<script data-pm-proxy="intercept"></script><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[What Is It Like To Be A Philosophy Professor (Not a Bat)?]]></title><description><![CDATA[I give you insight into the daily life of a philosophy professor! It is a lot more interesting--I think!--than being a bat! I write mainly in English, but also in Spanish, and I have someone helping me with Persian translations!]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNiQ!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41b41909-203d-4613-a635-852d8eefbade_1058x1058.png</url><title>What Is It Like To Be A Philosophy Professor (Not a Bat)?</title><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2026 19:07:47 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[danieldalmonte@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[danieldalmonte@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[danieldalmonte@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[danieldalmonte@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[A Meditation on Hope]]></title><description><![CDATA[There is a striking sonnet by Sor Juana In&#233;s de la Cruz, a 17th-century New Spanish poet who was also a nun, which deals with the theme of hope.]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/a-meditation-on-hope</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/a-meditation-on-hope</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2026 17:05:09 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNiQ!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41b41909-203d-4613-a635-852d8eefbade_1058x1058.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There is a striking sonnet by Sor Juana In&#233;s de la Cruz, a 17th-century New Spanish poet who was also a nun, which deals with the theme of hope. Hope, in the Catholic religion, is a theological virtue, that is, a virtue that concerns our relationship with God. The symbol of an anchor for the virtue of hope signifies the stability that hope confers. Through hope, we have confidence that God will provide the grace necessary to endure the difficulties of this life and ultimately reach our final rest and joy in heaven (CCC, #1817). Through hope, we have confidence that our desires for happiness will have a happy ending and will culminate in final fulfillment. The figure of Abraham provides us with an example of hope. God calls him to a terrifying sacrifice of his own son. Abraham does not reject this call. He continues in hope that God will resolve the dilemma (Gen 17:4&#8211;8; 22:1&#8211;18).</p><p>Sor Juana takes a much more pessimistic stance in her sonnet on hope. Yes, it can confer stability. But hope can also deceive us. Hope can be false and can inspire us to continue in a project that is actually futile. Perhaps someone hopes to become a singer or a rock star. Many young people have this hope, or the hope of becoming a famous athlete. But the vast majority of these hopes are false. And even many of those who achieve their hopes are, at least somewhat, disappointed by the reality of their situation. They have problems as stars, singers, or athletes. They live under new public scrutiny.</p><p>This, then, is the angle on hope that Sor Juana adopts. It is only a brief sonnet, so it cannot be interpreted as her permanent or general position. A sonnet can express immediate feelings. Everyone has experienced moments of disillusionment in which we abandon hope as if it were a traitor.</p><p>The Catechism does not ignore these experiences. The hope it promotes is from God and directed toward God. It does not speak of hope in human beings for worldly things. One can have hope in a person, for example that a lover will return. One can have hope for wealth, for example that a new business will succeed. The Catechism does not promise that all these hopes will be fulfilled. Only hope in God, for heaven, is a certain hope. We only need to cooperate with God&#8217;s grace.</p><p>Thus, there is a partial truth in Sor Juana&#8217;s bitter stance. She calls hope a sickness (Poems, Protest, and a Dream, Sor Juana In&#233;s de la Cruz, New York: Penguin Books, 1985, p. 176, no. 151). Sor Juana says that hope has the &#8220;name of murderer.&#8221; She says that hope prolongs death within life. That is, hope only lengthens a process of failure. If we do not have hope, we can end something immediately and avoid a draining struggle with circumstances.</p><p>Many people develop a hardened inner disposition. It is better not to have hope, because hope is the precursor of disappointment. If we do not have hope, we cannot experience the blade of disappointment.</p><p>Thus, Sor Juana&#8217;s poem is not necessarily heretical. It criticizes only one kind of hope. We can have hope in many things besides God. Certain hope is that God wants to save us and give us eternal life. God is not cruel. The Catechism rejects certain theologies, such as Calvinism, which condemns people to hell by fate.</p><p>But God does not guarantee the success of every project in our life. The guarantee of sufficient grace for heaven is not a guarantee that we will cooperate with that grace. And the guarantee of grace does not guarantee the success of our ventures, our romantic relationships, or our dreams of a career.</p><p>It is better to take the hard medicine of Sor Juana regarding these projects. Yes, success in this life is possible. Some level of success is necessary. But too much hope can prolong futile activities and generate unnecessary pain. If we take a more realistic stance, we can avoid much suffering. We can move past failure and enter into the next activity.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9OdR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d093585-1916-48d5-be75-14c0f89327d2_250x717.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9OdR!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d093585-1916-48d5-be75-14c0f89327d2_250x717.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9OdR!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d093585-1916-48d5-be75-14c0f89327d2_250x717.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9OdR!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d093585-1916-48d5-be75-14c0f89327d2_250x717.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9OdR!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d093585-1916-48d5-be75-14c0f89327d2_250x717.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9OdR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d093585-1916-48d5-be75-14c0f89327d2_250x717.jpeg" width="250" height="717" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7d093585-1916-48d5-be75-14c0f89327d2_250x717.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:717,&quot;width&quot;:250,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9OdR!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d093585-1916-48d5-be75-14c0f89327d2_250x717.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9OdR!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d093585-1916-48d5-be75-14c0f89327d2_250x717.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9OdR!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d093585-1916-48d5-be75-14c0f89327d2_250x717.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9OdR!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d093585-1916-48d5-be75-14c0f89327d2_250x717.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Hope, </em>Edwars Burne-Jones</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Una Meditación sobre la Esperanza]]></title><description><![CDATA[Una Meditaci&#243;n sobre la Esperanza]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/una-meditacion-sobre-la-esperanza</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/una-meditacion-sobre-la-esperanza</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2026 17:02:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNiQ!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41b41909-203d-4613-a635-852d8eefbade_1058x1058.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Una Meditaci&#243;n sobre la Esperanza</strong></p><p>Hay un soneto impactante de Sor Juana In&#233;s de la Cruz, una poeta novohispana del siglo XVII que fue adem&#225;s monja, que trata el tema de la esperanza. La esperanza, en la religi&#243;n cat&#243;lica, es una virtud teologal, es decir, una virtud que tiene que ver con nuestra relaci&#243;n con Dios. El s&#237;mbolo de un ancla para la virtud de la esperanza significa la estabilidad que la esperanza confiere. Por la esperanza, tenemos la confianza de que Dios va a proporcionar la gracia necesaria para pasar por las dificultades de esta vida y, al fin, llegar a nuestro descanso y gozo final en el cielo (CCC, #1817). Por la esperanza, tenemos la confianza de que nuestros deseos de felicidad tendr&#225;n un final feliz y terminar&#225;n en una satisfacci&#243;n final. La figura de Abraham nos proporciona un ejemplo de la esperanza. Dios le llama a un sacrificio aterrador: el de su propio hijo. Abraham no rechaza este llamamiento. Contin&#250;a en la esperanza de que Dios va a resolver el dilema (Gen 17:4-8; 22:1-18).</p><p>Sor Juana tiene una postura mucho m&#225;s pesimista en su soneto sobre la esperanza. S&#237;, puede conferir estabilidad. Pero la esperanza tambi&#233;n puede enga&#241;arnos. La esperanza puede ser falsa y puede inspirarnos a continuar en un proyecto que realmente es f&#250;til. Quiz&#225;s alguien tiene la esperanza de ser cantante o una estrella de rock. Muchos j&#243;venes tienen esta esperanza, o la esperanza de ser jugadores de alg&#250;n deporte famoso. Pero la gran mayor&#237;a de estas esperanzas son falsas. Y probablemente muchos de aquellos que logran sus esperanzas est&#225;n, por lo menos en cierta medida, decepcionados por la realidad de su situaci&#243;n. Tienen problemas como estrellas, cantantes famosos o jugadores. Viven bajo un nuevo escrutinio del p&#250;blico.</p><p>Entonces, este &#225;ngulo sobre la esperanza es el que toma Sor Juana. Es solo un soneto breve, entonces no se puede interpretar como su postura permanente o general. Un soneto puede expresar sentimientos instant&#225;neos. Todos han experimentado momentos de desenga&#241;o, en los cuales abandonamos la esperanza como si fuera un traidor.</p><p>El catecismo no ignora estas experiencias. La esperanza que promueve es la esperanza en Dios y hacia Dios. No menciona una esperanza en los seres humanos ni en cosas mundanas. Se puede tener esperanza en una persona; por ejemplo, un amante puede volver. Se puede tener esperanza en la riqueza; por ejemplo, una nueva empresa puede tener &#233;xito. El catecismo no nos promete que todas estas esperanzas van a ser fruct&#237;feras. Solo la esperanza en Dios, para el cielo, es una esperanza segura. Solo necesitamos cooperar con la gracia de Dios.</p><p>Entonces, hay una verdad parcial en la postura amarga de Sor Juana. Llama a la esperanza una enfermedad (<em>Poems, Protest, and a Dream, Sor Juana In&#233;s de la Cruz</em>, New York, New York: Penguin Books, 1985, p. 176, no. 151). Sor Juana dice que la esperanza tiene el &#8220;nombre de homicida&#8221;. Dice que la esperanza dilata la muerte en la vida. Es decir, la esperanza solo alarga un proceso de fracaso. Si no tenemos esperanza, podemos terminar algo inmediatamente y evitar una lucha con circunstancias desgastantes.</p><p>Muchas personas forman una interioridad endurecida. Es mejor no tener esperanza, porque la esperanza es la precursora de la decepci&#243;n. Si no tenemos esperanza, no podemos experimentar el filo de la decepci&#243;n.</p><p>Entonces, el poema de Sor Juana no es necesariamente una herej&#237;a. Critica solamente un tipo de esperanza. Podemos tener esperanza en muchas cosas aparte de Dios. La esperanza segura es que Dios quiere salvarnos y darnos la vida eterna. Dios no es cruel. El catecismo rechaza algunas teolog&#237;as, como el calvinismo, que condena a personas al infierno por destino.</p><p>Pero Dios no garantiza el &#233;xito de cada proyecto en nuestra vida. La garant&#237;a de la gracia suficiente para el cielo no es una garant&#237;a de que vamos a cooperar con la gracia. Y la garant&#237;a de la gracia no garantiza el &#233;xito de nuestras empresas, nuestras relaciones rom&#225;nticas o nuestros sue&#241;os profesionales.</p><p>Es mejor tomar la dura medicina de Sor Juana sobre estos proyectos. S&#237;, es posible tener &#233;xito en esta vida. Alg&#250;n nivel de &#233;xito es necesario. Pero demasiada esperanza puede alargar actividades f&#250;tiles y generar un dolor innecesario. Si tenemos una postura m&#225;s realista, podemos evitar mucho dolor. Podemos pasar por alto el fracaso y entrar en la actividad pr&#243;xima.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QAtm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F601544f1-774b-4935-b1be-ab8e2b6e4275_250x717.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QAtm!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F601544f1-774b-4935-b1be-ab8e2b6e4275_250x717.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QAtm!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/601544f1-774b-4935-b1be-ab8e2b6e4275_250x717.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:717,&quot;width&quot;:250,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QAtm!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F601544f1-774b-4935-b1be-ab8e2b6e4275_250x717.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QAtm!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F601544f1-774b-4935-b1be-ab8e2b6e4275_250x717.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QAtm!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F601544f1-774b-4935-b1be-ab8e2b6e4275_250x717.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QAtm!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F601544f1-774b-4935-b1be-ab8e2b6e4275_250x717.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Esperanza, </em>Edward Burne-Jones</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Wittgenstein, Silence, and a Late Defense of Sor Juana (Part 3)]]></title><description><![CDATA[The whole world: theme of metaphysics]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/wittgenstein-silence-and-a-late-defense-85c</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/wittgenstein-silence-and-a-late-defense-85c</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2026 16:16:12 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xNqL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cd73e43-7057-4e70-a88f-c54da4d4029f_5200x3393.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>The whole world: theme of metaphysics</h3><p>Complications increase when we consider the world as a whole. As human beings, we have a strong interest in the whole world. We do not want to know only individual facts; we want to organize facts into metaphysical ideas. This desire for broad visions of the nature of the world is the origin of all religions. We want to know the world in its most basic structure, and not only in its partial aspects.</p><p>But, according to the conditions of meaning in the <em>Tractatus</em>, we cannot say anything about the world as a whole. Propositions connect with facts in the world, but the world is the totality of facts. A proposition organizes elements according to a picture, and thus a proposition corresponds to the structure of a fact. But the world is not a fact, but the totality of facts.</p><p>If the realm of the sayable is limited by the facts of the world, then there are serious problems for philosophical theories. An essential feature of philosophical theories is that they integrate a set of facts into a vision of the whole. Philosophical theories go beyond the facts that serve as the foundation of intelligible language. A philosophical theory attempts to picture in language what cannot be pictured, namely an integrating vision of facts.