<script data-pm-proxy="intercept"></script><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Dynamic Competition]]></title><description><![CDATA[Antitrust in Brazil]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lNyi!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cabd368-3944-4496-8818-ea735bd15c97_512x512.png</url><title>Dynamic Competition</title><link>https://dynacom.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 01:11:40 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[dynacom@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[dynacom@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[dynacom@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[dynacom@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Palpite Infeliz]]></title><description><![CDATA[Deputado Aliel Machado n&#227;o convence ao defender o PL 4.675/25]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/palpite-infeliz</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/palpite-infeliz</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2026 12:34:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJ39!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dcf3b4a-a986-42f5-a5fb-3004a2c8fae8_1600x1189.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJ39!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dcf3b4a-a986-42f5-a5fb-3004a2c8fae8_1600x1189.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJ39!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dcf3b4a-a986-42f5-a5fb-3004a2c8fae8_1600x1189.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJ39!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dcf3b4a-a986-42f5-a5fb-3004a2c8fae8_1600x1189.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJ39!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dcf3b4a-a986-42f5-a5fb-3004a2c8fae8_1600x1189.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJ39!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dcf3b4a-a986-42f5-a5fb-3004a2c8fae8_1600x1189.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJ39!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dcf3b4a-a986-42f5-a5fb-3004a2c8fae8_1600x1189.jpeg" width="1456" height="1082" 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/__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dcf3b4a-a986-42f5-a5fb-3004a2c8fae8_1600x1189.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJ39!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dcf3b4a-a986-42f5-a5fb-3004a2c8fae8_1600x1189.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJ39!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dcf3b4a-a986-42f5-a5fb-3004a2c8fae8_1600x1189.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJ39!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dcf3b4a-a986-42f5-a5fb-3004a2c8fae8_1600x1189.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>O que escrevo aqui hoje &#233; com todo o respeito. Apesar da boa ret&#243;rica, a recente coluna escrita pelo Deputado Aliel Machado<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> &#233; um desservi&#231;o ao debate s&#233;rio sobre a regula&#231;&#227;o de plataformas digitais.</p><p>O deputado &#233; relator do projeto de lei que prop&#245;e regular a forma como as plataformas digitais concorrem no Brasil (PL 4.675/25). Na coluna, defende que o projeto &#233; necess&#225;rio, pois grandes plataformas atuariam no Brasil como se estivessem acima da Constitui&#231;&#227;o e das leis brasileiras.</p><p>As plataformas teriam a capacidade de ditar as condi&#231;&#245;es de acesso a diferentes mercados. Consumidores e pequenos empres&#225;rios seriam ref&#233;ns dessas plataformas e sofreriam diferentes tipos de abuso. Esses abusos extrapolariam a esfera contratual e constituiriam viola&#231;&#245;es &#224; livre concorr&#234;ncia.</p><p>Segundo ele, o Brasil precisa ser capaz de exercer sua soberania contra essas plataformas, assim como hoje o faz em outros setores &#8220;estrat&#233;gicos&#8221;, como avia&#231;&#227;o, energia e outros.</p><p>Mesmo aqueles que defendem o projeto sabem que o assunto &#233; mais complexo do que a coluna quis fazer parecer.</p><p>A ideia de que grandes plataformas est&#227;o acima da Constitui&#231;&#227;o pode ter algum poder ret&#243;rico, mas &#233; parte de um mundo de fantasia. No Brasil do mundo real, o CADE j&#225; disp&#245;e de diversos instrumentos para combater eventuais abusos.</p><p>A lei j&#225; confere ao CADE compet&#234;ncia para determinar as provid&#234;ncias necess&#225;rias &#224; cessa&#231;&#227;o de uma infra&#231;&#227;o &#224; ordem econ&#244;mica. Dependendo do caso, essas provid&#234;ncias podem alcan&#231;ar a forma como a empresa contrata ou conduz determinado modelo de neg&#243;cio. No curso dos seus processos, o CADE pode celebrar acordos com as empresas que produzam efeitos semelhantes. Caso o CADE identifique que h&#225; um problema urgente e que justifique interven&#231;&#227;o imediata, pode impor medida preventiva.</p><p>A coluna n&#227;o responde a duas quest&#245;es fundamentais: os instrumentos atuais n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes? Quais os benef&#237;cios da &#8220;regula&#231;&#227;o estatal dialogada&#8221; mencionada na coluna? N&#227;o sabemos.</p><p>Notem que os supostos abusos aludidos na coluna j&#225; foram, s&#227;o ou podem ser investigados e punidos pelo CADE com base na Lei de Defesa da Concorr&#234;ncia e por meio dos instrumentos que mencionei acima.</p><p>Todas as principais &#8220;big techs&#8221; (Alphabet/Google, Meta/Facebook, Apple, Microsoft, Amazon) t&#234;m investiga&#231;&#245;es no CADE para chamar de suas.</p><p>Ano passado, a Apple firmou acordo com o CADE para corrigir suposta discrimina&#231;&#227;o contra desenvolvedores de aplicativos. O acordo estabeleceu obriga&#231;&#245;es para ampliar as possibilidades de distribui&#231;&#227;o de aplicativos e de processamento de pagamentos no ecossistema iOS. O CADE chegou a esse resultado utilizando o arcabou&#231;o concorrencial existente no Brasil, sem que fosse necess&#225;ria uma legisla&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para &#8220;plataformas de relev&#226;ncia sist&#234;mica&#8221;.</p><p>O CADE recorrentemente define par&#226;metros para restri&#231;&#245;es contratuais no setor digital. Nesse sentido, j&#225; firmou acordos com iFood, Wellhub (Gympass) e Google (Android), para delimitar exclusividades e outras pr&#225;ticas contratuais, e com Booking, Expedia e Decolar para disciplinar restri&#231;&#245;es de pre&#231;o. No caso do iFood e do Wellbub, por exemplo, os acordos estabeleceram limites para acordos de exclusividade e outras pr&#225;ticas contratuais. No caso de Booking, Decolar e Expedia, os TCCs limitaram o uso de cl&#225;usulas de paridade de pre&#231;os.</p><p>O sistema atual n&#227;o &#233; perfeito, mas j&#225; permite ao CADE intervir em mercados digitais quando necess&#225;rio. Uma abordagem mais madura reconheceria esse ponto. </p><p>Tamb&#233;m reconheceria que hoje a distribui&#231;&#227;o de bens digitais (e.g., aplicativos) e f&#237;sicos (e-commerce) foi muito facilitada pelas plataformas digitais.</p><p>Em grande parte, a proposta para o PL 4.675/25 apresentada pelo Deputado Aliel tamb&#233;m &#233; v&#237;tima dessa miopia.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> Se implementado como est&#225;, o projeto pode reduzir os incentivos para que as empresas ofertem no Brasil o que t&#234;m de melhor, e quem pode pagar a conta por isso s&#227;o justamente os consumidores e os pequenos empres&#225;rios. Isso n&#227;o foi discutido na coluna. </p><p>O que &#233; defendido como uma quest&#227;o de soberania deve ser visto a partir de uma abordagem mais racional. O PL 4.675/25 melhorar&#225; o cen&#225;rio competitivo em prol deles? Esta &#233; a pergunta, e a resposta ainda n&#227;o est&#225; demonstrada.</p><p>Ainda que o diagn&#243;stico de que h&#225; abusos seja correto, a coluna prop&#245;e importarmos solu&#231;&#245;es de fora cujos benef&#237;cios s&#227;o question&#225;veis e ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o verific&#225;veis. No entanto, a melhor pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica &#233; importar solu&#231;&#245;es maduras, j&#225; devidamente testadas.</p><p>Por exemplo, na Europa, o <em>Digital Markets Act</em> (DMA) tem gerado muitas discuss&#245;es sobre o seu cumprimento e seus reais efeitos sobre a concorr&#234;ncia e os consumidores. Discuss&#245;es estas que chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que a regula&#231;&#227;o <em>ex ante</em> pode produzir custos e efeitos colaterais que precisam ser considerados antes de sua ado&#231;&#227;o.</p><p>Vejam: o DMA tem impactado significativamente o desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Em junho deste ano, a Apple anunciou que a nova Siri AI n&#227;o seria disponibilizada na Uni&#227;o Europeia no iPhone e no iPad com o lan&#231;amento do iOS 27 e do iPadOS 27, atribuindo o adiamento &#224;s exig&#234;ncias decorrentes do DMA. N&#227;o &#233; esse tipo de &#8220;solu&#231;&#227;o&#8221; que devemos importar. </p><p>O Brasil j&#225; tem as leis e institui&#231;&#245;es para investigar e punir grandes empresas de tecnologia. J&#225; somos soberanos. N&#227;o precisamos do PL 4.675/25 para podermos afirmar isso.</p><p>Apesar da associa&#231;&#227;o com setores regulados como avia&#231;&#227;o, energia e outros, a coluna n&#227;o deixa clara a semelhan&#231;a entre esses setores e o setor de tecnologia. At&#233; porque as diferen&#231;as s&#227;o muitas. No setor de tecnologia, o que se prop&#245;e a regular hoje n&#227;o ser&#225; o mesmo daqui a 5 anos.</p><p>Isso deveria nos fazer refletir sobre qual o tipo de regula&#231;&#227;o de que precisamos. O fato de um setor ser estrat&#233;gico n&#227;o determina, por si s&#243;, o tipo de regula&#231;&#227;o de que ele precisa. Diferentes setores demandam diferentes tipos de regula&#231;&#227;o. O setor de alimenta&#231;&#227;o &#233; &#8220;estrat&#233;gico&#8221;, mas a regula&#231;&#227;o de alimentos existe para enfrentar problemas sanit&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos, e n&#227;o para reorganizar previamente a forma como produtores e distribuidores competem.</p><p>O PL 4.675/25 envolve um tipo de regula&#231;&#227;o mais complexo, de maior inger&#234;ncia, e cujos resultados esperados e como medi-los n&#227;o est&#227;o bem delimitados. O projeto cria um regime especial para determinadas empresas &#8220;de relev&#226;ncia sist&#234;mica&#8221; e permite a imposi&#231;&#227;o de obriga&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas antes de qualquer verifica&#231;&#227;o de que h&#225; uma infra&#231;&#227;o concorrencial. Nesse caso, &#233; preciso demonstrar por que a interven&#231;&#227;o antecipada produzir&#225; resultado melhor do que a aplica&#231;&#227;o do direito concorrencial existente. A pr&#243;pria coluna tem dificuldade de falar disso, limitando-se a dizer que regras s&#227;o necess&#225;rias. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; v&#225;cuo regulat&#243;rio.</p><p>As li&#231;&#245;es da nossa hist&#243;ria revelam que quanto mais ambiciosa a regula&#231;&#227;o, mais margem abrimos para resultados ruins ou inesperados. J&#225; tentamos regular a oferta de computadores no Brasil, e o resultado foi um desastre: escassez, pre&#231;os altos e  atraso tecnol&#243;gico.</p><div id="youtube2-brOtbWIViWM" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;brOtbWIViWM&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/brOtbWIViWM?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>&#201; importante termos uma reflex&#227;o mais profunda sobre quais resultados queremos com o PL 4.675/25 e quais lacunas ele efetivamente supre. At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o foi apresentada evid&#234;ncia emp&#237;rica suficiente de que os instrumentos &#224; disposi&#231;&#227;o do CADE sejam ineficazes para lidar com esses problemas.</p><p>Antes de criar uma nova camada regulat&#243;ria, portanto, dever&#237;amos responder a perguntas bastante simples: qual problema concreto o PL resolve que o sistema atual n&#227;o consegue resolver? Qual obriga&#231;&#227;o nova produzir&#225; um resultado que o CADE n&#227;o consegue produzir hoje? E como saberemos se a nova regula&#231;&#227;o funcionou?</p><p>Sem respostas para essas perguntas, o PL 4.675/25 n&#227;o &#233; uma conclus&#227;o inevit&#225;vel diante de eventuais problemas dos chamados mercados digitais. &#201; uma aposta.</p><p>E pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica n&#227;o deveria ser feita &#224; base do palpite.</p><p>Danny</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Muito obrigado por ter lido. Se voc&#234; gostou desse post, por favor considere se inscrever e compartilhar &#8212; ajuda demais!</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/desse-fruto-nao-comereis-1?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTU3ODAzMTA1LCJpYXQiOjE3NjE2Njc4NjIsImV4cCI6MTc2NDI1OTg2MiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTc0NTExNyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.N84zwewilJaDuYARTcZrfrj0gMtA0DBlCIT88yCnByc&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/desse-fruto-nao-comereis-1?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTU3ODAzMTA1LCJpYXQiOjE3NjE2Njc4NjIsImV4cCI6MTc2NDI1OTg2MiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTc0NTExNyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.N84zwewilJaDuYARTcZrfrj0gMtA0DBlCIT88yCnByc"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Coluna publicada no Estad&#227;o no &#250;ltimo dia 10 (<a href="https://www.estadao.com.br/opiniao/espaco-aberto/os-termos-e-condicoes-nao-estao-acima-da-constituicao/?srsltid=AfmBOoqipANuABSnFqk7ooUEQfB1NNlqp-KTpt1KJ8sLrJz2SZ3VHE_b">aqui</a> &#8212; aviso: tem paywall). </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Na forma de substitutivo ao projeto original proposto pelo governo (<a href="https://www.camara.leg.br/proposicoesWeb/prop_mostrarintegra?codteor=3159491&amp;filename=Tramitacao-14-PL-4675-2025">aqui</a>). </p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Não me siga, eu também estou perdido]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hip&#243;tese sobre a crescente incoer&#234;ncia dos crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/nao-me-siga-eu-tambem-estou-perdido</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/nao-me-siga-eu-tambem-estou-perdido</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 29 May 2026 12:33:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y56!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd88f7db4-e93e-4efb-93b0-59fe4c7132d5_1448x1086.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y56!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd88f7db4-e93e-4efb-93b0-59fe4c7132d5_1448x1086.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y56!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd88f7db4-e93e-4efb-93b0-59fe4c7132d5_1448x1086.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y56!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd88f7db4-e93e-4efb-93b0-59fe4c7132d5_1448x1086.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y56!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd88f7db4-e93e-4efb-93b0-59fe4c7132d5_1448x1086.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y56!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd88f7db4-e93e-4efb-93b0-59fe4c7132d5_1448x1086.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y56!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd88f7db4-e93e-4efb-93b0-59fe4c7132d5_1448x1086.jpeg" width="708" height="531" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d88f7db4-e93e-4efb-93b0-59fe4c7132d5_1448x1086.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1086,&quot;width&quot;:1448,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:708,&quot;bytes&quot;:721961,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/i/193251345?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd88f7db4-e93e-4efb-93b0-59fe4c7132d5_1448x1086.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y56!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd88f7db4-e93e-4efb-93b0-59fe4c7132d5_1448x1086.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y56!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd88f7db4-e93e-4efb-93b0-59fe4c7132d5_1448x1086.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y56!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd88f7db4-e93e-4efb-93b0-59fe4c7132d5_1448x1086.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y56!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd88f7db4-e93e-4efb-93b0-59fe4c7132d5_1448x1086.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>O problema que passo a tratar aqui n&#227;o &#233; desconhecido, n&#227;o foi revelado a mim em sonhos ou por or&#225;culos, mas de simples observa&#231;&#227;o.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> As solu&#231;&#245;es propostas aqui n&#227;o s&#227;o produto da minha (pretensa) genialidade. </p><p>O que voc&#234; precisa levar daqui &#233; a seguinte: saber se uma opera&#231;&#227;o precisa ser notificada ao CADE &#233; mais dif&#237;cil ao longo do tempo por conta da m&#225; pr&#225;tica decis&#243;ria do CADE. Ela danifica o nosso sistema de controle de concentra&#231;&#245;es ao tornar os crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o incertos e incoerentes, e por deteriorar sua capacidade de filtrar opera&#231;&#245;es relevantes.</p><p>Isso porque o CADE &#233; pouco preocupado com a coer&#234;ncia <em>interna</em> de suas decis&#245;es e com a coer&#234;ncia (<em>externa</em>) entre decis&#245;es e outras fontes (leis, regulamentos e guias orientativos).</p><p>Esse fen&#244;meno n&#227;o &#233; o &#250;nico que afeta os rumos do nosso sistema de controle de concentra&#231;&#245;es, e particularmente dos crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, ao mesmo tempo que &#233; um fen&#244;meno importante, &#233; frequentemente ignorado. </p><p>Por exemplo, muito do que se discute hoje sobre a notifica&#231;&#227;o de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de ativos ou sobre a regra de grupo econ&#244;mico &#233;, na verdade, <em>sintoma </em>desse fen&#244;meno maior.</p><p>Minha proposta aqui &#233; hoje &#233; olhar para o filme, e n&#227;o para a foto. Se nada for feito, a m&#225; pr&#225;tica decis&#243;ria continuar&#225; a danificar o sistema de controle de concentra&#231;&#245;es.</p><p>Para mitigar tais efeitos danosos, &#233; necess&#225;rio:</p><ul><li><p>Um esfor&#231;o de harmoniza&#231;&#227;o da pratica decis&#243;ria, em algumas frentes: </p><ul><li><p>Revis&#227;o dos precedentes em busca de quest&#245;es em aberto sobre a verifica&#231;&#227;o de determinados crit&#233;rios e desenho de solu&#231;&#245;es para elas.</p></li><li><p>Maior cuidado nas decis&#245;es sobre o conhecimento de opera&#231;&#245;es, inclusive quanto ao grau de certeza e for&#231;a normativa de cada precedente.</p></li><li><p>Flexibilidade procedimental para escolha de causas-piloto e de resolu&#231;&#227;o de quest&#245;es tanto em abstrato quanto em concreto.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Al&#237;vio do sistema de notifica&#231;&#245;es: </p><ul><li><p>Revis&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o, em especial dos crit&#233;rios de faturamento bruto.</p></li><li><p>Comprometimento com interpreta&#231;&#245;es restritivas dos crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Al&#237;vio do fardo depositado na SG para conhecimento de casos:</p><ul><li><p>Maior envolvimento do Tribunal e da ProCADE em mat&#233;rias que envolvam o conhecimento de casos. </p></li><li><p>Redesenho das fun&#231;&#245;es da SG no conhecimento de casos.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p><em>Roll the tape</em>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8sqy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68c921d7-1ca0-4061-b329-01ce4d4c8fe3_498x373.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8sqy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68c921d7-1ca0-4061-b329-01ce4d4c8fe3_498x373.gif 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8sqy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68c921d7-1ca0-4061-b329-01ce4d4c8fe3_498x373.gif 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8sqy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68c921d7-1ca0-4061-b329-01ce4d4c8fe3_498x373.gif 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8sqy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68c921d7-1ca0-4061-b329-01ce4d4c8fe3_498x373.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8sqy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68c921d7-1ca0-4061-b329-01ce4d4c8fe3_498x373.gif" width="412" height="308.5863453815261" 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/__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68c921d7-1ca0-4061-b329-01ce4d4c8fe3_498x373.gif 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8sqy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68c921d7-1ca0-4061-b329-01ce4d4c8fe3_498x373.gif 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8sqy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68c921d7-1ca0-4061-b329-01ce4d4c8fe3_498x373.gif 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8sqy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68c921d7-1ca0-4061-b329-01ce4d4c8fe3_498x373.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>Diz a&#237;: tem que notificar?</h3><p>Todas as vezes que nos perguntamos se uma dada opera&#231;&#227;o &#233; de notifica&#231;&#227;o obrigat&#243;ria, existem diversas fontes em que nos baseamos para chegar a uma conclus&#227;o. </p><p>A tabela abaixo sintetiza algumas das fontes com que poder&#237;amos nos deparar para analisar cada um dos crit&#233;rios (os efeitos no Brasil, a natureza da opera&#231;&#227;o e o faturamento bruto ou volume de neg&#243;cios dos grupos econ&#244;micos envolvidos).<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a></p><div id="datawrapper-iframe" class="datawrapper-wrap outer" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/WACWZ/1/&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e6111fcf-a4f7-4e07-9911-41627b408cb3_1220x1754.png&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url_full&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1997043d-65b9-4d85-9c51-6cbf07395158_1220x1754.png&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:706,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;| Created with Datawrapper&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;Create interactive, responsive &amp; beautiful charts &#8212; no code required.&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="DatawrapperToDOM"><iframe id="iframe-datawrapper" class="datawrapper-iframe" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/WACWZ/1/" width="730" height="706" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" loading="lazy"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){if(t[r].contentWindow===e.source)t[r].style.height=e.data["datawrapper-height"][a]+"px"}}}))}();</script></div><p>Esse fen&#244;meno &#233; esperado. O legislador estabeleceu os crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o de forma ampla, sem dar solu&#231;&#245;es a todas as situa&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis quando analisamos se uma dada opera&#231;&#227;o deve ser notificada. </p><p>Com base na sua experi&#234;ncia acumulada ou na necessidade imediata de tornar alguns conceitos operacionaliz&#225;veis, o CADE pode criar resolu&#231;&#245;es para disciplinar casos espec&#237;ficos. &#201; o caso, por exemplo, da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 17/2016 e da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 33/2022 (antiga Resolu&#231;&#227;o 2/2012).</p><p>Ao aplicar a legisla&#231;&#227;o, o CADE precisa interpret&#225;-la conforme o caso concreto. Casos passados sinalizam como a autoridade decidir&#225; em casos semelhantes no futuro. &#201; o caso, por exemplo, da <em>Consulta IBP</em>, sobre a venda de participa&#231;&#245;es em blocos de explora&#231;&#227;o de petr&#243;leo.</p><p>Ao longo de v&#225;rios anos, &#233; normal que a autoridade tenha a possibilidade de consolidar as principais d&#250;vidas em um documento orientativo. Surgem os FAQs.</p><h3>A m&#225; pr&#225;tica decis&#243;ria como vil&#227; dos crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o </h3><p>Se existem m&#250;ltiplas fontes que estabelecem os crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o, por que a pr&#225;tica decis&#243;ria leva a culpa como principal detratora? A rigor, existem lacunas na legisla&#231;&#227;o em geral e os FAQs n&#227;o s&#227;o os mais elucidativos. Essa d&#250;vida &#233; natural. Como disse na introdu&#231;&#227;o, estou levantando essa hip&#243;tese diante de uma observa&#231;&#227;o dos movimentos de como os casos s&#227;o decididos diariamente. </p><p>Editar uma resolu&#231;&#227;o ou publicar um guia sobre os crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma tarefa espor&#225;dica na pr&#225;tica do CADE. A &#250;ltima resolu&#231;&#227;o sobre isso foi a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 17/2016, sobre contratos associativos. J&#225; os FAQs passaram muito tempo sem serem atualizados at&#233; a nova edi&#231;&#227;o, em 2025. Lembrando que n&#227;o h&#225; guias &#8220;formais&#8221; do CADE sobre a notifica&#231;&#227;o de atos de concentra&#231;&#227;o, tal qual h&#225; guias sobre a an&#225;lise de concentra&#231;&#245;es horizontais, verticais ou de <em>gun jumping</em>.</p><p><strong>Por outro lado, a maior parte do trabalho pesado sobre a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o sobra para os casos julgados diariamente pelo CADE. E muitos j&#225; perceberam que o CADE tem dificuldade de formar jurisprud&#234;ncia nesse tema. A pr&#225;tica decis&#243;ria do CADE &#233; a fonte que mais introduz mudan&#231;as sobre os crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o, tanto qualitativamente quanto quantitativamente</strong></p><p>Por exemplo, <em>Singida/Data Solutions esclarece</em> o art. 88 da LDC ao dizer que o crit&#233;rio de faturamento bruto precisa ser atingido no polo vendedor e comprador de uma dada opera&#231;&#227;o.</p><p>J&#225; <em>Naspers</em> introduziu <em>uma nova regra</em> sobre a defini&#231;&#227;o de grupo econ&#244;mico para fins de c&#225;lculo de faturamento bruto. A rigor, tal regra foi introduzida <em>em conflito </em>com o texto da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 33/2022.</p><p>Por mais que o dispositivo em <em>Naspers</em> tenha introduzido uma regra objetiva, ele trouxe <em>incerteza</em>.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> A incerteza decorre tanto da mudan&#231;a de entendimento sobre a defini&#231;&#227;o de grupo, quanto do conflito entre regras. Quando veio <em>Digesto</em>, muito embora ele tenha fixado uma tese contr&#225;ria a <em>Naspers</em>, entende-se que o Tribunal n&#227;o decidiu de forma firme, o que ampliou a incerteza sobre seu impacto sobre <em>Naspers</em> e a correta interpreta&#231;&#227;o da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 33/2022.</p><p>Inclusive, <em>Digesto</em> apresenta mapeamento sobre como o tema do controle societ&#225;rio variou ao longo do tempo e a persistente incongru&#234;ncia entre os casos. A maioria dos casos citados est&#227;o relacionados a decis&#245;es da SG em ACs comuns.</p><p>Mais importante, o Tribunal em Digesto precisou <em><strong>corrigir</strong></em> <em>nova interpreta&#231;&#227;o</em> da SG sobre como grupos econ&#244;micos envolvendo fundos de investimento s&#227;o configurados, por sinal contr&#225;ria a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 33/2022 Se n&#227;o fosse por isso, haveria m&#250;ltiplas interpreta&#231;&#245;es conflitantes sobre o tema.</p><p>J&#225; a defini&#231;&#227;o sobre se um contrato &#233; um contrato associativo depende da verifica&#231;&#227;o de in&#250;meros precedentes, muitas vezes conflitantes, sobre o significado dos conceitos indeterminados previstos na Resolu&#231;&#227;o 17/2016.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a></p><p>Outro exemplo que valeria comento aqui seria o caso de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de ativos. <em>Bom Pre&#231;o </em>tamb&#233;m apresenta extenso mapeamento sobre a incongru&#234;ncia entre os casos.</p><p>Em resumo, a lei e o <em>soft law</em> s&#227;o est&#225;veis (ou tendem a estabilidade) e a &#8220;jurisprud&#234;ncia&#8221; &#233; inst&#225;vel (ou tende a instabilidade).</p><p>Mas mais do que eu apresentar a voc&#234;s exemplos de como a pr&#225;tica decis&#243;ria tende a instabilidade, eu queria apresentar um <em>processo</em>. Isso nos permite pensar melhor como chegamos at&#233; aqui e para onde estamos indo.