<script data-pm-proxy="intercept"></script><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Clínica Médica Reflexões]]></title><description><![CDATA[Newsletter de dois clínicos gerais: Ricardo Carneiro e Victor Côrtes.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1zZM!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe437820f-b6f5-43cd-873b-d71edd9e418f_1170x1170.png</url><title>Clínica Médica Reflexões</title><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2026 05:42:15 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Victor & Ricardo]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[pt]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[clinicamedica@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[clinicamedica@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[clinicamedica@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[clinicamedica@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Diagnostic Tools]]></title><description><![CDATA[The New Frontiers of Clinical Reasoning]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/diagnostic-tools</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/diagnostic-tools</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 01:05:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lur6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c5c8f-060b-4192-8cbb-adc6ccc7b448_1672x941.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A 75-year-old general internist may still be seeing patients regularly today. If he has remained intellectually active throughout his career, he probably knows how to stay current, where to spend his energy, and which details deserve attention. Years of practice have given him a broad repertoire of illness presentations, but experience alone does not explain his ability. What matters is that, over decades, he kept refining the way he thinks about diagnosis.</p><p>That physician also lived through successive generations of tools designed to extend clinical judgment. He began with textbooks, then incorporated personal computers, mobile devices, medical applications, and now artificial intelligence. At the same time, he witnessed profound changes in diagnostic technology and a therapeutic revolution that transformed what physicians could offer their patients. The tools changed dramatically, but his role remained recognizable: asking the right questions, knowing where to look for answers, deciding what matters, and spending limited time and cognitive energy wisely.</p><p>Our hypothetical 75-year-old internist is not a good diagnostician simply because he is old. He is good because he has spent decades learning how to distinguish signal from noise.</p><p><strong>What about physicians in their 30s and 40s?</strong></p><p>This brings us directly to artificial intelligence.</p><p>A recent <em><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2852952">JAMA</a></em> essay drew attention to results suggesting that, in certain clinical reasoning tasks, AI systems could outperform physicians, even when those physicians were allowed to use AI themselves. Important limitations remain. These cases do not reproduce the full complexity of real clinical encounters, and benchmark-style evaluations measure only a fraction of what physicians actually do. Still, my guess is that it will not be long before AI consistently outperforms humans in many well-defined diagnostic situations of low to moderate complexity, especially when the relevant information is already available and the task is mainly inferential.</p><p>But that may not be the most important problem facing younger physicians.</p><p>The deeper issue is that they will have to develop expertise at a time when part of the cognitive work traditionally required to build expertise can be outsourced. Diagnostic skill has always depended partly on repeated exposure: seeing cases, generating hypotheses, making mistakes, revising representations, and gradually building an internal library of patterns and exceptions. If a machine can reach the answer before we do, what happens to that process?</p><p>A technology can improve immediate performance while reducing the amount of effort required to build future performance. That distinction matters. Getting the right answer and becoming better at reaching the right answer are not necessarily the same thing.</p><p><strong>The danger of getting the right answer without learning</strong></p><p>The danger, therefore, is not simply that a machine may become better at diagnosis. It is that physicians may stop exercising some of the abilities that allow them to judge when the machine is wrong.</p><p>This is where the ideas of Nassim Nicholas Taleb are useful. Antifragility describes systems that do more than withstand instability: they improve through exposure to stress, uncertainty, and variation. The Lindy effect points to something different but complementary: ideas, practices, and tools that have survived for a long time may have a greater likelihood of remaining useful.</p><p>Both concepts offer a way to think about clinical reasoning in the age of AI. We should first identify the abilities that have survived successive technological revolutions without losing their value. Then we should ask how new technologies can be used in ways that strengthen those abilities rather than replace their exercise.</p><p>A grocery store that has survived for fifty years, an institution that has lasted for centuries, or a septuagenarian physician whose judgment is still sought by patients is not automatically antifragile. But survival raises an important question: what allowed that person or institution to remain useful while the environment around it changed?</p><p>In clinical medicine, several abilities appear remarkably durable. Listening carefully still matters. So does synthesizing large amounts of information, asking good questions, tolerating uncertainty, and resisting the temptation to close a case too early. Perhaps most important is the ability to notice when something does not fit.</p><p><strong>Noticing what does not belong</strong></p><p>Pattern recognition has always been central to diagnosis, but excellent clinicians do more than recognize patterns. They also recognize violations of patterns.</p><p>When constructing a differential diagnosis, the question is not merely which diseases could produce the findings in front of us. We also need to ask what should not be happening if a given diagnosis were correct. A manifestation may be perfectly compatible with a disease in isolation and still be inappropriate for the person in whom it appears.</p><p>Which diagnosis truly fits an otherwise healthy 28-year-old? Which hypothesis explains not only what is present but also the absence of findings that should be there? Which diagnosis requires us to ignore the fewest contradictions?</p><p>These questions become especially important when AI can generate a long and well-ranked differential diagnosis within seconds. Producing possibilities may become increasingly easy. Deciding which possibility genuinely belongs to this person, at this moment, may remain a more demanding task.</p><p>The value of the clinician may therefore shift. It may become less about retrieving every possible diagnosis and more about framing the problem correctly, recognizing incongruity, understanding context, and knowing which question actually needs to be answered.</p><p><strong>The updated traveler&#8217;s kit</strong></p><p>Technology has changed profoundly, while some foundations of diagnosis have changed much less. The physician of the coming decades will certainly carry artificial intelligence as part of the diagnostic toolkit. Ignoring it would make little sense, just as ignoring computers or medical databases would have made little sense in previous generations.</p><p>But the toolkit should also contain older instruments: curiosity, synthesis, judgment, tolerance for uncertainty, the ability to formulate useful questions, and the discipline to return to a case when something does not make sense. Pen and paper may still help, and coffee almost certainly will, but neither is the point.</p><p>The real challenge for the next generation of physicians will not be learning how to use artificial intelligence. They will learn that quickly.</p><p>The challenge will be learning how to keep thinking while they use it.</p><p></p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lur6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c5c8f-060b-4192-8cbb-adc6ccc7b448_1672x941.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lur6!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c5c8f-060b-4192-8cbb-adc6ccc7b448_1672x941.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lur6!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c5c8f-060b-4192-8cbb-adc6ccc7b448_1672x941.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lur6!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c5c8f-060b-4192-8cbb-adc6ccc7b448_1672x941.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lur6!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c5c8f-060b-4192-8cbb-adc6ccc7b448_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lur6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c5c8f-060b-4192-8cbb-adc6ccc7b448_1672x941.png" width="1672" height="941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4c3c5c8f-060b-4192-8cbb-adc6ccc7b448_1672x941.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:941,&quot;width&quot;:1672,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:0,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lur6!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c5c8f-060b-4192-8cbb-adc6ccc7b448_1672x941.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lur6!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c5c8f-060b-4192-8cbb-adc6ccc7b448_1672x941.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lur6!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c5c8f-060b-4192-8cbb-adc6ccc7b448_1672x941.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lur6!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c5c8f-060b-4192-8cbb-adc6ccc7b448_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Ferramentas diagnósticas ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Novas fronteiras]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/ferramentas-diagnosticas</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/ferramentas-diagnosticas</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 23 Aug 2026 23:48:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X8at!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F620b5702-817c-41fd-973f-b3405d347552_1672x941.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Um cl&#237;nico geral que hoje tenha 75 anos talvez ainda realize consultas com muita frequ&#234;ncia. Se manteve o h&#225;bito de estudar ao longo da vida, provavelmente tem facilidade para se atualizar, sabedoria para gastar energia no que realmente importa e experi&#234;ncia suficiente para reconhecer muitas das diferentes apresenta&#231;&#245;es das doen&#231;as que fazem parte da pr&#225;tica cotidiana. Se esse cl&#237;nico buscou aprimoramento cont&#237;nuo de suas habilidades diagn&#243;sticas, atravessou tamb&#233;m v&#225;rias gera&#231;&#245;es de recursos auxiliares que progressivamente ampliaram sua capacidade: come&#231;ou com livros, passou pelo computador, pelos dispositivos m&#243;veis, pelos aplicativos e agora chegou &#224; intelig&#234;ncia artificial.</p><p>Paralelamente, assistiu a transforma&#231;&#245;es profundas na tecnologia aplicada ao diagn&#243;stico e a uma verdadeira revolu&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Nosso cl&#237;nico hipot&#233;tico de 75 anos, por&#233;m, n&#227;o &#233; bom porque viveu muito. &#201; bom porque, ao longo desse tempo, aprendeu a fazer as perguntas certas, sabe onde encontrar as respostas e dosa com intelig&#234;ncia o tempo e a energia necess&#225;rios para diagnosticar e resolver problemas. Viveu cercado por ferramentas que mudaram profundamente, mas continuou exercitando aquilo que nenhuma delas lhe entregava por completo: distinguir o que importa do que apenas est&#225; presente.</p><p><strong>E os m&#233;dicos de 30 a 40 anos?</strong></p><p>Vamos tocar logo no assunto: intelig&#234;ncia artificial. Em um ensaio recente publicado no <em><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2852952">JAMA</a></em>, alguns n&#250;meros surpreenderam muita gente. Em determinadas tarefas de resolu&#231;&#227;o de casos cl&#237;nicos, a intelig&#234;ncia artificial teve desempenho superior ao de m&#233;dicos que tamb&#233;m podiam utiliz&#225;-la como ferramenta. H&#225; ressalvas importantes: os casos avaliados n&#227;o reproduzem necessariamente toda a complexidade das situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas reais, e testes dessa natureza n&#227;o medem todas as dimens&#245;es envolvidas no cuidado. Ainda assim, meu palpite &#233; que, em pouco tempo, a intelig&#234;ncia artificial ser&#225; superior ao ser humano em grande parte das situa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas bem delimitadas, com informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis e problemas de complexidade baixa a moderada.</p><p>Talvez, por&#233;m, essa n&#227;o seja a quest&#227;o mais importante. O problema para o m&#233;dico mais jovem n&#227;o &#233; apenas competir com uma ferramenta cada vez melhor. &#201; construir experi&#234;ncia justamente em uma &#233;poca na qual parte do trabalho cognitivo necess&#225;rio para construir experi&#234;ncia pode ser terceirizado. A compet&#234;ncia diagn&#243;stica sempre dependeu, em alguma medida, da repeti&#231;&#227;o: ver casos, formular hip&#243;teses, errar, reformular o problema, comparar possibilidades e, aos poucos, construir uma biblioteca interna de padr&#245;es, exce&#231;&#245;es e incompatibilidades.</p><p>Se uma m&#225;quina consegue chegar &#224; resposta antes de n&#243;s, como desenvolvemos a capacidade que nos permitiria chegar a ela sem a m&#225;quina? Ferramentas diagn&#243;sticas cada vez mais eficientes podem aumentar o desempenho imediato e, ao mesmo tempo, reduzir as oportunidades de treinamento que constroem desempenho futuro. Acertar a resposta e desenvolver a capacidade de chegar &#224; resposta n&#227;o s&#227;o necessariamente a mesma coisa. Esse &#233; um risco especialmente relevante para quem ainda est&#225; acumulando repert&#243;rio.</p><p><strong>O perigo de acertar sem aprender</strong></p><p>Situa&#231;&#245;es de risco exigem mudan&#231;as de comportamento. O risco, aqui, n&#227;o est&#225; apenas em a m&#225;quina diagnosticar melhor. Est&#225; em deixarmos de exercitar justamente as capacidades que nos permitem saber quando confiar nela.</p><p>Para pensar essa transforma&#231;&#227;o, talvez seja &#250;til recorrer a algumas ideias de Nassim Nicholas Taleb. O conceito de antifragilidade descreve sistemas que n&#227;o apenas resistem &#224; instabilidade, mas conseguem melhorar quando expostos a ela. J&#225; o chamado efeito Lindy sugere que certas ideias, pr&#225;ticas e ferramentas que sobreviveram por muito tempo tendem a continuar relevantes. S&#227;o conceitos diferentes, mas os dois ajudam a pensar o futuro do racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico.</p><p>Primeiro, vale identificar aquilo que atravessou sucessivas revolu&#231;&#245;es tecnol&#243;gicas sem perder valor. Depois, precisamos aprender a usar as novas tecnologias de maneira que elas nos tornem melhores, e n&#227;o simplesmente mais dependentes. Uma loja de produtos alimentares que atravessou cinquenta anos, uma institui&#231;&#227;o que atravessou s&#233;culos ou um m&#233;dico septuagen&#225;rio que continua sendo procurado por seus pacientes n&#227;o s&#227;o automaticamente antifr&#225;geis. Mas sua sobreviv&#234;ncia desperta uma pergunta importante: o que exatamente permitiu que continuassem relevantes enquanto o ambiente ao redor mudava?</p><p>No racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico, algumas capacidades parecem resistir particularmente bem ao tempo: a paci&#234;ncia para escutar, a capacidade de sintetizar, a habilidade de formular boas perguntas, a toler&#226;ncia &#224; incerteza e, talvez principalmente, a percep&#231;&#227;o de que alguma coisa n&#227;o est&#225; no lugar esperado.</p><p><strong>Perceber o que n&#227;o encaixa</strong></p><p>Reconhecer padr&#245;es sempre foi uma parte importante do diagn&#243;stico. Grandes cl&#237;nicos, por&#233;m, n&#227;o apenas reconhecem padr&#245;es: eles percebem quando o padr&#227;o est&#225; sendo violado. Em uma lista de diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais, n&#227;o basta perguntar quais doen&#231;as poderiam produzir determinado conjunto de manifesta&#231;&#245;es. &#201; preciso perguntar tamb&#233;m: <strong>o que, nesta hip&#243;tese, n&#227;o deveria estar acontecendo?</strong></p><p>Uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o pode ser perfeitamente compat&#237;vel com uma doen&#231;a quando considerada isoladamente e, ainda assim, ser inapropriada para aquele indiv&#237;duo. Qual desses diagn&#243;sticos realmente se encaixa em um jovem h&#237;gido de 28 anos? Qual deles explica n&#227;o apenas os achados presentes, mas tamb&#233;m a aus&#234;ncia daqueles que deveriam estar ali? Qual hip&#243;tese exige que eu ignore menos coisas para faz&#234;-la caber?</p><p>Esse tipo de racioc&#237;nio talvez continue valioso mesmo quando a intelig&#234;ncia artificial for capaz de produzir, em segundos, listas de hip&#243;teses mais extensas e mais bem ordenadas do que as nossas. Produzir possibilidades ficar&#225; cada vez mais f&#225;cil. Decidir qual possibilidade realmente pertence &#224;quela pessoa, naquele momento, pode continuar sendo uma tarefa bem mais exigente.</p><p>O valor do cl&#237;nico talvez se desloque, portanto. Menos para a capacidade de recuperar mentalmente todas as doen&#231;as poss&#237;veis e mais para formular corretamente o problema, reconhecer incongru&#234;ncias, compreender o contexto e perceber qual pergunta realmente precisa ser respondida. Porque algu&#233;m ainda ter&#225; que compreender n&#227;o apenas qual resposta parece correta, mas se estamos fazendo a pergunta certa.</p><p><strong>O kit atualizado do viajante</strong></p><p>As tecnologias mudaram profundamente. Alguns fundamentos do diagn&#243;stico, muito menos. O m&#233;dico das pr&#243;ximas d&#233;cadas provavelmente viajar&#225; com um kit diferente daquele utilizado por seus predecessores, e a intelig&#234;ncia artificial certamente far&#225; parte dele. Ignor&#225;-la faria t&#227;o pouco sentido quanto teria feito ignorar o computador, as bases de dados ou os dispositivos m&#243;veis nas gera&#231;&#245;es anteriores.</p><p>Mas tamb&#233;m precisar&#227;o estar nesse kit capacidades muito antigas: curiosidade, s&#237;ntese, reconhecimento de incongru&#234;ncias, toler&#226;ncia &#224; incerteza, capacidade de formular perguntas e disposi&#231;&#227;o para voltar ao caso quando alguma coisa n&#227;o fizer sentido. A intelig&#234;ncia artificial n&#227;o precisa ocupar o lugar dessas ferramentas. Pode, ao contr&#225;rio, ser utilizada para coloc&#225;-las &#224; prova e ampli&#225;-las, desde que o m&#233;dico n&#227;o confunda a facilidade de obter uma resposta com a aquisi&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de julgar essa resposta.</p><p>Caneta e papel talvez continuem &#250;teis. Caf&#233;, quase certamente. Mas o item mais importante ser&#225; outro: a disposi&#231;&#227;o de continuar pensando mesmo quando uma m&#225;quina estiver pronta para pensar primeiro.</p><p>O desafio da pr&#243;xima gera&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos n&#227;o ser&#225; aprender a usar intelig&#234;ncia artificial. Isso provavelmente ser&#225; a parte f&#225;cil.</p><p>O desafio ser&#225; continuar aprendendo a pensar enquanto a utiliza.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X8at!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F620b5702-817c-41fd-973f-b3405d347552_1672x941.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X8at!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F620b5702-817c-41fd-973f-b3405d347552_1672x941.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X8at!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F620b5702-817c-41fd-973f-b3405d347552_1672x941.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X8at!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F620b5702-817c-41fd-973f-b3405d347552_1672x941.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X8at!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F620b5702-817c-41fd-973f-b3405d347552_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X8at!