</p><p>Therefore, our feelings toward the world itself, as a totality, belong to the realm of mysticism. The mystical refers to the transcendent realm that surpasses the limits of what can be said. It is an ineffable feeling.</p><p>There is a narrow opening that allows meaningful sentences that reflect the world. Outside this opening, there is no basis for meaningful expression. If we cannot formulate our sentences in a way that fits the world, we must remain silent.</p><div><hr></div><h3>The mystical and poetry</h3><p>But language is flexible. I do not agree that, if we cannot formulate scientific propositions that grasp facts, our only option is silence. Perhaps there is a way to express our deepest intuitions about reality apart from pictures of facts with a conventional structure. Perhaps there is a valid way of speaking and writing that does not consist in a simple correspondence between linguistic pictures and facts, but that nonetheless remains an exploration of reality and an intelligible projection toward the world.</p><p>Poetry is a use of language that detaches itself from attachment to individual facts. Poetry does not only describe facts; it transforms our vision of a set of facts into an integrating vision. Poetry cannot be reduced to information or to a mundane description of facts. However, poetry is not nonsense. Poetry has a kind of meaning that goes beyond a simple list of facts and is oriented toward an integrating vision of the world as a whole.</p><p>Poetry is an attempt to grasp the realm of the unsayable in Wittgenstein. Poetry is the linguistic instrument of the mystical. The mystical is not necessarily a feeling that we cannot express in words. The mystical is the realm that surpasses any description of how the world is, and thus it focuses us on the brute fact of the existence of the world. Poetry, which does not only attempt to mirror facts, is a linguistic instrument that can grasp the astonishment that the world exists, and it is not a mere mirror of facts that characterize the world. Poetry is not silence, but a language that tries to grasp silence in the gaps between sayable facts.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Sor Juana and the poetry of the unsayable</h3><p>Sor Juana In&#233;s de la Cruz, according to Octavio Paz&#8217;s classic biography, was an intensely intellectual poet. She uses poetry as a metaphysical instrument to say, in some way, what cannot be said in the form of prosaic propositions. Sor Juana &#8220;tends more toward sharp concept than toward brilliant metaphor&#8230; Sor Juana&#8217;s metaphors are meant more to be thought than seen.&#8221; Sor Juana&#8217;s poetry goes beyond objects organized in states of affairs in order to grasp metaphysical structures. This aesthetic identity exemplifies the theory of poetry I am defending: poetry is an instrument for exploring the metaphysical structure of reality that transcends individual facts. Poetry is not a mere outpouring of emotions nor a beautiful description of natural things, although it may include these elements. Poetry must explore these emotions and descriptions in a way that transcends mere facts.</p><p>The setting, especially in <em>Primero sue&#241;o</em>, is one of twilight and emptiness. There is no profusion of light that reveals a multitude of everyday things. Celestial spaces, with geometric figures such as pyramids, towers, and obelisks, replace the things of nature and the sensible world. We are in a &#8220;tenebrous war,&#8221; facing a &#8220;fugitive shadow&#8221; in a &#8220;silent empire.&#8221; The senses lack orientation and cannot discern logically structured facts. In Sor Juana&#8217;s <em>Dream</em>, we surpass the realm of the sayable, of linguistic pictures of facts, traced by Wittgenstein.</p><p>It is also very interesting that Sor Juana does not attempt to adopt an orthodox or doctrinal attitude toward the transcendent world. She does not try to grasp the afterlife in clear propositions, as if the afterlife were composed of facts in the manner of the everyday world. There is a continuous struggle between mysticism, which posits God as something entirely alien to our finite language, and an orthodox religion that tries to grasp God in precise formulations. Instead, Sor Juana&#8217;s journey, according to Paz, &#8220;ends in a fall.&#8221; The attempt to grasp the spiritual journey beyond the senses ends in a &#8220;non-vision.&#8221; God is present as a mere metaphysical principle, the First Cause, and not as a benevolent person who protects human beings and grants revelation.</p><p>Sor Juana likely accepts Ptolemaic astronomy, which represents the universe as finite. However, Sor Juana&#8217;s finite universe is not comfortable or comprehensible. There are &#8220;abysses and precipices without end.&#8221; Other poets of her time represent the universe as a harmonious music of spheres that is a clear sign of divine presence. Sor Juana&#8217;s universe is not fully intelligible. The soul that travels in her poem does not find God, but &#8220;a space without name and without limit.&#8221; The amorphous and infinite space of Sor Juana transcends the determining facts that organize objects into pictures. For this reason, the mythical figure of Icarus is a representative character. Icarus attempts to rise to the sky with wings of feathers and wax, but the wax melts under the heat of the sun. Like Icarus, understanding is overcome by &#8220;the immense multitude of such mechanical burden&#8221;; that is, by the vast network of mechanical processes that constitute the functioning of an impersonal universe. In its despair to achieve clear understanding, Sor Juana rejects Aristotelian categories of being as &#8220;mental fantasies,&#8221; mere abstractions that do not conform to the matter of the world.</p><p>Sor Juana&#8217;s &#8220;non-vision&#8221; coincides with what surpasses the limits of the sayable in Wittgenstein. Wittgenstein&#8217;s philosophy represents a serious challenge to Thomistic tendencies, for example, that attempt to grasp even the metaphysical dimensions of the world in deductive propositions. A philosophical integration between the rational edifice of Thomism and the mystical feelings that are our only resource for the beyond in Wittgenstein is necessary.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xNqL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cd73e43-7057-4e70-a88f-c54da4d4029f_5200x3393.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xNqL!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cd73e43-7057-4e70-a88f-c54da4d4029f_5200x3393.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xNqL!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cd73e43-7057-4e70-a88f-c54da4d4029f_5200x3393.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xNqL!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cd73e43-7057-4e70-a88f-c54da4d4029f_5200x3393.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xNqL!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cd73e43-7057-4e70-a88f-c54da4d4029f_5200x3393.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xNqL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cd73e43-7057-4e70-a88f-c54da4d4029f_5200x3393.jpeg" width="1456" height="950" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3cd73e43-7057-4e70-a88f-c54da4d4029f_5200x3393.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:950,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Landscape with the Fall of Icarus [Pieter Bruegel the Elder] | Sartle - Rogue Art History&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Landscape with the Fall of Icarus [Pieter Bruegel the Elder] | Sartle - Rogue Art History" title="Landscape with the Fall of Icarus [Pieter Bruegel the Elder] | Sartle - Rogue Art History" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xNqL!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cd73e43-7057-4e70-a88f-c54da4d4029f_5200x3393.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xNqL!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cd73e43-7057-4e70-a88f-c54da4d4029f_5200x3393.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xNqL!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cd73e43-7057-4e70-a88f-c54da4d4029f_5200x3393.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xNqL!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cd73e43-7057-4e70-a88f-c54da4d4029f_5200x3393.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Landscape with the fall of Icarus</em>, Pieter Bruegel the Elder</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Wittgenstein, el silencio y una defensa tardía de sor Juana (parte tercerca)]]></title><description><![CDATA[El mundo entero: tema de la metaf&#237;sica]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/wittgenstein-el-silencio-y-una-defensa-a3e</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/wittgenstein-el-silencio-y-una-defensa-a3e</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2026 16:12:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1XNj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50dbe100-8acd-4c84-bab3-e370dfab1c88_5200x3393.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span>El mundo entero: tema de la metaf&#237;sica</span></strong></p><p><span>Las complicaciones aumentan cuando consideramos el mundo en su totalidad. Como seres humanos, tenemos un fuerte inter&#233;s por el mundo entero. No queremos conocer solo hechos individuales; queremos organizar los hechos en ideas metaf&#237;sicas. Este deseo de visiones amplias de la naturaleza del mundo es el origen de todas las religiones. Queremos conocer el mundo en su estructura m&#225;s b&#225;sica, y no solo en sus aspectos parciales.</span></p><p><span>Pero, seg&#250;n las condiciones de significado en el </span><em><span>Tractatus</span></em><span>, no podemos decir nada sobre el mundo en su totalidad. Las proposiciones se conectan con hechos en el mundo, pero el mundo es la totalidad de los hechos.</span><a href="#_ftn1"><span>[1]</span></a><span> Una proposici&#243;n organiza elementos seg&#250;n una figura, y as&#237; una proposici&#243;n se corresponde con la estructura de un hecho. Pero el mundo no es un hecho, sino el conjunto de los hechos.</span></p><p><span>Si el &#225;mbito de lo decible est&#225; limitado por los hechos del mundo, entonces hay problemas serios para las teor&#237;as filos&#243;ficas. Una caracter&#237;stica esencial de las teor&#237;as filos&#243;ficas es que integran un conjunto de hechos en una visi&#243;n de lo total. Las teor&#237;as filos&#243;ficas sobrepasan los hechos que sirven como fundamento del lenguaje inteligible. Una teor&#237;a filos&#243;fica intenta figurar en el lenguaje lo que no puede ser figurado, es decir, una visi&#243;n integradora de los hechos.</span></p><p><span>Por lo tanto, nuestros sentimientos hacia el mundo en s&#237;, como una totalidad, pertenecen al &#225;mbito del misticismo.</span><a href="#_ftn2"><span>[2]</span></a><span> Lo m&#237;stico se refiere al &#225;mbito trascendente que sobrepasa los l&#237;mites de lo decible. Es un sentimiento inefable.</span></p><p><span>Hay una apertura estrecha que permite oraciones con sentido que reflejan el mundo. Fuera de esta apertura, no hay ninguna base para la expresi&#243;n significativa. Si no podemos formular nuestras oraciones de una manera que encaje con el mundo, debemos callarnos.</span><a href="#_ftn3"><span>[3]</span></a></p><p><strong><span>Lo m&#237;stico y la poes&#237;a</span></strong></p><p><span>Pero el lenguaje es flexible. No estoy de acuerdo en que, si no podemos formular proposiciones cient&#237;ficas que capten hechos, nuestra &#250;nica opci&#243;n sea el silencio. Quiz&#225;s haya una manera de expresar nuestras intuiciones m&#225;s profundas sobre la realidad aparte de figuras de hechos con una estructura convencional. Quiz&#225;s haya una manera v&#225;lida de hablar y escribir que no constituya una correspondencia simple entre figuras ling&#252;&#237;sticas y hechos, pero que, a pesar de esto, siga siendo una exploraci&#243;n de la realidad y una proyecci&#243;n inteligible hacia el mundo.</span></p><p><span>La poes&#237;a es un uso del lenguaje que se desprende del apego a los hechos individuales. La poes&#237;a no solo describe hechos; transforma nuestra visi&#243;n de un conjunto de hechos en una visi&#243;n integradora. La poes&#237;a no puede reducirse a informaci&#243;n o a una descripci&#243;n cotidiana de hechos. Sin embargo, la poes&#237;a no es un sinsentido. La poes&#237;a tiene alg&#250;n tipo de sentido que trasciende una simple lista de hechos y est&#225; orientado hacia una visi&#243;n integradora del mundo en su totalidad.</span></p><p><span>La poes&#237;a es un intento de captar el &#225;mbito de lo indecible en Wittgenstein. La poes&#237;a es el instrumento ling&#252;&#237;stico para lo m&#237;stico. Lo m&#237;stico no es necesariamente un sentimiento que no podamos expresar en palabras. Lo m&#237;stico es el &#225;mbito que sobrepasa cualquier descripci&#243;n de c&#243;mo es el mundo, y as&#237; nos enfocamos en el hecho bruto de la existencia del mundo.</span><a href="#_ftn4"><span>[4]</span></a><span> La poes&#237;a, que no solo intenta reflejar hechos, es un instrumento ling&#252;&#237;stico que puede captar el asombro de que el mundo exista, y no es un mero espejo de hechos que caracterizan el mundo. La poes&#237;a no es silencio, sino un lenguaje que intenta captar el silencio en las grietas entre los hechos decibles.</span></p><p><strong><span>Sor Juana y la poes&#237;a de lo indecible</span></strong></p><p><span>Sor Juana In&#233;s de la Cruz, seg&#250;n la biograf&#237;a cl&#225;sica de Octavio Paz, fue una poeta sumamente intelectual. Usa la poes&#237;a como un instrumento metaf&#237;sico para decir en alguna manera lo que no podemos decir en las figuras de proposiciones prosaicas. Sor Juana &#8220;tiende m&#225;s al concepto agudo que a la met&#225;fora brillante&#8230;las met&#225;foras de Sor Juana son m&#225;s para ser pensadas que vistas.&#8221;</span><a href="#_ftn5"><span>[5]</span></a><span> La poes&#237;a de Sor Juana sobrepasa los objetos organizados en estados de cosas para captar estructuras metaf&#237;sicas. Esta identidad est&#233;tica ejemplifica la teor&#237;a de la poes&#237;a que estoy defendiendo: la poes&#237;a es un instrumento para explorar la estructura metaf&#237;sica de la realidad que trasciende los hechos individuos. La poes&#237;a no es una mera inundaci&#243;n de emociones ni una descripci&#243;n bella de las cosas naturales, aunque, por cierto, puede incluir estos elementos. La poes&#237;a necesita explorar estas emociones y descripciones de una manera que trascienda los meros hechos.</span></p><p><span>El entorno, espec&#237;ficamente en </span><em><span>Primero sue&#241;o</span></em><span>, es de penumbra y vaciedad. No hay una profusi&#243;n de luz que desvele una multitud de cosas cotidianas. Los espacios celestes, con figuras geom&#233;tricas como pir&#225;mides, torres y obeliscos, reemplazan las cosas de la naturaleza y del mundo sensible. Estamos en una &#171;tenebrosa guerra&#187;, enfrentando una &#171;sombra fugitiva&#187; en un &#171;imperio silencioso&#187;.</span><a href="#_ftn6"><span>[6]</span></a><span> Los sentidos faltan orientaci&#243;n y no pueden discernir hechos figurados l&#243;gicamente. En el </span><em><span>Sue&#241;o</span></em><span> de Sor Juana, sobrepasamos el &#225;mbito de lo decible, de las figuras ling&#252;&#237;sticas de los hechos, trazado por Wittgenstein.</span></p><p><span>Es muy interesante tambi&#233;n que Sor Juana no intenta adoptar una mentalidad ortodoxa y doctrinal hacia el mundo trascendente. No intenta captar el m&#225;s all&#225; en proposiciones claras, como si el m&#225;s all&#225; estuviera compuesto por hechos al modo del mundo cotidiano. Hay una batalla incesante entre el misticismo, que plantea a Dios como algo totalmente ajeno a nuestro lenguaje finito, y una religi&#243;n ortodoxa que intenta captar a Dios en formulaciones precisas. Por el contrario, el viaje de Sor Juana, dice Paz, &#8220;termina en una ca&#237;da&#8221;</span><a href="#_ftn7"><span>[7]</span></a><span> El intento de captar el viaje espiritual, m&#225;s all&#225; de los sentidos, termin&#243; en una &#171;no-visi&#243;n&#187;.