</p><p>Esse processo segue mais ou menos conforme abaixo:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jcc2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F413d1478-bd86-4aa4-9c84-716de13ebf43_843x596.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jcc2!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F413d1478-bd86-4aa4-9c84-716de13ebf43_843x596.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jcc2!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F413d1478-bd86-4aa4-9c84-716de13ebf43_843x596.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jcc2!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F413d1478-bd86-4aa4-9c84-716de13ebf43_843x596.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jcc2!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F413d1478-bd86-4aa4-9c84-716de13ebf43_843x596.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jcc2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F413d1478-bd86-4aa4-9c84-716de13ebf43_843x596.png" width="843" height="596" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/413d1478-bd86-4aa4-9c84-716de13ebf43_843x596.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:596,&quot;width&quot;:843,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:18580,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/i/193251345?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F413d1478-bd86-4aa4-9c84-716de13ebf43_843x596.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jcc2!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F413d1478-bd86-4aa4-9c84-716de13ebf43_843x596.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jcc2!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F413d1478-bd86-4aa4-9c84-716de13ebf43_843x596.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jcc2!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F413d1478-bd86-4aa4-9c84-716de13ebf43_843x596.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jcc2!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F413d1478-bd86-4aa4-9c84-716de13ebf43_843x596.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#201; mais prov&#225;vel que as discuss&#245;es sobre conhecimento fiquem concentradas em ACs comuns. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de casos <em>que envolve o atendimento ou n&#227;o aos crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o</em> &#233; mais ou menos conforme abaixo:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G1ML!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd31bf6d-b263-4c9b-905d-01028b70f34f_843x596.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G1ML!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd31bf6d-b263-4c9b-905d-01028b70f34f_843x596.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G1ML!, 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/__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd31bf6d-b263-4c9b-905d-01028b70f34f_843x596.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G1ML!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd31bf6d-b263-4c9b-905d-01028b70f34f_843x596.png" width="843" height="596" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fd31bf6d-b263-4c9b-905d-01028b70f34f_843x596.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:596,&quot;width&quot;:843,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:12677,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/i/193251345?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd31bf6d-b263-4c9b-905d-01028b70f34f_843x596.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G1ML!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd31bf6d-b263-4c9b-905d-01028b70f34f_843x596.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G1ML!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd31bf6d-b263-4c9b-905d-01028b70f34f_843x596.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G1ML!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd31bf6d-b263-4c9b-905d-01028b70f34f_843x596.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G1ML!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd31bf6d-b263-4c9b-905d-01028b70f34f_843x596.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Para aqueles que gostam de n&#250;meros, abaixo est&#225; o melhor levantamento que consegui (at&#233; 2023<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a>, cortesia do IBRAC):</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z6qO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9730e5cd-bd50-468b-8d11-24ed98d4a7e2_843x596.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z6qO!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9730e5cd-bd50-468b-8d11-24ed98d4a7e2_843x596.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z6qO!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9730e5cd-bd50-468b-8d11-24ed98d4a7e2_843x596.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z6qO!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9730e5cd-bd50-468b-8d11-24ed98d4a7e2_843x596.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z6qO!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9730e5cd-bd50-468b-8d11-24ed98d4a7e2_843x596.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z6qO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9730e5cd-bd50-468b-8d11-24ed98d4a7e2_843x596.png" width="666" height="470.8612099644128" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9730e5cd-bd50-468b-8d11-24ed98d4a7e2_843x596.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:596,&quot;width&quot;:843,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:666,&quot;bytes&quot;:16220,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/i/193251345?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9730e5cd-bd50-468b-8d11-24ed98d4a7e2_843x596.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z6qO!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9730e5cd-bd50-468b-8d11-24ed98d4a7e2_843x596.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z6qO!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9730e5cd-bd50-468b-8d11-24ed98d4a7e2_843x596.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z6qO!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9730e5cd-bd50-468b-8d11-24ed98d4a7e2_843x596.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z6qO!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9730e5cd-bd50-468b-8d11-24ed98d4a7e2_843x596.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>A SG decide sozinha a esmagadora maioria dos casos. O Tribunal decide uma parcela residual. Isso por si s&#243; n&#227;o &#233; um problema. A dificuldade &#233; que a SG emite decis&#245;es diferentes sobre os mesmos fatos e regras. Ou seja, falta <em>harmoniza&#231;&#227;o</em> entre os precedentes. Mais, em alguns casos falta harmoniza&#231;&#227;o entre os precedentes e a legisla&#231;&#227;o, as decis&#245;es do Tribunal, ou com os FAQs. </p><p>No sistema atual, o Tribunal pouco pode fazer a respeito. E por mais que o Tribunal tenha uma certa fun&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;uniformiza&#231;&#227;o de jurisprud&#234;ncia&#8221;, o pr&#243;prio Tribunal pode ser uma for&#231;a desestabilizadora, como visto, por exemplo, em <em>Naspers</em>. </p><p>Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; um pecado de omiss&#227;o aqui, pois o Tribunal n&#227;o disp&#245;e de mecanismos de uniformiza&#231;&#227;o de jurisprud&#234;ncia que n&#227;o sejam a avoca&#231;&#227;o de casos, decis&#245;es em investiga&#231;&#245;es de <em>gun jumping</em> (raras) ou em consultas (mais raras ainda).</p><p>Agora, a falta de preocupa&#231;&#227;o, principalmente da SG, com a falta de harmoniza&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o tem outras causas latentes. </p><p>O primeiro deles &#233; a falta de di&#225;logo com o passado. Com isso, quero dizer que n&#227;o h&#225; esfor&#231;o consciente da SG de verificar o seu acervo de decis&#245;es para ent&#227;o confirmar se uma nova decis&#227;o est&#225; em linha com esse hist&#243;rico. Esse tem sido um trabalho que tem reca&#237;do sobre o Tribunal.</p><p>O segundo &#233; um certo receio de &#8220;deixar passar&#8221; atos de concentra&#231;&#227;o, o que leva a interpreta&#231;&#245;es expansivas. Os crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o podem ser torturados at&#233; que se ache uma raz&#227;o para a notifica&#231;&#227;o.</p><p>A exist&#234;ncia da compet&#234;ncia residual do art. 88, par&#225;grafo 7&#186;, da LDC j&#225; deveria dar conforto ao CADE de que esse receio n&#227;o deve endere&#231;ado de forma superprotetora.</p><p>De certa forma, existe uma m&#225; compreens&#227;o por parte da SG, principalmente, sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o. Aqui, falo principalmente do fato de que um atributo importante dos crit&#233;rios &#233; dizer quais casos entram, mas principalmente quais <em>n&#227;o entram</em>. Essa filtragem &#233; o que permite, ou deveria permitir, ao CADE julgar casos que realmente mere&#231;am ser julgados.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a></p><p>Vejam s&#243;, esta falta de harmoniza&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m existe porque a SG lida com casos demais. A sobrecarga de casos impede que haja uma reflex&#227;o sobre eles, e que decis&#245;es cuidadosas sejam tomadas. Todos os casos entram j&#225; precisando sair, e a quantidade de pessoas lidando com eles &#233; baixa. </p><p>Agora, h&#225; solu&#231;&#227;o. Mapeio algumas abaixo, com diferentes n&#237;veis de efic&#225;cia e custos envolvidos.</p><p>Aqui, vou adiantar dois pontos. Das solu&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis, reformar a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 33/2022 &#233; uma das menos eficazes. Isso porque ela ataca mais os sintomas e menos a doen&#231;a em si. Reformar a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 33/2022 pode trazer mais objetividade aos crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o, mas isso n&#227;o &#233; garantido. Existe uma tens&#227;o inerente nesse ponto que &#233; criar novos pontos de d&#250;vida e zonas cinzentas de interpreta&#231;&#227;o. </p><p>Reformar a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 33/2022 seria &#250;til para lan&#231;ar algumas balizas interpretativas que hoje n&#227;o existem (e.g., a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do art. 4&#186;) e talvez fazer t&#225;bula rasa de alguns conceitos. Mas de nada adiantaria fazer t&#225;bula rasa se os problemas que identifiquei mais cima persistissem.</p><p>Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o seria adequado um uso mais intenso da avoca&#231;&#227;o. O instituto da avoca&#231;&#227;o deveria ser usado apenas nos casos em que se esperaria uma mudan&#231;a significativa a respeito do m&#233;rito dos casos (ou de como o m&#233;rito em si &#233; analisado). </p><p>N&#227;o quero esvaziar a compet&#234;ncia do Tribunal de avocar casos por raz&#245;es de conhecimento. Meu ponto &#233; mais que a avoca&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma fric&#231;&#227;o que deve ser usada com parcim&#244;nia, pois &#233; uma esp&#233;cie de v&#225;lvula de escape. O normal &#233; deveria ser que n&#227;o houvesse incerteza sobre o conhecimento a ponto de exigir que ele fosse avocado.</p><p>Para onde devemos ir ent&#227;o? </p><h3>Revis&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de faturamento</h3><p>A atualiza&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de faturamento teria um efeito &#8220;aliviador&#8221; do sistema. Ela reduziria significativamente o total de notifica&#231;&#245;es, o que permitiria ao CADE conduzir os trabalhos mencionados abaixo. </p><h3>Inova&#231;&#245;es procedimentais</h3><p>O combate &#224; incoer&#234;ncia dos crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o depende de esfor&#231;o di&#225;rio. Nesse sentido, cada caso que suscitasse uma controv&#233;rsia sobre seu conhecimento deveria provocar uma discuss&#227;o interna na SG para que haja uma decis&#227;o que dialogue com precedentes anteriores contr&#225;rios e a favor da tese pretendida. Verificada a consist&#234;ncia da tese com os precedentes anteriores, a decis&#227;o pelo conhecimento e no m&#233;rito seguiriam o rito normal atual. Aqui, &#233; importante que a SG fundamente a decis&#227;o de conhecimento e reafirme os motivos pelos quais h&#225; consist&#234;ncia com os precedentes.</p><h4><em>Incidentes de uniformiza&#231;&#227;o de jurisprud&#234;ncia </em></h4><p>Verificada a inconsist&#234;ncia de precedentes, a SG ent&#227;o poderia adotar um procedimento modificado. A decis&#227;o pelo conhecimento ou n&#227;o deveria ser acompanhada de uma nota, a ser publicada em separado, indicando que o tema precisa ser estudado e resolvido. A decis&#227;o ou n&#227;o pelo conhecimento tamb&#233;m deve sinalizar que aquele precedente n&#227;o &#233; uma boa indica&#231;&#227;o de como casos futuros ser&#227;o tratados, dada a necessidade de resolver a controv&#233;rsia. Em outras palavras, a SG suscitaria um incidente de uniformiza&#231;&#227;o de jurisprud&#234;ncia a ser resolvido pelo Tribunal, que deveria consultar tamb&#233;m a ProCADE.</p><p>O incidente ficaria desvinculado do processo principal. Nesses casos, a decis&#227;o do m&#233;rito tamb&#233;m seguiria o rito normal. Em casos simples do ponto de vista do m&#233;rito, um ponto importante &#233; que a aprova&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o deveria ser condicionada ao julgamento do incidente. Uma possibilidade suscitada recentemente seria a opera&#231;&#227;o gozar da autoriza&#231;&#227;o prec&#225;ria, prevista no Regimento Interno do CADE. Na minha vis&#227;o, a autoriza&#231;&#227;o prec&#225;ria n&#227;o tem a velocidade necess&#225;ria para a melhor fluidez do incidente. A rigor, casos simples devem ser aprovados desde logo de forma definitiva, e n&#227;o prec&#225;ria.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a> </p><p>A imagem abaixo ilustra minha sugest&#227;o:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JtIi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54eb8ce5-97b3-4bca-8153-a8483df13139_843x596.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JtIi!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54eb8ce5-97b3-4bca-8153-a8483df13139_843x596.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JtIi!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54eb8ce5-97b3-4bca-8153-a8483df13139_843x596.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JtIi!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54eb8ce5-97b3-4bca-8153-a8483df13139_843x596.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JtIi!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54eb8ce5-97b3-4bca-8153-a8483df13139_843x596.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Certamente, a resolu&#231;&#227;o do incidente seria a fixa&#231;&#227;o de uma tese a respeito da quest&#227;o controvertida. No entanto, seria ingenuidade supor que ser&#225; poss&#237;vel criar teses inquestion&#225;veis. Muitas vezes, a tese fixada tamb&#233;m ter&#225; uma margem de incerteza. Nesse sentido, a pr&#243;pria decis&#227;o poderia indicar qual o grau de conforto do CADE com a tese e se h&#225; pontos que precisam de aprofundamento. </p><p>Alternativamente, em vez de cada caso em que houver inconsist&#234;ncia suscitar um novo incidente, o CADE pode avaliar a sele&#231;&#227;o de causas-piloto para sua instaura&#231;&#227;o. A sele&#231;&#227;o de causas-piloto pode ser importante para: (i) identificar uma massa cr&#237;tica de casos controvertidos; (ii) emitir uma decis&#227;o mais qualificada a partir fatos e fundamentos presentes nas causas-piloto.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a> <a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a></p><h4><em>Emiss&#227;o de boletins espec&#237;ficos sobre quest&#245;es controversas</em></h4><p>Os boletins devem ser baseados nos casos passados, ainda que seja para dizer que est&#227;o errados. Os boletins tamb&#233;m poderiam se aproveitar das notas emitidas pela SG e dos incidentes julgados pelo Tribunal.</p><p>Na minha opini&#227;o, os boletins deveriam ser emitidos por grupos de trabalho espec&#237;ficos da SG, do Tribunal e da ProCADE. Isso permitiria tanto maior alinhamento t&#233;cnico quanto institucional. </p><p>Eventualmente, boletins poderiam ser organizados em guias quando houvesse um mais alto n&#237;vel de maturidade institucional.</p><h4><em>Novas formas de consulta</em></h4><p>O procedimento da Consulta &#233; subutilizado em raz&#227;o do alto custo, do grau de formalidades necess&#225;rias para que seja conhecida e da rigidez procedimental.</p><p>Minha ideia n&#227;o envolve necessariamente modificar o procedimento atual, mas de a SG ter um canal onde possa expurgar notifica&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias. A ideia seria criar um momento pr&#233;-notifica&#231;&#227;o tal qual existe hoje com os casos ordin&#225;rios.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-11" href="#footnote-11" target="_self">11</a> </p><p>Essa camada adicional de triagem permite que o CADE possa discutir casos com volume de informa&#231;&#245;es mais limitado, mas sem estressar o sistema de notifica&#231;&#245;es. Obviamente, essas novas iniciativas exigem recursos que devem ser liberados por uma redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de notifica&#231;&#245;es.</p><p>Eu entendo que exista uma desconfian&#231;a natural em decidir casos de forma mais informal. No entanto, consultas informais tamb&#233;m t&#234;m seu valor quando j&#225; existem v&#225;rios procedimento formal e que podem levar a uma notifica&#231;&#227;o de um caso &#8220;embaixo do radar&#8221; como &#233; o caso dos APACs instaurados pela SG de of&#237;cio ou por den&#250;ncias. Inclusive, canais como esses podem colocar mais casos no radar do CADE.</p><h3>Maior comprometimento com interpreta&#231;&#245;es restritivas</h3><p>J&#225; falei desse t&#243;pico algumas vezes.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-12" href="#footnote-12" target="_self">12</a> O que eu queria retomar aqui &#233; mais que, se existe um movimento hoje no CADE para revisar os crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o adianta ficar preso a interpreta&#231;&#245;es expansivas. &#201; necess&#225;rio que quem est&#225; l&#225; confie nos mecanismos &#224; disposi&#231;&#227;o do CADE para receber e analisar os casos que s&#227;o relevantes.</p><p>Um esfor&#231;o de harmoniza&#231;&#227;o da jurisprud&#234;ncia ajudaria o CADE a visualizar os desvios. No entanto, corrigir a rota aqui envolve uma cren&#231;a de que regimes regulat&#243;rios s&#227;o, por defini&#231;&#227;o, exce&#231;&#245;es. A regra &#233; que as empresas s&#227;o livres para engajar em opera&#231;&#245;es. Tamb&#233;m &#233; regra que a maior parte dos casos t&#234;m baixo potencial anticompetitivo. </p><p>Disso decorre que os crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o devem ser interpretados para que um n&#250;mero menor de notifica&#231;&#245;es seja capturado. Mais do que isso, para que haja previsibilidade e objetividade na sua aplica&#231;&#227;o. Interpreta&#231;&#245;es expansivas n&#227;o s&#243; resultam em mais notifica&#231;&#245;es, como tamb&#233;m degradam a confian&#231;a que os administrados t&#234;m sobre a interven&#231;&#227;o existir apenas quando for devida.</p><h3>Conclus&#227;o</h3><p>Muitos j&#225; sabem que o nosso sistema de notifica&#231;&#227;o de opera&#231;&#245;es precisa de aprimoramento. Os pontos que trouxe aqui n&#227;o s&#227;o exatamente novos, mas &#233; importante que haja uma sistematiza&#231;&#227;o tanto do diagn&#243;stico quanto dos rem&#233;dios poss&#237;veis.</p><p>O que me preocupa n&#227;o s&#227;o as quest&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, mas se &#233; poss&#237;vel ter um melhor desenho de regras, procedimentos e compet&#234;ncias que antecipe e resolva tais quest&#245;es de forma consistente.</p><p>Quanto mais pessoas pensando sobre o que trouxe aqui, melhor. O CADE fez bem em chamar uma edi&#231;&#227;o da Revista de Defesa da Concorr&#234;ncia sobre o tema, pois precisamos de solu&#231;&#245;es criativas e que tenham considera&#231;&#245;es mais amplas sobre pol&#237;tica antitruste e seus objetivos. N&#227;o sei se chego l&#225;, mas preferi antecipar de forma p&#250;blica e aberta meus coment&#225;rios.</p><p>At&#233; a pr&#243;xima,</p><p>Danny</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Muito obrigado por ter lido. Se voc&#234; gostou desse post, por favor considere se inscrever e compartilhar &#8212; ajuda demais!</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/desse-fruto-nao-comereis-1?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTU3ODAzMTA1LCJpYXQiOjE3NjE2Njc4NjIsImV4cCI6MTc2NDI1OTg2MiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTc0NTExNyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.N84zwewilJaDuYARTcZrfrj0gMtA0DBlCIT88yCnByc&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/desse-fruto-nao-comereis-1?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTU3ODAzMTA1LCJpYXQiOjE3NjE2Njc4NjIsImV4cCI6MTc2NDI1OTg2MiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTc0NTExNyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.N84zwewilJaDuYARTcZrfrj0gMtA0DBlCIT88yCnByc"><span>Share</span></a></p><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p></div><div><hr></div><p>PS. Agrade&#231;o imensamente ao Dr. Doom, que me ajudou a revisar uns rascunhos.</p><p>PS2. As ilustra&#231;&#245;es e gr&#225;ficos foram preparados por <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/william-rabello-35b779317/">William Rabello</a>. </p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>J&#225; discuti o assunto em <em>Digesto is a Disaster</em> (<a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/digesto-is-a-disaster">link</a>).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Vantagem Auferida #44 (<a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/1HkMyDCUWtxTN87iePr3FW?si=0PDbJQlyTsOa4-HD2fKY8Q">link</a>) &#8212; &#244;, Renata, &#244;, Marcio, que dupla genial &#8212; e o recente Semin&#225;rio sobre os crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/od2adgxEX4s?si=WBfjoUOOD5B3cdIA">link</a>).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Parcialmente elaborado com base em <em>Navegando em &#225;guas desconhecidas: Sete anos de discuss&#245;es de n&#227;o conhecimento no controle de concentra&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas sob a vig&#234;ncia da Lei n&#186; 12.529/2011</em>, de Stephanie Penereiro e Gustavo Kastrup (2023) (<a href="https://revista.ibrac.org.br/index.php/revista/article/view/86">aqui</a>); <em>Contratos Associativos: na contram&#227;o da lei n&#186; 12.529/11,</em> de Julia Krein (2023) (<a href="https://revista.ibrac.org.br/revista/article/view/68">aqui</a>)<em>; </em>e no Voto do Cons. Victor Fernandes em <em>Digesto</em> (2024) (<a href="https://sei.cade.gov.br/sei/modulos/pesquisa/md_pesq_processo_exibir.php?1MQnTNkPQ_sX_bghfgNtnzTLgP9Ehbk5UOJvmzyesnbE-Rf6Pd6hBcedDS_xdwMQMK6_PgwPd2GFLljH0OLyFUJzCalvweIIHddYVfIirnry7rnoC-cAvR3mVd0787dE">aqui</a>).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Sem contar a perplexidade do fato de um julgado trazer uma nova regra e n&#227;o mera interpreta&#231;&#227;o das j&#225; existentes.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Vide <em>Contratos Associativos: na contram&#227;o da lei n&#186; 12.529/11,</em> de Julia Krein (2023) (<a href="https://revista.ibrac.org.br/revista/article/view/68">aqui</a>).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Meu palpite &#233; que n&#250;meros atualizados teriam distribui&#231;&#227;o similar.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Atualmente, h&#225; alguns precedentes que parecem sugerir que a SG est&#225; consciente desse problema e quer reduzir o volume de notifica&#231;&#245;es com base em interpreta&#231;&#245;es mais arrojadas da lei. Apesar da iniciativa ser louv&#225;vel, entendo que &#233; errada por causar rupturas desorganizadas sem um di&#225;logo coerente com o passado. Esse tema &#233; abordado nas se&#231;&#245;es seguintes.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Vide despacho de avoca&#231;&#227;o da Cons. Camila Pires-Alves em <em>Lin Yin/Mitsubishi Bus</em>. O caso est&#225; sem julgamento final at&#233; o fechamento desse texto.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Vide <em>A escolha da causa-piloto nos incidentes de resolu&#231;&#227;o de processos repetitivos</em>, de Antonio Cabral (<a href="https://www.academia.edu/10713934/A_escolha_da_causa_piloto_nos_incidentes_de_resolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_processos_repetitivos">aqui</a>).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>A m&#225; sele&#231;&#227;o de causas-piloto tamb&#233;m parece ser um dos problemas das tentativas recentes da SG de mudar os rumos dos crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-11" href="#footnote-anchor-11" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">11</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Muitas empresas acabam notificando casos por cautela com o objetivo de ter uma aprova&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida mesmo diante da d&#250;vida sobre a notificabilidade. N&#227;o raro, o CADE usa esses casos para justificar o conhecimento de casos posteriores. Ambos os lados deterioram o sistema de notifica&#231;&#227;o com esses expedientes.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-12" href="#footnote-anchor-12" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">12</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>Digesto is a Disaster</em> (<a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/digesto-is-a-disaster">link</a>).</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Cliques, soja, contêineres]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ensaio sobre o posicionamento institucional do CADE]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cliques-soja-conteineres</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cliques-soja-conteineres</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 12:33:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ypW0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b7de47-8b84-448d-b995-dcfc9b821d5d_1000x826.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ypW0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b7de47-8b84-448d-b995-dcfc9b821d5d_1000x826.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ypW0!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b7de47-8b84-448d-b995-dcfc9b821d5d_1000x826.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Pense nos seguintes desenvolvimentos:</p><ul><li><p>Um artigo publicado por Conselheiros do CADE sobre plataformas digitais (<a href="https://oglobo.globo.com/opiniao/artigos/coluna/2025/08/e-preciso-combater-os-monopolios-no-comercio-on-line.ghtml">aqui</a> e <a href="https://www.nexojornal.com.br/lei-de-concorrencia-digital-justa-beneficios-brasil">aqui</a>);<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.gov.br/cade/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/tribunal-do-cade-mantem-medida-preventiva-sobre-moratoria-da-soja-com-efeito-a-partir-de-2026">O julgamento da medida preventiva envolvendo a Morat&#243;ria da Soja</a>;</p></li><li><p><a href="https://g1.globo.com/sp/santos-regiao/porto-mar/noticia/2025/08/09/leilao-bilionario-do-maior-terminal-de-conteineres-do-brasil-gera-polemica-entenda.ghtml">O leil&#227;o do Tecon Santos 10</a>.</p></li></ul><p>O que eles t&#234;m em comum? </p><p>Eles lan&#231;am d&#250;vidas sobre a credibilidade do CADE enquanto &#243;rg&#227;o estritamente t&#233;cnico e independente.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h4>O PL das Big Techs: politiza&#231;&#227;o como <em>inside job?</em></h4><p>Em agosto, dois Conselheiros do CADE publicaram um artigo defendendo futuro projeto de lei (hoje j&#225; proposto, PL 4675/2025) que ampliaria os poderes do CADE no &#8220;combate a monop&#243;lios no come&#231;o online&#8221;.</p><p>O artigo sugere que a economia brasileira tem sido prejudicada por tais &#8220;monop&#243;lios&#8221;. Como exemplos, citam monop&#243;lios nas &#8220;compras on-line&#8221;, nos &#8220;pagamentos por aproxima&#231;&#227;o&#8221; e no &#8220;download de aplicativos&#8220;. </p><p>Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; Conselheiros do CADE que dedicam-se ativamente a defender o PL 4675/2025. V&#227;o a eventos, escrevem artigos, d&#227;o entrevistas.