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F620b5702-817c-41fd-973f-b3405d347552_1672x941.png" width="1672" height="941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/620b5702-817c-41fd-973f-b3405d347552_1672x941.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:941,&quot;width&quot;:1672,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:0,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X8at!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F620b5702-817c-41fd-973f-b3405d347552_1672x941.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X8at!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F620b5702-817c-41fd-973f-b3405d347552_1672x941.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X8at!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F620b5702-817c-41fd-973f-b3405d347552_1672x941.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X8at!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F620b5702-817c-41fd-973f-b3405d347552_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Mental Journey of Clinical Practice]]></title><description><![CDATA[A Book Project]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/the-mental-journey-of-clinical-practice</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/the-mental-journey-of-clinical-practice</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 01:23:54 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9f4a3a0-f424-45bc-b303-1366a09a5a72_1024x608.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p><em>Clinical medicine is a science of decision-making under uncertainty. Medical reasoning is born from the tension between what is said and what is perceived, between what is thought and what may be wrong, between what is known and what still needs to be done.</em></p><p></p><p>I. The Interview</p><p>The place where disease begins to take shape is far more than a medical history. There is no clinical diagnosis without prior selection of reality: the physician never receives pure facts, they receive a narrative. A sequence of events shot through with fear, omissions and gestures, distortions and silences.</p><p>This is why there is no clinical history in forms filled out in the waiting room. The history demands clinical construction. The clinician listens, observes, and chooses what they consider relevant and it is in that act of choosing that thinking begins.</p><p>The clinical encounter has a scene: the patient&#8217;s entrance, the first seconds, the visual impression, the tone of voice, the posture, the perceived urgency. The history begins before the first question is asked. The physician listens to what the patient says, to what they mean to say, to what they omit, and to what they cannot name. They must translate lay language into medical categories without, in that process, destroying the patient&#8217;s own experience of illness.</p><p>Disease has an onset, a rhythm, a progression, intermittences, triggers, and context. Chronology is the structure of reasoning. But all listening is selective: the physician illuminates certain data and obscures others. Medical reasoning is therefore born already carrying its own biases.</p><p>The physical examination is the continuation of the interview not as an appendix, but as correction, tension, or confirmation of the narrative built so far.</p><p>II. The Diagnostic Hypothesis</p><p>Here lies the heart of clinical medicine. The diagnostic hypothesis is not a guess: it is the product of an encounter between the physician&#8217;s mental repertoire and the recognition of disease patterns. It is where possibilities are ranked according to probability, signs, pathophysiology, context, severity, and risk.</p><p>The clinical mind is capable of generating hypotheses from very little data and that capacity is invaluable. But it can fail. This is why the physician must also learn to decompose a case: to organize a problem list, to seek differential diagnoses, to identify pivot points and dominant signs, and to verify the pathophysiological coherence of the whole picture.</p><p>The great clinician is not the one who thinks of everything. It is the one who organizes well what deserves to be thought of first.</p><p></p><p>III. Medical Error</p><p>This is an unavoidable point. Error is rarely an isolated accident. It tends to be the predictable product of a human mind working under pressure, with incomplete knowledge, accumulated fatigue, or an excess of confidence.</p><p>In most cases, the error is born before the final decision back in the listening, back in the initial framing of the problem. The data was there, but it was not noticed. Or the physician closed their hypothesis too early, and then went on to seek evidence for what they already believed, rather than testing what might be wrong. This is what the literature calls premature closure, one of the most common and most silent mechanisms of diagnostic error.</p><p>There are also the factors the system itself produces: the overloaded shift, fatigue, institutional pressure, hierarchy, a hostile environment, fragmented care. Medical error is often the meeting point of insufficient knowledge, haste, overconfidence, and a narrative too seductive to be questioned.</p><p></p><p>IV. The Medical Decision</p><p>Clinical medicine is completed in the decision to act. And here lies a fundamental distinction: reasoning well, diagnosing well, and deciding well are related but not identical capacities. They do not always coincide.</p><p>To decide in clinical practice means to act well in the midst of the incomplete. Certainty should not be waited upon, it rarely arrives. A decision requires proportionality, a sense of responsibility, and the willingness to act when there is already enough data to do so, even without a definitive answer to the case.</p><p>The physician prioritizes risks that are serious, reversible, and time-dependent. The perfect diagnosis is not always a prerequisite for good clinical management. Ordering tests should not be a gesture of apparent diligence, but a justifiable act, something that will confirm or change a decision already formed.</p><p>Time also functions as a clinical test. We observe, return, and reassess. Sometimes, waiting is the intervention. The physician must do the right thing at the moment when they do not yet know everything.</p><p>And the patient is not merely a source of data, they are part of the decision.</p><div><hr></div><p>More than ever, we must recognize that clinical practice is a sequence of vulnerable mental operations. The excellent physician is not the one who never errs, it is the one who perceives more clearly, formulates with greater precision, revises with honesty, and decides with balance.</p><p>Clinical medicine is not merely applied science. It is disciplined perception, well-managed doubt, and proportionate action in the face of what is not yet known.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9f4a3a0-f424-45bc-b303-1366a09a5a72_1024x608.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9f4a3a0-f424-45bc-b303-1366a09a5a72_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9f4a3a0-f424-45bc-b303-1366a09a5a72_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9f4a3a0-f424-45bc-b303-1366a09a5a72_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9f4a3a0-f424-45bc-b303-1366a09a5a72_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9f4a3a0-f424-45bc-b303-1366a09a5a72_1024x608.png" width="1024" height="608" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e9f4a3a0-f424-45bc-b303-1366a09a5a72_1024x608.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:608,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9f4a3a0-f424-45bc-b303-1366a09a5a72_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9f4a3a0-f424-45bc-b303-1366a09a5a72_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9f4a3a0-f424-45bc-b303-1366a09a5a72_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9f4a3a0-f424-45bc-b303-1366a09a5a72_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"></figcaption></figure></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[O trajeto mental da prática clínica]]></title><description><![CDATA[Um projeto de livro]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/o-trajeto-mental-da-pratica-clinica</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/o-trajeto-mental-da-pratica-clinica</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 01:17:50 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tH4s!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41bf676f-93e1-473b-9091-d6ea9b7bbe51_1024x608.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p><em>Vou come&#231;ar a escrever aqui um ensaio que pensamos em transformar em um livro. Quem sabe algo interessante para o mundo contempor&#226;neo aonde a abund&#226;ncia de informa&#231;&#227;o e intelig&#234;ncia acess&#237;veis prometem transformar de vez a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica e de outras profiss&#245;es&#8230; </em></p><p></p><h4>A medicina cl&#237;nica &#233; uma ci&#234;ncia da decis&#227;o sob incerteza. O racioc&#237;nio m&#233;dico nasce da tens&#227;o entre o que &#233; dito e o que &#233; percebido, entre o que se pensa e o que pode estar errado, entre o que se sabe e o que ainda precisa ser feito.</h4><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tH4s!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41bf676f-93e1-473b-9091-d6ea9b7bbe51_1024x608.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tH4s!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41bf676f-93e1-473b-9091-d6ea9b7bbe51_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tH4s!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41bf676f-93e1-473b-9091-d6ea9b7bbe51_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tH4s!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41bf676f-93e1-473b-9091-d6ea9b7bbe51_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tH4s!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41bf676f-93e1-473b-9091-d6ea9b7bbe51_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tH4s!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41bf676f-93e1-473b-9091-d6ea9b7bbe51_1024x608.png" width="1024" height="608" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/41bf676f-93e1-473b-9091-d6ea9b7bbe51_1024x608.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:608,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tH4s!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41bf676f-93e1-473b-9091-d6ea9b7bbe51_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tH4s!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41bf676f-93e1-473b-9091-d6ea9b7bbe51_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tH4s!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41bf676f-93e1-473b-9091-d6ea9b7bbe51_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tH4s!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41bf676f-93e1-473b-9091-d6ea9b7bbe51_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>I) A entrevista: </p><p>O lugar onde a doen&#231;a come&#231;a a tomar forma &#233; muito mais do que uma anamnese. N&#227;o existe diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico sem sele&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via da realidade: o m&#233;dico nunca recebe fatos puros, recebe uma narrativa. Uma sequ&#234;ncia de eventos atravessada por medo, omiss&#245;es e gestos, deforma&#231;&#245;es e sil&#234;ncios.</p><p>Por isso, n&#227;o h&#225; anamnese em formul&#225;rios preenchidos na sala de espera. A anamnese exige constru&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. O cl&#237;nico escuta, observa e escolhe o que considera relevante, e &#233; nessa escolha que o pensamento come&#231;a.</p><p>O encontro cl&#237;nico tem uma cena: a entrada do paciente, os primeiros segundos, o impacto visual, o tom de voz, a postura, a urg&#234;ncia percebida. A anamnese come&#231;a antes da primeira pergunta. O m&#233;dico escuta o que o paciente diz, o que ele quer dizer, o que ele omite e o que ele n&#227;o sabe nomear. Precisa converter linguagem leiga em categorias m&#233;dicas sem destruir, nesse processo, a experi&#234;ncia do doente.</p><p>A doen&#231;a tem in&#237;cio, ritmo, progress&#227;o, intermit&#234;ncia, gatilhos e contexto. A cronologia &#233; a estrutura do racioc&#237;nio. Mas toda escuta &#233; seletiva: o m&#233;dico ilumina certos dados e obscurece outros. O racioc&#237;nio j&#225; nasce, portanto, com seus pr&#243;prios vieses.</p><h5>O exame f&#237;sico &#233; a continua&#231;&#227;o da entrevista, n&#227;o como ap&#234;ndice, mas como corre&#231;&#227;o, tens&#227;o ou confirma&#231;&#227;o da narrativa constru&#237;da at&#233; ali.</h5><p></p><p>II) A hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica </p><p>Aqui est&#225; o cora&#231;&#227;o da cl&#237;nica. A hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica n&#227;o &#233; uma adivinha&#231;&#227;o: &#233; o produto de um encontro entre o repert&#243;rio mental do m&#233;dico e o reconhecimento de padr&#245;es de doen&#231;a. &#201; onde se hierarquizam possibilidades com base em probabilidade, sinais, fisiopatologia, contexto, gravidade e risco.</p><p>A mente cl&#237;nica &#233; capaz de gerar hip&#243;teses a partir de poucos dados, e essa capacidade &#233; valiosa. Mas ela pode falhar. Por isso, o m&#233;dico precisa tamb&#233;m decompor o caso: organizar uma lista de problemas, buscar diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais, identificar os pontos-piv&#244;, os sinais dominantes, e verificar a coer&#234;ncia fisiopatol&#243;gica do conjunto.</p><h5>O grande cl&#237;nico n&#227;o &#233; o que pensa em tudo, mas &#233; o que organiza bem o que merece ser pensado primeiro.</h5><p></p><p>III) O erro m&#233;dico </p><p>Este &#233; um ponto incontorn&#225;vel. O erro raramente &#233; um acidente isolado. Ele costuma ser o produto previs&#237;vel de uma mente humana trabalhando sob press&#227;o, com conhecimento incompleto, fadiga acumulada ou excesso de confian&#231;a.</p><p>Na maioria das vezes, o erro nasce antes da decis&#227;o final, ainda na escuta, ainda na formula&#231;&#227;o inicial do problema. O dado estava presente, mas n&#227;o foi notado. Ou o m&#233;dico fechou sua hip&#243;tese cedo demais, e passou a buscar provas para o que j&#225; acreditava, em vez de testar o que poderia estar errado. &#201; o que a literatura chama de fechamento prematuro, um dos mecanismos mais comuns e mais silenciosos do erro diagn&#243;stico.</p><p>H&#225; ainda os fatores que o sistema produz: o plant&#227;o cheio, a fadiga, a press&#227;o institucional, a hierarquia, o ambiente hostil, a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do cuidado</p><h5> O erro m&#233;dico &#233; muitas vezes o encontro entre conhecimento insuficiente, pressa, confian&#231;a excessiva e uma narrativa sedutora demais para ser questionada.</h5><p></p><p>IV) A decis&#227;o m&#233;dica </p><p>A cl&#237;nica se completa na conduta. E aqui reside uma distin&#231;&#227;o fundamental: raciocinar bem, diagnosticar bem e decidir bem s&#227;o capacidades relacionadas, mas n&#227;o id&#234;nticas. Nem sempre as tr&#234;s coincidem.</p><p>Decidir na cl&#237;nica significa agir bem no meio do incompleto. N&#227;o se deve esperar pela certeza porque ela raramente chega. A decis&#227;o exige proporcionalidade, senso de responsabilidade e disposi&#231;&#227;o para agir quando j&#225; h&#225; dados suficientes, mesmo sem solu&#231;&#227;o definitiva para o caso.</p><p>O m&#233;dico prioriza riscos graves, revers&#237;veis e tempo-dependentes. Nem sempre o diagn&#243;stico perfeito &#233; pr&#233;-requisito para a boa conduta. Solicitar exames n&#227;o deveria ser um gesto de zelo aparente, mas um ato justific&#225;vel: algo que ir&#225; confirmar ou alterar uma decis&#227;o j&#225; formulada.</p><p>O tempo tamb&#233;m funciona como teste cl&#237;nico. Observamos, retornamos, reavaliamos. &#192;s vezes, esperar &#233; a conduta. O m&#233;dico precisa fazer a coisa certa no momento em que ainda n&#227;o sabe tudo.</p><h5>E , por fim, o doente n&#227;o &#233; apenas fonte de dados, &#233; parte da decis&#227;o.</h5><p></p><div><hr></div><p>Mais do que nunca, precisamos reconhecer que a cl&#237;nica &#233; uma sequ&#234;ncia de opera&#231;&#245;es mentais vulner&#225;veis. O m&#233;dico excelente n&#227;o &#233; aquele que n&#227;o erra, mas &#233; aquele que percebe melhor, formula com mais precis&#227;o, revisa com honestidade e decide com equil&#237;brio.</p><p>A medicina cl&#237;nica n&#227;o &#233; apenas ci&#234;ncia aplicada. &#201; percep&#231;&#227;o disciplinada, d&#250;vida bem manejada e a&#231;&#227;o proporcional diante do que ainda n&#227;o se sabe.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Temptation of the Difficult Diagnosis]]></title><description><![CDATA[The figure represents a common process in medical practice: the temptation of the difficult diagnosis.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/the-temptation-of-the-difficult-diagnosis</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/the-temptation-of-the-difficult-diagnosis</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 16:14:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpWT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32bb4a48-4b8c-43a8-a56d-6a63e750035c_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpWT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32bb4a48-4b8c-43a8-a56d-6a63e750035c_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpWT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32bb4a48-4b8c-43a8-a56d-6a63e750035c_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpWT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32bb4a48-4b8c-43a8-a56d-6a63e750035c_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpWT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32bb4a48-4b8c-43a8-a56d-6a63e750035c_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpWT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32bb4a48-4b8c-43a8-a56d-6a63e750035c_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpWT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32bb4a48-4b8c-43a8-a56d-6a63e750035c_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/32bb4a48-4b8c-43a8-a56d-6a63e750035c_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2802748,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/185196197?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32bb4a48-4b8c-43a8-a56d-6a63e750035c_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpWT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32bb4a48-4b8c-43a8-a56d-6a63e750035c_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpWT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32bb4a48-4b8c-43a8-a56d-6a63e750035c_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpWT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32bb4a48-4b8c-43a8-a56d-6a63e750035c_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpWT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32bb4a48-4b8c-43a8-a56d-6a63e750035c_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>The figure represents a common process in medical practice: the temptation of the difficult diagnosis.</p><p>There is a path that appears straight, aimed directly at the target. A rare success&#8212;one that earns admiration and applause. But this path hides a trap: it can lead to unnecessary costs, avoidable suffering, and, ultimately, the frustration of failing to confirm the brilliant diagnosis we imagined.</p><p>The path of the possible diagnosis is different. More comfortable. More shaded. Like a road that passes beneath an old tree.</p><p>It is along this path that the good physician walks slowly&#8212;observing, confirming, waiting.</p><p>Paradoxically, it is from this patient path that the best returns emerge&#8212; including those that, at the right moment, lead to the true difficult diagnosis.</p><p>Think about it.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A tentação do diagnóstico difícil ]]></title><description><![CDATA[A figura representa um processo comum na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica: a tenta&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico dif&#237;cil.