</span><a href="#_ftn8"><span>[8]</span></a><span> Dios est&#225; presente como un mere principio metaf&#237;sico, la Causa Primera, y no como una persona bondadosa que protege a los seres humanos y imparte revelaci&#243;n.</span><a href="#_ftn9"><span>[9]</span></a></p><p><span>Sor Juana probablemente acepta la astronom&#237;a ptolemaica, que representa el universo como finito. Sin embargo, el universo finito de Sor Juana no es c&#243;modo ni comprensible. Hay &#171;abismos y despe&#241;aderos sin fin&#187;.</span><a href="#_ftn10"><span>[10]</span></a><span> Otros poetas de su &#233;poca representan el universo como una melod&#237;a armoniosa de esferas que es un signo claro de la presencia divina. El universo de Sor Juana no es plenamente comprensible. El alma que viaja en su poema no encuentra a Dios, sino &#171;un espacio sin nombre y sin l&#237;mite&#187;.</span><a href="#_ftn11"><span>[11]</span></a><span> El espacio amorfo e infinito de Sor Juana trasciende los hechos determinantes que organizan objetos en figuras. Por eso, la figura m&#237;tica de Icaro es un personaje representativo.</span><a href="#_ftn12"><span>[12]</span></a><span> &#205;caro intenta subir al cielo con alas de plumas y cera, pero la cera se derrite bajo el calor del sol. Como &#205;caro, el entendimiento queda vencido por &#8220;la inmensa muchedumbre de tanta maqu&#237;nica pesadumbre&#8221;; es decir, por la vasta red de procesos mec&#225;nicos que constituyen el funcionamiento de un universo impersonal.</span><a href="#_ftn13"><span>[13]</span></a><span> En su desesperanza por alcanzar un entendimiento claro, Sor Juana rechaza las categor&#237;as del ser de Arist&#243;teles como &#8220;mentales fantas&#237;as&#8221;, meras abstracciones que no se conforman con la materia del mundo.</span><a href="#_ftn14"><span>[14]</span></a></p><p><span>La &#171;no-visi&#243;n&#187; de Sor Juana coincide con lo que sobrepasa los l&#237;mites de lo decible en Wittgenstein. La filosof&#237;a de Wittgenstein representa un desaf&#237;o serio a tendencias tomistas, por ejemplo, que intentan captar incluso las dimensiones metaf&#237;sicas del mundo en proposiciones deductivas. Una integraci&#243;n filos&#243;fica entre el edificio racional del tomismo y los sentimientos m&#237;sticos, que son nuestro &#250;nico recurso para el m&#225;s all&#225; en Wittgenstein, es necesaria.</span></p><div><hr></div><p><a href="#_ftnref1"><span>[1]</span></a><span> </span><em><span>Tractatus</span></em><span>, prop.</span><em><span> </span></em><span>1.1.</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref2"><span>[2]</span></a><span> </span><em><span>Tractatus </span></em><span>6.45.</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref3"><span>[3]</span></a><span> </span><em><span>Tractatus</span></em><span>, Preface</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref4"><span>[4]</span></a><span> </span><em><span>Tractatus </span></em><span>6.44.</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref5"><span>[5]</span></a><span> Octavio Paz, </span><em><span>Sor Juana In&#233;s de la Cruz o las trampas de la fe</span></em><span> (M&#233;xico: Fondo de Cultura Econ&#243;mica, 1985), p. 470.</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref6"><span>[6]</span></a><span> Sor Juana In&#233;s de la Cruz, &#8220;Primero Sue&#241;o,&#8217; en </span><em><span>Poems, Protest, and a Dream, </span></em><span>ed. y trad. por Margaret Sayers Peden, (New York, NY: Penguin, 1997): 7, 9. 20. </span><em><span>.</span></em></p><p><a href="#_ftnref7"><span>[7]</span></a><span> Paz, p. 470.</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref8"><span>[8]</span></a><span> Paz, p. 471.</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref9"><span>[9]</span></a><span> &#8220;Primero Sue&#241;o,&#8221; 418.</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref10"><span>[10]</span></a><span> Paz, p. 471.</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref11"><span>[11]</span></a><span> Paz, p. 471.</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref12"><span>[12]</span></a><span> Paz, p. 630.</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref13"><span>[13]</span></a><span> &#8220;Primero Sue&#241;o, 420.</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref14"><span>[14]</span></a><span> &#8220;Primero Sue&#241;o,&#8221; 583.</span></p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1XNj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50dbe100-8acd-4c84-bab3-e370dfab1c88_5200x3393.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1XNj!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50dbe100-8acd-4c84-bab3-e370dfab1c88_5200x3393.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1XNj!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50dbe100-8acd-4c84-bab3-e370dfab1c88_5200x3393.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1XNj!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50dbe100-8acd-4c84-bab3-e370dfab1c88_5200x3393.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1XNj!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50dbe100-8acd-4c84-bab3-e370dfab1c88_5200x3393.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1XNj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50dbe100-8acd-4c84-bab3-e370dfab1c88_5200x3393.jpeg" width="1456" height="950" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/50dbe100-8acd-4c84-bab3-e370dfab1c88_5200x3393.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:950,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Landscape with the Fall of Icarus [Pieter Bruegel the Elder] | Sartle - Rogue Art History&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Landscape with the Fall of Icarus [Pieter Bruegel the Elder] | Sartle - Rogue Art History" title="Landscape with the Fall of Icarus [Pieter Bruegel the Elder] | Sartle - Rogue Art History" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1XNj!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50dbe100-8acd-4c84-bab3-e370dfab1c88_5200x3393.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1XNj!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50dbe100-8acd-4c84-bab3-e370dfab1c88_5200x3393.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1XNj!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50dbe100-8acd-4c84-bab3-e370dfab1c88_5200x3393.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1XNj!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50dbe100-8acd-4c84-bab3-e370dfab1c88_5200x3393.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Paisaje con la ca&#237;da de &#205;caro, </em>Pieter Bruegel el mayor</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Wittgenstein, Silence, and a Late Defense of Sor Juana (Part 2)]]></title><description><![CDATA[The atomic elements of language and the grammar of the world]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/wittgenstein-silence-and-a-late-defense-e3c</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/wittgenstein-silence-and-a-late-defense-e3c</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 16:03:04 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7try!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3c9eee8-b055-4b7e-b7fc-735658dae7b1_600x377.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>The atomic elements of language and the grammar of the world</h2><p>Wittgenstein develops an analysis of the nature of the world and of language that explains how language serves as a representational map of the world. Language can have meaning insofar as it corresponds to the structure of objects in the world. The grammar of language is structured according to the grammar of the world. It is not a mere bubble of social coordination signals.</p><p>Wittgenstein establishes that the world consists of facts, not things. There is no thing that is completely separated from its relations. Things participate in states of affairs. There is no pure tree, for example, without relations to a context. Things are basic elements of the world that participate in a wide network of possible configurations. A tree, for example, can be in a forest, in a zoo, in a garden, etc. States of affairs (<em>Sachverhalt</em>) in which things participate are the facts of the world.</p><p>On the other side of objects in states of affairs, we have linguistic propositions. How do linguistic propositions grasp states of affairs, even though they seem entirely different? Wittgenstein says that a proposition makes a picture that represents a state of affairs. This linguistic picture arranges its elements, words, in a determinate relation. &#8220;The cat is on the floor&#8221; instantiates a picture that places the elements &#8220;cat&#8221; and &#8220;floor&#8221; in a specific relation. The elements in the picture&#8212;the nouns of a language&#8212;correspond to objects in the world. The picture imposes a logical order on the elements in order to indicate the relation between them. Linguistic pictures are images that capture the relations that constitute a state of affairs in the world. A picture is like a mirror or a photograph that represents objects related in a state of affairs. In other words, there is an isomorphism between linguistic pictures and the structures of facts that generates meaning.</p><p>Pictures and facts in the world share the same structure. Wittgenstein calls this shared structure the form of representation. The form of representation allows the elements of a proposition to reflect the structure of objects configured in facts.</p><p>When we speak meaningfully, our words project toward things. We can speak meaningfully about the world when we use propositions as pictures that share the relational structure of facts in the world. By contrast, our words are merely self-enclosed sounds when they do not reflect the structure of reality.</p><p>This achievement, which connects language with the world, gives hope that our language is not a closed system, but a map of reality. Scientific investigation of the world becomes possible.</p><h2>The paradoxes of meaning</h2><p>But this correspondence that establishes the connection between language and the world reveals cracks upon closer consideration. The thesis of correspondence between language and the world does not seem to be sayable according to its own standards. Well-formed propositions track, through their pictorial structure, the structure of facts in the world. However, the supposed unity between language and the world is not itself a fact in the world. This unity is a metaphysical postulate that does not constitute a state of affairs composed of objects in a particular arrangement. Propositions about the unity between language and the world do not derive their meaning from mirroring a fact of the world. They are meta-propositions, so to speak, that concern the unity between propositions and the world. But this grounding in facts is precisely what gives propositions their meaning.</p><p>Wittgenstein acknowledges that we can only show the connection between language and the world, but we cannot say it. Language itself cannot capture the condition of its own legitimacy, that is, the parallel structure between sentences and facts.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7try!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3c9eee8-b055-4b7e-b7fc-735658dae7b1_600x377.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7try!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3c9eee8-b055-4b7e-b7fc-735658dae7b1_600x377.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7try!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3c9eee8-b055-4b7e-b7fc-735658dae7b1_600x377.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7try!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3c9eee8-b055-4b7e-b7fc-735658dae7b1_600x377.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7try!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3c9eee8-b055-4b7e-b7fc-735658dae7b1_600x377.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7try!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3c9eee8-b055-4b7e-b7fc-735658dae7b1_600x377.jpeg" width="600" height="377" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d3c9eee8-b055-4b7e-b7fc-735658dae7b1_600x377.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:377,&quot;width&quot;:600,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Monk on the Seashore&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Monk on the Seashore" title="Monk on the Seashore" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7try!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3c9eee8-b055-4b7e-b7fc-735658dae7b1_600x377.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7try!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3c9eee8-b055-4b7e-b7fc-735658dae7b1_600x377.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7try!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3c9eee8-b055-4b7e-b7fc-735658dae7b1_600x377.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7try!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3c9eee8-b055-4b7e-b7fc-735658dae7b1_600x377.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Monk by the Sea</em>, Caspar David Friedrich</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Wittgenstein, el silencio y una defensa tardía de sor Juana (parte segunda)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Los elementos at&#243;micos del lenguaje y la gram&#225;tica del mundo]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/wittgenstein-el-silencio-y-una-defensa</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/wittgenstein-el-silencio-y-una-defensa</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 15:59:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sqyb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ccb718d-9297-43f3-972f-e34c5761d9bb_600x377.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span>Los elementos at&#243;micos del lenguaje y la gram&#225;tica del mundo</span></strong></p><p><span>Wittgenstein desarrolla un an&#225;lisis de la naturaleza del mundo y del lenguaje que explica c&#243;mo el lenguaje sirve como un mapa representacional del mundo. El lenguaje puede tener significado en la medida en que corresponde a la estructura de los objetos en el mundo. La gram&#225;tica del lenguaje est&#225; estructurada seg&#250;n la gram&#225;tica del mundo. No es una mera burbuja de se&#241;ales de coordinaci&#243;n social.</span></p><p><span>Wittgenstein establece que el mundo consiste en hechos, no en cosas.</span><a href="#_ftn1"><span>[1]</span></a><span> No hay ninguna cosa totalmente separada de sus relaciones. Las cosas participan en estados de cosas. No existe un &#225;rbol puro, por ejemplo, sin relaciones con un contexto. Las cosas son elementos b&#225;sicos del mundo que participan en una red amplia de posibles configuraciones. Un &#225;rbol, por ejemplo, puede estar en un bosque, en un zool&#243;gico, en un jard&#237;n, etc. Los estados de cosas (</span><em><span>Sachverhalt</span></em><span>) en los que las cosas participan son los hechos del mundo.</span><a href="#_ftn2"><span>[2]</span></a></p><p><span>En el otro lado de los objetos en los estados de cosas, tenemos las proposiciones ling&#252;&#237;sticas. &#191;C&#243;mo captan las proposiciones ling&#252;&#237;sticas los estados de cosas, aunque parezcan totalmente diferentes? Wittgenstein dice que una proposici&#243;n hace una figura que representa un estado de cosas. Esta figura ling&#252;&#237;stica sit&#250;a sus elementos, las palabras, en una relaci&#243;n determinada. &#171;El gato est&#225; en el suelo&#187; instancia una figura que sit&#250;a los elementos &#171;gato&#187; y &#171;suelo&#187; en una relaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica. Los elementos en la figura &#8212;los sustantivos de un lenguaje&#8212; corresponden a objetos en el mundo. La figura impone un orden l&#243;gico a los elementos para indicar la relaci&#243;n entre s&#237;. Las figuras ling&#252;&#237;sticas son im&#225;genes que captan las relaciones que constituyen un estado de cosas en el mundo. Una figura es como un espejo o una fotograf&#237;a que representa objetos relacionados en un estado de cosas.