</p><p>H&#225; d&#250;vida razo&#225;vel sobre se defender a aprova&#231;&#227;o de um projeto de lei configura atividade pol&#237;tica. A defesa do projeto de lei pelos Conselheiros vai al&#233;m de temas t&#233;cnicos, e cobre temas como soberania nacional, &#8220;soberania digital&#8221; e prote&#231;&#227;o de pequenos empres&#225;rios/startups. </p><p>Eles deixam transparecer uma certa vis&#227;o sobre a economia digital que at&#233; o momento n&#227;o &#233; um consenso cient&#237;fico e para a qual h&#225; pouca (ou nenhuma) evid&#234;ncia emp&#237;rica. Eles tamb&#233;m buscam avan&#231;ar uma agenda de <em>converg&#234;ncia</em> da regula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com a de pa&#237;ses selecionados.</p><p>A lideran&#231;a do CADE historicamente tem defendido que sua independ&#234;ncia pol&#237;tica contribui para a sua legitimidade e credibilidade no Brasil e no exterior.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> Defino &#8220;independ&#234;ncia pol&#237;tica&#8221; aqui como<em> a liberdade que o CADE e seus servidores t&#234;m para exercer suas atividades sem que tenham por objetivo atingir certos resultados pol&#237;ticos</em>. </p><p>Ser&#225; que defender um projeto de lei n&#227;o contribui para uma eros&#227;o dessa independ&#234;ncia? Ser&#225; que n&#227;o h&#225; um cen&#225;rio em que os atores pol&#237;ticos passam a cobrar (ou exigir) respostas do CADE?<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a></p><p>Compreendo aqueles que dir&#227;o que os Conselheiros est&#227;o apenas apoiando o bom desenvolvimento de pol&#237;ticas publicas. Por&#233;m, a Lei de Defesa da Concorr&#234;ncia (LDC) parece n&#227;o ter conferido esse mandato ao CADE ou aos seus Conselheiros. </p><p>O mandato do CADE &#233; prevenir e reprimir infra&#231;&#245;es anticompetitivas, e o julgamento de transa&#231;&#245;es que possam ser prejudiciais &#224; concorr&#234;ncia. </p><p>Entendo que o CADE tamb&#233;m tem o papel de definir a pol&#237;tica de defesa da concorr&#234;ncia <em>dentro dos limites estipulados pela LDC</em>. Isto &#233;, o CADE est&#225; autorizado a definir quais setores, condutas e transa&#231;&#245;es priorizar, a definir se sua atua&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; mais litigante ou mais negocial, a definir qual tipo de orienta&#231;&#227;o a respeito de temas de defesa da concorr&#234;ncia os administrados precisam, e por a&#237; vai. </p><p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a projetos de lei e pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas, entendo que o CADE deve fornecer subs&#237;dios t&#233;cnicos para <em>apoiar</em> a tomada de decis&#227;o. N&#227;o parece haver na LDC alguma autoriza&#231;&#227;o para que <em>tomem lado.</em> Mesmo a advocacia da concorr&#234;ncia tem um papel mais restrito, voltado a explicar os potenciais efeitos negativos da legisla&#231;&#227;o ou de diferentes op&#231;&#245;es regulat&#243;rias sobre a concorr&#234;ncia.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> O curioso &#233; que, at&#233; o momento, por mais que se saiba mais ou menos quem o Governo (ou o CADE?) quer atingir com o PL 4675/2025 e quais os novos poderes para tanto, pouco se sabe se os efeitos para a economia brasileira ser&#227;o positivos ou negativos.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a> </p><p>O que me faz pensar se a nossa rea&#231;&#227;o seria diferente se Conselheiros do CADE estivessem defendendo um regime concorrencial diferenciado para outras ind&#250;strias.</p><p>Isto &#233; relevante porque a atividade do CADE &#233;, sobretudo, judicante<em>.</em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a><em> </em>O CADE exerce a fun&#231;&#227;o de julgar<em> </em>condutas ou transa&#231;&#245;es &#224; luz da LDC. Nesse sentido, a independ&#234;ncia pol&#237;tica do CADE &#233; uma das ferramentas para garantir que aplicar&#225; a LDC sem um resultado particular em mente, que estar&#225; aberto a provas de que uma conduta ou transa&#231;&#227;o &#233; anticompetitiva ou &#233; pr&#243;-competitiva e que ser&#225; capaz de considerar os dois lados da discuss&#227;o <em>sem tomar partido</em>. Dever&#237;amos refletir melhor quais a&#231;&#245;es podem minar essa independ&#234;ncia.</p><p>Se um Conselheiro do CADE vai a um jornal dizer que a sua empresa &#233; um monop&#243;lio, deve voc&#234; esperar que ele esteja aberto a provas em contr&#225;rio? Se um Conselheiro diz em um jornal que a sua empresa limita a inova&#231;&#227;o e prejudica pequenas empresas, deve voc&#234; esperar que ele esteja aberto a provas de que, na verdade, promove a inova&#231;&#227;o e beneficia pequenas empresas?</p><p>N&#227;o estou dizendo que os Conselheiros do CADE n&#227;o podem ter opini&#245;es ou que n&#227;o podem express&#225;-las, mas que h&#225; um limite de a&#231;&#245;es e opini&#245;es que comprometem a atividade judicante. Precisamos descobri-lo, especialmente porque a situa&#231;&#227;o em que nos encontramos &#233; que os Conselheiros est&#227;o abertamente comentando sobre mat&#233;rias que possivelmente julgar&#227;o no futuro.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a></p><p>A politiza&#231;&#227;o do CADE tamb&#233;m pode vir de dentro, quando os seus servidores buscam promover uma agenda espec&#237;fica, ainda que sob influ&#234;ncia/com respaldo do governo da vez. Podemos pensar que, desta vez, o objetivo &#233; nobre e at&#233; mesmo alinhado com os fins &#250;ltimos do CADE. Mas nada impede que, em outro contexto, agendas menos nobres sejam perseguidas.</p><p>N&#227;o devemos pensar que a independ&#234;ncia pol&#237;tica do CADE s&#243; &#233; afetada por aquilo que &#233; mais rasteiro: a investiga&#231;&#227;o contra institutos de pesquisas eleitorais, contra o Google por <em>Fake News</em>, ou o favorecimento da Transbrasil, ou&#8230; </p><h4>A investiga&#231;&#227;o contra a Morat&#243;ria da Soja: a politiza&#231;&#227;o do CADE como resultado da a&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;as externas</h4><p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o contra a Morat&#243;ria da Soja &#233; um caso interessante, pois ele contribui com o estudo de outra forma de eros&#227;o da &#8220;independ&#234;ncia pol&#237;tica&#8221; que defini acima. Isto &#233;, a possibilidade de o CADE ser capturado por agentes externos para que promovam seus interesses pol&#237;ticos. N&#227;o estou dizendo que isso ocorreu nesse caso.</p><p>Segundo a Superintend&#234;ncia-Geral do CADE (SG), a Morat&#243;ria da Soja &#233;</p><blockquote><p><em>um compromisso volunt&#225;rio entre empresas do setor &#8211; principalmente as grandes tradings, que eram concorrentes no mercado de compra da leguminosa &#8211;, organiza&#231;&#245;es ambientalistas (como o Greenpeace) e associa&#231;&#245;es empresariais como a ABIOVE e a ANEC. O pacto estabeleceu que n&#227;o seria mais comercializada soja cultivada em &#225;reas do Bioma Amaz&#244;nia desmatadas ap&#243;s 24 de julho de 2008.</em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a></p></blockquote><p>Em 2024, a SG iniciou a investiga&#231;&#227;o contra a Morat&#243;ria da Soja a partir de representa&#231;&#227;o da Comiss&#227;o de Agricultura, Pecu&#225;ria, Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento Rural da C&#226;mara dos Deputados. A SG tamb&#233;m recebeu representa&#231;&#245;es da APROSOJA, da Confedera&#231;&#227;o da Agricultura e Pecu&#225;ria do Brasil e da Comiss&#227;o de Agricultura e Reforma Agr&#225;ria do Senado Federal. </p><p>No geral, esses atores defendem que a Morat&#243;ria da Soja &#233; usada para </p><blockquote><p><em>[&#8230;] fomentar uma conduta concertada entre concorrentes, principalmente no que se refere &#224;s traders de soja, as quais estariam estruturando um cartel de compra. Tal colus&#227;o pode ter ocasionado boicotes coletivos e imposi&#231;&#245;es abusivas para aquisi&#231;&#227;o da soja dos produtores, impondo regula&#231;&#245;es que extrapolam a viabilidade comercial e a legisla&#231;&#227;o nacional.</em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a></p></blockquote><p>A SG concordou preliminarmente com essa vis&#227;o, e imp&#244;s medida preventiva para que a Moratoria da Soja fosse imediatamente suspensa. </p><p>O problema da decis&#227;o &#233; que ela &#233; muito mal fundamentada. Leiam por si mesmos. A medida que avan&#231;amos na leitura, fica a impress&#227;o de que a SG n&#227;o conseguiu: (1) entender o funcionamento da Morat&#243;ria da Soja; (2) explicar como poderia ser anticompetitiva; ou (3) apresentar provas nesse sentido. </p><p>A Morat&#243;ria da Soja n&#227;o deve gozar de imunidade antitruste, mas ao equipar&#225;-la a um &#8220;cartel de compras&#8221;, a SG ignorou o contexto que levou ao seu surgimento e &#224; sua implementa&#231;&#227;o, e o apoio institucional que recebe do Estado Brasileiro e da sociedade civil.</p><p>Na pen&#250;ltima sess&#227;o de julgamento, uma maioria dos Conselheiros questionou o entendimento da SG.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a> Contudo, o resultado final do julgamento &#233; decepcionante, pois a medida preventiva foi mantida mesmo quando a conclus&#227;o foi de que n&#227;o havia elementos suficientes para mant&#234;-la. Seria essa decis&#227;o mais uma evid&#234;ncia da Hip&#243;tese do Lanterna Verde?<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-11" href="#footnote-11" target="_self">11</a></p><p>Talvez alguns de voc&#234;s possam ter ficado satisfeitos e pensado que &#8220;as institui&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o funcionando&#8221;. Esse caso me chamou aten&#231;&#227;o para o risco que corremos de ver decis&#245;es que usam a t&#233;cnica antitruste para conferir legitimidade a decis&#245;es aparantemente pol&#237;ticas ou que visam a atender grupos de interesse. Decis&#245;es a respeito das quais especulamos as motiva&#231;&#245;es pol&#237;ticas subjacentes. </p><p>O ponto &#233; menos se isso ocorreu nesse caso espec&#237;fico ou n&#227;o. N&#227;o tenho provas. No entanto, h&#225; hoje constrangimento para que o CADE tome decis&#245;es essencialmente pol&#237;ticas, ou apenas contamos apenas com a boa vontade de quem est&#225; l&#225;?</p><p>Enquanto isso, um assunto clamava por manifesta&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica do CADE h&#225; meses, at&#233; anos&#8230;</p><h4>O Leil&#227;o do Tecon Santos 10: deixa que eu deixo?</h4><p>O CADE tem assistido &#224; Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Transportes Aquavi&#225;rios (ANTAQ) e ao Minist&#233;rio de Portos (MPor) desenhar de forma anticompetitiva o leil&#227;o do novo terminal de cont&#234;ineres do Porto de Santos (o Tecon Santos 10). O leil&#227;o definir&#225; quem ser&#225; o novo operador do terminal, e &#233; considerado o leil&#227;o mais importante da hist&#243;ria do setor portu&#225;rio brasileiro, dada a relev&#226;ncia econ&#244;mica do Porto de Santos e a necessidade de amplia&#231;&#227;o da sua capacidade de movimentar cont&#234;ineres.</p><p>Desde a proposta original para o leil&#227;o, em 2019, h&#225; discuss&#245;es sobre qual o formato de leil&#227;o seria mais competitivo e, ao final, permitiria que o setor portu&#225;rio fosse o mais competitivo poss&#237;vel. Naquele contexto, o formato proposto tamb&#233;m tinha vi&#233;s anticompetitivo. </p><p>A SG emitiu parecer favor&#225;vel aquele formato. Na &#233;poca, em composi&#231;&#227;o diferente, nada se ouviu dos Conselheiros ou do Presidente do CADE&#8230; ou pelo menos nada que fosse capaz de influenciar o debate.</p><p>Com uma nova proposta de leil&#227;o na mesa, tamb&#233;m h&#225; discuss&#245;es semelhantes. Foge ao escopo deste texto explicar todas elas &#8212; o importante &#233; que elas versam sobre defesa da concorr&#234;ncia. Passados cerca de 10 meses da nova proposta do leil&#227;o, e com a proposta j&#225; sa&#237;da da ANTAQ para revis&#227;o do TCU, as contribui&#231;&#245;es do CADE foram, por assim dizer, t&#237;midas.</p><p>Primeiro, o Departamento de Estudos Econ&#244;micos (DEE) se manifestou por escrito, e, em seguida, o atual Presidente do CADE se limitou a se manifestar oralmente em uma audi&#234;ncia p&#250;blica do TCU.</p><p>At&#233; ent&#227;o, havia um sentimento de que o leil&#227;o n&#227;o contava com uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o formal e definitiva do CADE. Tanto isso era verdade que, conforme reporta o Estad&#227;o, em 06/09/2025, o TCU enviou of&#237;cio &#224; Presid&#234;ncia do CADE pedindo uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o formal por escrito. Logo em seguida, em 08/09/2025, voltou atr&#225;s e direcionou tal of&#237;cio &#224; SG. </p><p>Tal movimento foi visto com surpresa pela Presid&#234;ncia do CADE, que em tese seria o &#243;rg&#227;o que representa legalmente o CADE.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-12" href="#footnote-12" target="_self">12</a> Ainda segundo o Estad&#227;o, o atual Superintendente-Geral do CADE &#233; apadrinhado de um dos Ministros do TCU.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-13" href="#footnote-13" target="_self">13</a> Lembro que &#233; o mesmo Superintendente-Geral que, no contexto da primeira proposta para o leil&#227;o do Tecon Santos 10, corroborou a posi&#231;&#227;o da ANTAQ de vi&#233;s anticompetitivo.</p><p>O CADE ficou numa posi&#231;&#227;o delicada, pois correu o risco de apresentar opini&#245;es conflitantes. O Presidente do CADE disse ser a favor de um leil&#227;o aberto, sem restri&#231;&#245;es a concorrentes, mas aparentemente esta &#233; uma opini&#227;o pessoal. </p><p>A expectativa era que a SG fosse, em alguma medida, se alinhar &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o da ANTAQ e do MPor. Acabou que emitiu, em conjunto com o DEE, uma nota t&#233;cnica &#8220;em cima do muro&#8221;, da qual os dois lados da disputa pin&#231;am argumentos a seu favor.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-14" href="#footnote-14" target="_self">14</a></p><p>Eu n&#227;o tenho a informa&#231;&#245;es de bastidores. Essa ressalva &#233; importante pois talvez ela explique a minha perplexidade sobre esse assunto.</p><p>Quero dizer: como pode o CADE advogar pelo PL 4675/2025, mas se conter numa discuss&#227;o em que foi explicitamente convocado a opinar? </p><p>Para mim, &#233; curioso que o CADE tem usado seu espa&#231;o no debate p&#250;blico para preparar o terreno a favor do PL, cuja tramita&#231;&#227;o &#233; incerta, mas n&#227;o para chamar a aten&#231;&#227;o da sociedade para um leil&#227;o que ser&#225; realizado nos pr&#243;ximos meses. </p><p>Al&#233;m disso, o CADE tem e tinha recursos e prerrogativas para se manifestar sobre o leil&#227;o de forma consistente e unificada. O que n&#227;o ocorreu, mas n&#227;o sei bem por qual motivo.</p><h4>Conclus&#227;o</h4><p>Em outras palavras, os epis&#243;dios recentes revelaram que o CADE precisa ter uma delimita&#231;&#227;o mais clara de como se manifesta e dialoga na execu&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas publicas. Quais &#243;rg&#227;os se manifestam em qual ocasi&#227;o? Qual a fronteira entre a fun&#231;&#227;o judicante e educativa do CADE?</p><p>Tamb&#233;m me pergunto se esses epis&#243;dios n&#227;o lan&#231;am d&#250;vidas sobre as prioridades do CADE nesse ano e para os pr&#243;ximos, tanto em termos de <em>enforcement</em> quanto em termos de advocacia da concorr&#234;ncia. &#192;s vezes, a impress&#227;o que fico &#233; que o CADE &#233; mais guiado por modismos da vez, nacionais (bets, combust&#237;veis, futebol, agroneg&#243;cio) ou internacionais (IA, RH), o que &#233; louv&#225;vel at&#233; certo ponto. Mas questiono se n&#227;o seria melhor buscar evid&#234;ncias mais concretas sobre quais mercados ou condutas podem de fato apresentar gargalos competitivos.</p><p>Lendo o planejamento estrat&#233;gico do CADE, sabemos que o setor digital &#233; uma prioridade. Nada mais.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-15" href="#footnote-15" target="_self">15</a></p><p>Por fim, a independ&#234;ncia do CADE n&#227;o &#233; um dado. Eu gostaria de pensar que o caso da Morat&#243;ria da Soja &#233; um evento isolado, por assim dizer. Mas n&#227;o podemos ignorar outros eventos isolados nos &#250;ltimos anos.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-16" href="#footnote-16" target="_self">16</a></p><p>N&#227;o chamaria a politiza&#231;&#227;o do CADE de &#8220;tend&#234;ncia&#8221;. Vemos mais certas &#8220;ondas&#8221; a depender de press&#245;es e interesses diversos dentro e fora do CADE. Isso n&#227;o tira a responsabilidade de quem est&#225; l&#225; hoje, muito menos torna a politiza&#231;&#227;o do CADE algo mais toler&#225;vel. No fim do dia, o receio &#233; que a independ&#234;ncia do CADE seja uma quest&#227;o de conveni&#234;ncia: h&#225; julgamentos t&#233;cnicos e julgamentos pol&#237;ticos, paci&#234;ncia. N&#227;o me parece que deva ser assim. </p><p>Se voc&#234; chegou at&#233; aqui, talvez at&#233; pense que eu sou uma esp&#233;cie de detrator do CADE e dos seus servidores. N&#227;o &#233; este o caso, n&#227;o tenho tamanha ambi&#231;&#227;o. </p><p>Se eu estiver errado, tudo bem. Podemos todos botar a cabe&#231;a no travesseiro e ir dormir tranquilos. Amanh&#227; ser&#225; um novo dia, e podemos olhar com orgulho para as nossas 4,5 estrelas.</p><p>Mas se eu estiver certo?</p><p>Danny</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Muito obrigado por ter lido. Se voc&#234; gostou desse post, por favor considere se inscrever e compartilhar &#8212; ajuda demais!</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/desse-fruto-nao-comereis-1?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTU3ODAzMTA1LCJpYXQiOjE3NjE2Njc4NjIsImV4cCI6MTc2NDI1OTg2MiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTc0NTExNyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.N84zwewilJaDuYARTcZrfrj0gMtA0DBlCIT88yCnByc&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/desse-fruto-nao-comereis-1?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTU3ODAzMTA1LCJpYXQiOjE3NjE2Njc4NjIsImV4cCI6MTc2NDI1OTg2MiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTc0NTExNyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.N84zwewilJaDuYARTcZrfrj0gMtA0DBlCIT88yCnByc"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>O texto publicado em O Globo est&#225; atr&#225;s de uma paywall. Em seguida, alguns servidores do CADE e do Minist&#233;rio da Fazenda publicaram texto no Nexo Jornal, que &#233; gratuito. O texto &#233; essencialmente o mesmo, com exce&#231;&#227;o da ausente men&#231;&#227;o a setores espec&#237;ficos da economia digital.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Vide, por exemplo, o planejamento estrat&#233;gico do CADE (<a href="https://www.gov.br/cade/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/institucional/planejamento-estrategico/2025-2028">aqui</a>).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>A respeito das formas que o CADE pode sofrer influ&#234;ncia pol&#237;tica, recomendo: <em>Political Influence on Brazilian Antitrust Enforcement</em>, de Arthur Guerra Filho (<a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3702572">aqui</a>). Agrade&#231;o ao Dr. Doom pela indica&#231;&#227;o.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>A esse respeito, vide, por exemplo, documento de trabalho do DEE <em>Metodologias de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de A&#231;&#245;es de Advocacia da Concorr&#234;ncia</em> (2023) (<a href="https://cdn.cade.gov.br/Portal/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/estudos-economicos/documentos-de-trabalho/2023/DT_004-Avocacia-da-Concorrencia.pdf">aqui</a>).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Escrevi com mais detalhes sobre o (infeliz) desejo do governo de regular big techs em <em>A Digital Nirvana</em> (<a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/a-digital-nirvana">aqui</a>). </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Art. 4o  da LDC.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Em <em>The Dimensions of Judicial Impartiality</em> (<a href="https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1138&amp;context=flr">aqui</a>), Charles Geyh explora como o envolvimento de ju&#237;zes em atividades pol&#237;ticas, interesses pessoais pode comprometer a legitimidade do judici&#225;rio.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>Nota T&#233;cnica 73/2025</em> (<a href="https://sei.cade.gov.br/sei/modulos/pesquisa/md_pesq_documento_consulta_externa.php?11fcbFkN81DNKUdhz4iilnqI5_uKxXOK06JWeBzhMdu1o7VqyXeq9tKSSC3I_YlnBX8Qjt099g7spbtEu5Ayy_lq23j2uJf9j8LYaR7wwUF9r_oBfhMrF7rrl5DPkKDJ">aqui</a>).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Idem.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Na &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de julgamento, tivemos a not&#237;cia de que um dos membros do Tribunal do CADE mudou o seu voto por &#8220;manobra de ata de julgamento&#8221;. Quem acompanha o Di&#225;rio Oficial da Uni&#227;o deve ter notado. Senti que era importante deixar isso registrado aqui.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-11" href="#footnote-anchor-11" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">11</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>A hip&#243;tese de que o CADE tem o poder &#8220;de fato&#8221; de tomar quaisquer medidas sem conten&#231;&#245;es relevantes, conforme<em> CADE&#8217;s Officials are Green Lanterns </em>(<a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns">aqui</a>).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-12" href="#footnote-anchor-12" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">12</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Art. 10, I, da LDC.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-13" href="#footnote-anchor-13" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">13</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><a href="https://www.estadao.com.br/economia/tcu-direciona-reavaliacao-leilao-mega-terminal-porto-santos-aliado-ministro/?srsltid=AfmBOoqW0wqUhcr-Y573EfZ_bRP9903rrmQQr6OWKwXLXF8XY6WmKKg9">Aqui</a>. Infelizmente, a mat&#233;ria est&#225; atr&#225;s de uma paywall.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-14" href="#footnote-anchor-14" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">14</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em><a href="https://static.poder360.com.br/2025/09/Nota-Tecnica-STS-10-Cade.pdf">Nota T&#233;cnica Conjunta 1/2025/SG-DEE/CADE</a></em>. Na minha opini&#227;o pessoal, a nota &#233; mais a favor de um leil&#227;o aberto e irrestrito. </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-15" href="#footnote-anchor-15" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">15</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Vide Nota #2 acima.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-16" href="#footnote-anchor-16" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">16</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Tratei de alguns epis&#243;dios em <em>The Rise of Political &#8220;Competition Law&#8221; </em>(<a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/the-rise-of-political-competition">aqui</a>).</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Desse fruto não comereis (1)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Alguns coment&#225;rios sobre Mercado Livre v. Apple]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/desse-fruto-nao-comereis-1</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/desse-fruto-nao-comereis-1</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 08 Apr 2025 15:46:26 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!67jV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3157940-e4ab-45c6-93fd-5cd470a7b3d6_1024x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!67jV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3157940-e4ab-45c6-93fd-5cd470a7b3d6_1024x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://sei.cade.gov.br/sei/modulos/pesquisa/md_pesq_documento_consulta_externa.php?HJ7F4wnIPj2Y8B7Bj80h1lskjh7ohC8yMfhLoDBLddZGjmDYkx3_EXIVLLLrA_C3ojklC750gYvLk4Wjzp2CQAzNjE5yiDgT6lb0_1xdyihsVVs3J1xFcXVJMWUJOcf9">As extensas 52 p&#225;ginas da medida preventiva contra a Apple nos distraem</a>. A sua complexidade t&#233;cnica esconde, na verdade, quest&#245;es de princ&#237;pios e como aplic&#225;-los. Basicamente, o caso &#233; sobre a (i) legalidade de modelos de neg&#243;cio integrados e (ii) a (n&#227;o) centralidade do bem-estar do consumidor.</p><p>Como a Superintend&#234;ncia-Geral do CADE (SG) n&#227;o discute essas quest&#245;es de princ&#237;pio de frente, &#233; mais f&#225;cil tomarmos a medida preventiva pelo valor de face. Olhando com mais calma, percebemos que ela penaliza um modelo de neg&#243;cios integrado sem evid&#234;ncia de preju&#237;zo aos consumidores. A medida preventiva ainda redesenha o mercado e uma empresa em prol de certos interesses particulares de concorrentes.  </p><p><em>Sen&#227;o vejamos</em>.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h4>Fatos e principais alega&#231;&#245;es</h4><p>Os fatos podem ser resumidos da seguinte forma: </p><ol><li><p>O Mercado Livre (MeLi) &#233; um <em>marketplace</em> que conecta varejistas e consumidores, com foco em produtos f&#237;sicos. </p></li><li><p>O MeLi criou um programa de fidelidade (MeLi+) que permite ao consumidor ter acesso a benef&#237;cios adicionais, como frete gr&#225;tis nas suas compras. O MeLi+ tem dois planos: um mais b&#225;sico e outro mais premium.</p></li><li><p>Al&#233;m de benef&#237;cios associados ao pr&#243;prio <em>marketplace</em> do MeLi, o MeLi+ oferece a possibilidade de adquirir bens/servi&#231;os digitais<em> de terceiros </em>(i.e., que n&#227;o s&#227;o propriet&#225;rios do MeLi), tais como servi&#231;os de streaming (ex. uma assinatura do Disney Plus). Tais bens/servi&#231;os est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no plano premium.</p></li><li><p>O consumidor pode assinar o MeLi+ o por meio do aplicativo do MeLi para iOS (sistema operacional do iPhone), pelo navegador m&#243;vel (Android ou iOS) ou via PC. </p></li><li><p>No iPhone, as regras da App Store (a loja de aplicativos para iPhone) exigem que aplicativos que tenham mecanismos de venda (ex. a assinatura do MeLi+) utilizem a solu&#231;&#227;o de pagamento pr&#243;pria da Apple (Solu&#231;&#227;o IAP). </p></li><li><p>A Apple cobra dos desenvolvedores (no caso, o MeLi) uma comiss&#227;o pelo uso da Solu&#231;&#227;o IAP. N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel utilizar solu&#231;&#245;es de terceiros ou redirecionar os consumidores para outros ambientes (i.e., uma regra <em>anti-steering</em>).</p></li><li><p>As regras da App Store impedem que bens/servi&#231;os digitais de terceiros sejam distribu&#237;dos por meio dos aplicativos registrados na App Store, de modo que o plano premium n&#227;o pode ser disponibilizado no aplicativo do MeLi dispon&#237;vel na App Store. </p></li><li><p>No caso do Disney Plus, o consumidor deveria baixar o aplicativo diretamente da App Store e assinar os planos no site. Quando do login, &#233; poss&#237;vel vincular a conta ao benef&#237;cio associado ao MeLi+.</p></li></ol><p>Chamarei as regras indicadas nos itens 5, 6 e 7 de &#8220;Restri&#231;&#245;es iOS&#8221;.</p><p>A alega&#231;&#227;o do MeLi &#233; que a Apple abusa de sua posi&#231;&#227;o dominante nos mercados de (i) sistemas operacionais m&#243;veis (via iOS), (ii) distribui&#231;&#227;o de (a) aplicativos e (b) de bens/servi&#231;os digitais <em>de terceiros</em> no ecossistema iPhone (via App Store) e (iii) meios de pagamento no ecossistema iPhone (via Solu&#231;&#227;o IAP). Alega&#231;&#227;o com a qual a SG parece concordar.</p><p>De forma mais concreta, a Apple:</p><ul><li><p>Criaria barreiras artificiais &#224; entrada no segmento de distribui&#231;&#227;o de aplicativos e de bens/servi&#231;os digitais de terceiros no <em>ecossistema</em> iPhone (i.e., todo o conjunto de servi&#231;os associados ao iPhone, incluindo o iOS, a App Store e a Solu&#231;&#227;o IAP, mais detalhes abaixo). Isto &#233;, a Apple restringiria indevidamente que aplicativos e bens/servi&#231;os digitais de terceiros sejam distribu&#237;dos por outros canais ou meios que n&#227;o a App Store.</p></li><li><p>Adotou um mecanismo de <em>venda casada</em> ao vincular o iOS, a distribui&#231;&#227;o de aplicativos, compras nesses aplicativos e a Solu&#231;&#227;o IAP. Isso impediria o desenvolvimento de solu&#231;&#245;es de pagamentos alternativas no ecossistema iPhone.</p></li></ul><h4>&#8220;Mercado relevante&#8221;, conclus&#245;es da SG e a (contestada) medida preventiva</h4><p>Na vis&#227;o da SG, o iPhone n&#227;o &#233; s&#243; o ecossistema afetado pelas restri&#231;&#245;es criadas pela Apple, como &#233; <em>o mercado relevante</em> afetado. Na verdade, h&#225; quatro mercados relevantes, todos com fronteiras que come&#231;am e terminam no pr&#243;prio iPhone: </p><ol><li><p>o mercado de sistema operacionais m&#243;veis <em>n&#227;o licenci&#225;veis</em> (i.e., o pr&#243;prio iOS).