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/a-tentacao-do-diagnostico-dificil</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/a-tentacao-do-diagnostico-dificil</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 16:13:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!10fi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734af7f2-f1fd-4b1c-860a-431f2971c691_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!10fi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734af7f2-f1fd-4b1c-860a-431f2971c691_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!10fi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734af7f2-f1fd-4b1c-860a-431f2971c691_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!10fi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734af7f2-f1fd-4b1c-860a-431f2971c691_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!10fi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734af7f2-f1fd-4b1c-860a-431f2971c691_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!10fi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734af7f2-f1fd-4b1c-860a-431f2971c691_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!10fi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734af7f2-f1fd-4b1c-860a-431f2971c691_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/734af7f2-f1fd-4b1c-860a-431f2971c691_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2802748,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/185195225?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734af7f2-f1fd-4b1c-860a-431f2971c691_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!10fi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734af7f2-f1fd-4b1c-860a-431f2971c691_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!10fi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734af7f2-f1fd-4b1c-860a-431f2971c691_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!10fi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734af7f2-f1fd-4b1c-860a-431f2971c691_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!10fi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734af7f2-f1fd-4b1c-860a-431f2971c691_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>A figura representa um processo comum na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica: a tenta&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico dif&#237;cil.</p><p>Existe um caminho aparentemente reto, direto ao alvo. Um acerto raro, que rende admira&#231;&#227;o e aplausos. Mas esse caminho esconde uma armadilha: pode levar a custos desnecess&#225;rios, sofrimento evit&#225;vel e, ao final, &#224; frustra&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o se confirmar o diagn&#243;stico brilhante que imaginamos.</p><p>O caminho do diagn&#243;stico poss&#237;vel &#233; outro. Mais confort&#225;vel. Mais sombreado. Como uma estrada que passa por uma &#225;rvore antiga.</p><p>&#201; nele que o bom m&#233;dico caminha devagar &#8212; observando, confirmando, esperando.</p><p>Paradoxalmente, &#233; desse caminho paciente que surgem os melhores retornos &#8212; inclusive aqueles que, no momento certo, conduzem ao verdadeiro diagn&#243;stico dif&#237;cil.</p><p>Pense nisso.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Build Your ROC Curve]]></title><description><![CDATA[In diagnosis, we may be settling for little more than &#8220;not making mistakes&#8221; &#8212; something we would never accept of ourselves.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/build-your-roc-curve</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/build-your-roc-curve</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 18 Jan 2026 16:46:55 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7_wm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5b7dd65-9465-4e88-a35f-27154b35302a_726x576.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>In diagnosis, we may be settling for little more than &#8220;not making mistakes&#8221; &#8212; something we would never accept of ourselves.</em></p><p></p><p><strong>1. Glossary</strong></p><p>Before moving forward, it is worth aligning a few concepts.</p><p>Evidence-based medicine has become the clinical paradigm for guiding medical decisions, including diagnostic tests and treatments. The application of rigorous statistical methods represented a major conceptual advance, allowing core tools of clinical practice to be compared and evaluated.</p><p>A trade-off refers to an inevitable relationship of compensation between two gains: improving one comes at the expense of the other. In diagnostic testing, this manifests as the tension between sensitivity (the ability to detect those who have the disease) and specificity (the ability to exclude those who do not).</p><p>The ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve is a graphical representation of the balance between sensitivity and specificity, showing how both vary according to the chosen decision threshold.</p><p>Cognition refers to the mental processes that sustain clinical thinking: perception, memory, inference, and judgment. Pattern recognition is the mechanism by which the brain rapidly identifies familiar configurations, enabling fast decisions &#8212; but ones that are vulnerable to error when not supported by deliberate analysis.</p><p>These concepts are not merely technical. They shape how we learn, how we decide, and how far we believe improvement is possible.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7_wm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5b7dd65-9465-4e88-a35f-27154b35302a_726x576.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7_wm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5b7dd65-9465-4e88-a35f-27154b35302a_726x576.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7_wm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5b7dd65-9465-4e88-a35f-27154b35302a_726x576.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7_wm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5b7dd65-9465-4e88-a35f-27154b35302a_726x576.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7_wm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5b7dd65-9465-4e88-a35f-27154b35302a_726x576.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7_wm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5b7dd65-9465-4e88-a35f-27154b35302a_726x576.png" width="726" height="576" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f5b7dd65-9465-4e88-a35f-27154b35302a_726x576.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:576,&quot;width&quot;:726,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:54082,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/184973203?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5b7dd65-9465-4e88-a35f-27154b35302a_726x576.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7_wm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5b7dd65-9465-4e88-a35f-27154b35302a_726x576.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7_wm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5b7dd65-9465-4e88-a35f-27154b35302a_726x576.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7_wm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5b7dd65-9465-4e88-a35f-27154b35302a_726x576.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7_wm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5b7dd65-9465-4e88-a35f-27154b35302a_726x576.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><strong>2. Learning</strong></p><p>There is a common misconception about how people learn &#8212; and, by extension, how excellence is formed.</p><p>Durable learning does not arise from repetition or from the feeling of fluency, which is comfortable. It emerges when the brain is challenged to work: to reconstruct information and to make mistakes. As described in Make It Stick, learning goes beyond recognizing familiar patterns; it involves assigning meaning to them, consolidating them in memory over time, and being able to retrieve them when needed, without external support.</p><p>The brain learns when it has to retrieve information, not when it merely sees it.</p><p>Spaced practice, interleaving, and task variability make learning more difficult in the short term. They may worsen immediate performance or increase errors, reducing the subjective sense of mastery. Yet they are highly effective.</p><p>Active retrieval with feedback forces the brain to reconstruct knowledge, creating multiple retrieval cues. Error, in this context, is not a failure &#8212; it is a signal that the system is being challenged, and that learning is actually taking place.</p><p>The same logic applies to the development of human excellence across the lifespan.</p><p>A large study led by Arne G&#252;llich and discussed by The Economist analyzed more than 34,000 individuals across domains such as sport, chess, classical music, and science. The finding was counterintuitive: child prodigies rarely become elite adults.</p><p>Most adult superstars did not stand out in childhood, and only a small fraction of top-performing youths maintain that status later in life. In some fields, exceptional early performance may even correlate negatively with later excellence. High early performance is not a reliable predictor of lasting greatness.</p><p>Individuals who achieve world-class excellence tend to follow different trajectories. They maintain broader interests for longer, delay specialization, tolerate initially average performance, and progress more rapidly once they eventually specialize.</p><p>They learn how to learn better.</p><p>In short, we make the same mistake repeatedly: prioritizing immediate performance over future competence. We value those who appear promising in the present but prove fragile when faced with novelty, uncertainty, and complexity.</p><p>Excellence does not emerge from comfort. It arises from well-directed effort, productive error, and trajectories that respect the deep time required for learning.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n-c_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbcb7eb2-9bd7-4ffa-9dcc-781f8298b632_1050x1280.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n-c_!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbcb7eb2-9bd7-4ffa-9dcc-781f8298b632_1050x1280.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n-c_!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbcb7eb2-9bd7-4ffa-9dcc-781f8298b632_1050x1280.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n-c_!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbcb7eb2-9bd7-4ffa-9dcc-781f8298b632_1050x1280.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n-c_!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbcb7eb2-9bd7-4ffa-9dcc-781f8298b632_1050x1280.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n-c_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbcb7eb2-9bd7-4ffa-9dcc-781f8298b632_1050x1280.png" width="1050" height="1280" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dbcb7eb2-9bd7-4ffa-9dcc-781f8298b632_1050x1280.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1280,&quot;width&quot;:1050,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:576595,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/184973203?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbcb7eb2-9bd7-4ffa-9dcc-781f8298b632_1050x1280.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n-c_!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbcb7eb2-9bd7-4ffa-9dcc-781f8298b632_1050x1280.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n-c_!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbcb7eb2-9bd7-4ffa-9dcc-781f8298b632_1050x1280.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n-c_!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbcb7eb2-9bd7-4ffa-9dcc-781f8298b632_1050x1280.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n-c_!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbcb7eb2-9bd7-4ffa-9dcc-781f8298b632_1050x1280.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>3. Build Your ROC Curve</strong></p><p>Modern medicine, anchored in evidence-based medicine, has learned to think about diagnosis in the language of tests: sensitivity, specificity, ROC curves. This advance was fundamental in legitimizing the medical history, physical examination, and clinical judgment as measurable and comparable tools.</p><p>In their article, Makam, Dhaliwal, and Nguyen highlight a subtle conceptual error in this translation. By equating physicians with laboratory tests, we implicitly accept average performance as a natural ceiling. Laboratory tests have relatively fixed properties, with an inevitable trade-off: increasing sensitivity comes at the cost of specificity, and vice versa.</p><p>This same logic has been applied to clinical skills. Physical examination maneuvers, elements of the clinical history, and even prognostic judgment have been described using average estimates of diagnostic accuracy. The problem is that averages erase the true variability among physicians.</p><p>Unlike laboratory tests, human diagnostic skills vary substantially depending on cognitive aptitude, quality of training &#8212; deliberate practice &#8212; and mentorship. This means there is real room for excellence in medical practice.</p><p>The article draws on a seminal study published in The Quarterly Journal of Economics that analyzed 4.5 million chest radiographs interpreted by radiologists. The results showed that more skilled radiologists achieved both higher sensitivity and higher specificity, shifting the entire ROC curve upward. Excellence did not require sacrificing one dimension to improve the other.</p><p>In essence, physicians have their own ROC curves, reflecting variability in diagnostic skill.</p><p>The authors then revisited one of their own studies comparing physicians&#8217; predictions of hospital readmission with an electronic health-record-based model. The pattern repeated itself.</p><p>Some physicians were better at identifying who would be readmitted (higher sensitivity) without overestimating risk in others (higher specificity). Most physicians were not represented by the average estimate. The &#8220;red diamond&#8221; of the mean simply did not describe real individuals.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyWp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01067e61-9f7d-453a-b804-d0bc459c97a3_1320x947.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyWp!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01067e61-9f7d-453a-b804-d0bc459c97a3_1320x947.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyWp!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01067e61-9f7d-453a-b804-d0bc459c97a3_1320x947.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyWp!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01067e61-9f7d-453a-b804-d0bc459c97a3_1320x947.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyWp!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01067e61-9f7d-453a-b804-d0bc459c97a3_1320x947.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyWp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01067e61-9f7d-453a-b804-d0bc459c97a3_1320x947.png" width="1320" height="947" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/01067e61-9f7d-453a-b804-d0bc459c97a3_1320x947.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:947,&quot;width&quot;:1320,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:674478,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/184973203?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01067e61-9f7d-453a-b804-d0bc459c97a3_1320x947.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyWp!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01067e61-9f7d-453a-b804-d0bc459c97a3_1320x947.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyWp!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01067e61-9f7d-453a-b804-d0bc459c97a3_1320x947.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyWp!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01067e61-9f7d-453a-b804-d0bc459c97a3_1320x947.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyWp!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01067e61-9f7d-453a-b804-d0bc459c97a3_1320x947.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>The message is clear: every physician has their own ROC curve &#8212; and it can be trained.</p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>Brown PC, Roediger HL III, McDaniel MA.</p><p>Make It Stick: The Science of Successful Learning.</p><p>Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2014.</p><p>Makam AN, Dhaliwal G, Nguyen OK.</p><p>Striving for Diagnostic Excellence: The Median Is Not the Message.</p><p>SSRN preprint; 2024.</p><p>Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5044377</p><p>Chan DC, Gentzkow M, Yu C.</p><p>Selection with Variation in Diagnostic Skill: Evidence from Radiologists.</p><p>The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2022;137(2):729&#8211;783.</p><p>Nguyen OK, Washington C, Clark CR, et al.</p><p>Man vs. Machine: Comparing Physician vs. Electronic Health Record&#8211;Based Model Predictions for 30-Day Hospital Readmissions.</p><p>Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2021;36(9):2555&#8211;2562.</p><p>G&#252;llich A, Barth M, Hambrick DZ, Macnamara BN.</p><p>Recent discoveries on the acquisition of the highest levels of human performance.</p><p>Science. 2025.</p><p>The Economist.</p><p>Why child prodigies rarely become elite performers.</p><p>14 January 2026</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Construa sua curva ROC!]]></title><description><![CDATA[No diagn&#243;stico, talvez estejamos nos contentando apenas com &#8220;n&#227;o errar&#8221; &#8212; algo que jamais aceitar&#237;amos de n&#243;s mesmos.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/construa-sua-curva-roc</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/construa-sua-curva-roc</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 18 Jan 2026 16:41:32 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf-I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F288a6794-c456-4086-bab5-4a3b42ec21bb_726x576.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p><em>No diagn&#243;stico, talvez estejamos nos contentando apenas com &#8220;n&#227;o errar&#8221; &#8212; algo que jamais aceitar&#237;amos de n&#243;s mesmos.</em></p><p></p><p>1. Gloss&#225;rio</p><p>Antes de prosseguirmos, vamos alinhar alguns conceitos.</p><p>A medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias se consolidou como o paradigma cl&#237;nico para orientar decis&#245;es m&#233;dicas, incluindo testes diagn&#243;sticos e tratamentos. A aplica&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos rigorosos trouxe um enorme avan&#231;o conceitual, ao permitir comparar e avaliar ferramentas centrais da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p><p>Trade-off refere-se &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o de compensa&#231;&#227;o inevit&#225;vel entre dois ganhos: ao melhorar um aspecto, perde-se outro. Nos testes diagn&#243;sticos, isso se manifesta na tens&#227;o entre sensibilidade (capacidade de detectar quem tem a doen&#231;a) e especificidade (capacidade de excluir quem n&#227;o tem).</p><p>A curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) &#233; a representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica do equil&#237;brio entre sensibilidade e especificidade, mostrando como elas variam conforme o limiar de decis&#227;o.</p><p>Cogni&#231;&#227;o diz respeito aos processos mentais que sustentam o pensamento cl&#237;nico: percep&#231;&#227;o, mem&#243;ria, infer&#234;ncia e julgamento. O reconhecimento de padr&#245;es &#233; o mecanismo pelo qual o c&#233;rebro identifica rapidamente configura&#231;&#245;es familiares, permitindo decis&#245;es &#225;geis, por&#233;m suscet&#237;veis a erro quando n&#227;o apoiadas por an&#225;lise deliberada.</p><p>Esses conceitos n&#227;o s&#227;o apenas t&#233;cnicos: eles moldam como aprendemos, como decidimos e at&#233; onde acreditamos ser poss&#237;vel melhorar.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf-I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F288a6794-c456-4086-bab5-4a3b42ec21bb_726x576.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf-I!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F288a6794-c456-4086-bab5-4a3b42ec21bb_726x576.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf-I!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F288a6794-c456-4086-bab5-4a3b42ec21bb_726x576.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf-I!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F288a6794-c456-4086-bab5-4a3b42ec21bb_726x576.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf-I!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F288a6794-c456-4086-bab5-4a3b42ec21bb_726x576.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf-I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F288a6794-c456-4086-bab5-4a3b42ec21bb_726x576.png" width="726" height="576" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/288a6794-c456-4086-bab5-4a3b42ec21bb_726x576.