</span><a href="#_ftn3"><span>[3]</span></a><span> En otras palabras, hay un isomorfismo entre las figuras ling&#252;&#237;sticas y las estructuras de hechos que genera sentido.</span></p><p><span>Las figuras y los hechos en el mundo comparten la misma estructura. Wittgenstein llama a esta estructura compartida la forma de figuraci&#243;n.</span><a href="#_ftn4"><span>[4]</span></a><span> La forma de figuraci&#243;n permite que los elementos de una proposici&#243;n reflejen la estructura de los objetos configurados en hechos.</span></p><p><span>Cuando hablamos con sentido, nuestras palabras proyectan hacia las cosas.</span><a href="#_ftn5"><span>[5]</span></a><span> Podemos hablar con sentido para referirnos al mundo cuando usamos proposiciones en figuras que comparten la estructura relacional de los hechos en el mundo. Por el contrario, nuestras palabras son meros sonidos encerrados en s&#237; mismos cuando no reflejan la estructura de la realidad.</span></p><p><span>Este logro, que conecta el lenguaje con el mundo, da la esperanza de que nuestro lenguaje no es un mero sistema encerrado, sino un mapa de la realidad. La investigaci&#243;n cient&#237;fica del mundo es posible.</span></p><p><strong><span>Las paradojas del significado</span></strong></p><p><span>Pero esta correspondencia que fija la conexi&#243;n entre el lenguaje y el mundo presenta grietas tras una consideraci&#243;n m&#225;s cautelosa. La tesis de la correspondencia entre el lenguaje y el mundo no parece decible seg&#250;n sus propios est&#225;ndares. Las proposiciones bien formadas rastrean, mediante su figura, la estructura de los hechos en el mundo. Sin embargo, la supuesta unidad entre el lenguaje y el mundo no es un hecho en el mundo. Esta unidad es un postulado metaf&#237;sico que no constituye un estado de cosas compuesto por objetos en un orden particular. Las proposiciones sobre la unidad entre el lenguaje y el mundo no derivan su sentido de reflejar un hecho del mundo. Son meta-proposiciones, por as&#237; decirlo, que tratan sobre la unidad entre proposiciones y el mundo. Pero esta base en los hechos es precisamente lo que confiere sentido a las proposiciones.</span></p><p><span>Wittgenstein admite que solo podemos mostrar la conexi&#243;n entre el lenguaje y el mundo, pero no podemos decirla.</span><a href="#_ftn6"><span>[6]</span></a><span> El lenguaje mismo no puede captar la condici&#243;n de la legitimidad del lenguaje, es decir, la estructura paralela entre las oraciones y los hechos.</span></p><div><hr></div><p><a href="#_ftnref1"><span>[1]</span></a><span> Wittgenstein, L. (2007). </span><em><span>Tractatus logico-philosophicus</span></em><span> (L. M. Vald&#233;s Villanueva, Trans., intro., &amp; notes). Tecnos. 1.1</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref2"><span>[2]</span></a><span> </span><em><span>Tractatus</span></em><span>, prop.</span><em><span> </span></em><span>2.</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref3"><span>[3]</span></a><span> </span><em><span>Tractatus</span></em><span>, prop.</span><em><span> </span></em>2.141.</p><p><a href="#_ftnref4"><span>[4]</span></a> <em>Tractatus</em>, prop.<em> </em>2.151.</p><p><a href="#_ftnref5"><span>[5]</span></a> <em>Tractatus</em>, prop.<em> </em>3.11.</p><p><a href="#_ftnref6"><span>[6]</span></a> <em>Tractatus</em>, prop. <span>2.172.</span></p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sqyb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ccb718d-9297-43f3-972f-e34c5761d9bb_600x377.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sqyb!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ccb718d-9297-43f3-972f-e34c5761d9bb_600x377.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sqyb!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ccb718d-9297-43f3-972f-e34c5761d9bb_600x377.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sqyb!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ccb718d-9297-43f3-972f-e34c5761d9bb_600x377.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sqyb!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ccb718d-9297-43f3-972f-e34c5761d9bb_600x377.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sqyb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ccb718d-9297-43f3-972f-e34c5761d9bb_600x377.jpeg" width="600" height="377" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9ccb718d-9297-43f3-972f-e34c5761d9bb_600x377.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:377,&quot;width&quot;:600,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Caspar David Friedrich&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Caspar David Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sqyb!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ccb718d-9297-43f3-972f-e34c5761d9bb_600x377.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sqyb!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ccb718d-9297-43f3-972f-e34c5761d9bb_600x377.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sqyb!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ccb718d-9297-43f3-972f-e34c5761d9bb_600x377.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sqyb!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ccb718d-9297-43f3-972f-e34c5761d9bb_600x377.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>El monje junto al mar</em>, Caspar David Friedrich</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Wittgenstein, el silencio, y una defense tardia de Sor Juana, parte uno]]></title><description><![CDATA[Wittgenstein, el silencio y una defensa tard&#237;a de sor Juana]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/wittgenstein-el-silencio-y-una-defense</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/wittgenstein-el-silencio-y-una-defense</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2026 15:43:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a4a6f62-d26c-49f7-a6b3-176a81969978_654x900.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span>Wittgenstein, el silencio y una defensa tard&#237;a de sor Juana</span></strong></p><p><span>Ludwig Wittgenstein fue uno de los grandes fil&#243;sofos del siglo XX. Nacido en Austria en 1889 en el seno de una familia opulenta, inicialmente estudi&#243; ingenier&#237;a en la universidad.</span><a href="#_ftn1"><span>[1]</span></a><span> Sin embargo, descubri&#243; la filosof&#237;a durante sus a&#241;os universitarios y decidi&#243; trasladarse a la Universidad de Cambridge para desarrollar este nuevo inter&#233;s. All&#237;, un destacado fil&#243;sofo, Bertrand Russell, reconoci&#243; el talento del joven estudiante y predijo que alcanzar&#237;a grandes logros intelectuales. Wittgenstein sirvi&#243; como soldado durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, pero, con el paso del tiempo, escribi&#243; obras filos&#243;ficas de enorme influencia que confirmaron las expectativas que Russell hab&#237;a depositado en &#233;l.</span></p><p><span>En este ensayo, quiero enfocarme en el an&#225;lisis que hace Wittgenstein de la relaci&#243;n entre el lenguaje y el mundo, as&#237; como en las limitaciones del lenguaje en sus intentos por captar la naturaleza de la realidad. Estos l&#237;mites de lo decible (en alem&#225;n, </span><em><span>das Sagbare</span></em><span>) generar&#225;n un papel claro para la poes&#237;a que se apartan de las proposiciones prosaicas que meramente transmiten informaci&#243;n.</span></p><p><strong><span>La tensi&#243;n entre lenguaje y realidad</span></strong></p><p><span>El </span><em><span>Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</span></em><span>, publicado en 1922, fue el primer libro de Wittgenstein que tuvo una amplia e inmediata repercusi&#243;n. El n&#250;cleo del libro, escrito en un estilo afor&#237;stico y articulado mediante proposiciones numeradas, es una reflexi&#243;n sobre la relaci&#243;n entre el lenguaje y el mundo. Es decir, &#191;c&#243;mo funciona el lenguaje, un conjunto de sonidos y signos construidos seg&#250;n convenciones humanas, como una herramienta simb&#243;lica capaz de expresar estados de cosas en la realidad? Nuestras palabras, cuando est&#225;n ordenadas seg&#250;n ciertas reglas, significan algo. Meros sonidos y signos apuntan y se proyectan hacia elementos en la realidad. Pero tambi&#233;n existe la posibilidad del fracaso en esta orientaci&#243;n del lenguaje hacia el mundo. Una proposici&#243;n puede ser falsa o incluso carecer de sentido. Wittgenstein intenta aclarar la fr&#225;gil y misteriosa relaci&#243;n entre la trama del lenguaje y la del mundo. &#191;C&#243;mo corresponden las palabras humanas a las cosas tangibles, y cu&#225;l es la relaci&#243;n entre pensamientos, palabras y cosas? &#191;C&#243;mo transforma un contenido mental, a trav&#233;s de signos verbales, hacia un orden ontol&#243;gico en el mundo?</span></p><p><span>El lenguaje intenta reflejar la realidad, pero es fundamentalmente distinto de ella. Las palabras no son cosas tangibles. El lenguaje oral es sonido, y el lenguaje gr&#225;fico consiste en signos. Sin embargo, el lenguaje, de alguna manera, expresa cosas s&#243;lidas y tangibles que no son meros signos de pensamientos.</span></p><p><span>Una palabra expresa un concepto general, mientras que las cosas concretas son individuales. La palabra &#171;manzana&#187;, por ejemplo, no representa solo una manzana individual, sino una clase entera. &#191;C&#243;mo se conecta una idea que define una clase de cosas, y que no tiene una realizaci&#243;n tangible en el mundo, con una cosa particular? La clase entera de manzanas no existe en el mundo, pero esta idea se aplica para categorizar las manzanas individuales que encontramos.</span></p><p><span>Utilizamos la palabra singular &#171;&#225;rbol&#187; para expresar una realidad sumamente compleja, compuesta por informaci&#243;n procedente de diversos sentidos. Un &#225;rbol tiene tama&#241;o, color, olor, textura y muchas otras caracter&#237;sticas. &#191;C&#243;mo puede una sola palabra abarcar una realidad tan rica y compleja? &#191;Es un &#225;rbol realmente solo una cosa que corresponde directamente a una palabra, o es la idea de la cosa solo una imposici&#243;n mental que tiene nada que ver con el mundo?</span></p><p><span>Es posible que las categor&#237;as y estructuras ling&#252;&#237;sticas no tengan nada que ver con la estructura misma del mundo, o que, al menos, capten solo un aspecto parcial y superficial de las cosas. &#191;Est&#225; la realidad realmente estructurada como la gram&#225;tica del lenguaje, con predicados conectados a sujetos? Es posible que el mundo sea amorfo en s&#237; mismo, y no conforme a las categor&#237;as y conectivas que estructuran nuestro lenguaje.</span></p><p><span>Hay una paradoja asociada con las proposiciones falsas. Estas proposiciones tienen sentido, pero no corresponden con el mundo. Las proposiciones falsas muestran que podemos separar el sentido de una proposici&#243;n del mundo de los objetos externos. S&#243;crates (personaje de Plat&#243;n) formula inicialmente el problema del juicio falso en el di&#225;logo </span><em><span>Teeteto</span></em><span>. Un juicio falso representa algo o no representa nada; necesariamente parece plantearse como una alternativa binaria. Si representa algo, &#191;por qu&#233; es falso? Un juicio falso no puede referirse a algo que realmente existe en el mundo, porque entonces ser&#237;a verdadero. Pero si un juicio falso no representa nada, &#191;c&#243;mo tiene sentido? Un juicio sobre nada no tendr&#237;a contenido y no podr&#237;a significar nada.</span><a href="#_ftn2"><span>[2]</span></a><span> Pero los juicios falsos tienen contenido. Se pueden entender.</span></p><p><span>La pregunta b&#225;sica que surge de estas consideraciones es c&#243;mo usar el lenguaje de una manera significativa, de modo que oriente hacia el mundo, y no como una mera burbuja de construcci&#243;n social. &#191;C&#243;mo convierte sonidos y estructuras en una proyecci&#243;n que se refiere al mundo? &#191;Es el lenguaje algo sobre el mundo, o es solo un mapa que los seres humanos usamos para comunicarnos entre nosotros?</span></p><p><span>Imaginemos las abejas. Tienen un sistema de comunicaci&#243;n para coordinar sus actividades. Usan olores y feromonas. Pero, los olores y las feromonas no son im&#225;genes que capten otras cosas ni proyecciones hacia objetos externos. Son solo se&#241;ales para coordinar el comportamiento. &#191;Es nuestro lenguaje lo mismo, un mero sistema de se&#241;ales para coordinar nuestras actividades, que no tiene nada que ver con la estructura de la realidad? &#191;O es nuestro lenguaje, en realidad, un espejo que refleja la naturaleza del mundo?</span></p><div><hr></div><p><a href="#_ftnref1"><span>[1]</span></a><span> Villanueva, L. M. V. (2007). </span><em><span>Introducci&#243;n</span></em><span>. </span>In L. Wittgenstein, <em>Tractatus logico-philosophicus</em> (L. M. Vald&#233;s Villanueva, Trans., intro., &amp; notes). <span>Tecnos.</span></p><p><a href="#_ftnref2"><span>[2]</span></a><span> Plato. (1988). Teeteto (A. Vallejo Campos, Trans.). In </span><em><span>Di&#225;logos V: Parm&#233;nides, Teeteto, Sofista, Pol&#237;tico</span></em><span>. Madrid: Gredos, 188a.</span></p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a4a6f62-d26c-49f7-a6b3-176a81969978_654x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTH!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a4a6f62-d26c-49f7-a6b3-176a81969978_654x900.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTH!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a4a6f62-d26c-49f7-a6b3-176a81969978_654x900.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTH!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a4a6f62-d26c-49f7-a6b3-176a81969978_654x900.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTH!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a4a6f62-d26c-49f7-a6b3-176a81969978_654x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a4a6f62-d26c-49f7-a6b3-176a81969978_654x900.jpeg" width="654" height="900" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4a4a6f62-d26c-49f7-a6b3-176a81969978_654x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:900,&quot;width&quot;:654,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTH!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a4a6f62-d26c-49f7-a6b3-176a81969978_654x900.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTH!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a4a6f62-d26c-49f7-a6b3-176a81969978_654x900.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTH!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a4a6f62-d26c-49f7-a6b3-176a81969978_654x900.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTH!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a4a6f62-d26c-49f7-a6b3-176a81969978_654x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Flores</em>, Jan the Elder Brueghel</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Nothing is Something]]></title><description><![CDATA[Original Poem]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/nothing-is-something</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/nothing-is-something</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:49:36 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bvdb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5fdb4bf-67fd-4eeb-8f1f-29b02fbae8f0_1309x2000.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Nothing Is Something</h1><p>The rigid net of your thoughts<br>cannot contain the overflowing flow of liquid colors,<br>the rich fragrance rising from damp earth.