</p></li><li><p>o mercado de distribui&#231;&#227;o de aplicativos para iPhone (i.e., a pr&#243;pria App Store). </p></li><li><p>o mercado de solu&#231;&#245;es de pagamento de transa&#231;&#245;es em iPhones (i.e., a pr&#243;pria Solu&#231;&#227;o IAP).</p></li><li><p>o mercado de distribui&#231;&#227;o de bens e servi&#231;os digitais de terceiros no iPhone (ex. assinaturas do Disney Plus via MeLi+).</p></li></ol><p>Todos s&#227;o analisados sob a &#243;tica geogr&#225;fica nacional. </p><p>As defini&#231;&#245;es de mercado aqui importam para a SG porque, se as alega&#231;&#245;es do MeLi s&#227;o baseadas numa teoria de &#8220;fechamento de mercado&#8221;, &#224; primeira vista parece importante definir quais mercados seriam fechados.</p><p>Mais importante do que isso, as defini&#231;&#245;es importam porque <strong>a conclus&#227;o de que iOS, App Store e a Solu&#231;&#227;o IAP s&#227;o mercados relevantes em si mesmos leva automaticamente a uma conclus&#227;o de que a Apple &#233; monopolista nesses mercados</strong>.</p><p>Nesse contexto, &#233; intuitivo pensarmos que a empresa det&#233;m uma domin&#226;ncia incontest&#225;vel e Restri&#231;&#245;es iOS agora investigadas s&#227;o um reflexo dessa domin&#226;ncia.</p><p>N&#227;o por acaso, a SG conclui que as Restri&#231;&#245;es iOS restringem indevidamente a concorr&#234;ncia<em> dentro do ecossistema iPhone</em>. Em outras palavras, a Apple n&#227;o poderia impedir que existam lojas de aplicativos ou de bens/servi&#231;os digitais alternativos e que desenvolvedores utilizem sistemas de pagamentos alternativos. </p><p><strong>A medida preventiva imposta pela SG visa remediar essa situa&#231;&#227;o, em moldes semelhantes ao Digital Markets Act (DMA) na Europa. Tanto l&#225; quanto c&#225;, a Apple foi obrigada a &#8220;abrir&#8221; o ecossistema iPhone para lojas de aplicativos e sistemas de pagamentos ofertados por terceiros</strong>.</p><p>No entanto, as defini&#231;&#245;es adotadas pela SG s&#227;o m&#237;opes. Defini&#231;&#245;es de mercado mais amplas poderiam levar a uma conclus&#227;o de que n&#227;o h&#225; restri&#231;&#227;o &#224; concorr&#234;ncia, dado que a relev&#226;ncia da Apple seria bem menor. Por exemplo, mercados que consideram:</p><ol><li><p>Smartphones de todos os sistemas operacionais, que comp&#245;em uma base mais ampla de clientes do MeLi e outros desenvolvedores de aplicativos m&#243;veis e bens/servi&#231;os digitais. Lembrando que, em alguns casos, aplicativos e bens/servi&#231;os tamb&#233;m est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis via PC e a partir disso podem ser usados em mais de um dispositivo (ex. uma mesma assinatura MeLi+, Disney Plus ou Spotify pode ser adquirida e utilizada em mais de um dispositivo).</p></li><li><p>O segmento mais amplo de processamento de transa&#231;&#245;es, o que incluiria uma ampla de gama de transa&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o necessariamente associadas a aplicativos ou bens/servi&#231;os digitais. <a href="https://www.ecommercebrasil.com.br/noticias/e-commerce-resultados-2024-brasil-abcomm">Por exemplo, transa&#231;&#245;es do e-commerce (+/- R$ 200 bi)</a>.</p></li></ol><h4>Precisamos levar o bem-estar do consumidor a s&#233;rio (ou: como avaliar este caso corretamente)</h4><p>H&#225; algo mais importante aqui: as defini&#231;&#245;es adotadas pela SG <em>prejudicam</em> a avalia&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;rito do caso. Eu s&#243; percebi esse defeito na decis&#227;o quando cometi o erro de tentar desconstrui-las.</p><p>O foco da an&#225;lise desse caso deve ser os consumidores finais, e em que medida eles:</p><ul><li><p>Estariam impedidos de acessar os aplicativos e bens/servi&#231;os digitais de terceiros; e</p></li><li><p>Pagariam pre&#231;os mais caros em transa&#231;&#245;es. </p></li></ul><p>Esses pontos n&#227;o s&#227;o discutidos em nenhum momento da decis&#227;o.</p><p>O que importa para a SG n&#227;o &#233; se o modelo da Apple permite a ela ter um poder de mercado que, se exercido, prejudica o consumidor. O que importa para a SG &#233; se o modelo da Apple n&#227;o concede acesso ao ecossistema iPhone na extens&#227;o desejada por concorrentes/pela pr&#243;pria SG.</p><p>Certamente o modelo da Apple restringe a concorr&#234;ncia. Tal restri&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233;, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, diferente de outros modelos de integra&#231;&#227;o vertical.</p><h4>Alguns princ&#237;pios sobre integra&#231;&#227;o vertical (infelizmente esquecidos pela SG)</h4><p>Um modelo de integra&#231;&#227;o vertical restringe a concorr&#234;ncia na <em>demanda por insumos da empresa integrada. </em><strong>Isso &#233; da pr&#243;pria natureza da integra&#231;&#227;o vertical. </strong>A Intel desenha chips que ela mesmo fabrica, a Petrobras refina o petr&#243;leo que ela produz, o MeLi tem o pr&#243;prio sistema de pagamentos, e por a&#237; vai.</p><p>A integra&#231;&#227;o vertical por si s&#243; n&#227;o &#233; anticompetitiva. Uma empresa tem plena liberdade de adotar um modelo verticalizado. A integra&#231;&#227;o vertical s&#243; &#233; um problema se a empresa adotar comportamentos anticompetitivos aproveitando-se dessa condi&#231;&#227;o.</p><p><strong>O direito da concorr&#234;ncia n&#227;o cria um dever da empresa integrada, ainda que seja monopolista, de criar uma demanda de insumos </strong><em><strong>em favor</strong></em><strong> de terceiros</strong>. Isto &#233;, o direito da concorr&#234;ncia n&#227;o existe para <em>desintegrar</em> as empresas, por mais relevante que a demanda dessas empresas potencialmente seja. </p><p>N&#227;o &#233; fun&#231;&#227;o do direito da concorr&#234;ncia criar ou viabilizar um canal de vendas para os fornecedores. Os fornecedores &#233; que precisam se ajustar &#224; demanda. Arquitetar a estrutura do mercado &#233; mais t&#237;pico da regula&#231;&#227;o setorial ou de pol&#237;tica industrial.</p><p><strong>No direito concorrencial brasileiro, os concorrentes n&#227;o s&#227;o obrigados a facilitar a vida de outros concorrentes, muito menos negociar com concorrentes nos termos que tais concorrentes desejam</strong>. Isso &#233; inerente ao direito de propriedade e &#224; liberdade de iniciativa.</p><p>Al&#233;m disso, &#233; amplamente aceito que integra&#231;&#245;es verticais geram benef&#237;cios aos consumidores. </p><p>Por conta disso, <strong>tamb&#233;m n&#227;o existe no direito concorrencial brasileiro uma presun&#231;&#227;o contra integra&#231;&#245;es verticais</strong>. O que se pune no Brasil s&#227;o condutas espec&#237;ficas associadas a uma empresa verticalmente integrada.</p><p>O MeLi deseja que a Apple <em>viabilize</em> a distribui&#231;&#227;o de bens e servi&#231;os digitais de terceiros para iPhone por outras empresas, o que atualmente s&#243; &#233; permitido via App Store. O MeLi tamb&#233;m quer se livrar da obriga&#231;&#227;o de utilizar a Solu&#231;&#227;o IAP, e talvez usar outras solu&#231;&#245;es a serem desenvolvidas por terceiros ou por si pr&#243;prio. </p><p>Foi isso que a SG concedeu em sua medida preventiva, n&#227;o s&#243; em benef&#237;cio do MeLi, mas tamb&#233;m de qualquer outro desenvolvedor. </p><p>Infelizmente, a decis&#227;o n&#227;o tem qualquer considera&#231;&#227;o sobre se esse novo arranjo privilegia os consumidores ou atende apenas aos interesses do MeLi (e outros concorrentes).</p><p>A Intel &#233; obrigada a permitir que outras empresas desenhem ou fabriquem os seus chips? Parece que n&#227;o.</p><p>O caso da Apple n&#227;o se trata sobre complexas teorias do dano envolvendo ecossistemas digitais, mas sim sobre quais princ&#237;pios norteiam o nosso direito concorrencial em casos envolvendo integra&#231;&#227;o vertical (para al&#233;m do bem-estar do consumidor, visto na se&#231;&#227;o anterior).</p><p>A dificuldade de entender que esses princ&#237;pios tamb&#233;m se aproveitam &#224; Apple pode derivar da complexidade do seu modelo de neg&#243;cios. O ecossistema iPhone re&#250;ne diversos atores: usu&#225;rios, desenvolvedores e a pr&#243;pria Apple em diferentes bens e servi&#231;os associados. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wRjU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb461d8f-bb8c-4195-bc58-c436e6d20c2c_979x643.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wRjU!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb461d8f-bb8c-4195-bc58-c436e6d20c2c_979x643.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wRjU!, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bb461d8f-bb8c-4195-bc58-c436e6d20c2c_979x643.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:643,&quot;width&quot;:979,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:720,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wRjU!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb461d8f-bb8c-4195-bc58-c436e6d20c2c_979x643.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wRjU!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb461d8f-bb8c-4195-bc58-c436e6d20c2c_979x643.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wRjU!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb461d8f-bb8c-4195-bc58-c436e6d20c2c_979x643.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wRjU!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb461d8f-bb8c-4195-bc58-c436e6d20c2c_979x643.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Fonte: SG (em sua decis&#227;o).</figcaption></figure></div><p>O desafio da empresa que gere um <em>ecossistema</em> &#233; que ela n&#227;o pode se apoiar apenas no seu pr&#243;prio direito de propriedade para assegurar a integra&#231;&#227;o. Para tanto, ela precisa criar regras e contratos sobre a atua&#231;&#227;o de cada ator no contexto do ecossistema.</p><p>Em contraste, em um modelo mais linear, a empresa pode simplesmente decidir n&#227;o fornecer/adquirir um insumo (ex. a Intel pode simplesmente decidir n&#227;o fabricar chips de terceiros ou n&#227;o licenciar o desenho dos seus chips). </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xbnu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdec3e3f1-3db4-4321-9ae8-62e51c8b1000_640x424.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xbnu!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdec3e3f1-3db4-4321-9ae8-62e51c8b1000_640x424.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xbnu!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdec3e3f1-3db4-4321-9ae8-62e51c8b1000_640x424.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xbnu!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdec3e3f1-3db4-4321-9ae8-62e51c8b1000_640x424.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xbnu!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdec3e3f1-3db4-4321-9ae8-62e51c8b1000_640x424.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xbnu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdec3e3f1-3db4-4321-9ae8-62e51c8b1000_640x424.png" width="724" height="479.65" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dec3e3f1-3db4-4321-9ae8-62e51c8b1000_640x424.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:424,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:724,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Integrated intel was competing with a competitive modular ecosystem&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Integrated intel was competing with a competitive modular ecosystem" title="Integrated intel was competing with a competitive modular ecosystem" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xbnu!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdec3e3f1-3db4-4321-9ae8-62e51c8b1000_640x424.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xbnu!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdec3e3f1-3db4-4321-9ae8-62e51c8b1000_640x424.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xbnu!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdec3e3f1-3db4-4321-9ae8-62e51c8b1000_640x424.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xbnu!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdec3e3f1-3db4-4321-9ae8-62e51c8b1000_640x424.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://stratechery.com/2018/intel-and-the-danger-of-integration/">Fonte: Stratechery</a>.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Assim como uma integra&#231;&#227;o vertical mais linear, um ecossistema integrado por si s&#243; n&#227;o &#233; anticompetitivo. Ele pode gerar benef&#237;cios significativos aos consumidores, e tamb&#233;m aos pr&#243;prios agentes que fazem parte desse ecossistema. Tais benef&#237;cios podem estar associados &#224;s regras vistas como restritivas &#224; concorr&#234;ncia.</p><p>&#201; importante lembrar que o grau de integra&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; um elemento de competi&#231;&#227;o entre as empresas. O iPhone &#233; centrado em um ecossistema mais fechado, enquanto smartphones Android s&#227;o centrados em um ecossistema mais aberto. Ambos os modelos concorrem entre si pela prefer&#234;ncia dos consumidores.</p><p>Feita a digress&#227;o, surge a d&#250;vida de como os princ&#237;pios apresentados aqui nos ajudam a responder &#224;s quest&#245;es centrais do caso.</p><h4>Os princ&#237;pios aplicados ao caso concreto: aus&#234;ncia de fechamento de mercado, dano aos consumidores ou &#8220;abuso de posi&#231;&#227;o dominante&#8221;</h4><p>As Restri&#231;&#245;es iOS n&#227;o impedem que consumidores tenham acesso a aplicativos e bens/servi&#231;os digitais ofertados pelo MeLi. Um usu&#225;rio MeLi pode assinar o MeLi+ via aplicativo (vers&#227;o mais b&#225;sica) ou via navegador web do pr&#243;prio iPhone (vers&#227;o mais avan&#231;ada, que inclui servi&#231;os de terceiros). Tamb&#233;m pode assinar via PC e ent&#227;o usar a mesma conta no aplicativo para iPhone. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y5-v!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1bdcc0b-1303-4caa-9308-d717f8f53231_830x463.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y5-v!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1bdcc0b-1303-4caa-9308-d717f8f53231_830x463.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y5-v!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1bdcc0b-1303-4caa-9308-d717f8f53231_830x463.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y5-v!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1bdcc0b-1303-4caa-9308-d717f8f53231_830x463.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y5-v!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1bdcc0b-1303-4caa-9308-d717f8f53231_830x463.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y5-v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1bdcc0b-1303-4caa-9308-d717f8f53231_830x463.png" width="724" height="403.8698795180723" 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/__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1bdcc0b-1303-4caa-9308-d717f8f53231_830x463.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y5-v!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1bdcc0b-1303-4caa-9308-d717f8f53231_830x463.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y5-v!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1bdcc0b-1303-4caa-9308-d717f8f53231_830x463.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y5-v!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1bdcc0b-1303-4caa-9308-d717f8f53231_830x463.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://sei.cade.gov.br/sei/modulos/pesquisa/md_pesq_documento_consulta_externa.php?HJ7F4wnIPj2Y8B7Bj80h1lskjh7ohC8yMfhLoDBLddbrgrULg56HZU0F7m9pTyshKx5VgkSScOlwtr97EqHoF4xUvBs1wY7e3TbNeD8DYqcHZNGTmPeuqiyNW_4yMzdE">Fonte: Apple</a>.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Um usu&#225;rio MeLi+ tamb&#233;m pode assinar o Disney Plus via PC e ent&#227;o vincular sua conta MeLi+.</p><p>N&#227;o s&#243; os usu&#225;rios do iPhone t&#234;m formas de assinar o MeLi+ dentro e fora do iPhone, como o MeLi pode acessar os outros milh&#245;es de brasileiros que utilizam Android. Em 2023, 81% dos celulares no Brasil eram Android.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_cUr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7afae43d-31fd-4b32-8ad0-5999c8921fc9_660x865.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_cUr!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7afae43d-31fd-4b32-8ad0-5999c8921fc9_660x865.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_cUr!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7afae43d-31fd-4b32-8ad0-5999c8921fc9_660x865.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_cUr!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7afae43d-31fd-4b32-8ad0-5999c8921fc9_660x865.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_cUr!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7afae43d-31fd-4b32-8ad0-5999c8921fc9_660x865.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_cUr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7afae43d-31fd-4b32-8ad0-5999c8921fc9_660x865.jpeg" width="426" height="558.3181818181819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7afae43d-31fd-4b32-8ad0-5999c8921fc9_660x865.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:865,&quot;width&quot;:660,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:426,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_cUr!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7afae43d-31fd-4b32-8ad0-5999c8921fc9_660x865.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_cUr!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7afae43d-31fd-4b32-8ad0-5999c8921fc9_660x865.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_cUr!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7afae43d-31fd-4b32-8ad0-5999c8921fc9_660x865.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_cUr!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7afae43d-31fd-4b32-8ad0-5999c8921fc9_660x865.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://www.tudocelular.com/mercado/noticias/n208540/brasil-maior-taxa-celulares-android-frente-ao-ios.html">Extra&#237;do de Tudo Celular</a>.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Para al&#233;m dessa discuss&#227;o, fato &#233; que a Apple conseguiu atrair desenvolvedores e usu&#225;rios para o iPhone justamente pela confiabilidade e seguran&#231;a proporcionados pela integra&#231;&#227;o vertical. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ri-N!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f92e12-1472-434d-9ff4-1937a7d3752a_1497x777.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ri-N!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f92e12-1472-434d-9ff4-1937a7d3752a_1497x777.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ri-N!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f92e12-1472-434d-9ff4-1937a7d3752a_1497x777.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ri-N!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f92e12-1472-434d-9ff4-1937a7d3752a_1497x777.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ri-N!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f92e12-1472-434d-9ff4-1937a7d3752a_1497x777.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ri-N!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f92e12-1472-434d-9ff4-1937a7d3752a_1497x777.png" width="724" height="375.9230769230769" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/58f92e12-1472-434d-9ff4-1937a7d3752a_1497x777.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:756,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:724,&quot;bytes&quot;:149604,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/i/157803105?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f92e12-1472-434d-9ff4-1937a7d3752a_1497x777.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ri-N!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f92e12-1472-434d-9ff4-1937a7d3752a_1497x777.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ri-N!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f92e12-1472-434d-9ff4-1937a7d3752a_1497x777.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ri-N!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f92e12-1472-434d-9ff4-1937a7d3752a_1497x777.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ri-N!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f92e12-1472-434d-9ff4-1937a7d3752a_1497x777.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/268251/number-of-apps-in-the-itunes-app-store-since-2008/">Fonte: Statista</a>.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XqAt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30fb04e-063b-4dd1-be51-913c78ebfbc2_2500x1900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XqAt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30fb04e-063b-4dd1-be51-913c78ebfbc2_2500x1900.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XqAt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30fb04e-063b-4dd1-be51-913c78ebfbc2_2500x1900.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XqAt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30fb04e-063b-4dd1-be51-913c78ebfbc2_2500x1900.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XqAt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30fb04e-063b-4dd1-be51-913c78ebfbc2_2500x1900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XqAt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30fb04e-063b-4dd1-be51-913c78ebfbc2_2500x1900.png" width="724" height="550.4587912087912" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a30fb04e-063b-4dd1-be51-913c78ebfbc2_2500x1900.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1107,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:724,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;iPhone Users Worldwide&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="iPhone Users Worldwide" title="iPhone Users Worldwide" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XqAt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30fb04e-063b-4dd1-be51-913c78ebfbc2_2500x1900.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XqAt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30fb04e-063b-4dd1-be51-913c78ebfbc2_2500x1900.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XqAt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30fb04e-063b-4dd1-be51-913c78ebfbc2_2500x1900.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XqAt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30fb04e-063b-4dd1-be51-913c78ebfbc2_2500x1900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://backlinko.com/iphone-users">Fonte: Backlinko</a>.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Nesse contexto, uma alega&#231;&#227;o de fechamento de mercado que gera preju&#237;zo aos consumidores faz pouco sentido. &#201; compreens&#237;vel que o MeLi deseje que a Apple constru&#237;sse seu ecossistema de outra forma, mas o antitruste n&#227;o serve para atender aos seus interesses particulares. Ao longo da decis&#227;o, n&#227;o est&#225; claro em que medida acessar usu&#225;rios de iPhone dentro dos seus pr&#243;prios iPhones via aplicativo do MeLi &#233; imprescind&#237;vel para sua sobreviv&#234;ncia no mercado ou uma mera conveni&#234;ncia.</p><p>O uso da Solu&#231;&#227;o IAP tamb&#233;m faz parte da constru&#231;&#227;o de uma boa experi&#234;ncia para desenvolvedores e usu&#225;rios. Al&#233;m disso, ele garante a remunera&#231;&#227;o adequada da Apple pelos desenvolvedores, que se utilizam de um servi&#231;o prestado por ela. <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1138104/Mobile_Ecosystems_Final_Report_amended_2.pdf">Segundo a CMA, a comiss&#227;o cobrada pela Apple &#233; similar &#224; cobrada pelo Google no &#226;mbito da Play Store</a>. </p><p>As Restri&#231;&#245;es iOS s&#227;o essencialmente as mesmas desde o lan&#231;amento do iPhone. &#201; esperado que elas tenham racionalidade econ&#244;mica em vez de um prop&#243;sito anticompetitivo. Tal racionalidade econ&#244;mica foi pouco explorada e liminarmente descartada pela SG.</p><p>No entanto, a racionalidade econ&#244;mica das Restri&#231;&#245;es iOS nos permite avaliar em que medidas seriam abusivas.</p><p>Uma conclus&#227;o pela abusividade esbarra: </p><ul><li><p>Na antiguidade das regras (i.e., sua origem &#233; rastreada desde quando a Apple n&#227;o tinha poder de mercado). Nesse sentido, ser&#225; que n&#227;o estamos falando de um caso em que houve &#8220;conquista de mercado resultante de processo natural fundado na maior efici&#234;ncia de agente econ&#244;mico em rela&#231;&#227;o a seus competidores&#8221;? Parece que sim, ocasi&#227;o em que n&#227;o haveria que se falar em abuso.</p></li><li><p>Nos resultados econ&#244;micos j&#225; materializados ao longo desses anos (i.e., expans&#227;o do ecossistema iPhone e benef&#237;cios aos consumidores).</p></li><li><p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o do ecossistema iPhone com outros ecossistemas. </p><ul><li><p>Por exemplo, a comiss&#227;o cobrada pela Apple pode ser tida como abusiva se &#233; semelhante &#224; da Play Store, concorrente direta? Parece que n&#227;o.</p></li><li><p>V&#225;rios ecossistemas perseguem a integra&#231;&#227;o vertical de forma semelhante &#224; Apple em resposta a desafios de neg&#243;cios, e n&#227;o como forma de exercer poder de mercado. </p><ul><li><p>A Amazon integrou o seu <em>marketplace</em> a uma extensa rede log&#237;stica. </p></li><li><p>O MeLi fez o mesmo, e ainda integrou um sistema de pagamentos (Mercado Pago).</p></li><li><p>O Chromebook emula um modelo muito semelhante ao Apple, ainda que seja um <em>player</em> menor entre sistemas operacionais para notebooks. </p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>Na defini&#231;&#227;o sobre qual &#233; o benchmark de compara&#231;&#227;o. Segundo a SG, as Restri&#231;&#245;es iOS s&#227;o &#8220;artificiais&#8221;, mas n&#227;o existe um mundo ideal que dita como ecossistemas de smartphones devem ser. </p></li></ul><p>Em outras palavras, as Restri&#231;&#245;es iOS at&#233; podem restringir a concorr&#234;ncia, mas talvez tenham uma racionalidade econ&#244;mica e um efeito l&#237;quido sobre o bem-estar do consumidor que compensam tais restri&#231;&#245;es.</p><p>N&#243;s n&#227;o sabemos como seria um mundo sem essas regras. Talvez o ecossistema iPhone fosse mais &#8220;aberto&#8221;, mas n&#227;o tivesse o sucesso comercial pelo qual hoje &#233; atacado. Isso &#233; importante na constru&#231;&#227;o de uma decis&#227;o que visa mudar um modelo de neg&#243;cio. </p><p>Quando a SG ordena que a Apple seja mais &#8220;aberta&#8221;, ela est&#225; desenhando o mercado e ditando um tipo de arquitetura espec&#237;fico. Tamb&#233;m est&#225; decidindo sobre um elemento de concorr&#234;ncia entre os ecossistemas iPhone e smartphones Android. </p><p><strong>O CADE, especialmente em &#226;mbito de uma medida preventiva, n&#227;o pode achar que tem como saber qual modelo de neg&#243;cio &#233; melhor para os consumidores. Infelizmente isso foi ignorado pela SG.</strong></p><p>Esse &#233; o momento em que podem argumentar que Restri&#231;&#245;es iOS hoje investigadas podiam ser necess&#225;rias quando criadas, mas que o contexto hoje &#233; outro. Agora, elas seriam restritivas &#224; concorr&#234;ncia, e a Apple tem uma responsabilidade especial por n&#227;o distorc&#234;-la.</p><p>Ao contr&#225;rio do que parece, esse argumento &#233; anticompetitivo. Ele basicamente ignora que empresas como a Apple t&#234;m o incentivo de investir em novos produtos e de encontrar as formas mais eficientes de servir os consumidores, e que interven&#231;&#245;es atrapalhadas podem minar esse incentivo. Na verdade, o direito da concorr&#234;ncia no Brasil estimula esse comportamento.</p><p>Essa n&#227;o &#233; uma quest&#227;o esot&#233;rica. <strong>A SG se recusou a enfrentar de forma concreta que uma medida preventiva tem pr&#243;s e contras, e pode causar distor&#231;&#245;es significativas nos mercados em quest&#227;o. </strong></p><p>Tais distor&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o se limitam a uma altera&#231;&#227;o do ecossistema Apple e um potencial preju&#237;zo aos incentivos da Apple de monetiz&#225;-los, <strong>mas tamb&#233;m riscos de seguran&#231;a e privacidade, que foram levantados pela Apple no contexto do cumprimento ao DMA. Outra distor&#231;&#227;o &#233; a cria&#231;&#227;o de um incentivo perverso para que empresas se aproveitem do CADE para &#8220;pegar carona&#8221; no neg&#243;cio de terceiros ou concorrentes</strong> &#8212; j&#225; apontei esse risco antes (<a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/publish/posts/detail/49200017">aqui</a> e <a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/a-digital-nirvana">aqui</a>).