;i &#238;n 1644 &#537;i s-a &#238;mprietenit cu bucanierii din zon&#259;, el l-a desemnat pe Morgan s&#259; jefuiasc&#259; &#238;n voie cor&#259;biile spaniole. Morgan devenea astfel un <em>privateer</em>, termen care pe rom&#226;ne&#537;te s-ar traduce <em>corsar </em>(pirat cu patalama de la o autoritate). Tot ce fura de la spanioli era adus &#238;n Jamaica &#537;i v&#226;ndut pe pia&#539;a neagr&#259; prin re&#539;eaua bucanierilor (rela&#539;ia dintre Modyford &#537;i Morgan e fic&#539;ionalizat&#259; &#238;n serialul <em>Black Sails.</em>)<em> </em></p><p>Doar c&#259; amicul nostru Morgan era pus pe fapte mari &#537;i nu s-a limitat la ce-i permitea mandatul oricum discutabil primit de la guvernator. Dup&#259; ce a jefuit &#537;i incendiat ora&#537;ul Panama, st&#226;rnind protestele vehemente ale spaniolilor, Morgan a fost arestat &#537;i trimis la Londra ca s&#259; fie judecat. Doar c&#259; &#238;n Anglia, piratul era deja erou na&#539;ional &#537;i niciun jude n-a &#238;ndr&#259;znit s&#259;-i pronun&#539;e o condamnare. Drept pedeaps&#259;, regele Charles II l-a f&#259;cut cavaler &#537;i l-a trimis &#238;napoi &#238;n Jamaica pe postul de vice-guvernator.</p><p>O explica&#539;ie pentru acest soi foarte special de justi&#539;ie e urm&#259;torul: at&#226;t pira&#539;ii, c&#226;t &#537;i v&#226;n&#259;torii de pira&#539;i func&#539;ionau dup&#259; principiul &#8220;nicio plat&#259; f&#259;r&#259; prad&#259;&#8221;, adic&#259; erau pl&#259;ti&#539;i nu de guvern (&#238;n cazul v&#226;n&#259;torilor), ci din pr&#259;zile capturate. &#206;n unele cazuri, expedi&#539;iile erau finan&#539;ate privat, de &#8220;ac&#539;ionari&#8221;, unii dintre ei parte din elita conduc&#259;toare.</p><p>E cazul faimosului <strong>William Kidd </strong>(1645-1701), &#238;ns&#259;rcinat de Lordul Bellmont s&#259; st&#226;rpeasc&#259; pira&#539;ii de pe coasta Noii Anglii (pe l&#226;ng&#259; Boston). Opera&#539;iunea a avut cinci ac&#539;ionari priva&#539;i: Lordul Bellmont, Lordul Cancelar al Angliei (Somers), primul Lord al Amiralit&#259;&#539;ii (Orford), Secretarul de Stat (Lordul Romnei) &#537;i pe Kidd &#238;nsu&#537;i, care a cump&#259;rat 20% din opera&#539;iune. Expedi&#539;ia s-a ocupat o vreme de misiunea ei, apoi a degenerat &#238;n piraterie de cea mai joas&#259; spe&#539;&#259;. &#536;i nu &#238;n Atlanticul de Nord, unde avea treab&#259;, ci &#537;i &#238;n cel de sud &#537;i &#238;n Oceanul Indian. Dup&#259; trei ani, Kidd a fost arestat la Boston - unde-l momise Bellmont &#238;n speran&#539;a c-o s&#259;-l scape cumva - &#537;i supus unor torturi pentru a-i da &#238;n vileag pe partenerii s&#259;i (lorzii mai sus aminti&#539;i). Kidd a fost b&#259;iat onorabil &#537;i nu a ciripit, &#238;nc&#259; sper&#226;nd c&#259; lorzii &#238;l vor sc&#259;pa cumva. A fost sp&#226;nzurat &#238;n Anglia.</p><p><em><strong>The History of Piracy</strong> are &#537;i dou&#259; edi&#539;ii &#238;n limba rom&#226;n&#259;, <strong>Istoria Pirateriei</strong>, ap&#259;rute &#238;n 1954 &#537;i 1975, &#238;n traducerea excelent&#259; a lui Leon Levi&#539;chi. &#206;nc&#259; se mai g&#259;sesc prin anticariate.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Nichifor Crainic despre educația creștină a copiilor]]></title><description><![CDATA[Piscurile geniului omenesc sunt copilul &#537;i sf&#226;ntul]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/nichifor-crainic-despre-educatia</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/nichifor-crainic-despre-educatia</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 14:49:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I4tO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f7ed403-a190-4fcb-8068-d8b6547f8472_2000x1333.