<br>You were born with an ineffable collision:<br>bare skin against the millions of fingers<br>of quantum fragments in your<br>new place, the first room.</p><p>You do not know that beneath the ground<br>lie the spheres of hell.<br>Beyond the door of your house stands<br>the red sky of<br>a furious apocalypse.<br>You do not know that you will be the last man on the planet.</p><p>You realize, friend, that loss is<br>the mother who teaches us<br>the difference between serpents and fish,<br>that the feeling of paralysis is<br>a process of sculpture reinventing our body.</p><p>You learned that the present structures in<br>our urban landscape are<br>the decaying appearance of<br>the first labor pains.</p><p>The silence of your absent father is a<br>curvature in space that<br>allows the lungs to expand.</p><p>The language of the trees constitutes<br>a secret murmuring<br>that the monks, and later the angels, hear.</p><p>Do not cling, friend, to your possessions, for they are only<br>openings for the wind.<br>Aging will take away the name of your first street.</p><p>The names of God are<br>a row of pale faces of the children of God,<br>bastard sounds of primordial energy.</p><p>You accept, friend, that the rest you await is<br>the illusion of footsteps in the interval between days.<br>Your illusions do not grasp the fluidity of the melody,<br>colors turning and<br>the touch of penetrable air without bottom or heart.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bvdb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5fdb4bf-67fd-4eeb-8f1f-29b02fbae8f0_1309x2000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bvdb!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5fdb4bf-67fd-4eeb-8f1f-29b02fbae8f0_1309x2000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bvdb!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5fdb4bf-67fd-4eeb-8f1f-29b02fbae8f0_1309x2000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bvdb!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5fdb4bf-67fd-4eeb-8f1f-29b02fbae8f0_1309x2000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bvdb!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5fdb4bf-67fd-4eeb-8f1f-29b02fbae8f0_1309x2000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bvdb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5fdb4bf-67fd-4eeb-8f1f-29b02fbae8f0_1309x2000.jpeg" width="1309" height="2000" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a5fdb4bf-67fd-4eeb-8f1f-29b02fbae8f0_1309x2000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2000,&quot;width&quot;:1309,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Hieronymus Bosch &#8220;The Temptation of Saint Anthony&#8221;  circa 15001510 The NelsonAtkins Museum of Art Kansas City Missouri...&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Hieronymus Bosch &#8220;The Temptation of Saint Anthony&#8221;  circa 15001510 The NelsonAtkins Museum of Art Kansas City Missouri..." title="Hieronymus Bosch &#8220;The Temptation of Saint Anthony&#8221;  circa 15001510 The NelsonAtkins Museum of Art Kansas City Missouri..." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bvdb!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5fdb4bf-67fd-4eeb-8f1f-29b02fbae8f0_1309x2000.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5fdb4bf-67fd-4eeb-8f1f-29b02fbae8f0_1309x2000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>The Temptation of St. Anthony, </em>Hieronymus Bosch</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Nada es algo]]></title><description><![CDATA[Poema Original]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/nada-es-algo</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/nada-es-algo</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:44:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jk9P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaba7a7f-e43a-44bb-9b51-b60e247c5602_1309x2000.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jk9P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaba7a7f-e43a-44bb-9b51-b60e247c5602_1309x2000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jk9P!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaba7a7f-e43a-44bb-9b51-b60e247c5602_1309x2000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jk9P!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaba7a7f-e43a-44bb-9b51-b60e247c5602_1309x2000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jk9P!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaba7a7f-e43a-44bb-9b51-b60e247c5602_1309x2000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jk9P!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaba7a7f-e43a-44bb-9b51-b60e247c5602_1309x2000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jk9P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaba7a7f-e43a-44bb-9b51-b60e247c5602_1309x2000.jpeg" width="1309" height="2000" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/daba7a7f-e43a-44bb-9b51-b60e247c5602_1309x2000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2000,&quot;width&quot;:1309,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Hieronymus Bosch &#8220;The Temptation of Saint Anthony&#8221;  circa 15001510 The NelsonAtkins Museum of Art Kansas City Missouri...&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Hieronymus Bosch &#8220;The Temptation of Saint Anthony&#8221;  circa 15001510 The NelsonAtkins Museum of Art Kansas City Missouri..." title="Hieronymus Bosch &#8220;The Temptation of Saint Anthony&#8221;  circa 15001510 The NelsonAtkins Museum of Art Kansas City Missouri..." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jk9P!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaba7a7f-e43a-44bb-9b51-b60e247c5602_1309x2000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jk9P!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaba7a7f-e43a-44bb-9b51-b60e247c5602_1309x2000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jk9P!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaba7a7f-e43a-44bb-9b51-b60e247c5602_1309x2000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jk9P!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaba7a7f-e43a-44bb-9b51-b60e247c5602_1309x2000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>La Tentacion de San Antonio, </em>Hieronymus Bosch</p><h1>Nada es Algo</h1><p>La red r&#237;gida de tus pensamientos<br>no logra contener el flujo desbordante de colores l&#237;quidos,<br>la fragancia rica que surge del barro h&#250;medo.<br>Naciste con un choque inefable:<br>piel desnuda contra los millones de dedos<br>de fragmentos cu&#225;nticos en tu<br>nuevo lugar, la primera habitaci&#243;n.</p><p>No sabes que debajo del suelo,<br>existen las esferas del infierno.<br>Detr&#225;s de la puerta de tu casa se encuentra<br>el cielo rojo de<br>un apocalipsis furioso.<br>No sabes que ser&#225;s el hombre final en el planeta.</p><p>Te das cuenta, amigo, que la p&#233;rdida es<br>la madre que nos ense&#241;a<br>la diferencia entre serpientes y peces,<br>que la sensaci&#243;n de par&#225;lisis es<br>un proceso de escultura que reinventa nuestro cuerpo.</p><p>Aprendiste que las estructuras actuales en<br>nuestro paisaje urbano son<br>la apariencia decadente de los<br>primeros dolores de parto.</p><p>El silencio de tu padre ausente es una<br>curvatura en el espacio que<br>permite la expansi&#243;n de los pulmones.</p><p>El lenguaje de los &#225;rboles constituye<br>una murmuraci&#243;n secreta<br>que los monjes, y despu&#233;s los &#225;ngeles, oyen.</p><p>No te aferres, amigo, a tus posesiones, porque son solo<br>aperturas para el viento.<br>El envejecimiento quitar&#225; el nombre de tu primera calle.</p><p>Los nombres de Dios son<br>una fila de rostros p&#225;lidos de los hijos de Dios,<br>sonidos bastardos de la energ&#237;a primigenia.</p><p>Aceptas, amigo, que el descanso que esperas es<br>la ilusi&#243;n de los pasos en el intermedio entre d&#237;as.<br>Tus ilusiones no captan la fluidez de la melod&#237;a,<br>colores girando y<br>el tacto del aire penetrable sin fondo ni coraz&#243;n.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Christina's World]]></title><description><![CDATA[Philosophical Reflection]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/christinas-world</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/christinas-world</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 15:49:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNiQ!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41b41909-203d-4613-a635-852d8eefbade_1058x1058.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Christina&#8217;s World</strong></p><p>This painting, entitled <em>Christina&#8217;s World</em> by the American painter Andrew Wyeth, is deeply moving. It depicts a woman whom Wyeth knew, a woman suffering from a degenerative illness that gradually weakened her until she could no longer walk. By the age of fifty, Christina moved across the ground on her hands and knees. Perhaps out of pride, she never used a wheelchair.</p><p>The painting portrays the rural landscape of Maine. The field is dry and brown. The plants appear withered. Perhaps there had been a drought. A gray house stands in the distance, and Christina&#8217;s gaze is directed toward it. Her body appears twisted, and the image creates an ambiguity regarding her intentions. Is she moving toward the house, or is she merely looking at it in fear? Perhaps someone inside the house, someone with malicious intentions, is searching for Christina. Because of her illness, she is especially vulnerable.</p><p>Another possible interpretation is that Christina needs to return to the house because nightfall is approaching. She is not safe in the vast field after dark. She needs food, and perhaps the night will become very cold. In this interpretation, the house is a place of safety and refuge.</p><p>The ambiguity of the house&#8212;is it a safe place or a dangerous one?&#8212;is particularly fascinating. Many people have an ambivalent relationship with their homes. The home is a refuge that we need in order to survive. Yet it can also be a place of violation and suffering. When we live with a family, we witness defects and weaknesses that people never display in public.</p><p>I believe this painting possesses a profound philosophical and theological resonance. Theologically, it makes me think of the idea of exile. In Christianity, there is the notion that humanity was expelled from paradise. We inhabit a fallen world. We live in a vale of tears. The purpose of life is to return to our true homeland. We are pilgrims in this world. We will not remain here forever. Like Christina, we move toward a distant goal. We cannot become fully rooted in this life, for time flows onward and we soon grow old. We long for a secure home, yet this world is not that home. Like Christina, we direct our gaze toward what lies beyond, toward a place of final rest.</p><p>Philosophically, I think of the idea of anxiety in Martin Heidegger. In Heidegger, anxiety has a technical meaning. It is a state of disclosure. Human beings possess an understanding of their being, and being constitutes the deepest dimension of our existence.</p><p>Color, size, texture, and height are all determinations of beings and not of Being itself (<em>Being and Time</em>, 182). Being transcends every definition. A being has being, but Being is more fundamental than any being. Being makes possible the manifestation of beings and their determinations.</p><p>Anxiety reveals the deepest truth about ourselves: that we exist. Our existence is more fundamental than any characteristic or attribute we may possess. Anxiety discloses the primordial nature of the human being. It distances us from our identity, our occupation, and our name, and confronts us with the brute fact of our existence.</p><p>We can lose ourselves in everyday concerns. We occupy a role in society. We have a place within a family. We possess values and some sense of purpose. Yet in daily life we forget the primordial fact of our being. Our work is not our being. Our history is not our being either.</p><p>Anxiety thus marks a kind of disorientation. We leave behind our social identity and direct our attention toward Being. Anxiety opens up new possibilities. It reveals that social identity is, in a certain sense, a contingent construction and that we can reinvent ourselves. Through anxiety, we become individuals. The attributes we inherit from our time and place do not capture our most fundamental being.</p><p>Within society, there exists a public interpretation that shapes our conception of ourselves (<em>Being and Time</em>, 190). In the experience of anxiety, we let go of this public identity and confront our being without mediation. In this confrontation with our deepest being, we discover new possibilities. We are not required to accept our social identity as definitive. It is an external definition that does not exhaust what we are.</p><p>From my perspective, the painting represents precisely this experience of anxiety. Christina finds herself outside her home. Within the home, we usually perform roles defined by those around us. The home can conceal our most authentic being. In my interpretation, Christina appears separated from that familiar sphere. She has the appearance of someone who is lost. This impression of lostness evokes the experience of anxiety. Social roles are contingent. In the final analysis, what remains is Being. Christina is no longer immersed in the contingent things and attributes of her social identity. She distances herself from them and discovers that she possesses the possibility of transcending that identity. This realization is both liberating and unsettling at the same time.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lQal!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91755627-1fda-4da9-ba36-6bde76ffa969_395x265.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lQal!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91755627-1fda-4da9-ba36-6bde76ffa969_395x265.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lQal!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/91755627-1fda-4da9-ba36-6bde76ffa969_395x265.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:265,&quot;width&quot;:395,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lQal!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lQal!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91755627-1fda-4da9-ba36-6bde76ffa969_395x265.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Christina&#8217;s World</em>, Andrew Wyeth</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El mundo de Cristina]]></title><description><![CDATA[Reflexion filosofica]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/el-mundo-de-cristina</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/el-mundo-de-cristina</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 15:44:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNiQ!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41b41909-203d-4613-a635-852d8eefbade_1058x1058.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>El mundo de Cristina</strong></p><p>Este cuadro, titulado <em>El mundo de Cristina</em>, del pintor norteamericano Andrew Wyeth, es profundamente impactante. Representa a una mujer que Wyeth conoci&#243; y que padec&#237;a una enfermedad degenerativa que, con el paso del tiempo, la fue debilitando cada vez m&#225;s hasta impedirle caminar. A los cincuenta a&#241;os, Cristina se desplazaba por el suelo apoy&#225;ndose en las manos y las rodillas. Quiz&#225;s por orgullo, nunca utiliz&#243; una silla de ruedas.</p><p>El cuadro muestra el paisaje rural de Maine. El campo es seco y pardo. Las plantas parecen marchitas. Quiz&#225;s hubo una sequ&#237;a. La casa gris se encuentra a lo lejos, y la mirada de Cristina est&#225; dirigida hacia ella. Su cuerpo aparece retorcido, y la imagen genera una ambig&#252;edad acerca de sus intenciones. &#191;Se est&#225; moviendo hacia la casa o simplemente la contempla con temor? Tal vez alguien dentro de la casa, con malas intenciones, la est&#233; buscando. Debido a su enfermedad, Cristina es especialmente vulnerable.