</p><p>A SG parece ter evitado essa discuss&#227;o se apoiando no fato de que a Apple precisou cumprir as regras do DMA, e que n&#227;o teria problema de cumprir obriga&#231;&#245;es semelhantes aqui no Brasil. &#201; verdade que a Apple tentou atender &#224;s regras do DMA e ao mesmo tempo preservar o seu modelo de neg&#243;cio. Isso n&#227;o quer dizer que n&#227;o existam pr&#243;s e contras. Pelo contr&#225;rio, eles foram apontados na Europa e aqui no Brasil.</p><h4>Os perigos de importar o DMA para o Brasil</h4><p>&#201; importante lembrar que o DMA envolve um contexto regulat&#243;rio diferente do antitruste brasileiro. O DMA visa atender a objetivos regulat&#243;rios paralelos, e muitas vezes em conflito, ao antitruste: &#8220;contestabilidade&#8221; e distribui&#231;&#227;o de valor ao longo de certas cadeias de neg&#243;cio. Por outro lado, o nosso direito da concorr&#234;ncia n&#227;o protege concorrentes espec&#237;ficos e nem serve para regular pre&#231;os.</p><p>As regras do DMA n&#227;o levam em considera&#231;&#227;o os efeitos pr&#243; ou anticompetitivos, ou mesmo o bem-estar dos consumidores de forma geral, nem mesmo considera&#231;&#245;es sobre poder de mercado tal como visto no antitruste. Por outro lado, todos esses fatores ainda fazem parte do nosso direito da concorr&#234;ncia. </p><p>Nesse sentido, se a SG quer importar as obriga&#231;&#245;es impostas &#224; Apple no contexto do DMA, a SG deve ter em mente se os resultados a serem atingidos s&#227;o regulat&#243;rios, tal qual o DMA, ou concorrenciais. De toda forma, tais resultados precisam ser compat&#237;veis com o antitruste brasileiro (por exemplo, compat&#237;veis com os princ&#237;pios que discuti aqui). N&#227;o parece ser o caso.</p><p>Ao importar as obriga&#231;&#245;es da Apple no contexto do DMA, a SG tamb&#233;m se coloca numa posi&#231;&#227;o curiosa para o futuro. Caso as obriga&#231;&#245;es sejam flexibilizadas ou endurecidas na Europa, deve a SG fazer o mesmo aqui? As mesmas dificuldades apontadas sobre as diferen&#231;as entre os contextos regulat&#243;rios surgir&#227;o novamente.</p><p>Medidas preventivas devem ser decis&#245;es de natureza prec&#225;ria, mas nesse caso a SG j&#225; imp&#244;s um redesenho do ecossistema iPhone, o que constitui uma antecipa&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;rito. Infelizmente, a decis&#227;o pouco discute a excepcionalidade dessa situa&#231;&#227;o e como ela se justifica no caso concreto. </p><p>Al&#233;m disso, a SG n&#227;o dialogou com o caso <em>Google Shopping</em>, em que a maioria do Tribunal expressamente advertiu que redesenhar produtos n&#227;o &#233; papel do CADE &#8212; e recentemente reiterado pela pr&#243;pria SG em <em>IDEC v. Meta</em>. Muito menos pensou no impacto jurisprudencial da sua decis&#227;o ou se o desejo &#233; ter uma pol&#237;tica concorrencial brasileira mais intervencionista (em oposi&#231;&#227;o a <em>Google Shopping</em>) ou menos.</p><p>Esse fato nos chama a aten&#231;&#227;o para alguns dos perigos de importar decis&#245;es de forma irrefletida. Quando importamos decis&#245;es, n&#227;o importamos apenas ordens pr&#225;ticas, mas tamb&#233;m as inten&#231;&#245;es e poss&#237;veis resultados associados. Isso tem repercuss&#227;o para a nossa pr&#225;tica decis&#243;ria futura, e mais concretamente sobre como as empresas se comportam a partir de ent&#227;o.</p><p>Se passamos a importar decis&#245;es inspiradas no DMA, nosso direito da concorr&#234;ncia se transformar&#225; no mesmo sentido. No entanto, tal transforma&#231;&#227;o provavelmente &#233; ilegal e excede as compet&#234;ncias do CADE como autoridade concorrencial. </p><h4>Conclus&#227;o</h4><p>Os princ&#237;pios do direito da concorr&#234;ncia no Brasil n&#227;o s&#227;o articulados pelo CADE em suas decis&#245;es, e a decis&#227;o de medida preventiva contra a Apple ressaltou as consequ&#234;ncias negativas disso. Corremos o risco de analisar os casos de forma incorreta, focando em concorrentes em vez de consumidores, e penalizando estrat&#233;gias que, a princ&#237;pio, n&#227;o s&#227;o ilegais, como a integra&#231;&#227;o vertical.</p><p>Tentei lan&#231;ar luz sobre esses pontos para que, futuramente, o m&#233;rito do caso possa ser melhor refletido n&#227;o s&#243; por voc&#234;, leitor, mas por mim tamb&#233;m. Como pode ter percebido, ao longo deste ano falarei muito sobre concorr&#234;ncia no setor digital.</p><p>Mais uma vez surge o tema de que decis&#245;es t&#234;m pr&#243;s e contras. A SG em grande parte ignorou as dificuldades envolvidas na constru&#231;&#227;o do ecossistema iPhone, e pretende decidir o que &#233; melhor para os consumidores com base na experi&#234;ncia de uma autoridade estrangeira. Pouco se refletiu sobre os impactos dessa decis&#227;o no mercado e no desenvolvimento da nossa pol&#237;tica de defesa da concorr&#234;ncia.</p><p>Com o recurso da Apple contra a medida preventiva, cabe ao Tribunal tentar corrigir a rota &#8212; o que considero pouco prov&#225;vel. A evolu&#231;&#227;o do <em>enforcement</em> do CADE na economia digital merece maior reflex&#227;o cr&#237;tica, acompanhamento e discuss&#227;o p&#250;blica, principalmente dado o desejo do CADE e do governo brasileiro de ter uma regula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para o setor. O risco de o CADE sair dos trilhos e prejudicar a economia &#233; grande, em especial se tiver esse duplo papel de regulador <em>ex ante</em> e <em>ex post</em>, como j&#225; anunciado.</p><p><em>Stay tuned</em>.</p><p>Danny</p><p><em>PS. Agrade&#231;o ao Dr. Doom por ter visto um rascunho e comentado.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Muito obrigado por ter lido. Se voc&#234; gostou desse post, por favor considere se inscrever e compartilhar &#8212; ajuda demais!</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/desse-fruto-nao-comereis-1?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/desse-fruto-nao-comereis-1?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Agora no X (Twitter)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Onde eu vou conversar com Hovenkamp e grande elenco]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/agora-no-x-twitter</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/agora-no-x-twitter</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 02 Apr 2025 19:01:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c0eeb2fe-267f-4ea0-ac1d-e310c9bac1ab_1024x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://x.com/danny_comp?s=21">S&#243; me seguir l&#225;</a> (ou danny_comp).</p><p>At&#233; mais, amigos.</p><p>Danny</p><div><hr></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Dynamic Competition! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Primeiro, não faça mal]]></title><description><![CDATA[Minha contribui&#231;&#227;o para a consulta p&#250;blica sobre iOS e Android]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/primeiro-nao-faca-mal</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/primeiro-nao-faca-mal</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 23:29:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QNWC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91848fca-72b8-4751-88fd-39459afae3d3_1024x1024.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Boa noite, amigos.</em></p><p><em>Adianto aos meus leitores a contribui&#231;&#227;o que submeti para a consulta p&#250;blica sobre iOS e Android a ser realizada pelo CADE amanh&#227; (19/02/2025). N&#227;o sei se minha contribui&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; publicada.</em></p><p><em>A vers&#227;o abaixo tem pequenos typos corrigidos e o formato ajustado para c&#225;. No rodap&#233;, deixei elementos cuja refer&#234;ncia apenas em link poderia ficar solta.</em></p><p><em>Espero que gostem e aceito feedbacks. Se gostarem, agrade&#231;o se puderem compartilhar ou se inscrever aqui.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QNWC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91848fca-72b8-4751-88fd-39459afae3d3_1024x1024.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QNWC!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91848fca-72b8-4751-88fd-39459afae3d3_1024x1024.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>O CADE n&#227;o sabe de onde partir e nem onde quer chegar. Esta &#233; a chave para compreender a repress&#227;o de condutas unilaterais no Brasil, sobretudo nos ditos &#8220;mercados digitais&#8221;. <a href="https://cdn.cade.gov.br/portal-ingles/topics/leniency program/Publications /oecd-peer-reviews-of-competition-law-and-policy-brazil-ENG-web.pdf">N&#227;o sou o primeiro a dizer isso</a>.</p><p>Aqui ofere&#231;o ao CADE alguns princ&#237;pios. <em>De onde partir</em>.</p><p>Optei por essa abordagem pois n&#227;o tive tempo para uma reflex&#227;o mais detida sobre iOS e Android e seus respectivos &#8220;ecossistemas&#8221;, bem como sobre os casos em andamento no CADE. Sinto que outros <em>stakeholders</em> podem ter enfrentado a mesma dificuldade.</p><p>&#201; louv&#225;vel que o CADE busque contribui&#231;&#245;es da sociedade civil para apoiar o seu processo decis&#243;rio, e sou grato pela oportunidade de contribuir. Dito isso, temo que a efetividade desta audi&#234;ncia p&#250;blica seja prejudicada pelo curto tempo entre a sua chamada e a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o. Ou pior: que esta audi&#234;ncia p&#250;blica sirva apenas para &#8220;legitimar&#8221; de forma apressada decis&#245;es a serem tomadas num futuro pr&#243;ximo.</p><p>Nessa esteira, o primeiro princ&#237;pio &#233; a <strong>prud&#234;ncia</strong>. Atualmente, muito se fala que autoridades antitruste precisam tomar decis&#245;es r&#225;pidas. <a href="https://cdn.cade.gov.br/Portal/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/contribuicoes-do-cade/contribuicoes-cade-ministerio-fazenda.pdf">A velocidade dos ditos mercados digitais deve ser combatida com velocidade pelo CADE</a>.</p><p>No entanto, a velocidade por si s&#243; n&#227;o &#233; uma virtude. Decis&#245;es bem informadas levam tempo. A forma&#231;&#227;o da convic&#231;&#227;o exige reflex&#227;o. </p><p>iOS e Android t&#234;m quase duas d&#233;cadas desde o lan&#231;amento. S&#227;o sistemas complexos e estabelecidos. Decis&#245;es irrefletidas ou meramente importadas ter&#227;o impactos n&#227;o s&#243; sobre Apple e Alphabet/Google, mas tamb&#233;m sobre milhares de desenvolvedores e milh&#245;es de consumidores aqui no Brasil.</p><p>A prud&#234;ncia convida o CADE a compreender a evolu&#231;&#227;o desses sistemas operacionais e seus ecossistemas. Eles revolucionaram a forma como lidamos com a computa&#231;&#227;o: <a href="https://www.ben-evans.com/benedictevans/2020/01/01/microsoft-monopoly-and-dominance">primeiro o </a><em><a href="https://www.ben-evans.com/benedictevans/2020/01/01/microsoft-monopoly-and-dominance">mainframe</a></em><a href="https://www.ben-evans.com/benedictevans/2020/01/01/microsoft-monopoly-and-dominance">, depois a computa&#231;&#227;o pessoal &#8220;de mesa&#8221; e agora a computa&#231;&#227;o m&#243;vel</a>. H&#225; outras formas de computa&#231;&#227;o emergentes, como a Web3.</p><p>Sistemas operacionais m&#243;veis permitem que os celulares sejam efetivamente inteligentes (para al&#233;m do hardware e software que os acompanham, &#233; claro).</p><p>&#192; medida que sistemas operacionais, hardware e software evoluem, nossa capacidade de fazer tarefas com a palma da m&#227;o s&#243; aumenta. Minha contribui&#231;&#227;o foi feita a partir do meu celular, entre uma viagem de metr&#244; e outra. </p><p>Sistemas operacionais m&#243;veis integram ecossistemas delicados e que dependem de escolhas extremamente dif&#237;ceis. Escolhas tecnol&#243;gicas, em aspectos como privacidade, inova&#231;&#227;o, arquitetura, compatibilidade; e escolhas comerciais e estrat&#233;gicas, em aspectos como verticaliza&#231;&#227;o, sistemas de contrata&#231;&#227;o, alinhamento de incentivos, investimentos de curto e longo prazo, precifica&#231;&#227;o. </p><p>Se o CADE n&#227;o tem isso em mente, e n&#227;o busca entender iOS e Android sob a &#243;tica de toda essa evolu&#231;&#227;o, seu processo decis&#243;rio estar&#225; certamente prejudicado. Isso leva tempo, e esta consulta p&#250;blica deveria ser apenas o come&#231;o.</p><p><a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/a-digital-nirvana.">Como escrevi h&#225; poucos dias, toda interven&#231;&#227;o tem consequ&#234;ncias</a>. O rem&#233;dio n&#227;o pode ser pior que a doen&#231;a. </p><p>Seria f&#225;cil lidar com iOS e Android se fossem ecossistemas meramente anticompetitivos. N&#227;o &#233; o caso. Produzem imensos benef&#237;cios &#224; sociedade. H&#225; escolhas aparentemente anticompetitivas que s&#227;o escolhas de neg&#243;cio e que t&#234;m justificativas leg&#237;timas, e que muitas vezes s&#227;o impactadas pela competi&#231;&#227;o entre iOS e Android. Seria err&#244;neo punirmos esses sistemas pelas raz&#245;es que motivaram o seu sucesso. O desafio &#233; isolar o que &#233; anticompetitivo do que &#233; pr&#243;-competitivo. </p><p>No mundo real, n&#227;o existem interven&#231;&#245;es perfeitas, mas apenas alternativas que t&#234;m pr&#243;s e contras. O princ&#237;pio da prud&#234;ncia &#233; basicamente um mandato de <em>evitar o erro ao m&#225;ximo</em>.</p><p>O segundo princ&#237;pio &#233; que a pol&#237;tica concorrencial no Brasil deve se pautar pelo <strong>bem-estar dos consumidores</strong>. </p><p>Este princ&#237;pio &#233; similar ao que se chama de &#8220;<em>consumer welfare prescription&#8221;</em> no antitruste americano. No Brasil, ele &#233; institu&#237;do pelo art. 1&#186; da Lei 12.529/2011.</p><p>Este princ&#237;pio significa que os efeitos concorrenciais sobre os consumidores s&#227;o os mais importantes. Uma conduta que n&#227;o afeta negativamente pre&#231;os, quantidades ou a qualidade da oferta aos consumidores finais n&#227;o deve ser considerada anticompetitiva.</p><p>Priorizar os consumidores muda a forma como olhamos para a rela&#231;&#227;o entre concorrentes. N&#227;o devemos esperar que concorrentes, independentemente de sua posi&#231;&#227;o de mercado, facilitem a vida de outros, mas que disputem agressivamente a prefer&#234;ncia dos consumidores. </p><p>Isso quer dizer que &#233; esperado que concorrentes tenham dificuldades, e, no limite saiam do mercado. Tais situa&#231;&#245;es, por si s&#243;, n&#227;o s&#227;o ind&#237;cios de conduta anticompetitiva. Um concorrente pode deixar o mercado por n&#227;o ser eficiente, por falta de financiamento, entre outras raz&#245;es.</p><p>Na Europa, existe a m&#225;xima de que &#8220;<em>[c]ompetition on the merits may, by definition, lead to the departure from the market or the marginalisation of competitors that are less efficient and so less attractive to consumers from the point of view of, among other things, price, choice, quality or innovation</em>&#8221;.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a></p><p>Alega&#231;&#245;es de concorrentes de que est&#227;o tendo dificuldades para concorrer devem ser vistas com ceticismo. Ainda mais se estamos falando de concorrentes com altos recursos e experi&#234;ncia. </p><p>Muitas das disputas envolvendo sistemas operacionais m&#243;veis e lojas de aplicativos n&#227;o se referem a um risco de Apple e Google proporcionarem uma pior experi&#234;ncia de uso para os consumidores, ou pre&#231;os mais caros, mas sobre qual &#233; a <em>remunera&#231;&#227;o adequada</em> para o desenvolvedor e para Apple ou Google, ou sobre qual desenho do iOS e do Android melhor beneficia os desenvolvedores. N&#227;o por acaso, essas disputas s&#227;o promovidas por grandes empresas ao redor do mundo, como Mercado Livre, Spotify, Booking. <em>Como ficam os consumidores</em>? Essa &#233; a pergunta que o CADE deve se fazer.</p><p>O processo decis&#243;rio do CADE usualmente n&#227;o envolve a participa&#231;&#227;o dos consumidores. Existem dificuldade naturais em inclui-los. Nesse caso, &#233; importante o <strong>reconhecimento de que &#233; poss&#237;vel que o CADE seja cooptado por concorrentes em busca de redesenhar Android e iOS em seu benef&#237;cio</strong>.</p><p>Uma forma de mitigar isso &#233; ter testes e padr&#245;es de an&#225;lise claros, coerentes e que possam ser aplicados em diferentes casos. Entra o <strong>princ&#237;pio da consist&#234;ncia</strong>. Este &#233; o principal desafio do antitruste brasileiro. Assumindo que a nossa concep&#231;&#227;o de antitruste visa priorizar o bem-estar dos consumidores, quais s&#227;o os testes e padr&#245;es mais adequados?</p><p>O CADE n&#227;o oferece muitas respostas. Peguemos apenas condutas pelas quais Apple e Google s&#227;o investigadas: recusa de venda, venda casada, discrimina&#231;&#227;o/<em>self-preferencing</em>. </p><p>Um dos casos de recusa de venda mais recentes e emblem&#225;ticos (<em>Aeroporto Guarulhos</em>) mostra como &#233; poss&#237;vel que diferentes &#243;rg&#227;os do pr&#243;prio CADE, como a Superintend&#234;ncia e o Tribunal, ou mesmos os pr&#243;prios membros do Tribunal, podem ter no&#231;&#245;es diferentes sobre como analisar um caso. &#201; dif&#237;cil extrair padr&#245;es do resultado final.</p><p>N&#227;o h&#225; casos recentes envolvendo venda casada que sirvam como orienta&#231;&#227;o. Talvez o caso mais relevante (que, na verdade, se trata de <em>bundling</em>, conduta an&#225;loga) est&#225; pendente de julgamento justamente para se analisar os testes aplic&#225;veis (<em>Ita&#250; / Rede, D+2</em>).  </p><p><a href="https://chillingcompetition.com/2015/04/24/how-to-distinguish-between-tying-and-refusal-to-deal-cases-hint-its-not-just-words/">&#201; intrigante que o caso </a><em><a href="https://chillingcompetition.com/2015/04/24/how-to-distinguish-between-tying-and-refusal-to-deal-cases-hint-its-not-just-words/">App Store</a></em><a href="https://chillingcompetition.com/2015/04/24/how-to-distinguish-between-tying-and-refusal-to-deal-cases-hint-its-not-just-words/"> seja analisado como venda casada quando poderia muito bem ser tratado como recusa de venda</a>. O que se quer n&#227;o &#233; que a Apple desfa&#231;a o v&#237;nculo entre sua loja de aplicativos e o sistema de pagamentos <em>in-app</em>, o que se quer &#233; que <em>redesenhe</em> a plataforma e introduza mecanismos que permitam que outros interessados possam distribuir apps ou processar pagamentos (tal como acontece na Europa, por exemplo).</p><p>Em casos de recusa de venda sempre existe a tens&#227;o entre o interesse da empresa investigada de controlar o ativo no qual investiu e o interesse da autoridade de fomentar a entrada de concorrentes, regulando as condi&#231;&#245;es de acesso. Na venda casada, o mero desfazimento pode ser suficiente para endere&#231;ar o problema envolvido. A conclus&#227;o &#233; que casos de recusa de venda s&#227;o mais complexos e mais dif&#237;ceis de impor rem&#233;dios.</p><p>Mas se h&#225; essa complexidade, por que o CADE n&#227;o discute o enquadramento e o teste aplic&#225;vel &#224; conduta escolhida? N&#227;o sabemos.</p><p>J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o aos nossos casos de discrimina&#231;&#227;o/<em>self-preferencing,</em> o CADE ainda precisa responder a quest&#245;es fundamentais:</p><ul><li><p><a href="https://cdn.cade.gov.br/Portal/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/Guia%20V+/Guia-V+2024.pdf">Se &#233; aceit&#225;vel que uma integra&#231;&#227;o vertical elimine a dupla margem</a>, devemos exigir que um concorrente adote a mesma precifica&#231;&#227;o para si e para concorrentes n&#227;o integrados? </p></li><li><p><a href="https://cdn.cade.gov.br/Portal/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/Guia%20V+/Guia-V+2024.pdf">Se um resultado esperado da integra&#231;&#227;o vertical &#233; que haja integra&#231;&#227;o de produtos</a>, devemos exigir que um concorrente conceda as mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es de acesso ao seu produto para si e concorrentes n&#227;o integrados? </p></li><li><p>Pode ser que em limitadas situa&#231;&#245;es a resposta para essas perguntas seja &#8220;sim&#8221;. Quais s&#227;o? N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel extrair dos casos do CADE.</p></li></ul><p>Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o sabemos os patamares em rela&#231;&#227;o aos quais as condutas s&#227;o analisadas.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a></p><ul><li><p>O CADE n&#227;o se prop&#245;e a definir qual a <em><strong>magnitude</strong></em> dos efeitos anticompetitivos analisados: isto &#233;, &#233; poss&#237;vel ser punido se os efeitos alegados forem pouco significativos?</p></li><li><p>O CADE n&#227;o se prop&#245;e a definir qual o <em><strong>grau de probabilidade</strong></em> dos efeitos competitivos alegados: isto &#233;, eles devem ser certos, prov&#225;veis, poss&#237;veis ou at&#233; mesmo meramente hipot&#233;ticos?</p></li><li><p>Em condutas que tratam do passado, como os casos envolvendo App Store e Google Play Store, como analisamos os <em><strong>desenvolvimentos reais</strong></em> do mercado, e principalmente <em>cen&#225;rios contrafactuais</em>?</p></li></ul><p>Em suma, falta maturidade ao CADE para analisar condutas unilaterais. &#201; bastante revelador que passados quase 15 anos n&#227;o haja um guia sobre o assunto.</p><p>Se aceitamos a premissa de que os mercados digitais s&#227;o complexos, como defende o CADE, ent&#227;o a conclus&#227;o &#233; que &#233; preciso formar uma massa cr&#237;tica de casos para orientar a repress&#227;o a esse tipo de conduta. </p><p>Essa maturidade n&#227;o vir&#225; meramente importando casos e decis&#245;es europeias. &#201; preciso que o CADE esteja aberto a melhor doutrina econ&#244;mica e jur&#237;dica, a experi&#234;ncia de outras autoridades ao redor do mundo, e do pr&#243;prio esfor&#231;o de constru&#231;&#227;o jurisprudencial. Isso nos leva ao quarto princ&#237;pio.</p><p><strong>O CADE deve reunir evid&#234;ncias espec&#237;ficas de que os danos alegados s&#227;o causados pela conduta sob investiga&#231;&#227;o</strong>. &#201; o princ&#237;pio da <strong>causalidade</strong>.</p><p>Por exemplo, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que os consumidores est&#227;o piores porque a Apple impede por padr&#227;o aplicativos de terceiros de rastrear usu&#225;rios? H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que os consumidores est&#227;o piores porque n&#227;o t&#234;m acesso a outras lojas de qualquer aplicativo que n&#227;o a App Store ou a Play Store?</p><p>O princ&#237;pio da causalidade tamb&#233;m poderia ser chamado de <strong>antitruste baseado em evid&#234;ncias</strong>. H&#225; diversas hip&#243;teses sobre como certas condutas relacionadas ao iOS e ao Android <em>podem</em> ou <em>n&#227;o podem</em> ser anticompetitivas. O CADE enfrenta um problema de sele&#231;&#227;o das melhores hip&#243;teses.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> </p><p>A melhor forma de selecion&#225;-las envolve produzir evid&#234;ncias que as corroborem. No geral, o &#244;nus da prova &#233; daquele que alega. Cabe ao CADE sopesar essas evid&#234;ncias e, havendo d&#250;vidas, produzir novas evid&#234;ncias (ou ordenar a sua produ&#231;&#227;o). Nesse contexto, o processo decis&#243;rio do CADE ser&#225; mais efetivo <strong>se estiver aberto a evid&#234;ncias em ambas as dire&#231;&#245;es</strong>. </p><p>Isso &#233; importante porque o que se quer proibir ou punir n&#227;o &#233; qualquer conduta por capricho do regulador. O objetivo &#233; limitar exatamente o que &#233; danoso. Nem mais, nem menos. Fora isso, as empresas devem ser livres para competir.</p><p>O que nos leva ao quinto e &#250;ltimo princ&#237;pio:<strong> liberdade econ&#244;mica</strong>. Vivemos sob uma economia de mercado, o que significa que devemos deixar que os empreendedores <em><a href="https://competitionandappropriation.econ.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/95/2018/06/HayekMeaningOfCompetition.pdf">descubram</a></em> a melhor forma de servir aos consumidores. Essa escolha institucional se deve &#224; superioridade do livre mercado.</p><p>Apple e Google investem bilh&#245;es de d&#243;lares no iOS e no Android anualmente. Ambas as empresas competem vigorosamente para ser o sistema operacional de escolha, e para tanto possuem filosofias diferentes a respeito da melhor experi&#234;ncia para os usu&#225;rios.</p><p>O Estado n&#227;o dirige a economia, e sua interven&#231;&#227;o sobre ela &#233; residual. O Estado deve intervir apenas quando o processo de mercado n&#227;o funciona e a sua interven&#231;&#227;o for <em><a href="https://liberalarts.tamu.edu/pols/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2021/07/Demsetz-Nirvana-Fallacy.pdf">a melhor alternativa institucional</a>. </em></p><p>A &#234;nfase nesse ponto &#233; necess&#225;ria porque nem o mercado e nem o Estado s&#227;o perfeitos. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o livre mercado seja sim distorcido devido a abusos. No entanto, os benef&#237;cios da concorr&#234;ncia n&#227;o dependem de ela ser perfeita.<em> </em>A l&#243;gica do processo competitivo &#233; que rivais punem os erros dos seus concorrentes.</p><p>Os benef&#237;cios da interven&#231;&#227;o estatal, no geral, s&#227;o limitados. O mal que pode ser causado &#233; infinito. N&#227;o h&#225; um mecanismo natural de corre&#231;&#227;o de erros. <a href="https://www.peterleeson.com/robust_political_economy.pdf">Inclusive, a interven&#231;&#227;o estatal n&#227;o pode depender da onisci&#234;ncia e da benevol&#234;ncia do regulador</a>.</p><p>Nesse sentido, &#233; bem limitada a margem que o CADE tem para decidir que sua interven&#231;&#227;o sobre iOS e Android &#233; melhor para os consumidores do que a atua&#231;&#227;o de Apple e Google</p><p>Ao contr&#225;rio, a margem de erro &#233; muito alta. O pr&#243;prio CADE tem dito que desenhar rem&#233;dios envolvendo produtos digitais &#233; complexo. &#201; necess&#225;rio expertise tecnol&#243;gica, e cuidado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#243;prio ecossistema, isto &#233;, n&#227;o destruir os incentivos de Apple e Google de investir neles e n&#227;o criar incentivos perversos para que desenvolvedores apenas <em>peguem carona </em>nesses investimentos<em>. </em></p><blockquote><p><em>O &#243;rg&#227;o antitruste n&#227;o tem expertise t&#233;cnica para interferir nas caracter&#237;sticas do produto. Ele estuda o mercado, seu funcionamento, suas rela&#231;&#245;es com fornecedores, clientes, etc., para fins de apurar eventuais condutas anticompetitivas por parte de agentes detentores de poder de mercado. - </em>Voto do Conselheiro Bandeira Maia em <em>Google Shopping</em></p></blockquote><p>Tal complexidade aumenta se os rem&#233;dios propostos tratarem do design de iOS e Android, e n&#227;o a aspectos contratuais ou de distribui&#231;&#227;o. Intervir nesses &#250;ltimos tende a ser menos arriscado, mas alterar o design de um produto &#233; muito arriscado, pois envolve um <em>julgamento</em> sobre como ele pode ser melhor &#8212; o que &#233; um julgamento <em>empresarial</em>.</p><p>Reconhecer as limita&#231;&#245;es do CADE p&#245;e a sua atua&#231;&#227;o sob outra perspectiva. Interven&#231;&#245;es irrefletidas ou excessivas cria um ambiente de desincentivo ao investimento e &#224; inova&#231;&#227;o. Este &#233; o ambiente de neg&#243;cios que o CADE quer promover no Brasil? </p><p>Somos um dos piores lugares para se fazer neg&#243;cio no mundo. Muitos investem aqui <em>apesar </em>de todos os riscos envolvidos e dos problemas estruturais da economia brasileira. Muitos ainda acreditam no grande potencial do Brasil, especialmente pela possibilidade de resolver problemas complexos com o aux&#237;lio da tecnologia. At&#233; quando? </p><p>O Estado brasileiro tem criado um clima de hostilidade contra empresas do setor digital no Brasil. E o CADE tem contribu&#237;do para esse clima, antes mesmo de ter um entendimento consolidado sobre os poss&#237;veis problemas concorrenciais do setor ou at&#233; mesmo do iOS e do Android.</p><p>No entanto, nosso arcabou&#231;o antitruste n&#227;o deve ser um entrave &#224; inova&#231;&#227;o ou &#224; liberdade econ&#244;mica. Ao contr&#225;rio, deve estimular que as empresas queiram fazer neg&#243;cios no Brasil, e lancem novos produtos aqui. </p><p>N&#227;o est&#225; a se pedir que o CADE jamais investigue, puna ou intervenha. A minha principal mensagem aqui &#233; que o CADE precisa:</p><ul><li><p>Ter uma abordagem cautelosa na repress&#227;o de condutas complexas e em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s quais t&#234;m pouco conhecimento.</p></li><li><p>Privilegiar o bem-estar do consumidor em suas an&#225;lises.</p></li><li><p>Desenvolver metodologias, testes e padr&#245;es claros, coerentes e consistentes. Tais testes devem ser baseados nas melhores evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis.</p></li><li><p>Privilegiar a liberdade econ&#244;mica e intervir apenas quando houver necessidade e de forma proporcional, sob pena de p&#244;r em risco os benef&#237;cios oferecidos aos consumidores brasileiros.