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:576,&quot;width&quot;:726,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:54082,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/184968210?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F288a6794-c456-4086-bab5-4a3b42ec21bb_726x576.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf-I!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F288a6794-c456-4086-bab5-4a3b42ec21bb_726x576.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf-I!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F288a6794-c456-4086-bab5-4a3b42ec21bb_726x576.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf-I!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F288a6794-c456-4086-bab5-4a3b42ec21bb_726x576.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf-I!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F288a6794-c456-4086-bab5-4a3b42ec21bb_726x576.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#65532;</p><p></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>2. O aprendizado</p><p>Existe um equ&#237;voco comum sobre como as pessoas aprendem e sobre como a excel&#234;ncia se forma.</p><p>O aprendizado duradouro n&#227;o se d&#225; pela repeti&#231;&#227;o nem pela sensa&#231;&#227;o de fluidez, que &#233; confort&#225;vel. Ele acontece quando o c&#233;rebro &#233; desafiado a trabalhar, a reconstruir informa&#231;&#245;es e a cometer erros. Aprender, como descrito em Fixe Seu Conhecimento, vai al&#233;m de reconhecer padr&#245;es familiares; envolve dar significado a eles, consolid&#225;-los na mem&#243;ria ao longo do tempo e ser capaz de evoc&#225;-los quando necess&#225;rio, sem ajuda externa.</p><p>O c&#233;rebro aprende quando precisa buscar informa&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o quando apenas as v&#234;.</p><p>A pr&#225;tica espa&#231;ada, a intercala&#231;&#227;o e a variabilidade de tarefas tornam o aprendizado mais dif&#237;cil no curto prazo. Elas podem piorar o desempenho imediato ou aumentar o n&#250;mero de erros, diminuindo a sensa&#231;&#227;o de dom&#237;nio. No entanto, s&#227;o extremamente eficazes.</p><p>A evoca&#231;&#227;o ativa com corre&#231;&#227;o for&#231;a o c&#233;rebro a reconstruir o conhecimento, criando m&#250;ltiplas pistas de acesso. O erro &#233; um sinal de que o sistema est&#225; sendo desafiado &#8212; e de que o aprendizado, de fato, est&#225; acontecendo.</p><p>Essa l&#243;gica tamb&#233;m se aplica ao desenvolvimento da excel&#234;ncia humana ao longo da vida.</p><p>Um grande estudo liderado por Arne G&#252;llich, comentado pela The Economist, analisou mais de 34 mil indiv&#237;duos em &#225;reas como esporte, xadrez, m&#250;sica cl&#225;ssica e ci&#234;ncia. A descoberta foi contraintuitiva: crian&#231;as prod&#237;gios raramente se tornam adultos de elite.</p><p>A maioria dos adultos superestrelas n&#227;o se destacou na inf&#226;ncia, e apenas uma pequena parcela dos jovens de alt&#237;ssimo desempenho mant&#233;m esse status na vida adulta. Em alguns campos, o desempenho excepcional precoce pode at&#233; se correlacionar negativamente com a excel&#234;ncia futura. Desempenho inicial alto n&#227;o &#233; um bom indicador de grandeza futura.</p><p>Indiv&#237;duos que alcan&#231;am excel&#234;ncia de classe mundial tendem a seguir caminhos diferentes. Mant&#234;m interesses amplos por mais tempo, adiam a especializa&#231;&#227;o, aceitam desempenhos iniciais medianos e progridem mais rapidamente quando finalmente se especializam.</p><p>Esses indiv&#237;duos aprendem a aprender melhor.</p><p>Em suma, cometemos o mesmo erro: priorizamos o desempenho imediato em detrimento da compet&#234;ncia futura. Valorizamos indiv&#237;duos que parecem promissores no presente, mas que se mostram fr&#225;geis diante da novidade, da incerteza e da complexidade.</p><p>A excel&#234;ncia n&#227;o surge do conforto, mas do esfor&#231;o bem direcionado, do erro produtivo e de trajet&#243;rias que respeitam o tempo profundo necess&#225;rio para o aprendizado.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vcRS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5488765-7ba6-4405-a7b5-81721a33d4d4_1050x1280.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vcRS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5488765-7ba6-4405-a7b5-81721a33d4d4_1050x1280.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vcRS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5488765-7ba6-4405-a7b5-81721a33d4d4_1050x1280.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vcRS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5488765-7ba6-4405-a7b5-81721a33d4d4_1050x1280.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vcRS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5488765-7ba6-4405-a7b5-81721a33d4d4_1050x1280.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vcRS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5488765-7ba6-4405-a7b5-81721a33d4d4_1050x1280.png" width="1050" height="1280" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f5488765-7ba6-4405-a7b5-81721a33d4d4_1050x1280.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1280,&quot;width&quot;:1050,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:576595,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/184968210?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5488765-7ba6-4405-a7b5-81721a33d4d4_1050x1280.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vcRS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5488765-7ba6-4405-a7b5-81721a33d4d4_1050x1280.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vcRS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5488765-7ba6-4405-a7b5-81721a33d4d4_1050x1280.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vcRS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5488765-7ba6-4405-a7b5-81721a33d4d4_1050x1280.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vcRS!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5488765-7ba6-4405-a7b5-81721a33d4d4_1050x1280.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#65532;</p><p></p><div><hr></div><p>3. Construa sua curva ROC</p><p>A medicina moderna, ancorada na medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias, aprendeu a pensar o diagn&#243;stico na linguagem dos testes: sensibilidade, especificidade, curvas ROC. Esse avan&#231;o foi fundamental ao legitimar a anamnese, o exame f&#237;sico e o julgamento cl&#237;nico como ferramentas mensur&#225;veis e compar&#225;veis.</p><p>Em seu artigo, Makam, Dhaliwal e Nguyen destacam um erro conceitual sutil nessa transposi&#231;&#227;o. Ao equiparar m&#233;dicos a testes laboratoriais, passamos a aceitar implicitamente o desempenho m&#233;dio como limite natural. Testes laboratoriais possuem propriedades relativamente fixas, com um trade-off inevit&#225;vel: aumentar sensibilidade implica perder especificidade, e vice-versa.</p><p>Essa mesma l&#243;gica foi aplicada &#224;s habilidades cl&#237;nicas. Manobras do exame f&#237;sico, elementos da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e at&#233; o julgamento progn&#243;stico passaram a ser descritos por estimativas m&#233;dias de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica. O problema &#233; que essa m&#233;dia apaga a variabilidade real entre m&#233;dicos.</p><p>Ao contr&#225;rio dos testes laboratoriais, as habilidades diagn&#243;sticas humanas variam significativamente conforme aptid&#227;o cognitiva, qualidade do treinamento &#8212; pr&#225;tica deliberada &#8212; e mentoria. Isso significa que existe um espa&#231;o real para excel&#234;ncia na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica.</p><p>O artigo se baseia em um estudo seminal publicado no Quarterly Journal of Economics, que analisou 4,5 milh&#245;es de radiografias de t&#243;rax interpretadas por radiologistas. Os resultados mostraram que radiologistas mais habilidosos apresentaram simultaneamente maior sensibilidade e maior especificidade, deslocando toda a curva ROC para cima. A excel&#234;ncia n&#227;o exigiu sacrificar um polo para melhorar o outro.</p><p>Em ess&#234;ncia, m&#233;dicos possuem sua pr&#243;pria curva ROC, refletindo a variabilidade de suas habilidades diagn&#243;sticas.</p><p>Os autores revisitaram ent&#227;o um estudo pr&#243;prio comparando a previs&#227;o de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar feita por m&#233;dicos com um modelo eletr&#244;nico baseado em prontu&#225;rio. O padr&#227;o se repetiu.</p><p>Alguns m&#233;dicos identificavam melhor quem seria readmitido (&#8593; sensibilidade) sem superestimar risco nos demais (&#8593; especificidade). A maioria n&#227;o era representada pela estimativa m&#233;dia. O &#8220;diamante vermelho&#8221; da m&#233;dia simplesmente n&#227;o descrevia indiv&#237;duos reais</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aej4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96f876fc-0d7e-413c-b6fe-6325f0b53ea3_1320x947.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aej4!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96f876fc-0d7e-413c-b6fe-6325f0b53ea3_1320x947.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aej4!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96f876fc-0d7e-413c-b6fe-6325f0b53ea3_1320x947.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aej4!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96f876fc-0d7e-413c-b6fe-6325f0b53ea3_1320x947.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aej4!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96f876fc-0d7e-413c-b6fe-6325f0b53ea3_1320x947.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aej4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96f876fc-0d7e-413c-b6fe-6325f0b53ea3_1320x947.png" width="1320" height="947" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/96f876fc-0d7e-413c-b6fe-6325f0b53ea3_1320x947.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:947,&quot;width&quot;:1320,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:674478,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/184968210?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96f876fc-0d7e-413c-b6fe-6325f0b53ea3_1320x947.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aej4!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96f876fc-0d7e-413c-b6fe-6325f0b53ea3_1320x947.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aej4!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96f876fc-0d7e-413c-b6fe-6325f0b53ea3_1320x947.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aej4!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96f876fc-0d7e-413c-b6fe-6325f0b53ea3_1320x947.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aej4!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96f876fc-0d7e-413c-b6fe-6325f0b53ea3_1320x947.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#65532;</p><p></p><p>A mensagem &#233; clara: cada m&#233;dico tem uma curva ROC pr&#243;pria &#8212; e ela pode ser treinada.</p><p>Refer&#234;ncias</p><p>&#9;Brown PC, Roediger HL III, McDaniel MA.<br>Make It Stick: The Science of Successful Learning.<br>Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2014.</p><ol><li><p>Makam AN, Dhaliwal G, Nguyen OK.<br>Striving for Diagnostic Excellence: The Median Is Not the Message.<br>SSRN preprint; 2024.<br>Dispon&#237;vel em: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5044377</p></li><li><p>Chan DC, Gentzkow M, Yu C.<br>Selection with Variation in Diagnostic Skill: Evidence from Radiologists.<br>The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2022;137(2):729&#8211;783.</p></li><li><p>Nguyen OK, Washington C, Clark CR, et al.<br>Man vs. Machine: Comparing Physician vs. Electronic Health Record&#8211;Based Model Predictions for 30-Day Hospital Readmissions.<br>Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2021;36(9):2555&#8211;2562.</p></li><li><p>G&#252;llich A, Barth M, Hambrick DZ, Macnamara BN.<br>Recent discoveries on the acquisition of the highest levels of human performance.<br>Science. 2025.</p></li><li><p>The Economist.<br>Por que crian&#231;as prod&#237;gios raramente se tornam artistas de elite.<br>The Economist. 14 janeiro 2026.</p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Semiology as Medical Literacy]]></title><description><![CDATA[Semiology, from the Greek, means the study of signs. Traditionally, medical semiology is defined as the study of the signs&#8212;and also the symptoms&#8212;presented by the patient. Although correct, this definition is overly simple. I prefer to say that medical semiology is the]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/semiology-as-medical-literacy</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/semiology-as-medical-literacy</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 01:03:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Semiology, from the Greek, means <em>the study of signs</em>. Traditionally, medical semiology is defined as the study of the signs&#8212;and also the symptoms&#8212;presented by the patient. Although correct, this definition is overly simple. I prefer to say that medical semiology is the <strong>physician&#8217;s literacy in the patient&#8217;s language</strong>.</p><p>A person who becomes ill expresses themselves through both body and mind. Sometimes this expression is unified&#8212;&#8220;I have pain here.&#8221; At other times, it runs in parallel: an asymptomatic heart murmur, silent for the person who carries it, yet deeply revealing to someone who has learned how to listen. Interpreting this language is the role of medical semiology.</p><p>A patient is not merely a collection of signs and symptoms. A patient is a human being whose clinical history and physical examination meet and organize themselves in a unique way. For that reason, every patient is essentially individual. Internal medicine, in the end, is the <strong>individualization of medical semiology</strong>.</p><p>It was with this idea in mind that I met Dona Maria.</p><div><hr></div><p>Dona Maria is 77 years old. Her sister is a physician&#8212;a pediatrician&#8212;nearly the same age. We know each other. I was contacted through a messaging app because her sister was dealing with &#8220;diarrhea that wouldn&#8217;t go away.&#8221; Despite having tried a little of everything&#8212;and even asking for help from another internist&#8212;the problem persisted. Eventually, we scheduled a visit so I could better assess the case.</p><p>On the day of the appointment, walking to my office&#8212;hers being the first slot of the day&#8212;I found myself thinking about how the consultation would unfold. I remember wondering why such a well-described, and frankly common, complaint required an internist&#8217;s evaluation. In my mind, I mentally organized a flowchart for chronic diarrhea. I assumed little would fall outside it.</p><p>An internist is not &#8220;a physician concerned only with the history of present illness,&#8221; as another well-known internist once said. And so I knew that during the visit I would ask about her life, habits, past illnesses, surgeries, medications; I would review symptoms and systems, and so on. Still, I kept returning to the same question: what could an internist offer that would be different&#8212;and complementary&#8212;to the work of a gastroenterologist, who would likely focus the visit on the main complaint and the current illness, adding a few notes on medications and past problems?</p><p>And that, of course, would not be wrong.</p><div><hr></div><p>The history of present illness was straightforward: three weeks of diarrhea, predominantly watery, with abundant mucus. Frequent cramping, episodes of incontinence, and nocturnal bowel movements. She had taken antidiarrheals, probiotics, and an antiparasitic agent. Basic stool studies showed no parasites, but did reveal red and white blood cells.</p><p>Her past history included uterine surgery for prolapse, urinary incontinence, and recurrent falls due to longstanding balance issues. She had a depressed mood and was taking an antidepressant. Vaccinations and cancer screening were up to date. The physical examination revealed nothing remarkable.</p><p>At that point, my mental flowchart naturally led toward a sequence of broader&#8212;and quite possibly invasive&#8212;tests.</p><p>Now, the consultation itself.</p><p>Her sister accompanied her and was very helpful in encouraging Dona Maria to tell her story. She was a solitary woman, a retired schoolteacher with no children, who had moved in with her sister&#8212;long divorced&#8212;many years earlier. She had played a central role in caring for their parents, who were very elderly and bedridden for years before passing away. Her leisure consisted mainly of traveling alongside her sister and a few nieces.</p><p>The sister led much of the conversation. At times because Dona Maria felt embarrassed discussing a topic that is not particularly pleasant and is, in some sense, intimate. At other times because she seemed largely indifferent to her own health. This was, in fact, a frequent source of tension between them. They had very different outlooks on life: one wanted everything to end sooner and spent most of her days at home; the other wanted to live to be 100&#8212;and is still working.</p><p>Dona Maria did not seem particularly concerned about being ill. She was, in fact, annoyed at having to be examined and possibly undergo further testing beyond what she had already done. And medications that might cause discomfort? Absolutely not.</p><div><hr></div><p>This consultation reminded me of a recent essay I had read. In <em>&#8220;Digital Exhaustion or Digital Gold? The Value of AI-Generated Transcripts of Clinical Encounters,&#8221;</em> by Katherine Goodman and Daniel Morgan, published in the <em>New England Journal of Medicine</em> in December 2025, the authors discuss the potential value of AI-generated transcripts of clinical encounters&#8212;records that are usually discarded once clinical notes are completed. These transcripts, they argue, could help us better understand how physicians and patients communicate, and how that communication influences diagnosis and treatment.</p><p>Pause.</p><p>I certainly could have clicked the &#8220;AI&#8221; button in my electronic medical record to assist me during that visit. But something in the choice of words would have lost its personal touch.</p><p>That, however, is a discussion for another time.</p><div><hr></div><p>The outcome of the visit was nothing particularly remarkable. Still, it became clear to me that the flowchart could wait&#8212;or at least be adapted to her. Giardiasis and amebiasis are common in large urban centers in Brazil, especially during the summer. I therefore insisted on more sophisticated stool tests, capable of identifying the responsible pathogens and assessing inflammatory activity. This approach could spare her a lower endoscopy and an extensive battery of blood tests.</p><p>There is no single right or wrong path to a diagnosis, as long as there is no delay that results in harm to treatment.</p><p>What truly exists are physicians willing to help <strong>care for people with individual problems</strong>.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png" width="1024" height="608" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:608,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[O valor da semiologia médica]]></title><description><![CDATA[Semiologia, do grego, significa estudo dos sinais.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/o-valor-da-semiologia-medica</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/o-valor-da-semiologia-medica</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 01:01:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Semiologia, do grego, significa estudo dos sinais. Tradicionalmente, define-se a semiologia m&#233;dica como o estudo dos sinais, e tamb&#233;m dos sintomas, apresentados pelo paciente. Essa defini&#231;&#227;o, embora correta, &#233; excessivamente simples. Por isso, prefiro dizer que a semiologia m&#233;dica &#233; a alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico na linguagem do paciente.</p><p>A pessoa que adoece se expressa por meio do corpo e da mente. &#192;s vezes, essa express&#227;o &#233; conjunta- &#8220;estou com dor aqui&#8221;. Em outras, ocorre de forma paralela: um sopro card&#237;aco assintom&#225;tico, silencioso para quem o carrega, mas profundamente revelador para quem se alfabetizou em escutar. Interpretar essa linguagem &#233; o papel da semiologia m&#233;dica.</p><p>O paciente n&#227;o &#233; apenas um conjunto de sinais e sintomas. Ele &#233; um ser humano com uma hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e um exame f&#237;sico que se encontram e se organizam de forma &#250;nica. Por isso, o paciente &#233; essencialmente individual. A cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica, no fim, &#233; a individualiza&#231;&#227;o da semiologia m&#233;dica.