</p><p>Otra interpretaci&#243;n posible es que Cristina necesite regresar a la casa porque pronto anochecer&#225;. No est&#225; segura en la inmensidad del campo cuando cae la noche. Necesita comida y quiz&#225; el fr&#237;o se vuelva intenso. Desde esta perspectiva, la casa es un refugio, un lugar seguro.</p><p>La ambig&#252;edad de la casa &#8212;&#191;es un lugar seguro o un lugar peligroso?&#8212; resulta sumamente interesante. Muchas personas mantienen una relaci&#243;n ambivalente con su hogar. La casa es un refugio que necesitamos para sobrevivir. Sin embargo, tambi&#233;n puede ser un lugar de heridas y transgresiones. Cuando vivimos con una familia, vemos defectos y fragilidades que jam&#225;s se muestran en p&#250;blico.</p><p>Creo que este cuadro posee una profunda resonancia filos&#243;fica y teol&#243;gica. Teol&#243;gicamente, me hace pensar en la idea del exilio. En el cristianismo existe la noci&#243;n de que la humanidad fue expulsada del para&#237;so. Habitamos un mundo ca&#237;do. Vivimos en un valle de l&#225;grimas. El prop&#243;sito de la vida es regresar a nuestra verdadera patria. Somos peregrinos en este mundo. No permaneceremos aqu&#237; para siempre. Como Cristina, avanzamos hacia una meta distante. No podemos arraigarnos completamente en esta vida porque el tiempo fluye y pronto envejecemos. Anhelamos un hogar seguro, pero este mundo no lo es. Como Cristina, dirigimos nuestra mirada hacia el m&#225;s all&#225;, hacia un lugar de descanso definitivo.</p><p>Filos&#243;ficamente, pienso en la idea de la angustia en Martin Heidegger. En Heidegger, la angustia posee un significado t&#233;cnico. Es un estado de revelaci&#243;n. El ser humano tiene una comprensi&#243;n de su ser, y el ser constituye la dimensi&#243;n m&#225;s profunda de nuestra existencia.</p><p>Color, tama&#241;o, textura y altura &#8212;todos ellos son determinaciones de los entes, y no del ser mismo (<em>Ser y tiempo</em>, 182). El ser trasciende cualquier definici&#243;n. Un ente tiene ser, pero el ser es m&#225;s fundamental que cualquier ente. El ser posibilita la manifestacion de los entes y de sus determinaciones.</p><p>La angustia revela la verdad m&#225;s profunda acerca de nosotros mismos: que existimos. Nuestra existencia es m&#225;s fundamental que cualquier caracter&#237;stica o atributo que poseamos. La angustia descubre la naturaleza primordial del ser humano. Nos distancia de nuestra identidad, de nuestro trabajo y de nuestro nombre, y nos confronta con el hecho bruto de existir.</p><p>Podemos perdernos en los quehaceres cotidianos. Tenemos un rol en la sociedad. Ocupamos un lugar dentro de una familia. Poseemos valores y alg&#250;n prop&#243;sito. Sin embargo, en la vida diaria olvidamos el hecho primordial de nuestro ser. Nuestro trabajo no es nuestro ser. Nuestra historia tampoco lo es.</p><p>La angustia marca entonces una desorientaci&#243;n. Dejamos atr&#225;s nuestra identidad social y dirigimos la atenci&#243;n hacia el ser. La angustia abre nuevas posibilidades. Revela que la identidad social es, en cierto sentido, una construcci&#243;n contingente, y que podemos reinventarnos. A trav&#233;s de la angustia, nos convertimos en individuos. Los atributos que heredamos de nuestro tiempo y de nuestro lugar no captan nuestro ser m&#225;s fundamental.</p><p>En la sociedad existe una interpretaci&#243;n p&#250;blica que moldea nuestra concepci&#243;n de nosotros mismos (<em>Ser y tiempo</em>, 190). En la experiencia de la angustia soltamos esa identidad p&#250;blica y nos enfrentamos a nuestro ser sin mediaciones. En esa confrontaci&#243;n con nuestro ser m&#225;s profundo descubrimos nuevas potencialidades. No estamos obligados a aceptar nuestra identidad social como definitiva. Se trata de una definici&#243;n externa que no agota lo que somos.</p><p>Desde mi punto de vista, el cuadro representa precisamente esta experiencia de la angustia. Cristina se encuentra fuera de su hogar. En el hogar solemos desempe&#241;ar roles definidos por quienes nos rodean. El hogar puede ocultar nuestro ser m&#225;s aut&#233;ntico. En mi interpretaci&#243;n, Cristina aparece separada de ese &#225;mbito familiar. Tiene el aspecto de alguien perdido. Esa impresi&#243;n de extrav&#237;o evoca la experiencia de la angustia. El rol social es contingente. En &#250;ltimo t&#233;rmino, lo que permanece es el ser. Cristina ya no est&#225; inmersa en las cosas y atributos contingentes de su identidad social. Se distancia de ellos y descubre que posee la posibilidad de trascender esa identidad. Esta revelaci&#243;n es a la vez liberadora e inquietante.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w8z-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb105ba0f-309b-4a56-b7e9-950afca9fad1_395x265.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w8z-!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb105ba0f-309b-4a56-b7e9-950afca9fad1_395x265.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w8z-!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, 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/__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb105ba0f-309b-4a56-b7e9-950afca9fad1_395x265.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w8z-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb105ba0f-309b-4a56-b7e9-950afca9fad1_395x265.jpeg" width="395" height="265" 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w8z-!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb105ba0f-309b-4a56-b7e9-950afca9fad1_395x265.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>El mundo de Cristina, </em>Andrew Wyeth</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Café con Arte: El Greco y la expulsión de los mercaderes | Con Dani Da Monte]]></title><description><![CDATA[A recording from Daniel Dal Monte and Ana Carlota Valle's live video]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/cafe-con-arte-el-greco-y-la-expulsion</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/cafe-con-arte-el-greco-y-la-expulsion</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 01 Aug 2026 20:13:31 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.substack.com/feed/podcast/209414582/cf895e2bbfc2c8e8adf46fb9cb5dc2d6.mp3" length="0" type="audio/mpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="install-substack-app-embed install-substack-app-embed-web" data-component-name="InstallSubstackAppToDOM"><img class="install-substack-app-embed-img" src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNiQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41b41909-203d-4613-a635-852d8eefbade_1058x1058.png"><div class="install-substack-app-embed-text"><div class="install-substack-app-header">Get more from Daniel Dal Monte in the Substack app</div><div class="install-substack-app-text">Available for iOS and Android</div></div><a href="/__u/substack.com/app/app-store-redirect?utm_campaign=app-marketing&amp;utm_content=author-post-insert&amp;utm_source=danieldalmonte" target="_blank" class="install-substack-app-embed-link"><button class="install-substack-app-embed-btn button primary">Get the app</button></a></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Wine of Nothingness]]></title><description><![CDATA[Original Poem]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/the-wine-of-nothingness</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/the-wine-of-nothingness</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 16:05:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yV7g!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F467f08d3-3db3-44c0-99d8-220532c467e4_1000x728.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Unbound movement,<br>the links of the chain<br>break apart,<br>floating in annulled gravity.</p><p>Wine is the nothing<br>that erases locations<br>in the squares of the board.</p><p>Steps of a blind dance<br>over concrete thorns.</p><p>Songs are offerings of incense<br>to death.</p><p>Illusion of friendship:<br>touching shoulders,<br>we are in a bubble<br>separated from the calls<br>of instants.</p><p>From the chemistry of healing<br>in the veins<br>an electric vitality arises.</p><p>Descents into secret recesses<br>of strangers hidden<br>behind the wall of silence.</p><p>Enclosed in this womb,<br>the rest of the world<br>has vanished.</p><p>Measured gestures<br>become flows of energy<br>that cross spilled space<br>without resistance.</p><p>We are never born<br>to encounter<br>the initial shock<br>of the other gray room.</p><p>We drown<br>in a gaseous liquid.</p><p>The sun has abandoned the earth<br>and I lie down in the dark tenderness<br>of my body,<br>like a squirrel in the bushes.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yV7g!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F467f08d3-3db3-44c0-99d8-220532c467e4_1000x728.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yV7g!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F467f08d3-3db3-44c0-99d8-220532c467e4_1000x728.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yV7g!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F467f08d3-3db3-44c0-99d8-220532c467e4_1000x728.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yV7g!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F467f08d3-3db3-44c0-99d8-220532c467e4_1000x728.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yV7g!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F467f08d3-3db3-44c0-99d8-220532c467e4_1000x728.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>The Drunks</em>, Diego Vel&#225;zquez</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Pulque de la nada]]></title><description><![CDATA[Poema original]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/pulque-de-la-nada</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/pulque-de-la-nada</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 15:59:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HQam!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72be1d6e-0d67-4508-af46-0e3941f379cf_1000x728.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Movimiento desvinculado,<br>los eslabones de la cadena<br>se rompen,<br>flotan en la gravedad anulada.</p><p>El pulque es la nada que<br>borra las ubicaciones<br>en las casillas del tablero.</p><p>Pasos de una danza ciega<br>sobre espinos de concreto.</p><p>Las canciones son ofrendas de incienso<br>a la muerte.</p><p>Ilusi&#243;n de amistad:<br>tocando hombros,<br>estamos en una burbuja<br>separada de las llamadas<br>de los instantes.</p><p>De la qu&#237;mica de sanaci&#243;n<br>en las venas<br>surge una vitalidad el&#233;ctrica.</p><p>Descensos en los recesos secretos<br>de extra&#241;os ocultos<br>tras la pared de silencio.</p><p>Encerrado en este vientre,<br>el resto del mundo<br>se ha desvanecido.</p><p>Gestos mesurados<br>se convierten en flujos de energ&#237;a<br>que atraviesan el espacio derramado<br>sin resistencia.</p><p>Jam&#225;s nacemos<br>para encontrar<br>el choque inicial<br>del otro cuarto gris.</p><p>Nos ahogamos<br>en un l&#237;quido gaseoso.</p><p>El sol ha abandonado la tierra<br>y me tumbo en la oscura ternura<br>de mi cuerpo,<br>como una ardilla en el monte.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HQam!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72be1d6e-0d67-4508-af46-0e3941f379cf_1000x728.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HQam!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72be1d6e-0d67-4508-af46-0e3941f379cf_1000x728.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HQam!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72be1d6e-0d67-4508-af46-0e3941f379cf_1000x728.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HQam!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, 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4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Los Borrachos</em>, Diego Vel&#225;zquez</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The divided 'I']]></title><description><![CDATA[The human dilemma]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/the-divided-i</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/the-divided-i</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 17:07:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jIr5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb66bed02-e0ba-4018-a676-42ba6f68f850_1802x1053.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jIr5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb66bed02-e0ba-4018-a676-42ba6f68f850_1802x1053.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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/__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb66bed02-e0ba-4018-a676-42ba6f68f850_1802x1053.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jIr5!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb66bed02-e0ba-4018-a676-42ba6f68f850_1802x1053.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jIr5!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb66bed02-e0ba-4018-a676-42ba6f68f850_1802x1053.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jIr5!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb66bed02-e0ba-4018-a676-42ba6f68f850_1802x1053.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>The Two Fridas</em>, Frida Kahlo</p><p>The Fractured Self</p><p>There is a restlessness that constitutes the peculiar burden of human beings. We are so complex that we possess longings pulling us in opposite directions. On one side, we have the desires of the spirit. We desire silence in order to deepen our inner life. From time to time, we need rest from outward activity and from the noise of the world. Within us there is activity: a vast territory to explore that no other animal possesses. The inner dwelling, so to speak, is the unique possession of the human species.</p><p>No other species can depart from space through an inward journey. We, however, possess the ability to traverse time and space without moving our bodies. In our memories, and through our imagination, we can escape our finite locations in space and time. We can explore continents, even new worlds, in books and films.</p><p>We meditate upon ultimate truth and eternity. We possess a strong longing for immortality. We are not merely obsessed with everyday things and immediate needs. A short life &#8212; one that lasts only what amounts, relatively speaking, to a second on the scale of the planet &#8212; fills us with fear. We think about our physical survival, but we also think about the ultimate purpose of our lives. It is not enough to consider only what is happening in the present moment. In our art and literature, we attempt to organize the fragments of our experience into relationships that possess meaning.</p><p>We are interested in abstract ideals such as justice and righteousness. These ideals possess no empirical instantiation. We cannot grasp justice with our senses. Justice has no color, mass, or physical dimensions. And yet justice, along with related concepts, constitutes a powerful motivation and a central concern of our public and private debates. We are strange beings because invisible things move us so deeply. No other species cares about abstract ideals.</p><p>At the same time, we possess contrary desires. The desire for inward retreat struggles against the desire for outward exploration. We enjoy the noise and activity of the day. We become addicted to devices because of the pleasure with which they draw our attention outward: toward the sounds, lights, and signals of the social world.</p><p>Our philosophical interest in transcendent questions exists alongside a powerful interest in the immediate. We are addicted to the gossip of the present moment. We prefer to surrender ourselves to momentary pleasures &#8212; such as alcohol or chewing gum &#8212; rather than to abstract meditation. In moments of pleasure, particularly sexual pleasure, we forget our concern with death and immortality.