</p></li></ul><p>Muito obrigado pela aten&#231;&#227;o,</p><p>Danny Comp</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/primeiro-nao-faca-mal?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/primeiro-nao-faca-mal?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Case C-209/10, <em>Post Danmark I</em>. Dispon&#237;vel em: <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:62010CJ0209">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:62010CJ0209</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Para uma exposi&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada, vide artigo de Pablo Ib&#225;&#241;ez Colomo: <strong>Anticompetitive Effects in EU Competition Law</strong>. Dispon&#237;vel em: <a href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=3599407">https://ssrn.com/abstract=3599407</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Vide James C. Cooper, Luke M. Froeb, Dan O'Brien, Michael G. Vita: <strong>Vertical antitrust policy as a problem of inference</strong>, International Journal of Industrial Organization, Volume 23, Issues 7&#8211;8. Dispon&#237;vel em: <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167718705000755">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167718705000755</a> (paywall).</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Snowballer: construa sua própria plataforma!]]></title><description><![CDATA[Em portugu&#234;s pela lusofonia]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/snowballer-construa-sua-propria-plataforma</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/snowballer-construa-sua-propria-plataforma</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 11 Feb 2025 12:33:48 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G4bt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99cfe0ac-08ed-4ba4-9de3-88fa4f13a5b4_1024x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G4bt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99cfe0ac-08ed-4ba4-9de3-88fa4f13a5b4_1024x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G4bt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99cfe0ac-08ed-4ba4-9de3-88fa4f13a5b4_1024x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G4bt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99cfe0ac-08ed-4ba4-9de3-88fa4f13a5b4_1024x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G4bt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99cfe0ac-08ed-4ba4-9de3-88fa4f13a5b4_1024x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G4bt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99cfe0ac-08ed-4ba4-9de3-88fa4f13a5b4_1024x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G4bt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99cfe0ac-08ed-4ba4-9de3-88fa4f13a5b4_1024x1024.png" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/99cfe0ac-08ed-4ba4-9de3-88fa4f13a5b4_1024x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2522692,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G4bt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99cfe0ac-08ed-4ba4-9de3-88fa4f13a5b4_1024x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G4bt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99cfe0ac-08ed-4ba4-9de3-88fa4f13a5b4_1024x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G4bt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99cfe0ac-08ed-4ba4-9de3-88fa4f13a5b4_1024x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G4bt!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99cfe0ac-08ed-4ba4-9de3-88fa4f13a5b4_1024x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://piaui.folha.uol.com.br/prazer-snowballer/">Muitos poderiam ficar tristes pela hist&#243;ria do Snowballer</a>. Eu n&#227;o. O jovem angolano de 29 anos mant&#233;m uma das tr&#234;s melhores <em><a href="/__u/bysnowballer.substack.com/">newsletters</a></em> em portugu&#234;s sobre investimentos, empresas e tecnologia. (As outras duas: <a href="/__u/abreu.substack.com/">aqui</a> e <a href="https://www.leiaobsb.com/">aqui</a>).</p><p>Snowballer cria e captura mais valor no X e aqui no Substack do que atr&#225;s de uma <em>trading desk</em>. Provavelmente de forma muito mais saud&#225;vel. </p><p>Hoje, ele tem mais de 15 mil seguidores no X e por volta de 4 mil aqui, onde boa parte do seu conte&#250;do &#233; pago. </p><p>Snow &#233; lido por aqueles que se recusaram a empreg&#225;-lo: gestores e banqueiros da Faria Lima. Mas n&#227;o s&#243;. </p><p>Muitos sequer sabem quem ele &#233;, ou que &#233; angolano. Talvez n&#243;s, brasileiros, n&#227;o o mere&#231;amos, mas ainda assim ele nos presta esse servi&#231;o. Sem ele, ser&#237;amos mais pobres.</p><p>Ele representa o melhor da internet. Pessoas brilhantes podem encontrar seu nicho e construir a partir disso. </p><p>Quantos de n&#243;s fizemos uma faculdade (cara) que n&#227;o gostamos? Em seguida, trabalhamos longas horas para conseguir um dinheiro que muitas vezes n&#227;o compensa. Alugamos nosso tempo e nossa sa&#250;de mental. </p><p>Lembrem do Snowballer. Na Faria Lima, o cara era confundido com jogador de basquete. <em>Tamb&#233;m falo portugu&#234;s</em>.</p><p>Peter Thiel diz que a verdadeira vantagem competitiva &#233; a diverg&#234;ncia. Mas n&#243;s, ao contr&#225;rio, perseguimos escolas e empregos que milhares tamb&#233;m perseguem. Temos medo de arriscar. No processo, somos exauridos.  </p><p>Entramos num funil sabendo que podemos ficar pelo caminho, mas na esperan&#231;a de que seremos os melhores (ou os mais resistentes). Voc&#234;s que me l&#234;em n&#227;o precisam se preocupar, sei que est&#227;o &#224; frente de todos.</p><p>Mas lembrem do Snowballer. Ele nos lembra que h&#225; vida fora dos caminhos &#8220;normais&#8221; e que construir algo pr&#243;prio vale muito a pena. A recompensa nem sempre &#233; monet&#225;ria. Querem comprar sua newsletter, ele n&#227;o vende.</p><p>Seu legado est&#225; todo documentado. Se voc&#234;s forem demitidos, seus arquivos ser&#227;o apagados.</p><p>N&#227;o falo s&#243; de <em>newsletters</em>. No fundo, isto aqui &#233; s&#243; um lembrete de que h&#225; vida antes das 9h e depois das 17h. Seus projetos pessoais s&#227;o mais importantes do que um simples emprego. </p><p>Isso &#233; tudo, pessoal.</p><p>Owen Reece</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Muito obrigado por ter lido. Se voc&#234; gostou desse post, por favor considere se inscrever &#8212; ajuda demais!</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A Digital Nirvana]]></title><description><![CDATA[The flawed quest of the Lula administration to regulate the Brazilian digital economy]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/a-digital-nirvana</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/a-digital-nirvana</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 04 Feb 2025 12:33:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pmsy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F969e1c4a-89fe-487f-93be-e7f99bfaf5d8_1024x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>The view that now pervades much public policy economics implicitly presents the relevant choice as between an ideal norm and an existing "imperfect" institutional arrangement. This </em>nirvana approach<em> differs considerably from a </em>comparative institution<em> approach in which the relevant choice is between alternative real institutional arrangements. In practice, those who adopt the nirvana viewpoint seek to discover discrepancies between the ideal and the real and if discrepancies are found, they deduce that the real is inefficient. Users of the comparative institution approach attempt to assess which alternative real institutional arrangement seems best able to cope with the economic problem; practitioners of this approach may use an ideal norm to provide standards from which divergences are assessed for all practical alternatives of interest and select as efficient that alternative which seems most likely to minimize the divergence.</em></p><p>- Harold Demsetz (in Information and Efficiency: Another Viewpoint)</p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pmsy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F969e1c4a-89fe-487f-93be-e7f99bfaf5d8_1024x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pmsy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F969e1c4a-89fe-487f-93be-e7f99bfaf5d8_1024x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pmsy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F969e1c4a-89fe-487f-93be-e7f99bfaf5d8_1024x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pmsy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F969e1c4a-89fe-487f-93be-e7f99bfaf5d8_1024x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pmsy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F969e1c4a-89fe-487f-93be-e7f99bfaf5d8_1024x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pmsy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F969e1c4a-89fe-487f-93be-e7f99bfaf5d8_1024x1024.png" width="581" height="581" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/969e1c4a-89fe-487f-93be-e7f99bfaf5d8_1024x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:581,&quot;bytes&quot;:2785084,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pmsy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F969e1c4a-89fe-487f-93be-e7f99bfaf5d8_1024x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pmsy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F969e1c4a-89fe-487f-93be-e7f99bfaf5d8_1024x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pmsy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F969e1c4a-89fe-487f-93be-e7f99bfaf5d8_1024x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pmsy!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F969e1c4a-89fe-487f-93be-e7f99bfaf5d8_1024x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>I will tell you why the Lula administration should abandon plans to regulate digital platforms in Brazil. These plans are based on wrong assumptions regarding the competitive landscape, and if implemented, they would harm consumers and the entire Brazilian economy.</p><p>This is my first piece about the many proposals to regulate &#8220;digital markets&#8221; in Brazil. Today I will focus on the proposals presented by the Ministry of Economy in the report &#8220;<em><a href="https://www.gov.br/fazenda/pt-br/central-de-conteudo/publicacoes/relatorios/plataformas-digitais-no-brasil">Plataformas Digitais no Brasil: Fundamentos econ&#244;micos, din&#226;micas de mercado e promo&#231;&#227;o da concorr&#234;ncia</a></em>&#8221;, the &#8220;Report&#8221;). </p><p>Before I continue, two assumptions:</p><ol><li><p>We live in a free market system, so any regulation must be justified. Motives for regulation may vary based on political, economic, or cultural factors. In any event, the proponent should carry the burden of making its case that regulation is necessary.</p></li><li><p>There is still time to block regulation, and there are many arguments to convince future administrations and representatives. </p><ol><li><p>Many people and companies contrary to the proposed regulations adopted a &#8220;damage control&#8221; approach. The &#8220;damage control&#8221; approach concedes that regulation is necessary and does not poke several holes in the Lula Administration&#8217;s arguments. The battle is focused on <em>how</em> to regulate.</p></li><li><p>While the Government has gained some ground on this discussion among academics, regulators, and even private practitioners, the battle for the soul of Brazilian antitrust is not lost yet, especially among the ultimate decision-makers. </p></li><li><p>The &#8220;damage control&#8221; approach may have been adopted due to the need to propose alternative regulations and engage in a more constructive discussion.</p></li><li><p>I do believe in a positive agenda and will outline it in due course. However, a positive agenda does not mean a new digital competition regulation regime as proposed by the administration. We would be better off only reforming Brazilian antitrust enforcement based on sound legal and economic principles. </p></li></ol></li></ol><h3>Overview of the Report</h3><p>The Report covers six main themes: </p><ol><li><p>An overview of the Brazilian digital economy.</p></li><li><p>Theoretical discussion on the economic aspects of digital platforms.</p></li><li><p>The insufficiency of Brazilian antitrust in dealing with the challenges posed by digital platforms.</p></li><li><p>An overview of the main digital platforms and ecosystems operating in Brazil, using ecosystem and network analysis.</p></li><li><p>How foreign authorities are adopting new digital competition regulation, focusing on the UK, Germany, and Japan. </p></li><li><p>The specific proposals by the Lula Administration to regulate digital competition. They include:</p><ol><li><p>Creating competition-related rules for designated large digital platforms. The rules include interoperability mandates, tying and bundling prohibitions, and self-preferencing prohibitions, among others. </p></li><li><p>Granting CADE powers to impose these rules on designated platforms, focused on the specific concern associated with each platform after a specific assessment. CADE would also have the power to monitor compliance and impose penalties if necessary. I will refer to these items a and b throughout this piece as the &#8220;<em>Digital Competition Regime</em>".</p></li><li><p>Updating CADE&#8217;s toolkit to assess competitive risks regarding conduct and merger control in antitrust enforcement.</p></li><li><p>Increasing scrutiny in mergers involving digital platforms in antitrust enforcement, including cases that do not meet the merger control thresholds in Brazil.</p></li></ol></li></ol><p>I will discuss the arguments in the same order as they appear in the Report.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h3>The Brazilian digital economy is vibrant &#8212; there is no need to regulate it based on productivity grounds</h3><p>The Report is clear: the Brazilian digital economy is a regional leader and has important success stories, such as 99, iFood, Loggi, and Gympass, among others. Global players, especially Meta, Alphabet/Google, Microsoft, Amazon, and Apple, have a relevant presence here.</p><p>The Report also mentions important facts:</p><ul><li><p>Vibrant payment/fintech ecosystems.</p></li><li><p>The presence of several streaming players.</p></li><li><p>The significance of e-commerce.</p></li><li><p>Technology is improving the productivity of Brazilian companies.</p></li><li><p>Digital platforms are more productive and create more value with fewer resources.</p></li></ul><p>On the other hand, the Report states that the Brazilian economy faces challenges in reaping all the benefits of technology to address productivity issues. So, one of the main reasons to justify new regulations is that a competitive digital economy is essential to productivity gains.</p><p><strong>However, the Report has not presented any evidence that the Brazilian digital economy suffers from a lack of competition or widespread anticompetitive behavior. There is no causal link between the competitive environment and our difficulties in adopting technology</strong>. </p><p><a href="https://iepecdg.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IN47-Lisboa-e-Mendes.pdf">Our productivity crisis involves several factors, including an inefficient tax system, chronic fiscal problems, political and legal uncertainty, protectionism, and capital misallocation</a>. In other words, our economy suffers from structural and greater issues that will not be addressed with new competition rules, especially rules targetting the digital economy.</p><p>It seems that the Lula administration wants to regulate competition in the Brazilian digital economy <em>before</em> it becomes an issue (i.e., a &#8220;precautionary&#8221; approach).  <strong>However, it has not discussed possible trade-offs or negative impacts of the Digital Competition Regime</strong>. The precautionary approach is best when we know the risks and benefits. </p><p>We do not want technology companies discouraged from innovating in Brazil. They have introduced new products and changed how we benefit from technology in the current regulatory environment.</p><p>New regulations will change this environment. We should promote new regulations based on risks supported by strong evidence, assess possible positive and negative consequences, and consider that we cannot anticipate them all. </p><p>Think about the DMA in Europe. In order to comply with it, <a href="https://skift.com/2024/11/26/google-reverts-to-10-blue-links-for-travel-search-results-in-european-test/">Google is degrading its search experience and testing a return to the &#8220;ten blue links&#8221; in some countries to escape self-preferencing accusations</a>. We do not want that.</p><p><em><strong>Google&#8217;s standard search</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y9q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0b1ca9b-b161-44a4-9bfc-effe2262b4c7_1024x732.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y9q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0b1ca9b-b161-44a4-9bfc-effe2262b4c7_1024x732.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y9q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0b1ca9b-b161-44a4-9bfc-effe2262b4c7_1024x732.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y9q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0b1ca9b-b161-44a4-9bfc-effe2262b4c7_1024x732.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y9q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0b1ca9b-b161-44a4-9bfc-effe2262b4c7_1024x732.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y9q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0b1ca9b-b161-44a4-9bfc-effe2262b4c7_1024x732.jpeg" width="537" height="383.87109375" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d0b1ca9b-b161-44a4-9bfc-effe2262b4c7_1024x732.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:732,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:537,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y9q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0b1ca9b-b161-44a4-9bfc-effe2262b4c7_1024x732.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y9q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0b1ca9b-b161-44a4-9bfc-effe2262b4c7_1024x732.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y9q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0b1ca9b-b161-44a4-9bfc-effe2262b4c7_1024x732.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Y9q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0b1ca9b-b161-44a4-9bfc-effe2262b4c7_1024x732.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>Google&#8217;s ten blue links</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RtYP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9a284db-ebe2-4332-8e97-8c3e882a89a1_1024x778.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RtYP!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9a284db-ebe2-4332-8e97-8c3e882a89a1_1024x778.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RtYP!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9a284db-ebe2-4332-8e97-8c3e882a89a1_1024x778.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RtYP!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9a284db-ebe2-4332-8e97-8c3e882a89a1_1024x778.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RtYP!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9a284db-ebe2-4332-8e97-8c3e882a89a1_1024x778.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RtYP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9a284db-ebe2-4332-8e97-8c3e882a89a1_1024x778.jpeg" width="619" height="470.294921875" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e9a284db-ebe2-4332-8e97-8c3e882a89a1_1024x778.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:778,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:619,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RtYP!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9a284db-ebe2-4332-8e97-8c3e882a89a1_1024x778.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RtYP!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9a284db-ebe2-4332-8e97-8c3e882a89a1_1024x778.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RtYP!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9a284db-ebe2-4332-8e97-8c3e882a89a1_1024x778.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RtYP!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9a284db-ebe2-4332-8e97-8c3e882a89a1_1024x778.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.apple.com/legal/dma/NCS-October-2024.pdf">Apple has warned that changes to its products to comply with the DMA involve greater risk to users and developers</a>. We do not want that.</p><p>Other jurisdictions have inspired the Lula administration to propose new regulations. These jurisdictions have not developed empirical evidence that their new regulations work and their benefits surpass possible harms. </p><p>For example, there is growing criticism about <a href="https://stratechery.com/2024/the-e-u-goes-too-far/">Europe</a>&#8217;s (including the <a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58ed40453a04116f46e8d99b/t/626c18397b27ec05bccb8e17/1651251266381/Conflicting+Missions.pdf">UK</a>) aggressive regulations given their potential harm to consumers. We do not want that for our country. </p><p>It does not make sense to copy regions known for economic stagnation if the intention is boosting productivity.</p><p><strong>We want a vibrant digital economy and policies that foster entrepreneurship and innovation. We need an agenda to reduce red tape on Brazilian entrepreneurs and not to increase it.</strong></p><h3>A House Built on Shaky Foundations</h3><p>The Report discusses that digital platforms have certain characteristics:</p><ul><li><p>Network effects;</p></li><li><p>Multi-sided nature;</p></li><li><p>Use and accumulation of data;</p></li><li><p>Creation of ecosystems.</p></li></ul><p>The Report outlines how these characteristics<em> </em>may lead to <em>hypothetical</em> competitive risks, such as market concentration, user lock-in, &#8220;conflicts of interest&#8221;, and data as entry barriers. It also lists conducts that <em>may</em> have anticompetitive effects, such as exclusive dealing, tying, the pre-installation of apps by operational systems, and excessive data collection. <strong>However, the Report has not discussed the conditions that allow these risks to materialize or these conducts to produce anticompetitive effects. </strong></p><p>The Report mostly points to papers, other reports, and contributions that confirm the administration&#8217;s claims as if they reflect consensus. <strong>In other words, the Lula administration mostly disregarded views against its claims. It fails to consider possible nuances and disagreements among authorities, scholars, practitioners, trade associations, and companies. This is not how public policy should be conducted.</strong></p><p><strong><a href="https://laweconcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/The-Imaginary-Antitrust-Consensus.pdf">There is no consensus</a> <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4347768">that digital platforms pose competitive risks that require new regulations</a></strong>. <strong><a href="https://legalgroundsinstitute.com/blog/regulacao-de-plataformas-com-base-em-evidencias/">There is no consensus in Brazil that the Digital Competition Regime is necessary</a>.</strong></p><p>Digital platforms <em>may </em>pose competitive risks in certain contexts and/or markets. <strong>In this context, the Lula administration must demonstrate how digital platforms harm competition in Brazil. The Report has not discussed that. </strong></p><p>The Lula administration itself admits that digital platforms have positively impacted the Brazilian economy. This may have happened because digital platforms successfully explored network effects, used data for decision-making, and created ecosystems.</p><p>The greatest challenge of antitrust enforcement is identifying <em>how </em>certain conducts impact competition, their <em>magnitude,</em> and <em>net effects</em> on consumers. Antitrust authorities have been trying to do that for over a hundred years. </p><p>Think about the antitrust <em>per se</em> standard. It is supposed to reflect the accumulated experience of antitrust authorities in dealing with conducts clearly (or very likely to be) anti-competitive. Under the <em>per se</em> standard, the anticompetitive effects are presumed. </p><p>Nowadays, the <em>per se</em> standard is only consensually applied to cartels. Other conducts need a careful assessment of their effects on consumers or competition. Why is that? Antitrust authorities recognize that assessing anticompetitive effects is complex. There is a risk of antitrust authorities prohibiting efficiency-enhancing conduct.</p><p><strong>It&#8217;s all about the trade-offs. We need to discuss them in the context of the Digital Competition Regime.</strong></p><p>We will only be in a better position to do so once we have a clearer view of competition in the digital economy.<strong> </strong>The Report states<strong> </strong>we need a more robust toolkit to&nbsp;<em>understand</em>&nbsp;<em>it better</em>. </p><p><strong>If this is the case, by proposing new legislation now, the Lula administration is facing a great risk of doing more harm than good.</strong> <strong>It does not know the possible consequences of a new regulatory framework and does not know how to measure the intended results.</strong></p><p>I doubt the Lula administration will come to its senses. </p><p>It acknowledges that the Brazilian digital economy involves heterogeneous products and services. We have infrastructure services (e.g., cloud), advertising, physical businesses (e.g., logistics), digital goods (e.g., apps, software, streaming), e-commerce, and financial services. <a href="https://www.ben-evans.com/benedictevans/2019/7/31/Netflix">Some of these businesses are not even &#8220;tech&#8221; companies, since they only use technology as a commodity</a>. </p><p>On the other hand, the Lula administration does not acknowledge that the policy consequences of this heterogeneity are brutal. Regulating how different businesses can <em>compete</em> with each other without distorting the competitive process is a huge challenge, especially if the administration intends to impose <em>asymmetric</em> rules. </p><p>The classical example is retail: would CADE prohibit Amazon from displaying its own products on the best part of its marketplace and allow Carrefour to display its own products on its best shelves?</p><p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/google-says-feedback-shows-old-search-result-format-is-bad-hotels-2024-12-12/">The changes in Google Search mentioned above apparently will harm hotels and not only consumers</a>. Will hotels have to rely more on OTAs (i.e., other digital platforms) instead of direct traffic? </p><p>This is very different from regulating the conditions of a product or service in a certain industry (e.g., parental advisory, sanitary standards, transparency mandates). This is very different from regulating the price of a utility service (e.g., electricity, toll roads) in a monopolistic context. </p><p>Under the Digital Competition Regime, CADE will always have to ask how multiple value chains and industries would be affected at the same time. <strong>CADE will always have to ask who is winning and who is losing.</strong></p><p>This might sound good in a world where CADE has godlike powers and knowledge, but not in the real world where erroneous interventions may dramatically harm our economy.</p><p>This is the part where you will call me a doomer. But please note that I would not have written this long post if the Lula administration introduced an honest, balanced discussion of the perils of the Digital Competition Regime. Instead, it released the Report based on weak assumptions and with virtually no evidence. It does not dialogue with potentially opposing viewpoints and does not consider possible trade-offs. So here I am.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qM7L!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F801c66e5-c2f4-48c1-8205-ad10cc08ecb1_400x592.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qM7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F801c66e5-c2f4-48c1-8205-ad10cc08ecb1_400x592.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qM7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F801c66e5-c2f4-48c1-8205-ad10cc08ecb1_400x592.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qM7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F801c66e5-c2f4-48c1-8205-ad10cc08ecb1_400x592.