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I4tO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f7ed403-a190-4fcb-8068-d8b6547f8472_2000x1333.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I4tO!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_424, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f7ed403-a190-4fcb-8068-d8b6547f8472_2000x1333.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I4tO!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_848, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f7ed403-a190-4fcb-8068-d8b6547f8472_2000x1333.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I4tO!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f7ed403-a190-4fcb-8068-d8b6547f8472_2000x1333.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I4tO!, 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/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f7ed403-a190-4fcb-8068-d8b6547f8472_2000x1333.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I4tO!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f7ed403-a190-4fcb-8068-d8b6547f8472_2000x1333.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Extrase din &#8220;Ortodoxie &#537;i Etnocra&#539;ie&#8221; (1937), capitolul &#8220;Copil&#259;rie &#537;i sfin&#539;enie&#8221;. Sublinierile &#238;mi apar&#539;in.</p><p><em>Avertizez cititorul c&#259; Nichifor Crainic (1889-1972) este prezentat &#238;n anumite manuale ale vremilor noastre drept &#8220;ideolog al extremei drepte&#8221;.</em> <em>Wikipedia &#238;l asociaz&#259; cu &#8220;rasismul&#8221;, &#8220;fascismul&#8221; &#537;i &#8220;antisemitismul&#8221;. Cu toate acestea, Nichifor Crainic a fost reabilitat legal &#537;i &#238;nc&#259; nu e interzis. A se citi pe propria r&#259;spundere.</em></p><h4>Suntem cre&#537;tini &#238;n m&#259;sura &#238;n care suntem copii.</h4><p><span>&#8220;Tot secretul educa&#539;iei cre&#537;tine st&#259; &#238;n </span><strong><span>str&#259;dania continu&#259; de a asigura instinctelor din om func&#539;iunea normal&#259; spre binele lui &#537;i al semenilor lui</span></strong><span> &#537;i de a nu le l&#259;sa s&#259; devieze catastrofal &#238;n patimi. C&#259;ci instinctele din om sunt ca ni&#537;te arme cu dou&#259; t&#259;i&#537;uri: c&#259;l&#259;uzite normal de c&#226;rma voin&#539;ei, ele duc pe calea marii destina&#539;ii de dincolo de moarte; l&#259;sate s&#259; degenereze &#238;n patimi, ele duc pe calea contrar&#259; a pierz&#259;rii. </span><strong><span>Educa&#539;ia</span></strong><span>, prin urmare, care e &#238;ndeosebi exerci&#539;iul eroic al voin&#539;ei, </span><strong><span>const&#259; &#238;n sfor&#539;area continu&#259; de a p&#259;stra pe om la nivelul sublim al purit&#259;&#539;ii &#537;i al simplit&#259;&#539;ii cu care a venit odinioar&#259; pe lume ca prunc.</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Astfel, m&#259;sura virtu&#539;ii omene&#537;ti e copilul.</span></strong><span> Am putea spune, f&#259;r&#259; s&#259; gre&#537;im, c&#259; suntem at&#226;ta de cre&#537;tini c&#226;t&#259; copil&#259;rie pur&#259; am izbutit s&#259; p&#259;str&#259;m &#238;n noi p&#226;n&#259; la sf&#226;r&#537;itul vie&#539;ii. </span></p><p><span>Iat&#259;, deci, pentru ce nu trebuie s&#259; confund&#259;m procesul culturii, care e un spor progresiv de cuno&#537;tin&#539;e, cu procesul religiei, care e sfor&#539;area de a ne p&#259;stra &#238;n via&#539;&#259; zestrea de neprihan&#259; cu care am venit pe lume, prin Botez. </span><strong><span>&#206;n cultur&#259;, savantul e m&#259;sura copilului; &#238;n religie, copilul e m&#259;sura savantului.