</p><p>And we also forget abstract ideals such as justice and righteousness. We lose ourselves in the pursuit of money or the expansion of our territory.</p><p>Our being appears composed of two entirely different substances. We possess a physical body made of the same matter as the organic life surrounding us. Yet we also possess conscious experience, which is not itself a physical thing. Our conscious experience possesses no physical dimensions. If we investigate the physical brain, we do not find thoughts or experience. The gray matter of our brains does not reveal what it means to be conscious.</p><p>We are, in some sense, fractured beings. The inward and conscious part follows a trajectory that often generates tension with the physical part. The inward part delights in meditation, but the physical part must eat and prefers the pleasures of external sensations. The inward part aspires toward justice, while the physical part pushes against such restraints.</p><p>The great philosopher Kant situates us in two worlds, so to speak (<em>Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</em>, 4:454). We inhabit the intelligible world of thought, consciousness, and moral law. We possess a will capable of freely choosing between alternatives. But we also inhabit the sensible world. We possess a body subject to the deterministic laws of nature.</p><p>This fractured being generates a profound dilemma and a painful tension. It is not possible to resolve it within this essay, but I would like to close with at least a hint toward a solution. Octavio Paz, in his biography of the nun and poet Sor Juana In&#233;s de la Cruz, distinguishes between Christianity and Platonic philosophy (<em>Sor Juana In&#233;s de la Cruz o Las trampas de la fe</em>, p. 385). Christianity, despite its strong concern with the soul, does not reject the body. The doctrine of the resurrection of the flesh, for example, promises that we shall possess a body even in heaven. Heaven is not a strictly spiritual place.</p><p>Christianity, Paz argues, can find within profane erotic poetry a &#8220;mine of images and associations&#8221; (p. 385). That is to say, profane erotic poetry &#8212; which obviously concerns the body, sex, and carnal pleasures &#8212; can serve as a source of metaphors for the mystical journey toward God. This union between erotic poetry and mysticism perhaps offers the outline of a solution to the fractured self.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El yo fracturado]]></title><description><![CDATA[El dilema humano]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/el-yo-fracturado</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/el-yo-fracturado</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 17:03:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVPc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F507dc680-83d9-4d01-a277-1435324b4049_1802x1053.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>El yo fracturado</p><p>Hay una inquietud que constituye la carga peculiar de los seres humanos. Somos tan complejos que tenemos anhelos que nos jalan hacia lados opuestos. Por un lado, tenemos los deseos del esp&#237;ritu. Deseamos el silencio para profundizar en nuestra vida interior. Necesitamos descansar, de vez en cuando, de la actividad exterior y del ruido del mundo. Dentro de nosotros hay actividad: un territorio vasto para explorar que ning&#250;n otro animal posee. La morada interior, por as&#237; decirlo, es una posesi&#243;n &#250;nica de la especie humana.</p><p>Ninguna otra especie puede salir del espacio mediante un viaje interior. Nosotros, en cambio, tenemos la capacidad de atravesar tiempo y espacio sin mover nuestros cuerpos. En nuestros recuerdos y a trav&#233;s de nuestra imaginaci&#243;n, podemos escapar de nuestros lugares finitos en el espacio y el tiempo. Podemos explorar continentes, incluso mundos nuevos, en libros y peliculas.</p><p>Meditamos sobre la verdad &#250;ltima y la eternidad. Tenemos un fuerte anhelo de inmortalidad. No nos obsesionamos meramente con las cosas cotidianas y las necesidades inmediatas. Una vida corta, que dura apenas lo equivalente a un segundo en la gran escala del planeta, nos llena de miedo. Pensamos en nuestra supervivencia f&#237;sica, pero tambi&#233;n en el prop&#243;sito &#250;ltimo de nuestras vidas. No basta con considerar lo que est&#225; ocurriendo en el momento presente. En nuestro arte y nuestra literatura intentamos organizar los fragmentos de nuestra experiencia en relaciones que tengan sentido.</p><p>Tenemos inter&#233;s en ideales abstractos, como la justicia y la rectitud. Estos ideales no poseen una instanciaci&#243;n emp&#237;rica. No podemos captar la justicia con nuestros sentidos. La justicia no tiene color, masa ni dimensiones f&#237;sicas. Sin embargo, la justicia y los conceptos relacionados constituyen motivaciones poderosas y preocupaciones centrales de nuestros debates p&#250;blicos y privados. Somos seres extra&#241;os, porque nos apasionan cosas invisibles. A ninguna otra especie le importan los ideales abstractos.</p><p>Al mismo tiempo, tenemos deseos opuestos. El deseo de retiro interior combate con el deseo de exploraci&#243;n externa. Nos gusta el ruido y la actividad del d&#237;a. Somos adictos a los dispositivos debido al placer con que llaman nuestra atenci&#243;n hacia afuera: hacia los sonidos, las luces y las se&#241;ales del mundo social.</p><p>Nuestro inter&#233;s filos&#243;fico por las preguntas trascendentes existe junto a un fuerte inter&#233;s por lo inmediato. Somos adictos al chisme del momento presente. Preferimos entregarnos a un placer moment&#225;neo &#8212;como el placer del alcohol o del chicle&#8212; antes que a la meditaci&#243;n abstracta. En los momentos de placer, particularmente en el placer sexual, olvidamos nuestra preocupaci&#243;n por la muerte y la inmortalidad.</p><p>Y tambi&#233;n olvidamos los ideales abstractos, como la justicia y la rectitud. Nos perdemos en el af&#225;n de ganar dinero o de expandir nuestro territorio.</p><p>Nuestro ser parece compuesto de dos sustancias totalmente distintas. Tenemos un cuerpo f&#237;sico, hecho de la misma materia que la vida org&#225;nica que nos rodea. Pero tambi&#233;n tenemos una experiencia consciente que no es una cosa f&#237;sica. Nuestra experiencia consciente no posee dimensiones f&#237;sicas. Si investigamos el cerebro f&#237;sico, no encontramos pensamientos ni experiencia. La materia gris de nuestros cerebros no revela lo que significa ser consciente.</p><p>Somos, en alg&#250;n sentido, seres fracturados. La parte interior y consciente sigue una trayectoria que muchas veces entra en tensi&#243;n con la parte f&#237;sica. A la parte interior le gusta la meditaci&#243;n, pero la parte f&#237;sica necesita comer y prefiere los placeres de las sensaciones externas. La parte interior aspira a la justicia, pero la parte f&#237;sica empuja contra esas restricciones.</p><p>El gran fil&#243;sofo Kant nos sit&#250;a en dos mundos, por as&#237; decirlo (Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, 4:454). Ocupamos el mundo inteligible del pensamiento, la conciencia y la ley moral. Tenemos una voluntad capaz de elegir libremente entre alternativas. Pero tambi&#233;n ocupamos el mundo sensible. Tenemos un cuerpo sujeto a las leyes deterministas de la naturaleza.</p><p>Este ser fracturado genera un gran dilema y una tensi&#243;n dolorosa. No es posible resolverlo en este ensayo, pero quiero cerrar al menos con una pista hacia una soluci&#243;n. Octavio Paz, en su biograf&#237;a de la monja y poeta novohispana Sor Juana In&#233;s de la Cruz, distingue entre el cristianismo y la filosof&#237;a plat&#243;nica (Sor Juana In&#233;s de la Cruz o Las trampas de la fe, p. 385). El cristianismo, a pesar de su fuerte inter&#233;s por el alma, no rechaza el cuerpo. La doctrina de la resurrecci&#243;n de la carne, por ejemplo, promete que tendremos un cuerpo incluso en el cielo. El cielo no es un lugar estrictamente espiritual.</p><p>El cristianismo, argumenta Paz, puede encontrar en la poes&#237;a er&#243;tica profana una &#8220;mina de im&#225;genes y asociaciones&#8221; (p. 385). Es decir, la poes&#237;a er&#243;tica profana &#8212;que evidentemente trata del cuerpo, el sexo y los placeres carnales&#8212; puede servir como fuente de met&#225;foras para la jornada m&#237;stica hacia Dios. Esta uni&#243;n entre la poes&#237;a er&#243;tica y la m&#237;stica quiz&#225;s constituye un esbozo de soluci&#243;n al yo fracturado.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVPc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F507dc680-83d9-4d01-a277-1435324b4049_1802x1053.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVPc!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F507dc680-83d9-4d01-a277-1435324b4049_1802x1053.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVPc!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F507dc680-83d9-4d01-a277-1435324b4049_1802x1053.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVPc!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F507dc680-83d9-4d01-a277-1435324b4049_1802x1053.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVPc!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/507dc680-83d9-4d01-a277-1435324b4049_1802x1053.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:851,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVPc!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F507dc680-83d9-4d01-a277-1435324b4049_1802x1053.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVPc!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F507dc680-83d9-4d01-a277-1435324b4049_1802x1053.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVPc!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F507dc680-83d9-4d01-a277-1435324b4049_1802x1053.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVPc!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F507dc680-83d9-4d01-a277-1435324b4049_1802x1053.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Las Dos Fridas</em>, Frida Kahlo</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Image in the Mirror]]></title><description><![CDATA[Original Poem]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/image-in-the-mirror</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/image-in-the-mirror</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 15:42:06 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SuRF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd35f458-e1ad-4342-a7d3-0bb8eb99f4f5_640x379.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2><em>Image in the Mirror</em></h2><p>I am hunger of a void<br>that stretches out its hand,<br>trembling in the air,<br>asking for the support<br>of another hand.</p><p>I am an endless song<br>about imaginary planets<br>populated by women.</p><p>By contrast,<br>an instant does not move.<br>It is a drop of sound without echo,<br>nor melancholy melody,<br>disappearing<br>into the black lake of oblivion.</p><p>The streetlights on the road,<br>the gum stuck to the bench,<br>enjoy<br>the pure whiteness<br>of a softness<br>without mass or depth.</p><p>I am an abyss<br>that swallows light.<br>I am always in conversation<br>with my twin<br>whom nobody sees.</p><p>The plastic bag<br>rests in eternal peace<br>upon the concrete sidewalk.<br>Its image in the mirror<br>does not worry.</p><p>Nothing is wrong<br>in the revolutions of planets<br>that cannot hear<br>their own footsteps.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SuRF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd35f458-e1ad-4342-a7d3-0bb8eb99f4f5_640x379.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SuRF!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd35f458-e1ad-4342-a7d3-0bb8eb99f4f5_640x379.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SuRF!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd35f458-e1ad-4342-a7d3-0bb8eb99f4f5_640x379.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SuRF!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd35f458-e1ad-4342-a7d3-0bb8eb99f4f5_640x379.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SuRF!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd35f458-e1ad-4342-a7d3-0bb8eb99f4f5_640x379.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SuRF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd35f458-e1ad-4342-a7d3-0bb8eb99f4f5_640x379.jpeg" width="640" height="379" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fd35f458-e1ad-4342-a7d3-0bb8eb99f4f5_640x379.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:379,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Loneliness and Indifference: The Voyeurism of Edward Hopper's Paintings&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Loneliness and Indifference: The Voyeurism of Edward Hopper's Paintings" title="Loneliness and Indifference: The Voyeurism of Edward Hopper's Paintings" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SuRF!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd35f458-e1ad-4342-a7d3-0bb8eb99f4f5_640x379.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SuRF!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd35f458-e1ad-4342-a7d3-0bb8eb99f4f5_640x379.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SuRF!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd35f458-e1ad-4342-a7d3-0bb8eb99f4f5_640x379.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SuRF!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd35f458-e1ad-4342-a7d3-0bb8eb99f4f5_640x379.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Nighthawks</em>, Edward Hopper</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Imagen en el espejo]]></title><description><![CDATA[Poema original]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/imagen-en-el-espejo</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/imagen-en-el-espejo</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 15:40:06 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LEVP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2aacd03-bc27-4e31-a7e9-b012893fb9ea_640x379.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Soy hambre de un vac&#237;o<br>que extiende su mano,<br>temblando en el aire,<br>pidiendo el apoyo<br>de otra mano.</p><p>Soy una canci&#243;n inacabable<br>sobre planetas imaginarios<br>poblados por mujeres.</p><p>Por el contrario,<br>un instante no se mueve.<br>Es una gota de sonido sin eco,<br>ni melod&#237;a melanc&#243;lica,<br>que desaparece<br>en el lago negro del olvido.</p><p>Las farolas en la calle,<br>el chicle apegado al banco,<br>disfruten<br>la blancura pura<br>de una suavidad<br>sin masa ni profundidad.</p><p>Soy un abismo<br>que traga luz.<br>Siempre estoy en conversaci&#243;n<br>con mi gemelo<br>que nadie ve.</p><p>La bolsa de pl&#225;stico<br>descansa en paz eterna<br>en el concreto de la vereda.<br>Su imagen en el espejo<br>no se preocupa.</p><p>No pasa nada<br>en los giros de planetas<br>que no oyen<br>sus propios pasos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LEVP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2aacd03-bc27-4e31-a7e9-b012893fb9ea_640x379.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LEVP!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2aacd03-bc27-4e31-a7e9-b012893fb9ea_640x379.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LEVP!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2aacd03-bc27-4e31-a7e9-b012893fb9ea_640x379.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LEVP!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2aacd03-bc27-4e31-a7e9-b012893fb9ea_640x379.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LEVP!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2aacd03-bc27-4e31-a7e9-b012893fb9ea_640x379.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LEVP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2aacd03-bc27-4e31-a7e9-b012893fb9ea_640x379.jpeg" width="640" height="379" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c2aacd03-bc27-4e31-a7e9-b012893fb9ea_640x379.