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qM7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F801c66e5-c2f4-48c1-8205-ad10cc08ecb1_400x592.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qM7L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F801c66e5-c2f4-48c1-8205-ad10cc08ecb1_400x592.png" width="400" height="592" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/801c66e5-c2f4-48c1-8205-ad10cc08ecb1_400x592.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:592,&quot;width&quot;:400,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qM7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F801c66e5-c2f4-48c1-8205-ad10cc08ecb1_400x592.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qM7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F801c66e5-c2f4-48c1-8205-ad10cc08ecb1_400x592.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qM7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F801c66e5-c2f4-48c1-8205-ad10cc08ecb1_400x592.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qM7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F801c66e5-c2f4-48c1-8205-ad10cc08ecb1_400x592.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Mad Jim Jaspers once distorted reality so badly that he almost destroyed it&#8230;</figcaption></figure></div><h3>The alleged limits of Brazilian antitrust enforcement do not justify <strong>the Digital Competition Regime</strong></h3><p>Now we are in a better position to understand that the administration&#8217;s claims regarding the limits of Brazilian antitrust enforcement are not real or at least do not prevent CADE from dealing with digital platforms.</p><p>The first claim is that the CADE&#8217;s toolkit is ill-suited to define relevant markets and identify market power in the digital economy. It would lack the ability to consider network effects, ecosystems and product integration, and the multi-sided aspects of digital platforms. </p><p>Here, the Lula administration has not demonstrated that CADE has no flexibility to improve its toolkit. Indeed, one of the proposals is precisely to help CADE do so without the Digital Competition Regime. </p><p>If the toolkit can be simply improved via soft law and training, why is there a demand for the Digital Competition Regime? According to the Ministry of Economy, case-by-case antitrust enforcement focusing on mergers and anticompetitive conduct has additional limitations.</p><h4>Merger control</h4><p>The Lula administration argued transactions would escape scrutiny because they often do not meet the filing thresholds. This is difficult to reconcile with the fact that CADE has analyzed at least 230 transactions involving digital platforms &#8212; data cited by the Report. If compared only with the sectors analyzed by CADE&#8217;s Department of Economic Studies, there is no sign of underenforcement.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d3QJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcb5172b-b52d-4bd8-b214-1a0e48a17e87_1253x1168.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d3QJ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcb5172b-b52d-4bd8-b214-1a0e48a17e87_1253x1168.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d3QJ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcb5172b-b52d-4bd8-b214-1a0e48a17e87_1253x1168.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d3QJ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcb5172b-b52d-4bd8-b214-1a0e48a17e87_1253x1168.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d3QJ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcb5172b-b52d-4bd8-b214-1a0e48a17e87_1253x1168.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d3QJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcb5172b-b52d-4bd8-b214-1a0e48a17e87_1253x1168.png" width="607" height="565.8228252194733" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fcb5172b-b52d-4bd8-b214-1a0e48a17e87_1253x1168.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1168,&quot;width&quot;:1253,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:607,&quot;bytes&quot;:107667,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d3QJ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcb5172b-b52d-4bd8-b214-1a0e48a17e87_1253x1168.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d3QJ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcb5172b-b52d-4bd8-b214-1a0e48a17e87_1253x1168.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d3QJ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcb5172b-b52d-4bd8-b214-1a0e48a17e87_1253x1168.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d3QJ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcb5172b-b52d-4bd8-b214-1a0e48a17e87_1253x1168.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>CADE imposed remedies on &#8220;only&#8221; three transactions involving digital platforms. How to interpret this? It seems consistent with the fact that CADE tends to approve most transactions without any restrictions when we consider all economic sectors. </p><p>CADE DEE&#8217;s data shows that strong scrutiny in merger cases in terms of remedies is reserved for only three sectors: healthcare, agricultural inputs, and mining. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8T0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29eae75a-0014-4cb9-b1a4-ab86916b3975_1254x1174.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8T0!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29eae75a-0014-4cb9-b1a4-ab86916b3975_1254x1174.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8T0!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29eae75a-0014-4cb9-b1a4-ab86916b3975_1254x1174.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8T0!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29eae75a-0014-4cb9-b1a4-ab86916b3975_1254x1174.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8T0!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29eae75a-0014-4cb9-b1a4-ab86916b3975_1254x1174.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8T0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29eae75a-0014-4cb9-b1a4-ab86916b3975_1254x1174.png" width="637" height="596.3620414673046" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/29eae75a-0014-4cb9-b1a4-ab86916b3975_1254x1174.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1174,&quot;width&quot;:1254,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:637,&quot;bytes&quot;:91873,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8T0!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29eae75a-0014-4cb9-b1a4-ab86916b3975_1254x1174.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8T0!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29eae75a-0014-4cb9-b1a4-ab86916b3975_1254x1174.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8T0!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29eae75a-0014-4cb9-b1a4-ab86916b3975_1254x1174.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8T0!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29eae75a-0014-4cb9-b1a4-ab86916b3975_1254x1174.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This may not be a sign of underenforcement against digital platforms. Maybe there is no significant concern regarding them in Brazil. The Ministry of Economy could not formulate a good theory of why there is a problem in Brazil based on merger control data.</p><p>Most of the sectors indicated above have stronger signs of concentration and consolidation. Most of them are mature markets. The Brazilian digital economy is nascent and vibrant.</p><p>Is CADE really failing to review problematic transactions? Are big platforms swallowing Brazilian startups? Is the Brazilian digital economy undergoing a consolidation trend? We need more data. Yet, the Ministry of Economy is telling us that mergers involving digital platforms can be problematic. <em>Show don&#8217;t tell</em>.</p><p>The Lula administration also argued that merger control needs improvement to consider other theories of harm, serial acquisitions, and potential &#8220;killer acquisitions&#8221;. Again, CADE is already flexible enough to do so without the Digital Competition Regime.</p><p>The Lula administration also ignored that mergers can improve efficiency and most are neutral to competition. More aggressive merger policies can make companies abandon potentially welfare-enhancing mergers. <strong>Therefore, they should be adopted when there is sufficient evidence of harm to consumers. </strong>It&#8217;s all about the trade-offs.</p><p>We should categorically reject claims that consolidation and concentration <em>per se</em> are harmful or indicate a lack of competition. <strong>This is why the Lula administration must produce specific evidence regarding mergers in the Brazilian digital economy</strong>.</p><p>We should also categorically reject claims that a merger control regime is only functional when transactions are blocked or highly scrutinized. No evidence corroborates that. We should dedicate more resources to problematic transactions and block or impose restrictions on those demonstrably harmful.</p><h4>Anticompetitive conduct</h4><p>The Lula administration argued that regulation is justified when digital platforms face no relevant constraints in their respective sectors, due to high fixed costs or strong network effects. However, it acknowledges that there is no consensus on how to make these concepts workable from a policy perspective and which sectors face no relevant competition or are prone to such a situation. </p><p>If more research is necessary, there is no reason to adopt the Digital Competition Regime in such a hurry. We must learn to walk before we run.</p><p>Ironically, the Lula administration here alludes to sectors with high fixed costs and strong network effects as public utilities and <em>natural monopolies</em>. If this is the case, it is not clear what the administration wants by adopting <em>competition</em> regulation.   </p><p>In any event, the idea that digital platforms are natural monopolies is wrong or at least far from being consensus. All sectors (e.g., cloud computing, e-commerce, ad tech, gaming, streaming, and social networks) mentioned in the Report are competitive and subject to different competitive forces, including emerging products and services. </p><p>The idea that some sectors (e.g., browsers, operational systems, or general search) are not competitive is an &#8220;end-of-history&#8221; approach. This idea disregards the fact that competition is dynamic and evolves over time. Again, concentration is a bad indicator of competition.</p><p>The Lula administration wants to incorporate dynamic analysis into antitrust enforcement. Dynamic analysis suggests we should be cautious about competition in the so-called &#8220;winner-takes-all&#8221; markets. This is because high market shares and temporary dominance may be eroded by innovations. </p><p>In other words, there is no consensus that the policy response to these types of markets is more regulations. Again, regulations have trade-offs hard to assess at this point.</p><p>The Lula administration argued that the Digital Competition Regime is an alternative to CADE&#8217;s slowness in reaching decisions. </p><p>Most of the conduct cases regarding digital platforms relate to abuse of dominance. <a href="https://revista.ibrac.org.br/index.php/revista/article/view/494/392">In Brazil, the average duration of unilateral conduct cases is just two years</a>. Too slow? I don&#8217;t think so.</p><p>CADE&#8217;s data shows that conduct cases involving digital platforms last on average three years and five months from initial complaint to conclusion. This does not seem long considering we do not know how long the designation period and the imposition of obligations will last under the Digital Competition Regime.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qT-t!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29e596b0-5a50-4639-8ef4-31e3580ec8a8_1981x1139.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qT-t!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29e596b0-5a50-4639-8ef4-31e3580ec8a8_1981x1139.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qT-t!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29e596b0-5a50-4639-8ef4-31e3580ec8a8_1981x1139.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qT-t!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29e596b0-5a50-4639-8ef4-31e3580ec8a8_1981x1139.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qT-t!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29e596b0-5a50-4639-8ef4-31e3580ec8a8_1981x1139.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qT-t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29e596b0-5a50-4639-8ef4-31e3580ec8a8_1981x1139.png" width="653" height="375.3853021978022" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/29e596b0-5a50-4639-8ef4-31e3580ec8a8_1981x1139.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:837,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:653,&quot;bytes&quot;:220886,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qT-t!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29e596b0-5a50-4639-8ef4-31e3580ec8a8_1981x1139.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qT-t!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29e596b0-5a50-4639-8ef4-31e3580ec8a8_1981x1139.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qT-t!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29e596b0-5a50-4639-8ef4-31e3580ec8a8_1981x1139.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qT-t!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29e596b0-5a50-4639-8ef4-31e3580ec8a8_1981x1139.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The Lula administration also argued that the Digital Competition Regime may overcome complexities in designing remedies in antitrust cases involving digital platforms.</p><p>I am sure digital platforms have complex business models and demand technical expertise, so CADE may have great difficulties in designing remedies.  </p><p>However, the Lula administration has not demonstrated how the Digital Competition Regime is superior to the current antitrust enforcement regime. <strong>Both face the same complexities.</strong> </p><p>In antitrust cases, CADE analyzes all the relevant economic, regulatory, and technical aspects to find and prove a competitive problem. Remedies are designed if there is a problem to be solved. </p><p>On the other hand, the Digital Competition Regime is about market design. CADE will decide what is best for a market or platform in response to potential problems without any burden of proof. This approach has at least two downsides: </p><ul><li><p>The room for misguided interventions is greater. </p></li><li><p>Interventions may significantly alter platforms&#8217; business models to the point that operating in Brazil would not be sustainable or attractive.</p></li></ul><p>So, far from being a superior model, the Digital Competition Regime has disadvantages. <strong>The Lula administration has not discussed them</strong>.</p><p>The Lula administration is concerned with the scope of antitrust remedies. It accepted claims that they are:</p><ul><li><p>Limited to the conduct at issue in each case;</p></li><li><p>Mostly orders for companies to cease conduct;</p></li><li><p>&#8220;One-shot&#8221; solutions, and cannot be revised;</p></li><li><p>Ineffective in the case of digital markets, based on recent international and Brazilian experiences.</p></li></ul><p>Broadly speaking, the first three are features of antitrust, not bugs. Case-by-case analysis helps antitrust authorities to design proportionate and adequate remedies. It is based on the idea that an effects-based or &#8220;rule of reason&#8221; approach maximizes the possibility of addressing the anticompetitive effects of a certain conduct while preserving its pro-competitive effects. </p><p>Case-by-case antitrust enforcement is also based on the idea that antitrust authorities (or judges) are ill-equipped to design markets.</p><p>While it is true that Brazilian antitrust enforcement is focused on ceasing the specific conduct at issue, the scope of remedies is virtually unlimited. It is only limited by proportionality and cannot target other companies apart from those being investigated.</p><p>The <a href="https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2011/lei/l12529.htm">Brazilian Competition Law</a> grants CADE authority to design any suitable remedies (see Article 38, especially item VII). The Brazilian Competition Law provides examples of remedies, such as divestitures, break-ups, and mandatory licensing of IP rights.</p><p>In both mergers and conduct cases, CADE has already negotiated different remedies. </p><ul><li><p>In <em>Rumo / All</em>, CADE designed pricing formulas to prevent discrimination.</p></li><li><p>In <em>Petrobras</em> (oil refining and natural gas settlements), CADE accepted divestitures and later specific behavioral commitments, including mandatory negotiations. Please note that the company was not formally charged with any conduct.</p></li><li><p>In <em>iFood</em> (exclusive dealing) and <em>Gympass</em>, CADE designed exclusivity caps and other behavioral remedies, including investments and interoperability commitments. In <em>iFood</em>, CADE negotiated commitments to address issues apparently unrelated to the investigation.</p></li></ul><p>These examples demonstrate that, in a closer look, the administration&#8217;s claims are not true or are at least overstated. In practice, CADE has the discretion to impose several types of remedies, including remedies outside the scope of the investigations.</p><p>I agree that CADE&#8217;s discretion to revise remedies is limited. In my view, remedies cannot be revised to aggravate the defendant&#8217;s situation or just because they are revealed to be ineffective. CADE has the burden of designing remedies very carefully.</p><p>This will be a challenge for the Digital Competition Regime too. If CADE is granted the power to revise remedies, there must be limits to this power. </p><p>Again, the Digital Competition Regime will have consequences and CADE will not be able to anticipate all of them. To a certain extent, CADE will have to accept undesired outcomes. If CADE review power is unlimited, we have the risk of subsequent &#8220;fine-tuning&#8221; interventions. CADE may in practice be involved in designing corporate strategy regularly instead of market regulation.</p><p>We will face a lot of complexities in regulating digital competition. There is no guarantee that the Digital Competition Regime will be more effective than remedies in antitrust cases, especially considering the trade-offs I have discussed extensively. This is also an empirical question, and the Lula administration has not provided any evidence that the proposed regime is more effective.</p><p>If the Digital Competition Regime is implemented, we will have overlapping regulatory tools. It is intended to complement the current antitrust enforcement regime. </p><p>As proposed, the Digital Competition Regime suffers from many of the challenges that antitrust suffers. The difference is that the Digital Competition Regime regime will be &#8220;enforcer-friendly&#8221;: it will not have the constraints that CADE&#8217;s antitrust enforcement has today. </p><p>Under the Digital Competition Regime, CADE could target companies regardless of market power considerations and impose remedies without proof of anticompetitive harm. Companies would only be able to put forward &#8220;efficiency defenses&#8221;, which already are difficult to prevail in antitrust cases. </p><p>As discussed, maybe, just maybe, antitrust enforcement constraints exist for a reason. Not just to protect companies, but also to ensure that enforcement is warranted and address real competition issues.</p><p>The truth is that the Lula administration is proposing the Digital Competition Regime without considering its downsides and trying to overhaul antitrust enforcement without considering its virtues and results.</p><p>Now, you might ask: Danny, have you considered the virtues of the Digital Competition Regime and the limits of Brazilian antitrust enforcement? </p><p>I concede that the Digital Competition Regime may be positive in some circumstances, but I have emphasized that it has downsides too. We should consider its <em>net</em> effects. The Lula administration has not done that.</p><p>I agree that Brazilian antitrust enforcement has limits. However, they are not the limits presented in the Report.</p><p>The more I think about the limits of Brazilian antitrust enforcement against digital platforms, the more I see that they involve more practical considerations. </p><p>Essentially, the main limit of Brazilian antitrust enforcement is that CADE lacks experience and training, especially in cases involving digital platforms. </p><p>This lack of expertise will also affect the Digital Competition Regime. It stems from the fact that CADE has not had the opportunity to investigate complex merger cases involving digital platforms. In addition, CADE lacks experience in dominance cases in general, not only involving digital platforms. </p><p>Most of the classic unilateral conducts do not have any standard of analysis or legal tests. Existing legal tests are rudimentary and do not reflect current economic thinking. Before we adopt new theories of harm, CADE still has to learn how to investigate the old ones. </p><p>If the Digital Competition Regime is implemented, we should not expect that CADE will be able to understand market realities, incorporate new theories of harm, or design adequate remedies. CADE will not know what exactly is problematic and how to address it.</p><p>CADE will not become more experienced or a better enforcer just because a new &#8220;digital&#8221; unit has been created. CADE is not ready to become a regulatory and antitrust agency at the same time.</p><p>While I do believe that I have presented a convincing case for why the Digital Competition Regime should not be adopted at this point, I would like to discuss a final topic. </p><h3>The Digital Competition Regime opens the door for rent-seeking</h3><p>One of the goals of the Digital Competition Regime is to redistribute rents across value chains, especially from large platforms to their business users.</p><p>So CADE would have the task of arbitrating the &#8220;fair&#8221; price for a service or the value that a given company may capture from a platform. CADE would have also the task of establishing the &#8220;fair&#8221; provision of a service via a platform (for example, to address self-preferencing concerns). </p><p>In this process, CADE will seek the views of business users who utilize a given platform. Business users want to extract rents from the platform. They are not interested in consumers but in redesigning platforms to their benefit.</p><p>Usually, in this type of dispute, CADE investigates if certain conduct leads to market foreclosure. Only conduct that may exclude a rival from the market is subject to scrutiny &#8212; private disputes over rents generally are outside the realm of antitrust. Although CADE is not exactly a champion of the consumer welfare standard, it is required to look into the effects on consumers. </p><p>The Digital Competition Regime invites business users to bring their claims, but now without the burden of proof regarding anticompetitive effects and harm to consumers. </p><p>These disputes over rents generally involve well-funded and well-organized companies. Outside Brazil, Spotify, Epic Games, Yelp, and Booking filed antitrust complaints against Apple and Google. In Brazil, Buscape and Microsoft filed antitrust complaints against Google in the past, and now MeLi and Meta have just filed antitrust complaints against Apple.</p><p>Small businesses and consumers usually do not have the ability, resources, or organization to bring claims before CADE. Would CADE hear them? Regulatory capture is a real concern and policymakers should keep that in mind. The Report has not devoted a single line to this. </p><p>A positive agenda regarding regulation in the digital economy should focus on consumers. Again, the Lula Administration has not presented any evidence that competitive issues regarding the Brazilian digital economy are ultimately harming consumers.</p><h3>Conclusion: a flawed bill is in the making</h3><p>I&#8217;m sorry that I had to repeat myself. What I wanted to convey over this long entry is that: </p><ul><li><p><strong>The Lula administration has not provided sufficient evidence that the Digital Competition Regime is necessary</strong>. Any of its arguments are supported by specific evidence regarding the Brazilian context.</p></li><li><p><strong>The Lula administration seems to be deluded by an imaginary consensus</strong> regarding the characteristics of competition in the digital economy and the appropriate policy responses.</p></li><li><p><strong>Regulating digital competition involves significant trade-offs. New regulations may destroy value, discourage investments, and harm innovation. </strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Policy-making involves considering real-world constraints.</strong> These include comparing alternative responses in a mature and unbiased manner and considering that rent-seeking or regulatory capture may be a concern.  </p></li></ul><p>As the Lula administration will soon propose a bill based on a fundamentally flawed Report, my goal is to convince you to critically assess both the Report and the bill.</p><p>I want Brazilian policy-making to be better. In the case of competition policy, we should prioritize the interests of the consumers and adopt an evidence-based approach, and the Lula administration has not done that. </p><p>We are at great risk here, and you have been warned. The risk of being seen as hostile to innovation and competition. The risk of losing investments and jobs. </p><p>The third Lula administration is doing a terrible job at economic policy across the board. Its legacy likely will be high inflation, high interest rates, fiscal deficit, and increasing taxation. </p><p>We must not let it ruin our competition policy as well. </p><p>Until next time.</p><p>Danny</p><p><em>PS: I thank Annie Truss, Emma Frost, and Dr. Doom so much for their insightful discussions and for seeing a draft.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Thank you for reading! Did you know that competition is about the discovery of relevant facts? If you liked it, please consider sharing this post to expand the knowledge of others.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/the-less-i-know-the-better-comment?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTUzMDk5ODgyLCJpYXQiOjE3Mzg2MzgxNTYsImV4cCI6MTc0MTIzMDE1NiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTc0NTExNyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.-gaf6k5CO8px7FCo1FXUWH4RGHEw_4ilTbABURHBu9w&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/the-less-i-know-the-better-comment?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTUzMDk5ODgyLCJpYXQiOjE3Mzg2MzgxNTYsImV4cCI6MTc0MTIzMDE1NiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTc0NTExNyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.-gaf6k5CO8px7FCo1FXUWH4RGHEw_4ilTbABURHBu9w"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Less I Know the Better: Comment on Zarzur, Ferreira, and Bauer on Digesto]]></title><description><![CDATA[An essay on collective amnesia]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/the-less-i-know-the-better-comment</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/the-less-i-know-the-better-comment</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2024 17:50:31 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/69ff4cb8-8fab-45c4-900e-1f5915aa7719_498x231.gif" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Competition is always dynamic!</em> <em>Welcome to a &#8220;customer-centric&#8221; newsletter that charges zero prices, deals with antitrust uncertainty, and adapts to new knowledge. Join a network that will monopolize Brazilian antitrust thinking by subscribing here:</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Hi,</p><p><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5037743">Cristianne Zarzur, Jackson Ferreira, and Clara Bauer recently released an article discussing practical implications of the </a><em><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5037743">Digesto</a></em><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5037743"> case</a> (<a href="https://www.jota.info/artigos/grupo-economico-e-controle-para-fins-concorrenciais-temas-em-discussao-no-cade">in Portuguese, on Jota)</a>. They focused on the concept of economic group in the case of companies within the meaning of CADE&#8217;s Resolution 33/2022.