</p><p>Foi com essa ideia em mente que atendi Dona Maria. </p><div><hr></div><p>Dona Maria tem 77 anos. Sua irm&#227; &#233; m&#233;dica, pediatra, quase da mesma idade. Somos conhecidos. Fui procurado por meio de um aplicativo de mensagens porque a irm&#227; estava com &#8220;uma diarreia que n&#227;o passava&#8221;. Embora j&#225; tivesse feito de tudo um pouco (e at&#233; pedido ajuda a um colega cl&#237;nico), a queixa n&#227;o lhe dava tr&#233;gua. Combinamos, por fim, uma consulta para que eu pudesse ajudar melhor no caso.</p><p>No dia da consulta, caminhando at&#233; o consult&#243;rio, fiquei pensando em como seria atender Dona Maria, at&#233; porque ela estava marcada para o meu primeiro hor&#225;rio. Lembro de refletir bastante sobre por que uma queixa t&#227;o bem descrita, e tamb&#233;m t&#227;o comum, exigiria a avalia&#231;&#227;o de um cl&#237;nico. Na minha cabe&#231;a, organizei mentalmente um fluxograma de diarreia persistente. Imaginava que nada fugiria muito disso.</p><p>Um cl&#237;nico n&#227;o &#233; &#8220;m&#233;dico apenas da hist&#243;ria da doen&#231;a atual&#8221; &#8212; como j&#225; disse outro cl&#237;nico, famoso. Por isso, eu sabia que, na consulta, perguntaria sobre sua vida, seus h&#225;bitos, doen&#231;as pr&#233;vias, cirurgias, medica&#231;&#245;es em uso; revisaria sintomas, sistemas, e tudo mais. Ainda assim, eu insistia em perseguir a pergunta: o que um cl&#237;nico poderia oferecer de diferente e complementar ao trabalho de um gastroenterologista , que provavelmente centraria sua consulta na queixa principal e na doen&#231;a atual, acrescentando algumas notas sobre medicamentos e antecedentes?</p><p>E isso, claro, n&#227;o est&#225; errado.</p><div><hr></div><p>A hist&#243;ria da doen&#231;a era a seguinte: diarreia havia tr&#234;s semanas, predominantemente l&#237;quida, com muco abundante. C&#243;licas frequentes, epis&#243;dios de incontin&#234;ncia e evacua&#231;&#227;o noturna. Havia feito uso de antidiarreicos, reposi&#231;&#227;o de flora intestinal e antiparasit&#225;rio. Os exames de fezes simples n&#227;o mostraram parasitas, mas revelaram hem&#225;cias e leuc&#243;citos.</p><p>Na hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via, havia sido submetida &#224; cirurgia uterina por prolapso, apresentava incontin&#234;ncia urin&#225;ria e teve quedas recorrentes por desequil&#237;brio, algo antigo. Humor deprimido, em uso de antidepressivo. Vacinas e rastreamentos oncol&#243;gicos em dia. O exame f&#237;sico n&#227;o trouxe nada de relevante.</p><p>Bom. Meu fluxograma mental, at&#233; ali, naturalmente emendava em uma sequ&#234;ncia de exames de maior amplitude sist&#234;mica &#8212; e, muito provavelmente, invasivos.</p><p>Agora, a hist&#243;ria da consulta.</p><p>A irm&#227; a acompanhava e ajudou bastante a estimular Dona Maria a contar melhor sua hist&#243;ria. Tratava-se de uma mulher solit&#225;ria, professora aposentada, sem filhos, que passou a morar com a irm&#227; m&#233;dica &#8212; h&#225; muito tempo desquitada. Teve papel central no cuidado dos pais, muito idosos, que permaneceram acamados por anos at&#233; falecerem. Seu lazer resumia-se a viajar a tiracolo com a irm&#227; e algumas sobrinhas.</p><p>A irm&#227; conduziu grande parte da conversa. &#192;s vezes, porque Dona Maria ficava encabulada em falar de um assunto que n&#227;o &#233; exatamente agrad&#225;vel e que, de certo modo, &#233; &#237;ntimo. Outras vezes, porque parecia n&#227;o se importar tanto com a pr&#243;pria sa&#250;de. Esse era, inclusive, um ponto frequente de desentendimento entre as duas, que tinham percep&#231;&#245;es muito diferentes da vida: uma queria que tudo acabasse logo e passava o dia inteiro em casa; a outra queria viver at&#233; os 100 anos, e ainda trabalha.</p><p>Dona Maria n&#227;o se importava em ficar doente. Estava, inclusive, contrariada por ter que ser examinada e, possivelmente, realizar mais exames al&#233;m dos que j&#225; havia feito. Nem pensar em usar medicamentos que causassem mal-estar.</p><p>Essa consulta me fez pensar em um ensaio recente que li. Em &#8220;Exaust&#227;o digital ou ouro digital? O valor das transcri&#231;&#245;es de consultas cl&#237;nicas geradas por IA&#8221;, de Katherine Goodman e Daniel Morgan, publicado no New England Journal of Medicine em dezembro de 2025, os autores discutem o valor potencial das transcri&#231;&#245;es de consultas geradas por programas de IA, que costumam ser descartadas ap&#243;s a finaliza&#231;&#227;o das anota&#231;&#245;es. Essas transcri&#231;&#245;es poderiam ser usadas para compreender melhor como m&#233;dicos e pacientes se comunicam, e como essa comunica&#231;&#227;o influencia o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento.</p><p>Pausa.</p><p>Certamente, eu poderia ter clicado no bot&#227;o &#8220;IA&#8221; do meu prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico para me ajudar naquela consulta. Mas a sele&#231;&#227;o de palavras, ali, perderia um toque pessoal.</p><p>Mas isso &#233; papo para outro momento.</p><div><hr></div><p>O desfecho da consulta n&#227;o teve nada de especial. Ainda assim, ficou claro para mim que o fluxograma poderia esperar um pouco &#8212; ou, ao menos, ser adaptado a ela. Casos de giard&#237;ase e ameb&#237;ase s&#227;o frequentes nos grandes centros urbanos do Brasil, especialmente no ver&#227;o. Insisti, portanto, em exames de fezes mais sofisticados, capazes de identificar os pat&#243;genos envolvidos e de marcar atividade inflamat&#243;ria. Isso poderia evitar uma endoscopia digestiva baixa e uma bateria extensa de exames de sangue.</p><p>N&#227;o existe um caminho certo ou errado para se chegar a um diagn&#243;stico, desde que n&#227;o haja atraso capaz de trazer preju&#237;zo ao tratamento.</p><p>O que existe, de fato, s&#227;o m&#233;dicos dispostos a ajudar a resolver <strong>pessoas com problemas individuais</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png" width="1024" height="608" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:608,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZdDi!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92cfb20e-a0a8-409d-9dd5-1be5a243e96d_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Quando deixamos de escutar os mais velhos]]></title><description><![CDATA[H&#225; algum tempo me incomoda uma sensa&#231;&#227;o difusa na medicina.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/quando-deixamos-de-escutar-os-mais</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/quando-deixamos-de-escutar-os-mais</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 10:31:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2></h2><p>H&#225; algum tempo me incomoda uma sensa&#231;&#227;o difusa na medicina. A impress&#227;o de que deixamos de nos escutar.</p><p>E, mais especificamente, de que deixamos de escutar os mais velhos porque o terreno sob os nossos p&#233;s mudou. N&#227;o se trata de um conflito entre gera&#231;&#245;es. Acho que &#233; um deslocamento estrutural. O mundo em que o m&#233;dico mais velho se formou j&#225; n&#227;o &#233; o mesmo em que o m&#233;dico mais jovem aprende, decide e trabalha.</p><p>Durante boa parte do s&#233;culo XX, ouvir o m&#233;dico mais velho era uma necessidade pr&#225;tica. A medicina n&#227;o era plenamente padroniz&#225;vel. Parte relevante do julgamento cl&#237;nico estava na conviv&#234;ncia prolongada. O ensino &#224; beira-leito de William Osler valorizava a imers&#227;o na doen&#231;a real. Ningu&#233;m jamais tentou provar que &#8220;ouvir os mais velhos salva mais vidas&#8221;. N&#227;o era esse o ponto. Tratava-se de absorver conhecimento.</p><p>Durante muito tempo, isso funcionou.</p><p></p><h3>Primeiro deslocamento: o julgamento melhora com a idade mas at&#233; certo ponto </h3><p></p><p>Ainda hoje, &#233; razo&#225;vel dizer que reconhecimento de padr&#245;es, constru&#231;&#227;o de <em>illness scripts</em> e rapidez heur&#237;stica tendem a melhorar com a experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica acumulada. O julgamento cl&#237;nico amadurece com o tempo. Mas esse ganho n&#227;o &#233; autom&#225;tico nem permanente. Ele n&#227;o se sustenta sem atualiza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua, sem ades&#227;o cr&#237;tica a diretrizes e, sobretudo, sem volume assistencial. Experi&#234;ncia que n&#227;o se renova vira mem&#243;ria. E mem&#243;ria, sozinha, n&#227;o cuida de ningu&#233;m.</p><h3>Segundo deslocamento: a autoridade saiu da pessoa e foi para a evid&#234;ncia</h3><p>A partir dos anos 1990, a medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias deslocou o eixo da autoridade. J&#225; n&#227;o bastava &#8220;sempre fiz assim&#8221; ou &#8220;aprendi com quem sabia&#8221;. Como ensinou <strong>David Sackett</strong>, a evid&#234;ncia n&#227;o substitui o julgamento, mas julgamento sem evid&#234;ncia vira tradi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o testada.</p><p>O desconforto veio depois. Estudos mostraram que, em m&#233;dia, m&#233;dicos com mais anos desde a gradua&#231;&#227;o aderem menos a diretrizes atualizadas e performam pior em avalia&#231;&#245;es de conhecimento, sobretudo quando o volume assistencial cai. Em alguns cen&#225;rios hospitalares, observou-se inclusive associa&#231;&#227;o entre maior idade do m&#233;dico e piores desfechos, e essa rela&#231;&#227;o &#233; atenuada apenas quando o m&#233;dico mantinha alto volume de atendimento.</p><p>A mensagem n&#227;o &#233; &#8220;o m&#233;dico mais velho &#233; pior&#8221;. &#201; a experi&#234;ncia sem atualiza&#231;&#227;o perde valor cl&#237;nico mensur&#225;vel. A medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias, quando bem aplicada, frequentemente supera a pr&#225;tica fundada exclusivamente na viv&#234;ncia individual, como j&#225; alertou Vinay Prasad em Ending Medical Reversal. </p><h3>Terceiro deslocamento: autoridade n&#227;o questionada virou risco</h3><p>A medicina tamb&#233;m passou a enxergar melhor seus pr&#243;prios perigos. A literatura de seguran&#231;a do paciente mostrou que hierarquias r&#237;gidas silenciam vozes, atrasam corre&#231;&#245;es e protegem erros. O problema nunca foi o m&#233;dico experiente. Foi a autoridade que n&#227;o podia ser questionada. Discordar deixou de ser afronta e passou a ser obriga&#231;&#227;o moral. Falar tornou-se mais importante do que obedecer.</p><h3>Quarto deslocamento: o gradiente cognitivo colapsou</h3><p>Hoje, ser m&#233;dico &#233; menos dependente da mem&#243;ria individual e mais apoiado em sistemas. Protocolos, exames sofisticados, revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, diretrizes atualizadas e, mais recentemente, ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial reduziram brutalmente a assimetria cognitiva entre jovens e veteranos.Al&#233;m disso, o campo m&#233;dico se expandiu. H&#225; mais v&#237;nculos institucionais, mais empregos formais, mais previsibilidade financeira desde cedo. O jovem m&#233;dico j&#225; entra no jogo com sal&#225;rio, respaldo institucional e acesso &#224; informa&#231;&#227;o. Ele n&#227;o se sente subalterno por defini&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o precisa esperar d&#233;cadas para ter voz.</p><h3>Quinto deslocamento: nem todos envelhecem no mesmo lugar</h3><p>Alguns m&#233;dicos mais velhos permanecem protegidos. Cirurgi&#245;es com grande volume e desfechos consistentes (detentores de curvas de aprendizado). M&#233;dicos com reputa&#231;&#227;o consolidada e capital de mercado (os famosos). Lideran&#231;as acad&#234;micas com posi&#231;&#227;o institucional clara (s&#227;o os experts). Esses continuam sendo ouvidos, e, em geral, com raz&#227;o.</p><p>Mas existe um grupo silencioso e numeroso que quase n&#227;o aparece nos debates.</p><h3>O bom m&#233;dico mais velho comum</h3><p>&#201; um cl&#237;nico experiente. Tem bom julgamento, valores s&#243;lidos, leitura global do doente. Sabe quando n&#227;o intervir, quando esperar, quando segurar a m&#227;o.<br>Carrega qualidades reais, mas cada vez menos vis&#237;veis.</p><p>&#201; justamente ele que sente o atrito com mais for&#231;a. Porque a medicina deixou de recompensar automaticamente o tempo de casa. Experi&#234;ncia que n&#227;o se converte em valor expl&#237;cito torna-se invis&#237;vel. Julgamento silencioso perde espa&#231;o para decis&#245;es documentadas. Prud&#234;ncia come&#231;a a parecer in&#233;rcia. N&#227;o porque ele tenha piorado, mas porque o palco mudou.</p><h3>E ent&#227;o, o que fazer?</h3><p>A sa&#237;da n&#227;o est&#225; em disputar terreno nem exigir respeito. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o est&#225; em romantizar o passado. Est&#225; em tornar o pr&#243;prio valor vis&#237;vel.</p><p>Assumir nichos onde o julgamento ainda importa. Usar a evid&#234;ncia como aliada, n&#227;o como amea&#231;a. Tratar tecnologia como amplificador, n&#227;o como inimiga. Trabalhar com os mais jovens, n&#227;o contra eles. Liderar menos pela autoridade e mais pela capacidade de sustentar decis&#245;es dif&#237;ceis sem espet&#225;culo.</p><p>A medicina precisa criar espa&#231;o para que seus profissionais envelhe&#231;am com dignidade, mesmo quando n&#227;o ocupam os lugares mais iluminados do palco.</p><p>Porque uma profiss&#227;o que s&#243; escuta quem grita mais alto acaba, cedo ou tarde, esquecendo como ouvir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png" width="1024" height="608" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:608,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"></figcaption></figure></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[When We Stopped Listening to Older Doctors]]></title><description><![CDATA[For some time now, I&#8217;ve been troubled by a diffuse feeling in medicine.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/when-we-stopped-listening-to-older</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/when-we-stopped-listening-to-older</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 10:31:02 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>For some time now, I&#8217;ve been troubled by a diffuse feeling in medicine.<br>The quiet sense that we&#8217;ve stopped listening to one another.</p><p>More specifically, that we&#8217;ve stopped listening to older physicians&#8212;not out of malice, but because the ground beneath our feet has changed. This is not a generational conflict. It&#8217;s a structural shift. The world in which today&#8217;s senior physicians were trained is no longer the same world in which younger doctors learn, decide, and practice.</p><p>For much of the twentieth century, listening to older doctors was a practical necessity. Medicine was not fully standardizable. A meaningful portion of clinical judgment lived in prolonged exposure&#8212;in shared rounds, repeated encounters, lived experience. William Osler&#8217;s bedside teaching emphasized immersion in real disease, not abstraction. No one ever tried to prove that &#8220;listening to older doctors saves more lives.&#8221; That was never the point. The point was absorption of judgment.</p><p>For a long time, that model worked.</p><p></p><h3>First shift: judgment improves with age&#8212;up to a point</h3><p>Even today, it&#8217;s reasonable to say that pattern recognition, the development of illness scripts, and heuristic speed tend to improve with accumulated clinical experience. Clinical judgment matures over time. But this gain is neither automatic nor permanent. It does not sustain itself without continuous updating, critical engagement with guidelines, and&#8212;above all&#8212;ongoing clinical volume. Experience that is not renewed becomes memory. And memory alone does not care for patients.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Second shift: authority moved from the person to the evidence</h3><p>Beginning in the 1990s, evidence-based medicine displaced the axis of authority. It was no longer acceptable to justify decisions with &#8220;this is how I&#8217;ve always done it&#8221; or &#8220;this is how I was taught.&#8221; As David Sackett famously argued, evidence does not replace judgment&#8212;but judgment without evidence becomes untested tradition.</p><p>The discomfort came later. Studies showed that, on average, physicians further out from graduation adhere less to updated guidelines and perform worse on knowledge assessments, particularly when clinical volume declines. In certain hospital settings, greater physician age has even been associated with worse outcomes&#8212;a relationship mitigated only when physicians maintained high patient volumes.</p><p>The message is not that older physicians are worse. It&#8217;s that experience without updating loses measurable clinical value. When properly applied, evidence-based medicine often outperforms practice grounded solely in individual experience, as Vinay Prasad argued forcefully in <em>Ending Medical Reversal</em>.</p><p></p><h3>Third shift: unquestioned authority became a risk</h3><p>Medicine also learned to recognize its own internal dangers. Patient-safety research showed that rigid hierarchies silence dissent, delay error correction, and protect mistakes. The problem was never the experienced physician. It was authority that could not be questioned. Disagreement stopped being disrespect and became a moral obligation. Speaking up became more important than obedience.</p><p></p><h3>Fourth shift: the cognitive gradient collapsed</h3><p>Today, being a physician depends less on individual memory and more on systems. Protocols, advanced diagnostics, systematic reviews, updated guidelines&#8212;and more recently, artificial intelligence&#8212;have dramatically reduced the cognitive asymmetry between younger and older doctors.</p><p>At the same time, the medical field has expanded. There are more institutional positions, more formal employment, more financial predictability early in one&#8217;s career. Young physicians enter the profession with salary, institutional backing, and access to information. They do not experience themselves as subordinate by default. They don&#8217;t have to wait decades to be heard.</p><p></p><h3>Fifth shift: not everyone ages in the same place</h3><p>Some older physicians remain protected. Surgeons with high volumes and consistent outcomes&#8212;the holders of learning curves. Physicians with consolidated reputations and market capital&#8212;the famous ones. Academic leaders with clear institutional authority&#8212;the recognized experts. These physicians continue to be heard, and usually for good reason.</p><p>But there is a large, quiet group that rarely appears in debates.</p><p></p><h3>The good, ordinary older doctor</h3><p>An experienced clinician. Sound judgment. Solid values. A global view of the patient. Someone who knows when not to intervene, when to wait, when to hold a hand.</p><p>They carry real qualities&#8212;but ones that have become increasingly invisible.</p><p>And it is precisely this physician who feels the friction most acutely. Because medicine no longer automatically rewards time served. Experience that doesn&#8217;t translate into explicit value becomes invisible. Quiet judgment loses ground to documented decisions. Prudence begins to look like inertia.</p><p>Not because this physician has worsened&#8212;but because the stage has changed.</p><p></p><h3>So what now?</h3><p>The answer is not to fight for territory or demand deference. Nor is it to romanticize the past. The answer is to make one&#8217;s value visible.</p><p>To occupy niches where judgment still matters. To use evidence as an ally, not a threat. To treat technology as an amplifier, not an enemy. To work with younger physicians, not against them. To lead less through authority and more through the ability to sustain difficult decisions without spectacle.</p><p>Medicine must create space for its professionals to age with dignity&#8212;even when they no longer occupy the brightest parts of the stage.</p><p>Because a profession that listens only to those who speak the loudest eventually forgets how to listen at all.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png" width="1024" height="608" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:608,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3hMN!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d3f75f-14a6-4eb8-8a37-a3432ffc0c42_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Seven Tips for Seeing and Listening in an Age of Sensory Overload]]></title><description><![CDATA[Younger physicians often ask me how I arrive at difficult conclusions relatively quickly.