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:379,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Loneliness and Indifference: The Voyeurism of Edward Hopper's Paintings&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Loneliness and Indifference: The Voyeurism of Edward Hopper's Paintings" title="Loneliness and Indifference: The Voyeurism of Edward Hopper's Paintings" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LEVP!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2aacd03-bc27-4e31-a7e9-b012893fb9ea_640x379.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LEVP!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2aacd03-bc27-4e31-a7e9-b012893fb9ea_640x379.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LEVP!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2aacd03-bc27-4e31-a7e9-b012893fb9ea_640x379.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LEVP!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2aacd03-bc27-4e31-a7e9-b012893fb9ea_640x379.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Nighthawks</em>, Edward Hopper</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Vacuum of the Enlightenment]]></title><description><![CDATA[We are in a moral and metaphysical vacuum, although perhaps we do not know it.]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/the-vacuum-of-the-enlightenment</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/the-vacuum-of-the-enlightenment</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 11 Jul 2026 03:31:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wrCE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe016f858-c8e7-4151-abca-2bf96bfdd3e2_2689x3665.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>We are in a moral and metaphysical vacuum, although perhaps we do not know it. If we truly are in a vacuum, part of the trap is that it is not recognizable as such.</p><p>There is a disorientation, in my view, because we have lost objective foundations for moral law and metaphysics. First, we have lost a strong sense of human nature. Today, what a human life means is a matter of self-arbitration. We can decide for ourselves what we are and where we are going. We can invent ourselves and adopt a lifestyle according to our own tastes. Our existence precedes our essence, as the existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre says. That is to say, we are here, existing, without an essence that defines us. We can create our own essence. We do not make decisions as human beings, but as individuals.</p><p>This vacuum is the fruit &#8212; perhaps liberating, but also dangerous &#8212; of modern freedom and universal democracy in the Western world. There is a plurality of alternative answers concerning the <em>telos</em> of human life. Are we here in order to enter the afterlife, a heaven after death? Are we here to make money? Are we here to have sex? Are we here to produce children? There is a wide range of options, and the modern person is like someone in a supermarket with fifty kinds of butter. There is no strong sense &#8212; better said, no essence &#8212; of what a human life means, and so we are free to decide.</p><p>The great problem is that, if there is no objective purpose to human life, then there is no objective moral orientation. I was watching a podcast with a debate about lifestyles. One man was a devout Christian. One woman was a creator of pornographic content. The woman said that she admired the Christian man and supported what made him happy. But the rules of Christianity did not make her happy, and so she rejected them. She has different tastes.</p><p>The metaphysical vacuum has to do with uncertainty concerning the existence of God. Some people ask: why does God not speak? Why is God silent? I think that, even if God spoke, the controversy would continue. Imagine the debates surrounding the event. Many people believe that God took on flesh and entered our world in history. Yet there is still enormous controversy surrounding this event.</p><p>If there is uncertainty concerning the existence of God, there is a crisis of authority. God is the governor of our lives. If God exists, we owe Him worship and honor. Our lives are gifts from God, and they must be lived accordingly.</p><p>But if there is no God, then we are our own masters. We are the owners of our destinies, and we can determine what is good and what is evil. If God does not exist, the woman who produces pornographic content may continue in this profession if she enjoys it. She is her own authority.</p><p>This moral and metaphysical vacuum is the fruit of the Enlightenment, a philosophical and political movement primarily of the eighteenth century. Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher, has a very simple definition of the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment is a movement out of an intellectual immaturity (<em>What is Enlightenment?</em> 8:35). In other words, the Enlightenment is a movement away from the religious and political authorities that previously governed the minds of the people. The king and the Church, in the Western world, dictated the moral and metaphysical structure of society. But after the Enlightenment, there emerged a movement of liberation that elevated the individual. The individual became the king and governor of his own life, rather than external powers.</p><p>Kant is a thinker of the Enlightenment. He confronted the problem of the vacuum that arises from the Enlightenment. If there is no metaphysical and political order of authority, then how is moral law grounded? What should we do with our lives if there is no compass to orient us?</p><p>Kant accepts that moral law is not based upon human nature. Moral law has no foundation in anthropology, that is, in the nature of human beings. If we attempt to ground moral law in anthropology, we introduce an element of arbitrariness (<em>Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</em>, 4:389), because every human being has his or her own tastes. There is a variety within the human species that undermines a universal law. Kant insisted that moral law depends upon rational conditions. If we ground moral law in anthropology, then it is not truly law. It is merely taste. We arrive at the skepticism of the woman in the podcast: &#8220;I am happy that you are happy, but I am happy with my own lifestyle, so do not judge me.&#8221;</p><p>Human anthropology, therefore, is not an appropriate basis for moral law. Nor is the will of God. As a thinker of the Enlightenment, Kant rejected the idea that God is the moral authority. If we attempt to ground moral law in the will of God, we encounter arbitrariness. We all have different ideas of God. For one person, God is more rigid. For another, God is very lax. For another, there is no God at all. God, therefore, cannot ground moral law either.</p><p>Kant attempted to ground moral law in reason. Reason is independent of anthropology and theology. Kant&#8217;s attempt is a subject for another essay. For now, it is enough to show how Kant dealt with the vacuum of the Enlightenment.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wrCE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe016f858-c8e7-4151-abca-2bf96bfdd3e2_2689x3665.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wrCE!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe016f858-c8e7-4151-abca-2bf96bfdd3e2_2689x3665.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wrCE!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe016f858-c8e7-4151-abca-2bf96bfdd3e2_2689x3665.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wrCE!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe016f858-c8e7-4151-abca-2bf96bfdd3e2_2689x3665.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wrCE!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe016f858-c8e7-4151-abca-2bf96bfdd3e2_2689x3665.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wrCE!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_848, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe016f858-c8e7-4151-abca-2bf96bfdd3e2_2689x3665.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wrCE!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe016f858-c8e7-4151-abca-2bf96bfdd3e2_2689x3665.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wrCE!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe016f858-c8e7-4151-abca-2bf96bfdd3e2_2689x3665.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>The Dream of Reason Produces Monsters</em>, Fransisco Goya</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El vacío de la Ilustración]]></title><description><![CDATA[Estamos en un vac&#237;o moral y metaf&#237;sico, aunque quiz&#225;s no lo sabemos.]]></description><link>https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/el-vacio-de-la-ilustracion</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://danieldalmonte.substack.com/p/el-vacio-de-la-ilustracion</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Dal Monte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 11 Jul 2026 03:28:09 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HRRf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F950f722b-57c0-4679-ba3f-f7733df0967e_2689x3665.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Estamos en un vac&#237;o moral y metaf&#237;sico, aunque quiz&#225;s no lo sabemos. Si realmente estamos en un vac&#237;o, parte de la trampa es que no se reconoce como tal.</p><p>Hay una desorientaci&#243;n, opino, porque hemos perdido bases objetivas para la ley moral y la metaf&#237;sica. Primero, hemos perdido un sentido fuerte de la naturaleza humana. Hoy en d&#237;a, lo que significa una vida humana es un asunto de autoarbitraje. Podemos decidir por nuestra propia cuenta qu&#233; somos y ad&#243;nde vamos. Podemos inventarnos a nosotros mismos y adoptar un estilo de vida seg&#250;n nuestro gusto. Nuestra existencia est&#225; antes que nuestra esencia, como dice el fil&#243;sofo existencialista Jean-Paul Sartre. Es decir, estamos aqu&#237;, existiendo, sin una esencia que nos defina. Podemos crear nuestra propia esencia. No tomamos decisiones como seres humanos, sino como individuos.</p><p>Este vac&#237;o es el fruto, quiz&#225;s liberador pero tambi&#233;n peligroso, de la libertad moderna y la democracia universal en el mundo occidental. Hay una pluralidad de respuestas alternativas sobre el <em>telos</em> de la vida humana. &#191;Estamos aqu&#237; para ir al m&#225;s all&#225;, a un cielo despu&#233;s de la muerte? &#191;Estamos aqu&#237; para ganar dinero? &#191;Estamos aqu&#237; para tener sexo? &#191;Estamos aqu&#237; para producir beb&#233;s? Hay una gama amplia de opciones, y la persona moderna es como alguien en un supermercado con cincuenta tipos de mantequilla. No hay un sentido fuerte &#8212;mejor dicho, una esencia&#8212; de lo que significa una vida humana, y entonces podemos decidir libremente.</p><p>El gran problema es que, si no hay un prop&#243;sito objetivo para la vida humana, no hay una orientaci&#243;n moral objetiva. Estaba viendo un podcast con un debate sobre estilos de vida. Un hombre era un cristiano ferviente. Una mujer era creadora de contenido pornogr&#225;fico. La mujer dijo que admiraba al hombre cristiano y apoyaba lo que le hac&#237;a feliz. Pero las reglas del cristianismo no la hac&#237;an feliz a ella, y entonces las rechazaba. Tiene gustos diferentes.</p><p>El vac&#237;o metaf&#237;sico tiene que ver con la incertidumbre sobre la existencia de Dios. Algunas personas preguntan: &#191;por qu&#233; Dios no habla? &#191;Por qu&#233; Dios est&#225; silencioso? Pienso que, incluso si Dios hablara, la controversia continuar&#237;a. Imag&#237;nense los debates sobre el evento. Muchas personas creen que Dios tom&#243; carne y entr&#243; en nuestro mundo en la historia. Pero sigue habiendo una gran controversia sobre este evento.</p><p>Si hay incertidumbre sobre la existencia de Dios, hay una crisis de autoridad. Dios es el gobernador de nuestras vidas. Si Dios existe, le debemos culto y honor. Nuestras vidas son dones de Dios, y hay que vivirlas as&#237;.</p><p>Pero, si no hay Dios, somos nuestros propios amos. Somos due&#241;os de nuestros destinos y podemos determinar lo que es bueno y lo que es malo. Si Dios no existe, la mujer que produce contenido pornogr&#225;fico puede continuar en esta profesi&#243;n, si le gusta. Ella es su propia autoridad.</p><p>Este vac&#237;o moral y metaf&#237;sico es el fruto de la Ilustraci&#243;n, un movimiento filos&#243;fico y pol&#237;tico del siglo XVIII principalmente. Immanuel Kant, el fil&#243;sofo alem&#225;n, tiene una definici&#243;n muy sencilla de la Ilustraci&#243;n. La Ilustraci&#243;n es un movimiento que nos saca de una juventud intelectual (<em>What is Enlightenment?</em> 8:35). En otras palabras, la Ilustraci&#243;n es un movimiento que nos aleja de las autoridades religiosas y pol&#237;ticas que anteriormente gobernaban las mentes de la gente. El rey y la Iglesia, en el mundo occidental, dictaban la estructura moral y metaf&#237;sica de la sociedad. Pero, despu&#233;s de la Ilustraci&#243;n, hubo un movimiento de liberaci&#243;n que elev&#243; al individuo. El individuo es el rey y gobernador de su propia vida, no los poderes externos.</p><p>Kant es un pensador de la Ilustraci&#243;n. Enfrent&#243; el problema del vac&#237;o que surge de la Ilustraci&#243;n. Si no hay un orden metaf&#237;sico y pol&#237;tico de autoridad, &#191;c&#243;mo se fundamenta una ley moral? &#191;Qu&#233; debemos hacer con nuestras vidas, si no hay una br&#250;jula que nos oriente?</p><p>Kant acepta que la ley moral no est&#225; basada en la naturaleza humana. La ley moral no tiene un fundamento en la antropolog&#237;a, es decir, en la naturaleza de los seres humanos. Si intentamos fundamentar la ley moral en la antropolog&#237;a, introducimos un elemento de arbitrariedad (<em>Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</em>, 4:389), porque cada ser humano tiene sus propios gustos. Hay una variedad en la especie humana que socava una ley universal. Kant insisti&#243; en que la ley moral depende de condiciones racionales. Si fundamentamos la ley moral en la antropolog&#237;a, no es una ley; es solo gusto. Estamos en el escepticismo de la mujer en el podcast: &#8220;Estoy feliz de que t&#250; est&#233;s feliz, pero yo estoy feliz con mi estilo de vida y no me juzgues.&#8221;</p><p>La antropolog&#237;a del ser humano, entonces, no es una base apropiada para la ley moral. Tampoco lo es la voluntad de Dios. Como pensador de la Ilustraci&#243;n, Kant rechaz&#243; la idea de que Dios sea la autoridad moral. Si intentamos fundamentar la ley moral en la voluntad de Dios, tendremos arbitrariedad. Todos tenemos una idea diferente de Dios. Para una persona, Dios es m&#225;s r&#237;gido. Para otra, Dios es muy laxo. Para otra, no hay Dios. Dios tampoco puede fundamentar la ley moral.</p><p>Kant intent&#243; fundamentar la ley moral en la raz&#243;n. La raz&#243;n es independiente de la antropolog&#237;a y de la teolog&#237;a. Este intento de Kant es un tema para otro ensayo. Bastar&#225; por ahora mostrar c&#243;mo Kant lidi&#243; con el vac&#237;o de la Ilustraci&#243;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HRRf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F950f722b-57c0-4679-ba3f-f7733df0967e_2689x3665.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HRRf!, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/w_424, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/danieldalmonte.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F950f722b-57c0-4679-ba3f-f7733df0967e_2689x3665.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HRRf!, 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4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>El sue&#241;o de la raz&#243;n produce monstruos, </em>Fransisco Goya</p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>