</span></strong><span> Cele mai &#238;nalte culmi ale geniului omenesc sunt poe&#539;ii &#537;i filosofii, eroii &#537;i sfin&#539;ii. Fiecare dintre ei realizeaz&#259; &#238;n felul s&#259;u ceva din sufletul pur al copil&#259;riei.&#8221;</span></p><h4>Sf&#226;ntul este copilul des&#259;v&#226;r&#537;it</h4><p><span>&#8222;Dup&#259; umila mea p&#259;rere, mitologia basmelor, care absoarbe aten&#539;ia tuturor copiilor mai mult dec&#226;t orice istorioar&#259; de con&#539;inut aievea, ascunde &#238;n atrac&#539;ia ei </span><strong><span>aderen&#539;a profund&#259; a sufletului copil&#259;resc la dimensiunile supranaturale ale existen&#539;ei</span></strong><span>. &#206;n basm, instinctul copilului &#238;&#537;i caut&#259; destina&#539;ia de dincolo de moarte. Basmul e &#238;ns&#259; numai un paliativ care potole&#537;te setea acestui instinct metafizic. Singur&#259; religia &#238;l poate mul&#539;umi deplin. De aceea, dintre toate &#238;nt&#226;mpl&#259;rile culminante ale geniului omenesc, aceea care realizeaz&#259; &#238;n chip integral &#537;i sublim copil&#259;ria este sf&#226;ntul. </span><strong><span>Sf&#226;ntul e cre&#537;tinul des&#259;v&#226;r&#537;it, dar &#238;n acela&#537;i timp &#537;i copilul des&#259;v&#226;r&#537;it.</span></strong></p><p><span>Dar candoarea copil&#259;riei e o stare de natur&#259; a sufletului purificat prin baia Botezului, &#238;n timp ce candoarea sf&#226;ntului e o stare cucerit&#259; prin nevoin&#539;ele &#537;i caznele nespus de grele ale unei vie&#539;i &#238;ntregi. Gradul de puritate a copil&#259;riei scade necontenit cu adolescen&#539;a, cu tinere&#539;ea, cu b&#259;rb&#259;&#539;ia &#537;i b&#259;tr&#226;ne&#539;ea, dac&#259; omul se las&#259; prad&#259; pornirilor rele. {...} Lupta sf&#226;ntului este aceea de a men&#539;ine nivelul ini&#539;ial de candoare. {...} </span><strong><span>Numai o biruin&#539;&#259; deplin&#259; &#238;l readuce pe sf&#226;nt la m&#259;sura copilului care a fost el &#238;nsu&#537;i imediat dup&#259; Botez.</span></strong><span>&#8221;</span></p><h4><span>Despre cunoa&#537;tere &#537;i dorul de copil&#259;rie</span></h4><p><span>&#8222;C&#226;nd cunoa&#537;tem pe Dumnezeu, toate lucrurile din aceast&#259; lume ni se lumineaz&#259; prin el. Tot astfel, c&#226;nd am ajuns s&#259; iubim pe Dumnezeu, toate lucrurile din lume ni se vor p&#259;rea bune &#537;i vrednice de iubit. C&#259;ci Dumnezeu este iubire nem&#259;rginit&#259; &#537;i iubirea lui cuprinde &#537;i pe cei tari &#537;i pe cei slabi, &#537;i pe cei drep&#539;i, &#537;i pe cei p&#259;c&#259;to&#537;i.&#8221;</span></p><p><span>&#8222;</span><strong><span>Dorul de copil&#259;rie</span></strong><span>, pe care &#238;l c&#226;nt&#259; cu at&#226;ta insisten&#539;&#259; poe&#539;ii, </span><strong><span>e nostalgia dup&#259; candoarea unui rai disp&#259;rut</span></strong><span>. &#536;i numai cine se cunoa&#537;te bine pe sine, numai cine a suspinat pe ruinele l&#259;untrice ale neprih&#259;nirii de alt&#259; dat&#259;, vede cu groaz&#259; perspectiva ve&#537;tejirii &#537;i corup&#539;iei ce-l a&#537;teapt&#259; pe copil &#238;n via&#539;&#259;.</span></p><p><span>Sentimentul acesta de inim&#259; fr&#226;nt&#259; &#238;n dou&#259; trebuie s&#259; stea la temelia educa&#539;iei genera&#539;iilor noi. </span><strong><span>Truda educatorului adev&#259;rat nu este s&#259;-i fac&#259; pe copii asemenea nou&#259;, ci s&#259;-i salveze pe toat&#259; via&#539;a &#238;n simplitatea de spirit &#537;i &#238;n cur&#259;&#539;enia inimii cu care au venit pe lume.