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/seven-tips-for-seeing-and-listening</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/seven-tips-for-seeing-and-listening</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 21:58:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3yD_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee37b8e9-9bc6-4cfe-b43d-79d1146771e9_1024x608.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Younger physicians often ask me how I arrive at difficult conclusions relatively quickly. I usually tell them that it looks more impressive from the outside than it really is. It is not brilliance, and it is not magical shortcuts. It is mostly a matter of optics.</p><p>Over time, I have come to understand, and to try to teach, that seeing is not the same as perceiving, just as hearing is not the same as listening. We are surrounded by information, opinions, images, data, and alerts. The problem is rarely a lack of content. It is almost always an inability to select, prioritize, and interpret.</p><p>I have never written a post about &#8220;life tips.&#8221; I have neither the ambition nor the arrogance to present myself as an oracle of what is right for everyone. But some clinical experience, combined with deliberate reflection, can help build cognitive shortcuts. These are small, practical rules that make it easier to see clearly and listen precisely.</p><p>Here are a few of them.</p><p>1. <strong>How to Select the Best Evidence Using AI</strong></p><p>AI should narrow your field of vision, not decide for you. It is excellent at filtering volume, identifying consensus, and pointing to where the strongest evidence lies. Tools like Open Evidence can be very useful. Spend your thinking time on what has already been filtered.</p><p>Always compare this with what is being written and discussed elsewhere. Look for thoughtful commentary from serious people on social media, as discussed in tip 5, or in opinion pieces. AI organizes the map. Judgment still belongs to you.</p><p>2. <strong>How to Get the Right Information from a 30-Minute History</strong></p><p>Listening well does not mean listening to everything. Try to identify early the dominant problem that organizes the story. This is the central thread.</p><p>The structure is simple: a clear chief complaint, an objective timeline, real functional impact, and hypotheses being tested as the narrative unfolds. A good medical history is not exhaustive. It is directional. Do not forget the Review of Systems. It remains a cornerstone of good clinical medicine.</p><p>3. <strong>How to Get the Right Information from a 10-Minute Physical Exam</strong></p><p>The physical exam has lost prestige, but it has not lost relevance. This only happens when it turns into an empty ritual.</p><p>To examine well is to examine with a hypothesis. Before touching the patient, I try to answer a simple question. What am I looking for? Those who try to see everything usually end up seeing very little.</p><p>At the same time, avoid basic errors in useful maneuvers, such as auscultating through clothing. Do not miss serious but simple findings, like a melanoma on the sole of the foot.</p><p>4. <strong>How to Attend a Lecture Today</strong></p><p>In a world of recordings, clips, and summaries, listening well to a lecture requires an active stance. I usually walk in with a few simple questions. What here changes my practice? In which situations does this fail? For whom does this not apply?</p><p>Without clear criteria, content becomes nothing more than sophisticated noise.</p><p>5. <strong>How to Use Social Media to Learn Medicine</strong></p><p>Social media is not designed to teach medicine in a complete or structured way. The most common mistake is treating a feed as a primary source of knowledge.</p><p>The first step is choosing carefully whom you listen to. Follow good advisors. These are people with a recognized trajectory, a reputation built over time, and consistent thinking. This applies to Substack, to X, and, with more caution, to Instagram.</p><p>It is far more valuable to follow a few authors who take clear positions and expose their reasoning than dozens who merely repeat consensus. Newsletters, in particular, play a central role. They force the author to organize ideas, sustain arguments, and take responsibility for opinions.</p><p>Do not use social media to replace structured reading. In medicine, learning well depends more on the quality of listening than on the quantity of information. Social networks amplify voices. It is up to you to decide which ones deserve attention.</p><p>6. <strong>What Contemporary Clinical Reasoning Looks Like</strong></p><p>Clinical reasoning has changed. It is now less about certainty and more about probability. It relies less on memory and more on continuous revision of hypotheses.</p><p>Thinking well today requires tolerance for uncertainty and a willingness to change your mind in light of new data.</p><p>7. <strong>How to Read Emails and Instant Messages as a Physician</strong></p><p>Digital communication has created the illusion of permanent urgency. Not every message requires an immediate response. Not every question requires a decision.</p><p>I try to identify what decision is actually being requested, whether there is real and current risk, and whether the situation calls for a structured consultation. Good communication is an essential part of good clinical practice.</p><p></p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ee37b8e9-9bc6-4cfe-b43d-79d1146771e9_1024x608.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ee37b8e9-9bc6-4cfe-b43d-79d1146771e9_1024x608.jpeg&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Sete dicas para enxergar e escutar nos dias em que vemos e ouvimos demais]]></title><description><![CDATA[Alguns m&#233;dicos mais jovens do que eu, com frequ&#234;ncia, me perguntam como chego a conclus&#245;es dif&#237;ceis de forma relativamente r&#225;pida.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/sete-dicas-para-enxergar-e-escutar</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/sete-dicas-para-enxergar-e-escutar</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 21:37:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T4rA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff64bcc9f-8ae5-4d53-a066-b591bff3604a_1024x608.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Alguns m&#233;dicos mais jovens do que eu, com frequ&#234;ncia, me perguntam como chego a conclus&#245;es dif&#237;ceis de forma relativamente r&#225;pida. Costumo dizer que, para eles, isso parece mais impressionante do que realmente &#233;. N&#227;o se trata de genialidade, nem de atalhos m&#225;gicos. Trata-se, sobretudo, de &#243;tica.</p><p>Com o tempo, fui entendendo (e tentando ensinar ) que ver n&#227;o &#233; o mesmo que enxergar, assim como ouvir n&#227;o &#233; o mesmo que escutar. Vivemos cercados de informa&#231;&#245;es, opini&#245;es, imagens, dados e alertas. O problema raramente &#233; a falta de conte&#250;do, quase sempre &#233; a incapacidade de selecionar, hierarquizar e interpretar.</p><p>Nunca fiz um post sobre &#8220;dicas de vida&#8221;. N&#227;o tenho a pretens&#227;o, nem a prepot&#234;ncia, de me colocar como or&#225;culo do que &#233; certo para cada um. Mas alguma viv&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica, somada a reflex&#227;o deliberada, pode ajudar a construir atalhos cognitivos, pequenas regras pr&#225;ticas que facilitam enxergar melhor e escutar com mais precis&#227;o.</p><p>Essas s&#227;o algumas delas.</p><p></p><ol><li><p><strong>Como selecionar as melhores evid&#234;ncias usando IA</strong></p><p></p><p>IA serve para reduzir o campo visual, n&#227;o para decidir por voc&#234;.</p><p>Ela &#233; excelente para filtrar volume, identificar consensos e apontar onde est&#225; a evid&#234;ncia de maior peso. Use o Open Evidence, por exemplo. Gaste suas reflex&#245;es, ent&#227;o, no que foi filtrado. </p><p>Compare sempre com o que andam escrevendo por a&#237;. Procure publica&#231;&#245;es de pessoas s&#233;rias em redes sociais (dica 5) ou artigos opinativos. </p><p></p></li><li><p><strong>Como obter as informa&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias em uma anamnese de 30 minutos</strong></p><p></p><p>Escutar bem n&#227;o &#233; ouvir tudo. Tente identificar cedo qual &#233; o problema dominante que organiza a hist&#243;ria, o fio condutor. A estrutura &#233;: queixa principal clara, linha do tempo objetiva, impacto funcional real, hip&#243;teses sendo testadas enquanto o relato acontece. Uma boa anamnese n&#227;o &#233; exaustiva, &#233; direcional. E n&#227;o se esque&#231;a da Revis&#227;o de Sistemas, &#233; a chave para o bom cl&#237;nico! </p><p></p></li><li><p><strong>Como obter as informa&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias em um exame f&#237;sico de 10 minutos</strong></p><p></p><p>O exame f&#237;sico perdeu prest&#237;gio, mas n&#227;o perdeu import&#226;ncia, exceto quando virou um ritual vazio.</p><p>Examinar bem &#233; examinar com hip&#243;tese. Antes de tocar no paciente, procuro responder mentalmente: o que estou procurando? Quem tenta ver tudo acaba vendo pouco. </p><p></p><p>No entanto, n&#227;o peque em manobras &#250;teis mas realizadas de maneira errada (ausculta respirat&#243;ria por cima da roupa) e n&#227;o deixe passar coisas graves e muito simples de achar (melanoma na planta do p&#233;). </p><p></p></li><li><p><strong>Como assistir a uma aula nos dias de hoje</strong></p><p></p><p>Em um mundo de grava&#231;&#245;es, cortes e resumos, ouvir bem uma aula exige uma postura ativa. Costumo entrar com algumas perguntas simples: o que disso muda minha pr&#225;tica? em que situa&#231;&#245;es isso falha? para quem isso n&#227;o se aplica?</p><p></p><p>Sem crit&#233;rios, o conte&#250;do vira apenas ru&#237;do sofisticado.</p></li><li><p><strong>Como usar redes sociais para aprender medicina</strong></p><p></p><p>Redes sociais n&#227;o servem para ensinar medicina de forma completa. O erro mais comum &#233; tratar feed como fonte prim&#225;ria de conhecimento. </p><p>O primeiro passo &#233; escolher bem quem voc&#234; escuta. Procure seguir bons conselheiros,  pessoas com trajet&#243;ria reconhecida, reputa&#231;&#227;o constru&#237;da ao longo do tempo e pensamento consistente. Isso vale para o Substack, para o X e, com mais ressalvas, para o Instagram.</p><p>Vale mais acompanhar poucos autores que assumem posi&#231;&#245;es claras, exp&#245;em racioc&#237;nio, do que dezenas que apenas repetem consensos. Boas newsletters, em especial, t&#234;m um papel central: nelas, o autor &#233; obrigado a organizar ideias, sustentar argumentos e emitir opini&#227;o. N&#227;o use redes para substituir leitura estruturada. </p><p>Em medicina, aprender bem depende mais da qualidade de escuta. Redes sociais ampliam o alcance das vozes, cabe a voc&#234; decidir quais merecem aten&#231;&#227;o.</p></li><li><p><strong>Como &#233; o racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico contempor&#226;neo</strong></p><p></p><p>O racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico mudou. Hoje ele &#233; menos baseado em certezas e mais em probabilidade, menos em mem&#243;ria e mais em revis&#227;o cont&#237;nua de hip&#243;teses. Pensar bem passou a exigir toler&#226;ncia &#224; incerteza e disposi&#231;&#227;o para mudar de ideia diante de novos dados. </p></li><li><p><strong>Como ler e-mails e mensagens instant&#226;neas (m&#233;dico)</strong></p><p></p><p>A comunica&#231;&#227;o digital criou a ilus&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia permanente. Nem toda mensagem pede resposta imediata. Nem toda pergunta pede decis&#227;o. Eu tento identificar qual decis&#227;o est&#225; sendo solicitada, se existe risco real e atual e se isso exige uma consulta estruturada. Afinal, a boa comunica&#231;&#227;o &#233; parte essencial da boa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p></li></ol><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T4rA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff64bcc9f-8ae5-4d53-a066-b591bff3604a_1024x608.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T4rA!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff64bcc9f-8ae5-4d53-a066-b591bff3604a_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T4rA!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff64bcc9f-8ae5-4d53-a066-b591bff3604a_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T4rA!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff64bcc9f-8ae5-4d53-a066-b591bff3604a_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T4rA!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff64bcc9f-8ae5-4d53-a066-b591bff3604a_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T4rA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff64bcc9f-8ae5-4d53-a066-b591bff3604a_1024x608.png" width="1024" height="608" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f64bcc9f-8ae5-4d53-a066-b591bff3604a_1024x608.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:608,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T4rA!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff64bcc9f-8ae5-4d53-a066-b591bff3604a_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T4rA!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff64bcc9f-8ae5-4d53-a066-b591bff3604a_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T4rA!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff64bcc9f-8ae5-4d53-a066-b591bff3604a_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T4rA!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff64bcc9f-8ae5-4d53-a066-b591bff3604a_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Seven doctors</figcaption></figure></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Cases That Changed How I Think]]></title><description><![CDATA[What I learned from cases that force you to really think.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/cases-that-changed-how-i-think</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/cases-that-changed-how-i-think</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 16:25:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsnG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41077e50-b2a8-4530-9541-1444323d002c_302x458.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I like thinking about how I think. Maybe even more than that, I like watching how the best doctors think&#8212;how they reason, connect clues, filter out noise, and arrive at a diagnosis or at the best possible treatment strategy.</p><p>At the university, we have a session dedicated to this: our &#8220;Diagnostic Challenge Session.&#8221;</p><p>The ritual is simple: one resident presents an enigmatic case, another resident is called up to solve the puzzle, and everyone else (students, residents, and attendings) follows the process. It&#8217;s a way to learn from mistakes, from clues, from the right questions and, above all, from the richness of real-time clinical reasoning.</p><p>There are many books about medical thinking, but the one that marked me the most was How Doctors Think, by Jerome Groopman. He weaves real stories and, through them, reconstructs the intimate anatomy of decisions. Groopman understands a fundamental truth: you can&#8217;t truly teach clinical reasoning without cases.</p><p>It&#8217;s the stories&#8212;the most striking, the strangest, the most stubborn&#8212;that shape our cognitive repertoire. We grow through them. We use them to calibrate, as Adam Cifu would say, our diagnostic accuracy.</p><p>Here I&#8217;m sharing three cases that changed the way I think. Three moments when I learned more about myself, about medicine, and about the clinical mind than in whole years of books and guidelines.</p><p><strong>a) The man who collected clues</strong></p><p>I was caring for an older man who had spent two years accumulating small problems. Nothing screamed; everything whispered.</p><p>He was losing weight slowly. He had puzzling episodes of fever. One abnormal test here, another there. Imaging with inconclusive hints, noise over noise. There was no clear direction.</p><p>What saved me was doing the opposite: looking at the whole picture.</p><p>Taken together, it wasn&#8217;t cancer. It wasn&#8217;t a common disease. It wasn&#8217;t a surgical case.</p><p>It was a diffuse, persistent inflammatory pattern without an immunologic &#8220;signature,&#8221; because none of the classic autoantibodies could give it a name.</p><p>We call inflammatory diseases without a &#8220;brand label&#8221; autoinflammatory diseases. Except they almost always show up in young people, because they&#8217;re usually tied to genetic defects. How could I fit that hypothesis into an elderly man?</p><p>That&#8217;s how we reached the diagnosis of VEXAS, a syndrome described only a few years ago&#8212;a severe inflammatory disease that appears in older men, the exact opposite of what we were taught to expect.</p><p>This case taught me something deep:</p><blockquote><p>When the small signals pile up, what matters is the nature of the whole picture.</p></blockquote><p><strong>b) The outside eye</strong></p><p>This case is still with me today.</p><p>She was a Black woman, around 50, deeply religious, and she developed a strong bond with me during my residency. She had prolonged fever, severe anemia, leukopenia, edema, proteinuria&#8212;a whole constellation pointing toward something serious, deep, infiltrative.</p><p>We did everything.</p><p>We looked for an occult cancer.</p><p>We ordered exotic tests.</p><p>We went hunting for zebras.</p><p>I was completely immersed in the case, both in my daily routine and emotionally.</p><p>After days fully devoted to that mystery, my second-year resident came back from vacation. As I walked her through the case in detail, she glanced over the data and said:</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;Why are you running so hard away from lupus?&#8221;</p></blockquote><p>In seconds, she saw what I hadn&#8217;t seen in days.</p><p>Not because she was &#8220;better&#8221; than I was.</p><p>But because she wasn&#8217;t trapped in my biases, in my emotional fatigue, in the story I had already told myself.</p><p>This case taught me something precious:</p><blockquote><p>Sometimes the diagnosis isn&#8217;t complex&#8212;we are the ones who are too tangled up to see it. The outside eye saves.</p></blockquote><p><strong>c) From gallbladder to steroids</strong></p><p>A woman in her late eighties came in with chest pain and fever. They suspected a heart attack. Nothing. They suspected cholecystitis. Nothing. A hemorrhagic pleural effusion completed the picture.</p><p>The clues eventually led to the truth: an aortic rupture, a very severe condition that, surprisingly, stabilized. The surgeon decided not to operate.</p><p>But the fever&#8230;</p><p>Kept going.</p><p>Defied us.</p><p>Refused all explanations.</p><p>No infection.</p><p>No surgical focus.</p><p>No clear cause.</p><p>I spoke with a colleague and mentally repeated the case out loud:</p><p>&#8220;Elderly&#8230; chest pain&#8230; aorta&#8230; blood&#8230; inflammation&#8230; fever.&#8221;</p><p>In the repetition, the answer surfaced: vasculitis.</p><p>An inflammation of the vessels treated with steroids. It was one of those moments when the mind completes the jigsaw puzzle on its own, when you take your hands off the table and let the pieces fall into place.</p><p>The treatment worked. The fever disappeared.</p><p>This case taught me:</p><blockquote><p>Saying the case out loud is a powerful way to think. Sometimes the diagnosis is right in front of us, but it&#8217;s our voice that makes it visible.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Why these cases matter</strong></p><p>Because clinical reasoning is not about memorizing lists.</p><p>It&#8217;s about recognizing patterns&#8212;and breaking patterns. Seeing the whole and pushing back against bias. Asking for help and repeating the story out loud. Accepting the non-obvious. And, above all, thinking deeply.</p><p>Striking cases sharpen our diagnostic calibration.</p><p>And the better calibrated we are, the better we become. Not only as doctors, but as observers of life, of uncertainty, and of ourselves.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsnG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41077e50-b2a8-4530-9541-1444323d002c_302x458.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsnG!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41077e50-b2a8-4530-9541-1444323d002c_302x458.webp 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsnG!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41077e50-b2a8-4530-9541-1444323d002c_302x458.webp 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsnG!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41077e50-b2a8-4530-9541-1444323d002c_302x458.webp 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsnG!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41077e50-b2a8-4530-9541-1444323d002c_302x458.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsnG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41077e50-b2a8-4530-9541-1444323d002c_302x458.webp" width="302" height="458" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/41077e50-b2a8-4530-9541-1444323d002c_302x458.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:458,&quot;width&quot;:302,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:16848,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/179832363?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41077e50-b2a8-4530-9541-1444323d002c_302x458.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsnG!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41077e50-b2a8-4530-9541-1444323d002c_302x458.webp 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsnG!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41077e50-b2a8-4530-9541-1444323d002c_302x458.webp 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsnG!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41077e50-b2a8-4530-9541-1444323d002c_302x458.webp 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nsnG!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41077e50-b2a8-4530-9541-1444323d002c_302x458.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p> </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Casos que mudaram meu raciocínio]]></title><description><![CDATA[O que aprendi com casos que exigem pensar de verdade.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/casos-que-mudaram-meu-raciocinio</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/casos-que-mudaram-meu-raciocinio</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 09:30:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LQYX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd3c90fd-0c23-43e6-a992-520933e346b9_330x501.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Gosto de pensar sobre <em>como</em> eu penso. Talvez ainda mais: gosto de observar como os melhores m&#233;dicos pensam, raciocinam, conectam pistas, descartam ru&#237;dos e chegam ao diagn&#243;stico ou &#224; melhor estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica poss&#237;vel. Na universidade, temos uma sess&#227;o dedicada a isso: <strong>&#8220;Sess&#227;o Desafio Diagn&#243;stico&#8221;</strong>.</p><p>O ritual &#233; simples: um residente apresenta o caso enigm&#225;tico, outro residente &#233; chamado para desvendar o enigma, e todos ( internos, residentes e staff )acompanham o processo. &#201; uma forma de aprender pelos erros, pelas pistas, pelas perguntas certas e, sobretudo, pela riqueza do racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico em tempo real.</p><p>H&#225; muitos livros sobre pensamento m&#233;dico, mas o que mais me marcou foi <strong>&#8220;Como os M&#233;dicos Pensam&#8221;, de Jerome Groopman</strong>. O livro costura hist&#243;rias reais e, com elas, reconstr&#243;i a anatomia &#237;ntima das decis&#245;es. Groopman entende uma verdade fundamental: n&#227;o existe ensino pleno de racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico sem casos.</p><p>S&#227;o as hist&#243;rias, as mais marcantes, as mais estranhas, as mais teimosas, que moldam nosso repert&#243;rio cognitivo. &#201; com elas que crescemos. &#201; com elas que calibramos, como diria <a href="https://www.sensible-med.com/p/friday-reflection-20-the-clinical?r=tuuw&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=false">Adam Cifu</a>, nossa precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica.</p><p>Aqui compartilho tr&#234;s casos que mudaram a minha forma de pensar. Tr&#234;s momentos em que aprendi mais sobre mim, sobre medicina e sobre a mente cl&#237;nica do que em anos inteiros de livros e protocolos.</p><p><strong>a) O homem que acumulava sinais. </strong></p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LQYX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd3c90fd-0c23-43e6-a992-520933e346b9_330x501.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LQYX!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd3c90fd-0c23-43e6-a992-520933e346b9_330x501.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LQYX!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd3c90fd-0c23-43e6-a992-520933e346b9_330x501.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LQYX!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd3c90fd-0c23-43e6-a992-520933e346b9_330x501.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LQYX!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd3c90fd-0c23-43e6-a992-520933e346b9_330x501.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LQYX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd3c90fd-0c23-43e6-a992-520933e346b9_330x501.png" width="330" height="501" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fd3c90fd-0c23-43e6-a992-520933e346b9_330x501.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:501,&quot;width&quot;:330,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:321384,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/179769970?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd3c90fd-0c23-43e6-a992-520933e346b9_330x501.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LQYX!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd3c90fd-0c23-43e6-a992-520933e346b9_330x501.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LQYX!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd3c90fd-0c23-43e6-a992-520933e346b9_330x501.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LQYX!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd3c90fd-0c23-43e6-a992-520933e346b9_330x501.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LQYX!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd3c90fd-0c23-43e6-a992-520933e346b9_330x501.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Cuidava de um senhor que, por dois anos, acumulou pequenos problemas. Nada gritava; tudo sussurrava.</p><p>Perdia peso devagar. Tinha per&#237;odos febris enigm&#225;ticos. Um exame alterado aqui, outro ali. Imagens com pistas inconclusivas, ru&#237;do sobre ru&#237;do. N&#227;o havia dire&#231;&#227;o clara.</p><p>O que me salvou foi justamente o oposto: olhar o conjunto.</p><p>Em bloco, aquilo n&#227;o era c&#226;ncer. N&#227;o era doen&#231;a comum. N&#227;o era caso cir&#250;rgico.</p><p>Era um padr&#227;o inflamat&#243;rio difuso, persistente, sem assinatura imunol&#243;gica, pois nenhum dos autoanticorpos cl&#225;ssicos lhe dava nome.</p><p>As doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias sem &#8220;marca registrada&#8221; chamamos de auto-inflamat&#243;rias. S&#243; que elas quase sempre aparecem em jovens, pois nascem de defeitos gen&#233;ticos. Como encaixar essa hip&#243;tese em um idoso?</p><p>E foi assim que chegamos ao diagn&#243;stico de VEXAS, s&#237;ndrome descoberta h&#225; poucos anos, uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria grave que surge em homens idosos, justamente o oposto do que se ensinava.</p><p>Esse caso me ensinou algo profundo:</p><p><em>Quando os sinais pequenos se acumulam, &#233; a natureza do quadro inteiro que importa. </em></p><p><strong>b)  O olhar de fora. </strong></p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZV4E!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd03a5a0f-e455-439d-b0d9-eff0aa587a35_336x251.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZV4E!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd03a5a0f-e455-439d-b0d9-eff0aa587a35_336x251.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZV4E!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd03a5a0f-e455-439d-b0d9-eff0aa587a35_336x251.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZV4E!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd03a5a0f-e455-439d-b0d9-eff0aa587a35_336x251.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZV4E!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd03a5a0f-e455-439d-b0d9-eff0aa587a35_336x251.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZV4E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd03a5a0f-e455-439d-b0d9-eff0aa587a35_336x251.png" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d03a5a0f-e455-439d-b0d9-eff0aa587a35_336x251.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:null,&quot;width&quot;:null,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:178347,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/179769970?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd03a5a0f-e455-439d-b0d9-eff0aa587a35_336x251.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZV4E!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd03a5a0f-e455-439d-b0d9-eff0aa587a35_336x251.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZV4E!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd03a5a0f-e455-439d-b0d9-eff0aa587a35_336x251.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZV4E!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd03a5a0f-e455-439d-b0d9-eff0aa587a35_336x251.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZV4E!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd03a5a0f-e455-439d-b0d9-eff0aa587a35_336x251.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Esse caso me acompanha at&#233; hoje.</p><p>Era uma mulher negra, cerca de 50 anos, extremamente religiosa, e que estabeleceu v&#237;nculo forte comigo durante meu per&#237;odo de resid&#234;ncia. Tinha febre prolongada, anemia severa, leucopenia, edema, protein&#250;ria: uma constela&#231;&#227;o que parecia anunciar algo s&#233;rio, profundo, infiltrativo.</p><p>Fizemos tudo.<br>Buscamos c&#226;ncer oculto.<br>Coletamos exames ex&#243;ticos.<br>Procuramos zebras.<br>Eu estava mergulhado no caso, cotidiano e emocionalmente.</p><p>Depois de dias inteiros dedicados &#224;quele enigma, minha R2 retornou de f&#233;rias.<br>Ao repassar o caso para ela, de forma minuciosa, ela olhou rapidamente os dados e disse:</p><blockquote><p><strong>&#8220;Por que voc&#234; est&#225; fugindo tanto do l&#250;pus?&#8221;</strong></p></blockquote><p>Em segundos, ela enxergou o que eu n&#227;o via havia dias.</p><p>N&#227;o porque era melhor do que eu.<br>Mas porque n&#227;o estava preso aos meus vieses, ao desgaste emocional, &#224; hist&#243;ria que eu j&#225; havia contado para mim mesmo.</p><p>Esse caso me ensinou algo valioso:</p><p><em>&#192;s vezes, o diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o &#233; complexo, n&#243;s &#233; que estamos complexos demais para v&#234;-lo. O olhar de fora salva.</em></p><p><strong>c) Da ves&#237;cula ao corticoide. </strong></p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9xm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0da1038-cfa0-4f64-8206-3eba4d83d3f2_327x248.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9xm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0da1038-cfa0-4f64-8206-3eba4d83d3f2_327x248.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9xm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0da1038-cfa0-4f64-8206-3eba4d83d3f2_327x248.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9xm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0da1038-cfa0-4f64-8206-3eba4d83d3f2_327x248.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9xm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0da1038-cfa0-4f64-8206-3eba4d83d3f2_327x248.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9xm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0da1038-cfa0-4f64-8206-3eba4d83d3f2_327x248.png" width="327" height="248" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f0da1038-cfa0-4f64-8206-3eba4d83d3f2_327x248.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:248,&quot;width&quot;:327,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:178489,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/179769970?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0da1038-cfa0-4f64-8206-3eba4d83d3f2_327x248.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9xm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0da1038-cfa0-4f64-8206-3eba4d83d3f2_327x248.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9xm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0da1038-cfa0-4f64-8206-3eba4d83d3f2_327x248.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9xm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0da1038-cfa0-4f64-8206-3eba4d83d3f2_327x248.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9xm!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0da1038-cfa0-4f64-8206-3eba4d83d3f2_327x248.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Uma senhora de quase 90 anos chegou com dor no peito e febre. Suspeitaram infarto. Nada. Suspeitaram colecistite. Nada. Um derrame pleural hemorr&#225;gico completava o cen&#225;rio. As pistas levaram &#224; verdade: ruptura de aorta, uma condi&#231;&#227;o grav&#237;ssima, mas que, surpreendentemente, estabilizou. O cirurgi&#227;o optou por n&#227;o operar.</p><p>Mas a febre&#8230;Persistia. Desafiava. Ignorava explica&#231;&#245;es. Sem infec&#231;&#227;o. Sem foco cir&#250;rgico. Sem justificativas.</p><p>Conversei com um colega e repeti mentalmente, em voz alta: &#8220;Idosa&#8230; dor tor&#225;cica&#8230; aorta&#8230; sangue&#8230; inflama&#231;&#227;o&#8230; febre.&#8221; Na repeti&#231;&#227;o, a resposta emergiu: Vasculite.</p><p>Uma inflama&#231;&#227;o dos vasos tratada com corticoide. Foi um daqueles momentos em que a mente monta o quebra-cabe&#231;a sozinha, quando voc&#234; tira as m&#227;os da mesa e deixa as pe&#231;as se encaixarem. O tratamento funcionou. A febre desapareceu.</p><p>Esse caso me ensinou:</p><p><em>Repetir o caso em voz alta &#233; uma forma poderosa de raciocinar. &#192;s vezes, o diagn&#243;stico est&#225; diante de n&#243;s, mas &#233; a voz que o revela.</em></p><p><strong>Por que esses casos importam? </strong></p><p>Porque racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico n&#227;o &#233; sobre decorar listas.</p><p>&#201; sobre reconhecer padr&#245;es, mas quebrar padr&#245;es. Ver o conjunto e afastar vieses. Pedir ajuda e repetir em voz alta. Aceitar o n&#227;o &#243;bvio.  E, acima de tudo, pensar profundamente.  Casos marcantes refinam nossa calibragem diagn&#243;stica.</p><p>E quanto mais calibrados estamos, melhores nos tornamos. N&#227;o apenas como m&#233;dicos, mas como observadores da vida, da incerteza e de n&#243;s mesmos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v6SC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3160f135-e4ee-448c-8e0c-b569794f87d0_302x458.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v6SC!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3160f135-e4ee-448c-8e0c-b569794f87d0_302x458.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v6SC!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3160f135-e4ee-448c-8e0c-b569794f87d0_302x458.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v6SC!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3160f135-e4ee-448c-8e0c-b569794f87d0_302x458.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v6SC!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3160f135-e4ee-448c-8e0c-b569794f87d0_302x458.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v6SC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3160f135-e4ee-448c-8e0c-b569794f87d0_302x458.png" width="302" height="458" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3160f135-e4ee-448c-8e0c-b569794f87d0_302x458.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:458,&quot;width&quot;:302,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:272976,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/179769970?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3160f135-e4ee-448c-8e0c-b569794f87d0_302x458.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v6SC!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3160f135-e4ee-448c-8e0c-b569794f87d0_302x458.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v6SC!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3160f135-e4ee-448c-8e0c-b569794f87d0_302x458.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v6SC!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3160f135-e4ee-448c-8e0c-b569794f87d0_302x458.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v6SC!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3160f135-e4ee-448c-8e0c-b569794f87d0_302x458.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[O médico está sendo triturado ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Contradi&#231;&#245;es que matam a medicina moderna.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/o-medico-esta-sendo-triturado</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/o-medico-esta-sendo-triturado</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 16 Nov 2025 15:47:41 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1IT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F376f0046-789c-4813-b78e-d95bd3c34214_1024x608.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A medicina moderna forjou um m&#233;dico esquizofr&#234;nico. Ora tratado como juiz capaz de navegar incertezas profundas, ora rebaixado a operador de f&#225;brica pressionado por metas econ&#244;micas que nada t&#234;m a ver com cuidado. &#201; obrigado a cortar exames para economizar, mas apertado para atender r&#225;pido e gerar lucro. A equa&#231;&#227;o &#233; absurda: exige-se precis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica com tempo de fast-food. Quando algo d&#225; errado, a culpa cai inteira no m&#233;dico, como se pudesse raciocinar bem num sistema que sabota deliberadamente a reflex&#227;o.</p><p>A ret&#243;rica rom&#226;ntica sobre o &#8220;intuitivo especialista&#8221; tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se sustenta. Os dados s&#227;o brutais: 10 a 15% dos diagn&#243;sticos s&#227;o incorretos, e grande parte deles nasce de vieses cognitivos silenciosos que deformam o julgamento mesmo de profissionais experientes. Erros de ancoragem, encerramento prematuro, excesso de confian&#231;a e falhas de percep&#231;&#227;o formam a arquitetura invis&#237;vel dos equ&#237;vocos. Novatos erram por falta de roteiros; experientes erram porque confiam demais neles. N&#227;o existe diagn&#243;stico seguro sem conhecimento bem estruturado, heur&#237;sticas calibradas e, acima de tudo, tempo para pensar. E &#233; justamente o tempo que o sistema rouba.</p><p>A contradi&#231;&#227;o &#233; obscena. Cortar exames exige racioc&#237;nio lento, cuidadoso e fundamentado. Acelerar consultas destr&#243;i exatamente o processo necess&#225;rio para decidir o que cortar. O m&#233;dico &#233; empurrado para uma zona imposs&#237;vel: economize sem negligenciar, seja r&#225;pido sem ser superficial, produza mais sem perder prud&#234;ncia. O sistema toma para si a margem financeira e devolve ao profissional o risco jur&#237;dico e moral. A hipocrisia se completa quando parte da pr&#243;pria classe m&#233;dica resiste a padroniza&#231;&#245;es m&#237;nimas em nome de uma &#8220;autoridade&#8221; que j&#225; n&#227;o se sustenta. Protocolos bem constru&#237;dos reduzem variabilidade, evitam cat&#225;strofes e impedem improvisos perigosos. Modelos baseados em valor mostram redu&#231;&#245;es consistentes de custos sem piorar desfechos, provando que efici&#234;ncia e qualidade n&#227;o s&#227;o inimigas.</p><p>A Kaiser Permanente virou s&#237;mbolo desse equil&#237;brio poss&#237;vel: integra&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os, prontu&#225;rio unificado, remunera&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o depende da quantidade de atos, coordena&#231;&#227;o de cuidado que reduz interna&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias. O desempenho em qualidade &#233; superior ao da m&#233;dia americana, e os custos s&#227;o mais baixos. Mas n&#227;o &#233; um para&#237;so. Sua efici&#234;ncia depende de escala gigantesca, padroniza&#231;&#227;o r&#237;gida, capacidade de organizar popula&#231;&#227;o relativamente est&#225;vel e uma governan&#231;a que nem sempre traduz equidade. Estudos mostram subtratamento de minorias e sele&#231;&#227;o de perfis mais saud&#225;veis. &#201; um modelo inovador, mas tensionado: funciona bem dentro de suas pr&#243;prias condi&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o como solu&#231;&#227;o universal ou export&#225;vel sem adapta&#231;&#245;es profundas.</p><p>No debate sobre o que salvar e o que abandonar, a nostalgia &#233; uma &#226;ncora. O m&#233;dico n&#227;o &#233; um semideus infal&#237;vel, mas tamb&#233;m n&#227;o &#233; um operador descart&#225;vel de m&#233;tricas. A recusa em aceitar ferramentas externas (protocolos, auditorias de qualidade, sistemas de apoio &#224; decis&#227;o e intelig&#234;ncia artificial) apenas amplia a dist&#226;ncia entre a medicina real e a medicina necess&#225;ria. J&#225; existem tecnologias que reduzem erros de forma dram&#225;tica em &#225;reas espec&#237;ficas. Neg&#225;-las por apego &#224; autonomia rom&#226;ntica &#233; irrespons&#225;vel. Por outro lado, entregar o cuidado &#224; automatiza&#231;&#227;o sem preservar o tempo de escuta e de interpreta&#231;&#227;o tornaria a medicina uma engrenagem fria, incapaz de lidar com nuances humanas.</p><p>O que adoece o m&#233;dico &#233; justamente esse esmagamento: menos tempo, mais cobran&#231;a, menos autonomia real, mais expectativa imposs&#237;vel. Burnout j&#225; atinge quase metade da categoria em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses e &#233; ainda mais devastador em contextos de sobrecarga. N&#227;o existe racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico s&#243;lido dentro de um esquema que tritura aten&#231;&#227;o, reflex&#227;o e v&#237;nculo. A reconstru&#231;&#227;o precisa unir conhecimento profundo, padroniza&#231;&#227;o inteligente, apoio tecnol&#243;gico e um m&#237;nimo de dignidade temporal para que a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica deixe de ser um salto cego.</p><p>A solu&#231;&#227;o real exige ampliar roteiros de conhecimento e padroniza&#231;&#227;o onde h&#225; evid&#234;ncia, liberar tempo cl&#237;nico para onde o julgamento &#233; essencial, reestruturar agendas para permitir reflex&#227;o e n&#227;o produ&#231;&#227;o linear, integrar IA como instrumento de triagem e preven&#231;&#227;o de erro cognitivo, financiar modelos capitados ou h&#237;bridos que n&#227;o penalizem consultas longas e criar accountability transparente que proteja o paciente sem transformar o m&#233;dico em r&#233;u estrutural. N&#227;o &#233; romantismo; &#233; engenharia institucional. A medicina s&#243; se salva quando o sistema deixa de fingir que diagn&#243;sticos complexos cabem em janelas de sete minutos e quando m&#233;dicos deixam de fingir que intuitionismo heroico substitui rigor cognitivo. A medicina n&#227;o precisa de her&#243;is; precisa de arquitetura.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1IT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F376f0046-789c-4813-b78e-d95bd3c34214_1024x608.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1IT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F376f0046-789c-4813-b78e-d95bd3c34214_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1IT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F376f0046-789c-4813-b78e-d95bd3c34214_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1IT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F376f0046-789c-4813-b78e-d95bd3c34214_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1IT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F376f0046-789c-4813-b78e-d95bd3c34214_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1IT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F376f0046-789c-4813-b78e-d95bd3c34214_1024x608.png" width="1024" height="608" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/376f0046-789c-4813-b78e-d95bd3c34214_1024x608.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:608,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1IT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F376f0046-789c-4813-b78e-d95bd3c34214_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1IT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F376f0046-789c-4813-b78e-d95bd3c34214_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1IT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F376f0046-789c-4813-b78e-d95bd3c34214_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1IT!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F376f0046-789c-4813-b78e-d95bd3c34214_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"></figcaption></figure></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A morte do professor.]]></title><description><![CDATA[O ensino m&#233;dico sem o mestre]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/a-morte-do-professor</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/a-morte-do-professor</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 11 Nov 2025 00:21:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZYb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F190aa1f8-1c6b-4384-b066-5a543ff4463c_1024x608.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Uma reportagem do jornal Wall Street <a href="https://www.wsj.com/business/palantir-thinks-college-might-be-a-waste-so-its-hiring-high-school-grads-aed267d5">Journal </a>sobre a empresa americana de software Palantir chamou minha aten&#231;&#227;o. O programa &#8220;Meritocracia Fellowship&#8221; recruta jovens talentos que conclu&#237;ram os estudos escolares, mas ainda n&#227;o ingressaram na universidade. Segundo palavras de seu CEO, Alex Karp, &#8220;Se voc&#234; n&#227;o foi &#224; escola, ou foi a uma escola n&#227;o t&#227;o boa, ou se foi a Harvard, Princeton ou Yale, quando voc&#234; entra na Palantir, voc&#234; &#233; um Palantiriano; ningu&#233;m se importa com o resto. Estamos criando uma nova credencial independente de classe social e origem. Se voc&#234; vier para a Palantir, sua carreira estar&#225; garantida.&#8221;</p><p>A ideia de uma empresa que pretende substituir o valor da educa&#231;&#227;o formal por uma credencial pr&#243;pria parece encontrar eco em muitos campos da vida contempor&#226;nea. O prest&#237;gio da forma&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica cede lugar &#224; efici&#234;ncia e &#224; promessa de sucesso imediato. A medicina, curiosamente, caminha em dire&#231;&#227;o semelhante.</p><p>A recente expans&#227;o das faculdades de medicina no Brasil &#233; apresentada como resposta &#224; escassez de m&#233;dicos em determinadas regi&#245;es, mas o fen&#244;meno suscita inquieta&#231;&#245;es. A <a href="https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/vida-e-cidadania/novas-regras-cursos-medicina-mec/">flexibiliza&#231;&#227;o </a>de autoriza&#231;&#245;es e a convers&#227;o de redes de hospitais e hospitais conveniados em institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino sinalizam uma transforma&#231;&#227;o silenciosa: o ensino m&#233;dico deixa de ser espa&#231;o de forma&#231;&#227;o integral para se tornar uma engrenagem da produ&#231;&#227;o de profissionais.</p><p>A cria&#231;&#227;o da EBSERH, em 2011, seguiu um acordo com o Banco Mundial e visava sanar problemas de gest&#227;o nos hospitais federais de ensino. Passados mais de dez anos, uma auditoria recente do <a href="https://pesquisa.apps.tcu.gov.br/documento/acordao-completo/*/KEY%253AACORDAO-COMPLETO-2685058/DTRELEVANCIA%2520desc%252C%2520NUMACORDAOINT%2520desc/0">TCU </a>destacou pontos que chamam aten&#231;&#227;o: falta de incentivo e reconhecimento aos docentes na preceptoria, aus&#234;ncia de apoio institucional, car&#234;ncia de representa&#231;&#227;o discente e docente na gest&#227;o dos hospitais universit&#225;rios e indefini&#231;&#227;o de pap&#233;is entre universidade e administra&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. O relat&#243;rio traduz, ainda que involuntariamente, um sintoma: a gest&#227;o sobrep&#244;s-se &#224; educa&#231;&#227;o, e o hospital universit&#225;rio se afastou de sua natureza acad&#234;mica.</p><p>O que une esses fatos &#233; o desaparecimento da figura do professor como agente central da forma&#231;&#227;o. A licenciatura, palavra que vem do latim licentia docendi, significava ter licen&#231;a para ensinar, uma autoriza&#231;&#227;o especial que conferia autoridade e responsabilidade. Hoje, essa licen&#231;a parece suspensa. O professor, aquele que ensina pela palavra e pelo exemplo, cede espa&#231;o a plataformas, protocolos e programas de desempenho.</p><p>A pergunta permanece: o mestre ainda existe? &#201; poss&#237;vel que sim, mas em sil&#234;ncio, &#224; margem da velocidade tecnol&#243;gica e da l&#243;gica produtiva que mede o valor pelo resultado imediato. Nunca se aprendeu tanto, e nunca se ensinou t&#227;o pouco.</p><p>A imagem do mestre se apaga como uma fotografia antiga exposta ao sol. Na era das imagens digitais, o mural de retratos vai para a gaveta. Quando o excesso de arquivos ocupa todo o espa&#231;o, o que n&#227;o se v&#234; &#233; o primeiro a ser apagado.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZYb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F190aa1f8-1c6b-4384-b066-5a543ff4463c_1024x608.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZYb!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F190aa1f8-1c6b-4384-b066-5a543ff4463c_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZYb!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F190aa1f8-1c6b-4384-b066-5a543ff4463c_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZYb!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F190aa1f8-1c6b-4384-b066-5a543ff4463c_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZYb!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F190aa1f8-1c6b-4384-b066-5a543ff4463c_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZYb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F190aa1f8-1c6b-4384-b066-5a543ff4463c_1024x608.png" width="1024" height="608" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/190aa1f8-1c6b-4384-b066-5a543ff4463c_1024x608.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:608,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZYb!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F190aa1f8-1c6b-4384-b066-5a543ff4463c_1024x608.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZYb!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F190aa1f8-1c6b-4384-b066-5a543ff4463c_1024x608.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZYb!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F190aa1f8-1c6b-4384-b066-5a543ff4463c_1024x608.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZYb!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F190aa1f8-1c6b-4384-b066-5a543ff4463c_1024x608.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"></figcaption></figure></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Em 2026…]]></title><description><![CDATA[Um novo livro vai nascer.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/em-2026</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/em-2026</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 17 Oct 2025 20:13:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1zZM!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe437820f-b6f5-43cd-873b-d71edd9e418f_1170x1170.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p>Esse espa&#231;o recebeu quase todas as p&#225;ginas do livro que queremos escrever ano que vem. Por isso, nada mais coerente do que colocar a introdu&#231;&#227;o por aqui. </p><p></p><p><strong>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</strong> </p><p></p><blockquote><p>A disposi&#231;&#227;o de ser cl&#237;nico &#233; o ponto de partida, porque tudo se inicia antes de tomarmos qualquer decis&#227;o. A a&#231;&#227;o &#233; a &#250;ltima etapa de uma s&#233;rie de eventos que se abrem nas regi&#245;es mais profundas da mente. H&#225; uma imensid&#227;o de sensa&#231;&#245;es, experi&#234;ncias e heran&#231;as que moldam a vontade e o desejo. Isso precisa combinar com a realidade externa, feita de pessoas, situa&#231;&#245;es e resultados. Em palavras diretas: nasce-se cl&#237;nico e forma-se m&#233;dico.</p><p>O que as p&#225;ginas deste livro dir&#227;o &#233; que o caminho para a excel&#234;ncia leva tempo, exige esfor&#231;o, dedica&#231;&#227;o, abdica&#231;&#227;o e decis&#227;o. As leis do cl&#237;nico n&#227;o se escrevem na linguagem da ci&#234;ncia contempor&#226;nea, mas nascem da mesma intui&#231;&#227;o newtoniana &#8212; a de que a ma&#231;&#227; lan&#231;ada para cima, inevitavelmente, cair&#225;.</p><p>O generalismo recebe nomes diferentes ao redor do mundo. Mais do que uma quest&#227;o de nomenclatura, o escopo de atua&#231;&#227;o varia entre pa&#237;ses &#8212; e at&#233; entre regi&#245;es de uma mesma na&#231;&#227;o, do interior aos grandes centros. Para tentar chegar a uma aproxima&#231;&#227;o do seu significado, usemos a t&#233;cnica da nega&#231;&#227;o. O cl&#237;nico geral n&#227;o &#233; o m&#233;dico de fam&#237;lia, assim como n&#227;o &#233; o m&#233;dico da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, tampouco o internista. Talvez seja melhor defini-lo como o m&#233;dico de que precisamos quando precisamos de um m&#233;dico em quem possamos contar.</p><p>O ensino da cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica n&#227;o termina na faculdade &#8212; longe disso, ele come&#231;a nos primeiros anos da profiss&#227;o, mais precisamente na resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. As salas de aula (ainda existem) cedem lugar aos leitos e rounds, onde m&#233;dicos mais velhos e mais novos interagem, muitas vezes acompanhados por alunos, internos ou residentes em forma&#231;&#227;o. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, houve um movimento de adequa&#231;&#227;o da carga hor&#225;ria do residente &#224; sua pr&#243;pria sa&#250;de, ampliando o descanso e reduzindo o tempo de plant&#227;o. Ainda assim, permanecem a falta de sono e a sobra de cansa&#231;o. Em suma, o verdadeiro ensino da cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica s&#243; &#233; poss&#237;vel com a pr&#225;tica.</p><p>E, por fim, o racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico &#8212; aprender e pratic&#225;-lo jamais foi tarefa f&#225;cil. Aqui, ser&#225; not&#225;vel a lista de problemas: mecanismo de organiza&#231;&#227;o de dados inventado por Lawrence Weed na d&#233;cada de 1960, que passou por revolu&#231;&#245;es at&#233; se consolidar como ferramenta essencial na formula&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;sticos complexos. Mais recentemente, com a gera&#231;&#227;o da intelig&#234;ncia artificial, o acoplamento entre o conhecimento total da medicina e os dados obtidos junto ao paciente tornou-se poss&#237;vel &#8212; e espantosamente r&#225;pido.</p><p>Os cl&#237;nicos gerais n&#227;o est&#227;o acima da lei, muito menos os cirurgi&#245;es.</p></blockquote>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Pertencimento e vocação ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Imagine pessoas muito talentosas que passam pelas etapas mais dif&#237;ceis de sele&#231;&#227;o: curso, concurso, incluindo escola, faculdade, p&#243;s, resid&#234;ncia,&#8230; Agora, pense que talvez essas pessoas se sintam perdidas demais para decidir que caminho seguir.]]></description><link>https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/pertencimento-e-vocacao</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://clinicamedica.substack.com/p/pertencimento-e-vocacao</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Victor Côrtes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 11 Jul 2025 00:34:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZWH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6dac935-b43e-463c-9dd4-95fd36621dab_644x1220.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Imagine pessoas muito talentosas que passam pelas etapas mais dif&#237;ceis de sele&#231;&#227;o: curso, concurso, incluindo escola, faculdade, p&#243;s, resid&#234;ncia,&#8230; Agora, pense que talvez essas pessoas se sintam perdidas demais para decidir que caminho seguir. Essas pessoas existem e est&#227;o se multiplicando. </p><div><hr></div><p>Vamos &#224;s evid&#234;ncias: </p><p></p><blockquote><p>Um estudo publicado no <em>Mayo Clinic Proceedings</em> (2022) revelou que apenas 57,1% dos m&#233;dicos nos Estados Unidos afirmaram que escolheriam novamente a medicina como carreira, uma queda significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos 72,2% em 2020.</p><p>Um estudo de 2023 da <em>Elsevier</em> com 2.212 estudantes de medicina e enfermagem de 91 pa&#237;ses mostrou que 54% dos estudantes de medicina globalmente (61% nos EUA) veem seus estudos como um trampolim para carreiras n&#227;o cl&#237;nicas, como consultoria ou gest&#227;o em sa&#250;de, devido &#224; frustra&#231;&#227;o com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p><p>No Reino Unido, um artigo do <em>The Guardian</em> (2022) reportou que 791 graduados em medicina n&#227;o conseguiram vagas de resid&#234;ncia em 2022.</p><p>Na China, 49% dos m&#233;dicos expressaram inten&#231;&#227;o de deixar a profiss&#227;o, e 76% n&#227;o escolheriam a medicina novamente, com 78% desencorajando seus filhos de seguirem a carreira.</p><p>Nos EUA, 54% dos estudantes de medicina expressaram preocupa&#231;&#245;es com sa&#250;de mental, e 57% temem o burnout.</p><p>Um estudo do <em>World Economic Forum</em> (2023) estimou uma escassez global de 10 milh&#245;es de profissionais de sa&#250;de at&#233; 2030, impulsionada por condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho insatisfat&#243;rias.</p></blockquote><p></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p><strong>Depois de muitos anos, participei de uma cola&#231;&#227;o de grau. Algumas impress&#245;es: os da nova gera&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o mais educados, mais contidos e com vontade de ser mais organizados. E se respeitam muito, apesar de nitidamente serem de &#8220;tribos&#8221; distintas.</strong></p><p><strong>H&#225; grupos de interesses diversos, mas s&#227;o aplicados homogeneamente. Sabem o valor do momento, pois se emocionaram muito.</strong></p><p><strong>Ent&#227;o, por que criticam tanto esses jovens? </strong></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>Ent&#227;o, temos jovens muito bem formados, alguns, certamente, com dificuldade. E uma elevada dificuldade de se sentir bem ao longo da profiss&#227;o. E serem bem vistos por seus pares. </p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Pertencimento: se sentir em casa.</em></p><p><em>Voca&#231;&#227;o: fazer sentido para voc&#234;. </em></p><p></p><p>Talvez o maior desafio seja mesmo unir dois grupos que precisam fazer as pazes. As gera&#231;&#245;es que est&#227;o envelhecendo deixaram de ser espelhos e as que est&#225; chegando se recusa a olh&#225;-los. </p><p>Voc&#234; s&#243; se sente em casa quando tem trajet&#243;ria com aquele lugar. Vem com o tempo, perseguindo um objetivo, se acostumando em olhar, e a&#237;, tudo vai fazer sentido. </p><p></p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZWH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6dac935-b43e-463c-9dd4-95fd36621dab_644x1220.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZWH!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6dac935-b43e-463c-9dd4-95fd36621dab_644x1220.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZWH!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6dac935-b43e-463c-9dd4-95fd36621dab_644x1220.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZWH!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6dac935-b43e-463c-9dd4-95fd36621dab_644x1220.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZWH!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6dac935-b43e-463c-9dd4-95fd36621dab_644x1220.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZWH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6dac935-b43e-463c-9dd4-95fd36621dab_644x1220.jpeg" width="644" height="1220" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f6dac935-b43e-463c-9dd4-95fd36621dab_644x1220.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1220,&quot;width&quot;:644,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:726427,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://clinicamedica.substack.com/i/168037654?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6dac935-b43e-463c-9dd4-95fd36621dab_644x1220.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZWH!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_424, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6dac935-b43e-463c-9dd4-95fd36621dab_644x1220.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZWH!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_848, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6dac935-b43e-463c-9dd4-95fd36621dab_644x1220.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZWH!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6dac935-b43e-463c-9dd4-95fd36621dab_644x1220.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZWH!, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/clinicamedica.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6dac935-b43e-463c-9dd4-95fd36621dab_644x1220.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>