</span></strong><span>&#8221;</span></p><p><span>&#8222;Botezul e nivelul sublim al sfin&#539;eniei; &#238;mp&#259;rt&#259;&#537;ania e p&#226;rghia spiritual&#259; care ne ridic&#259; mereu p&#226;n&#259; la el. Tot secretul educa&#539;iei cu adev&#259;rat cre&#537;tine st&#259; &#238;n raportul acestor dou&#259; sfinte taine &#8211; una prin care &#238;ncepem via&#539;a, alta prin care continu&#259;m s&#259; o des&#259;v&#226;r&#537;im.&#8221;</span></p><p><span>&#8222;</span><strong><span>Regula universal&#259; a Ortodoxiei e c&#259; nu putem iubi cu adev&#259;rat dec&#226;t ceea ce cu adev&#259;rat cunoa&#537;tem: numai prin cunoa&#537;tere ajungem la dragoste</span></strong><span>. Mintea prin care cunoa&#537;tem e chipul lui Dumnezeu &#238;n noi; inima sau voin&#539;a prin care iubim e asem&#259;narea Lui.&#8221;</span></p><p><em><span>Cartea poate fi desc&#259;rcat&#259; de pe </span><a href="https://dn760007.eu.archive.org/0/items/nichifor-crainic-ortodoxie-si-etnocratie-1997/Nichifor%20Crainic%20-%20Ortodoxie%20si%20Etnocratie%20-%201997_text.pdf"><span>Archive.org</span></a><span>.</span></em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://bradflorescu.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Brad Florescu's Fragmentarium is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Etimologii (8). Portocale, Mandarini, Neranțule și Willem de Orania.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ceva cu mantre.]]></description><link>https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/etimologii-8-portocale-mandarini</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://bradflorescu.substack.com/p/etimologii-8-portocale-mandarini</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Brad Florescu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 28 Jun 2026 11:58:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yy2u!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9bbee03-c34e-4c5c-ae8b-ca947240cf09_2000x1500.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yy2u!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9bbee03-c34e-4c5c-ae8b-ca947240cf09_2000x1500.jpeg" 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yy2u!, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa9bbee03-c34e-4c5c-ae8b-ca947240cf09_2000x1500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>Portocal&#259;</h3><p>Vine de la <em>Portugalia</em>, fiindc&#259; portughezii sunt primii care au adus aceste fructe &#238;n Europa (din India). Asta e portocala dulce pe care o &#537;tie toat&#259; lumea. <em>Portugalia</em> vine de la <em>porto=</em>port &#537;i <em>calle/galle</em>, adic&#259; portul galilor care ocupau pe vremea aceea nord-vestul Peninsulei Iberice. Pe scurt, &#238;n <em>portocal&#259; </em>&#238;i avem pe <em>gali</em>.</p><p>&#206;n unele &#539;&#259;ri din America Central&#259;, portocala se nume&#537;te <em>china</em>, fiindc&#259; de-acolo a fost adus&#259; pentru prima oar&#259;.</p><h3>Mandarin&#259;</h3><p>C&#259; tot veni vorba despre China. Fructul <em>mandarin&#259;</em> a fost numit a&#537;a pentru c&#259; sem&#259;na la culoare cu robele <em>mandarinilor</em> chinezi. &#536;i pentru c&#259; sosise tot din Asia. <em>Mandarin</em>, la r&#226;ndul s&#259;u, vine din sanscritul <em>mantra, </em>care &#238;nseamn&#259; &#8220;sfat, vorb&#259; de duh&#8221;. <em>Mantrin</em> &#238;nsemna <em>cel ce d&#259; sfaturi</em>, &#8220;ministru, consilier, curtean&#8221;, adic&#259; un pov&#259;&#539;uitor al &#238;mp&#259;ratului.</p><h3>Neran&#539;ula</h3><p>E numele personajului principal din nuvela omonim&#259; a lui Panait Istrati. &#206;n greac&#259;, <em>nerandza</em>/&#957;&#949;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#950;&#945; e un soi de portocal&#259; mai acri&#537;oar&#259; care a fost adus &#238;n Europa din Persia prin secolul XI, cu patru veacuri &#238;naintea portocalelor dulci (pe care p&#226;n&#259; &#537;i grecii le numesc <em>portokali</em>). <em>Nerandzula</em> e diminutivul.</p><p>Apropo de Persia, tot de acolo avem &#537;i cuv&#226;ntul <em>piersic&#259;</em>. Latinii numeau piersica <em>m&#259;r persan</em>/<em>malum persicum</em>, care s-a contras &#238;n <em>persicum </em>&#537;i iat&#259;-ne aici.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://bradflorescu.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/bradflorescu.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Ce e interesant e c&#259; <em>neran&#539;a </em>grecilor sun&#259; unul la unu cu <em>naranja</em> spaniolilor. Ambele vin din sanscritul <em>naranga </em>(portocal&#259;). Portughezii &#238;i zic <em>laranja</em>, semn c&#259;-s con&#537;tien&#539;i c&#259; nu vine din Portugalia. E ca povestea cu <em>turkey</em> (curcan) care nu vine din Turcia dec&#226;t pentru vorbitorii de englez&#259;.</p><h3>Willem de Orania</h3><p>Am fost curios s&#259; v&#259;d dac&#259; faimosul rege al Angliei (Willem/Wilhelm/William de Orange/Oranje/Orania) are vreo leg&#259;tur&#259; cu fructele mai sus amintite. Se pare c&#259; nu.</p><p>Orania e un ora&#537; din Proven&#539;a francez&#259; care a devenit parte a regatului Nassau &#238;n 1530. Numele s&#259;u roman era <em>Arausio</em>, cic&#259; de la <em>aura (briz&#259;)</em>. <em>Arausio </em>s-a corupt &#238;n <em>Aurance, </em>apoi &#238;n <em>Orenga </em>&#537;i finalmente &#238;n <em>Orange</em>, nume sub care &#238;l g&#259;sim &#537;i azi, la 20 km de Avignon.</p><h3>Povestea cu ceaiul</h3><p>Legat de obiceiul de a numi un produs exotic dup&#259; &#539;ara de origine - sau dup&#259; &#539;ara-intermediar - avem celebra poveste a ceaiului care se nume&#537;te fie <em>tea</em>, fie <em>chai</em>, &#238;n func&#539;ie de ruta pe care circula spre Occident. Dac&#259; venea pe Drumul M&#259;t&#259;sii, din nordul Chinei, se numea <em>cha</em>, fiindc&#259; a&#537;a-l pronun&#539;au chinezii de-acolo. Dac&#259; venea din sud-vest, pe mare, se numea <em>te</em>, cum &#238;i ziceau vorbitorii de hokkien din Fujian &#537;i Taiwan. </p><p>La baz&#259;, fire&#537;te, era acela&#537;i cuv&#226;nt, dar diferen&#539;ele dialectale &#238;ntre nord &#537;i sud i-au f&#259;cut pe negustorii europeni &#537;i arabi s&#259; adopte denumiri diferite. Faptul c&#259; noi &#238;i spunem <em>ceai </em>e edificator asupra modului &#238;n care a ajuns aceast&#259; plant&#259; &#238;n &#538;&#259;rile Rom&#226;ne. &#536;i turcii, &#537;i ru&#537;ii, &#238;i spun tot <em>ceai</em>, pe c&#226;nd na&#539;iunile cu mare tradi&#539;ie naval&#259; &#238;l numesc <em>tea (</em>englezii), <em>the </em>(francezii), <em>thee </em>(olandezii &#537;i nem&#539;ii), <em>te </em>(spaniolii &#537;i italienii)<em>. </em>Grecii &#238;i zic <em>&#964;&#963;&#945;&#953;</em>/<em>&#539;ai</em>, ca s&#259; nu fie nici ca unii, nici ca al&#539;ii. </p><p>&#206;mpotriva logicii mai sus expuse, portughezii au decis s&#259;-i zic&#259; <em>cha</em>, treab&#259; care m-a enervat at&#226;t de tare, &#238;nc&#226;t am decis s&#259; &#238;nchei articolul aici. </p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>