</p><p>After a generally correct description of the decision, they concluded that <em>Digesto</em> established that, in the case of companies, control is a necessary requirement for looking upward in the corporate chain. The case also established it is not possible to assume control if a (minority) shareholder holds at least 20% of a company.</p><p>Further, they argued there are still open questions:</p><blockquote><p><em>Questions remain, such as the precise meaning of &#8220;parties directly involved in the transaction&#8221; and a more objective understanding of &#8220;control powers.&#8221; Finally, there is a concern about replacing the objectivity of the &#8220;20%&#8221; criterion with the fluidity and subjectivity of the concept of &#8220;control.&#8221;</em> </p></blockquote><p>The &#8220;concern&#8221; above is not actually a concern. The &#8220;20% criterion&#8221; is based on a persistent misconception regarding Article 4 of CADE&#8217;s Resolution 33/2022: the view that the &#8220;20% criterion&#8221; applies upward in the corporate chain of the company involved in the transaction. </p><p>Let&#8217;s recap.</p><p>Defining an economic group of a company involves three steps:</p><ol><li><p>Identifying the entity directly involved in the transaction;</p></li><li><p><strong>Identifying the companies under common control</strong>; and</p></li><li><p>Identifying the companies in which the companies listed in steps (1) and (2) hold a 20%+ stake.</p></li></ol><p>In step 2, the law requires &#8220;control&#8221;. There is no mention to 20%+ stake.</p><p>The &#8220;20% criterion&#8221; has been applied detached from the concept of control. Unsurprisingly, <em>Naspers</em> established that the discussion on if a shareholder with 20%+ of a company holds control is irrelevant. This was the peak of the misconception regarding Article 4. For more context, see <a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/digesto-is-a-disaster">my Digesto piece</a>.</p><p><em>Digesto&#8217;s</em> overruling of <em>Naspers</em> correctly discussed that the concept of control is related to the rights held by the applicable shareholder. Even shareholders with less than a 20% stake may hold control if they have a set of rights over the company&#8217;s strategy. </p><p>In <em>Digesto</em>, Commissioner Victor Fernandes pointed out that, in the early days of the new Brazilian competition law, CADE established that the concept of control for the purposes of Article 4 is the concept provided for in Brazilian Corporate Law.</p><p>As a rule known by companies and the State with a good degree of certainty and predictability, it is objective.</p><p>Fluidity and subjectivity were introduced not because the concept provided for in Brazilian Corporate Law is subjective, but because CADE decided to abandon it. I cannot imagine something more subjective than adopting an interpretation of the law that is not supported by the original text (i.e., the 20% criterion).</p><p>Indeed, what &#8220;control&#8221; means is still an open question. However, most of the cases that discussed control focused on Article 9 (if a transaction refers to acquisition of control, or is being conducted by the sole controlling shareholder) instead of Article 4 (if a shareholder is indeed a controlling shareholder). Even among the cases that discussed Article 4, the focus was not on the stake held by the shareholder, but on its ability to exercise control. </p><p>Article 9 is related to the merits of a transaction. Article 4 is related to a formal aspect: calculating revenues. </p><p>It does make sense that we have more detailed discussions on what control means from a competition perspective when looking at the effects of a transaction. It does not make sense to have these discussions when looking at the configuration of an economic group.</p><p>Our regulations and institutional memory have recognized that long ago. And they even recognized that there may be conflicts.</p><p>This is why <em>BNDES / Pratica</em> confirmed that &#8220;control&#8221; for the purposes of Article 4 refers to the concept provided for in Brazilian Corporate Law and said that &#8220;relevant influence&#8221; should be assessed only on the merits. This is consistent with the provision in Article 4 that explicitly says that CADE may adopt other group configuration for the purposes of assessing the merits of a transaction. </p><p>Therefore, Article 4 can adopt the corporate concept of control, while Article 9 and other assessments on the merits can adopt the &#8220;antitrust&#8221; concept of control. </p><p><strong>I do not share the authors&#8217; view that we have open questions, simply because we already have the answers. The major flaw of the article is to ignore this fact.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a></strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8FDa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8697ce6-f188-4d37-a682-046b1604e31c_498x231.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8FDa!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8697ce6-f188-4d37-a682-046b1604e31c_498x231.gif 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8FDa!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8697ce6-f188-4d37-a682-046b1604e31c_498x231.gif 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8FDa!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8697ce6-f188-4d37-a682-046b1604e31c_498x231.gif 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8FDa!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8697ce6-f188-4d37-a682-046b1604e31c_498x231.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8FDa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8697ce6-f188-4d37-a682-046b1604e31c_498x231.gif" width="498" height="231" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c8697ce6-f188-4d37-a682-046b1604e31c_498x231.gif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:231,&quot;width&quot;:498,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:724298,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/gif&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8FDa!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8697ce6-f188-4d37-a682-046b1604e31c_498x231.gif 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8FDa!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8697ce6-f188-4d37-a682-046b1604e31c_498x231.gif 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8FDa!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8697ce6-f188-4d37-a682-046b1604e31c_498x231.gif 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8FDa!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8697ce6-f188-4d37-a682-046b1604e31c_498x231.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Your memory has been wiped out</figcaption></figure></div><p>Please note that I do think CADE should provide more clarification on this topic, especially in the benefit of those who do not fully grasp it. However, CADE (and practitioners) should not bend the law at its will as if it can manipulate reality. CADE&#8217;s regulations can be changed following the appropriate process.</p><p>Unfortunately, there is little criticism on the fact that CADE (and many practitioners) has been adopting expansionist interpretations on all filing thresholds. <em>Naspers</em> is only an example of a desire to create a world where increasingly more transactions are notifiable. Zarzur, Ferreira, and Bauer wasted an opportunity to point that out.</p><p>Danny Comp / Owen Reece</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Thank you for reading! Did you know that competition is about the discovery of relevant facts? If you liked it, please consider sharing this post to expand the knowledge of others.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/the-less-i-know-the-better-comment?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/the-less-i-know-the-better-comment?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><a href="https://site.ibrac.org.br/UPLOADS/Eventos/67/Cristianne%20Saccab%20Zarzur.pdf">See, curiously, a presentation by Zarzur on this topic many years ago</a>. </p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Digesto is a Disaster]]></title><description><![CDATA[Essay on the fragmentation of Brazilian merger control thresholds]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/digesto-is-a-disaster</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/digesto-is-a-disaster</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 06 Jun 2024 12:27:55 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ae752b9f-0420-4202-9a03-2f51b03ca22e_512x255.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Competition is always dynamic!</em> <em>Welcome to a &#8220;customer-centric&#8221; newsletter that charges zero prices, deals with antitrust uncertainty, and adapts to new knowledge. Join a network that will monopolize Brazilian antitrust thinking by subscribing here:</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wb8j!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bb774cd-0381-4eec-ad2f-dedfbf5e2ae6_920x584.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wb8j!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bb774cd-0381-4eec-ad2f-dedfbf5e2ae6_920x584.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wb8j!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bb774cd-0381-4eec-ad2f-dedfbf5e2ae6_920x584.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wb8j!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bb774cd-0381-4eec-ad2f-dedfbf5e2ae6_920x584.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wb8j!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bb774cd-0381-4eec-ad2f-dedfbf5e2ae6_920x584.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wb8j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bb774cd-0381-4eec-ad2f-dedfbf5e2ae6_920x584.png" width="920" height="584" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8bb774cd-0381-4eec-ad2f-dedfbf5e2ae6_920x584.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:584,&quot;width&quot;:920,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:394341,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wb8j!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bb774cd-0381-4eec-ad2f-dedfbf5e2ae6_920x584.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wb8j!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bb774cd-0381-4eec-ad2f-dedfbf5e2ae6_920x584.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wb8j!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bb774cd-0381-4eec-ad2f-dedfbf5e2ae6_920x584.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wb8j!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bb774cd-0381-4eec-ad2f-dedfbf5e2ae6_920x584.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Hi Friends, </p><p>The <em>Digesto </em>case is representative of a broader issue: the fragmentation of Brazilian merger control thresholds. </p><p> &#8220;Fragmentation&#8221; means: </p><ul><li><p>Merger filing thresholds are not provided only in Brazilian Competition Law and CADE&#8217;s regulations (&#8220;Brazilian merger rules&#8221;), but they are also scattered across several decisions.</p></li><li><p>These decisions often are vague, contradictory among themselves, and even contradict Brazilian merger rules.</p></li></ul><p><em>Digesto</em> is a good example of this issue because: </p><ul><li><p>The case solved one issue that could suffer from fragmentation: CADE restated that the entity &#8220;directly involved in the transaction&#8221; determines the definition of the economic group, not the company&#8217;s shareholders, regardless if they are investment funds.</p></li><li><p>The case directly contradicts <em>Naspers</em>, <em>creating</em> a fragmentation: CADE restated Brazilian merger rules that provide that, when you look &#8220;above&#8221; the corporate structure of the entity directly involved in the transaction, only the <strong>controlling shareholders</strong> are included in the definition of economic group related to companies. <em>Naspers</em> in practice &#8220;<em>revoked&#8221;</em> the rule by saying that any shareholder of the company directly involved in the transaction with an interest of at least 20% should be included, regardless if they are (sole or joint) controlling shareholders. Now, there is doubt if <em>Naspers</em> is a valid precedent or not. As I will explain, it isn&#8217;t.</p></li><li><p>The case <em>exposed </em>an existing fragmentation regarding the notion of &#8220;control&#8221;, especially the rights held by minority shareholders, <strong>but did not solve it</strong>. Most of the decision was dedicated to &#8220;systematizing&#8221; the current fragmentation, but it is quite open-ended and the truth is that we still don&#8217;t know how CADE will assess certain rights in particular cases. Further, we will not be able to keep track of the decisional practice from now on due to the confidentiality associated with this issue in particular cases. My conclusion is that CADE, and mainly CADE&#8217;s General Superintendence, will use the decision as guidance until further instructions come in the form of guidelines or new merger thresholds. However, using the decision as a guide may <em>aggravate</em> the existing fragmentation.</p></li></ul><p>How many cheers for Reporting Commissioner Victor Fernandes&#8217; job here? Only one out of three: it was a wasted opportunity. Now we are looking for explanations on YouTube and seeing interviews with the director. Was it all a dream?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_DXg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b3aac61-b4d3-4e48-ae05-d4085b265e5c_480x202.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_DXg!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b3aac61-b4d3-4e48-ae05-d4085b265e5c_480x202.gif 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_DXg!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b3aac61-b4d3-4e48-ae05-d4085b265e5c_480x202.gif 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_DXg!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b3aac61-b4d3-4e48-ae05-d4085b265e5c_480x202.gif 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_DXg!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b3aac61-b4d3-4e48-ae05-d4085b265e5c_480x202.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_DXg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b3aac61-b4d3-4e48-ae05-d4085b265e5c_480x202.gif" width="698" height="293.7416666666667" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8b3aac61-b4d3-4e48-ae05-d4085b265e5c_480x202.gif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:202,&quot;width&quot;:480,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:698,&quot;bytes&quot;:107066,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/gif&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_DXg!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b3aac61-b4d3-4e48-ae05-d4085b265e5c_480x202.gif 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_DXg!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b3aac61-b4d3-4e48-ae05-d4085b265e5c_480x202.gif 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_DXg!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b3aac61-b4d3-4e48-ae05-d4085b265e5c_480x202.gif 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_DXg!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b3aac61-b4d3-4e48-ae05-d4085b265e5c_480x202.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Below, I will break down the case and the three issues outlined above. I will refer to the written votes and Commissioner Victor Fernandes&#8217; remarks at the ICC event &#8212; I thank Annie Truss for sharing her notes with me.</p><h3>Summary of the case</h3><p>Jusbrasil acquired Digesto in October 2021. Most of the facts are redacted, but we know that Jusbrasil and Digesto had investment funds (likely PE/VC funds) as investors with a 20%+ shareholding and some special rights. Digesto also had its founders and other shareholders forming a block of majority shareholders bound by a shareholders&#8217; agreement. </p><p>In January 2023, CADE&#8217;s General Superintendence investigated if the parties engaged in gun jumping. The companies defended that the transaction was not subject to filing because their economic groups did not meet the revenue thresholds. It seems they argued that: </p><ul><li><p>Jusbrasil was the parent company of the group, and its group did not meet the greater revenue threshold under this definition.</p></li><li><p>Digesto&#8217;s major shareholders only invested in Digesto and the companies in which Digesto had a stake. Digesto&#8217;s group did not meet the greater revenue threshold under this definition.</p></li></ul><h3>Issue #1: When you should apply the definition of economic group regarding companies or funds?</h3><p>CADE&#8217;s General Superintendence concluded that the companies engaged in gun jumping. The funds investing in Jusbrasil and Digesto held a shareholding superior to 20% and therefore the revenues of their portfolio companies should have been taken into account. This interpretation made the transaction notifiable. </p><p>CADE&#8217;s General Superintendence was of the view that if an investment fund holds at least 20% of the entity involved in a given transaction, the rule governing the definition of the economic group of such entity is the rule applicable to investment funds. </p><p>Commissioner Victor Fernandes disagreed. To him, &#8220;the entity directly involved in the transaction&#8221; determines the applicable rule. Jusbrasil and Digesto are companies, so the definition related to companies should be considered. This definition only takes into account shareholders (and their portfolio companies) <em>if they control</em> the company directly involved in the transaction. </p><p>The illustrations below help to explain the difference between the two interpretations.</p><h4>CADE&#8217;s General Superintendence&#8217;s interpretation</h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!875l!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118d4e20-65d1-448f-a803-53ddde263856_1789x931.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!875l!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118d4e20-65d1-448f-a803-53ddde263856_1789x931.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!875l!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118d4e20-65d1-448f-a803-53ddde263856_1789x931.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!875l!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118d4e20-65d1-448f-a803-53ddde263856_1789x931.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!875l!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118d4e20-65d1-448f-a803-53ddde263856_1789x931.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!875l!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118d4e20-65d1-448f-a803-53ddde263856_1789x931.png" width="1456" height="758" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/118d4e20-65d1-448f-a803-53ddde263856_1789x931.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:758,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:139626,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!875l!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118d4e20-65d1-448f-a803-53ddde263856_1789x931.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!875l!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118d4e20-65d1-448f-a803-53ddde263856_1789x931.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!875l!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118d4e20-65d1-448f-a803-53ddde263856_1789x931.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!875l!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118d4e20-65d1-448f-a803-53ddde263856_1789x931.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4>Commissioner Victor Fernandes&#8217; interpretation (following Brazilian merger rules)</h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-0Q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F123ea938-1cbb-46be-8254-e2a400b996e5_1682x968.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-0Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F123ea938-1cbb-46be-8254-e2a400b996e5_1682x968.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-0Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F123ea938-1cbb-46be-8254-e2a400b996e5_1682x968.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-0Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F123ea938-1cbb-46be-8254-e2a400b996e5_1682x968.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-0Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F123ea938-1cbb-46be-8254-e2a400b996e5_1682x968.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-0Q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F123ea938-1cbb-46be-8254-e2a400b996e5_1682x968.png" width="1456" height="838" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/123ea938-1cbb-46be-8254-e2a400b996e5_1682x968.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:838,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:160201,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-0Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F123ea938-1cbb-46be-8254-e2a400b996e5_1682x968.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-0Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F123ea938-1cbb-46be-8254-e2a400b996e5_1682x968.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-0Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F123ea938-1cbb-46be-8254-e2a400b996e5_1682x968.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7-0Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F123ea938-1cbb-46be-8254-e2a400b996e5_1682x968.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>As seen above, CADE&#8217;s General Superintendence&#8217;s view is at odds with the wording of the Brazilian merger rules (materialized in Commissioner Victor Fernandes&#8217; vote). </p><p>This view has never appeared in any past cases. Please note that the CADE General Superintendent&#8217;s decision was signed by officers who have a long career at CADE. They should not have room to innovate on an issue that is established in a rule enacted 10 years ago and that never admitted their position before. This behavior creates&#8230; fragmentation!</p><p>Commissioner Victor Fernandes spotted the fragmentation and addressed it in a very assertive way. The problems with the case began after that. </p><ol><li><p>When he reaffirmed that control is an essential element to look &#8220;above&#8221; the corporate structure of the company directly involved in the transaction, he was saying that <em>Naspers</em> is at odds with Brazilian merger rules.</p></li><li><p>He assigned himself the task of assessing if the funds investing in Jusbrasil and Digesto had control over them.</p></li></ol><h3>Issue #2: What happened to the <em>Naspers</em> rule?</h3><p>If Commissioner Victor Fernandes really believed that <em>Naspers</em> was still valid, he would have solved <em>Digesto</em> easily. He would have simply verified that the funds had 20%+ shareholdings in each company, and therefore they and their portfolio companies would be part of the Jusbrasil and Digesto groups respectively. His vote would have 15 pages instead of 70!</p><p>This approach was part of CADE&#8217;s General Superintendence&#8217;s secondary argument. Strangely, CADE&#8217;s General Superintendence chose to defend the odd interpretation discussed in &#8220;Issue #1&#8221; above instead of sticking with <em>Naspers</em>. In practice, the result would be the same, but the consequences for future cases could be problematic.</p><p><strong>Now, I will expose why I believe </strong><em><strong>Digesto</strong></em><strong> &#8220;overruled&#8221; </strong><em><strong>Naspers</strong></em>.</p><p>Just to recap, please read an excerpt of Reporting Commissioner Gustavo Lima&#8217;s vote in <em>Naspers</em>. This vote was seconded by all Commissioners of the previous composition, including Commissioner Victor Fernandes:</p><blockquote><p>Assim, para efeitos da legisla&#231;&#227;o antitruste, todas as empresas que tenham controle, ou sejam controladas, em percentual acima de 20% s&#227;o consideradas como fazendo parte do mesmo grupo econ&#244;mico. Note-se que o referido percentual &#233; aplicado a partir das empresas diretamente envolvidas na opera&#231;&#227;o, sendo aplicado tanto para cima como para baixo. Ou seja, ele aplic&#225;vel:</p><p><strong>Sob a &#243;tica do controlador (para cima) - para todas as empresas que detenham mais do que 20% no capital da empresa envolvida na opera&#231;&#227;o, de forma direta ou indireta; e</strong></p><p><strong>Sob a &#243;tica do controlado (para baixo) &#8211; para todas as empresas controladas pela empresa envolvida na opera&#231;&#227;o, nos casos em que a empresa envolvida possua mais do que 20% no capital da empresa controlada, de forma direta ou indireta.</strong></p><p><strong>Nessa defini&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o entra qualquer considera&#231;&#227;o sobre a estrutura societ&#225;ria ou direitos pol&#237;ticos existentes entre controlados e controladores.</strong> Isso porque o percentual de 20% &#233; aplicado <strong>sobre o capital social ou votante</strong>. Trata-se, aqui, de duas hip&#243;teses alternativas. Ainda que a participa&#231;&#227;o se d&#234; apenas no capital social, sem qualquer participa&#231;&#227;o nas a&#231;&#245;es que d&#227;o direito de voto, ainda assim a opera&#231;&#227;o &#233; de notifica&#231;&#227;o obrigat&#243;ria.</p><p>(&#8230;)</p><p>Eventuais particularidades relativas ao grau de controle efetivamente exercido pelas diversas empresas do grupo s&#227;o verificadas ao longo do exame do ato de concentra&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s a notifica&#231;&#227;o.</p></blockquote><p>Please note that <em>control (controle)</em> simply means &#8220;participa&#231;&#227;o/titularidade&#8221; (<em>ownership)</em> throughout this quote and therefore controlling shareholder (&#8220;<em>controlador</em>&#8221;) should be interpreted accordingly. Why is that? Because the decision <strong>rules out any discussion regarding control for purposes of defining an economic group. </strong>Read again:</p><blockquote><p><strong>Nessa defini&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o entra qualquer considera&#231;&#227;o sobre a estrutura societ&#225;ria ou direitos pol&#237;ticos existentes entre controlados e controladores</strong></p></blockquote><p>See below an illustration of the &#8220;<em>Naspers</em> rule&#8221;:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqUC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07c86ea1-3727-4507-a22e-909f874cefaa_1818x951.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqUC!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07c86ea1-3727-4507-a22e-909f874cefaa_1818x951.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqUC!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07c86ea1-3727-4507-a22e-909f874cefaa_1818x951.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqUC!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07c86ea1-3727-4507-a22e-909f874cefaa_1818x951.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqUC!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07c86ea1-3727-4507-a22e-909f874cefaa_1818x951.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqUC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07c86ea1-3727-4507-a22e-909f874cefaa_1818x951.png" width="1456" height="762" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/07c86ea1-3727-4507-a22e-909f874cefaa_1818x951.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:762,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:148097,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqUC!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07c86ea1-3727-4507-a22e-909f874cefaa_1818x951.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqUC!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07c86ea1-3727-4507-a22e-909f874cefaa_1818x951.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqUC!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07c86ea1-3727-4507-a22e-909f874cefaa_1818x951.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqUC!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07c86ea1-3727-4507-a22e-909f874cefaa_1818x951.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Listening to Commissioner Victor Fernandes at the ICC&#8217;s event, I realized that his interpretation of <em>Naspers</em> is different from the antitrust community&#8217;s interpretation. According to him, <em>Naspers</em> created a presumption that a shareholder who owns 20%+ of a company should be considered a controlling shareholder. The antitrust community believes that <em>Naspers</em> established that a shareholder who owns 20%+ of the company directly involved in the transaction is part of the economic group of this company, <em>regardless of the existence of control</em>.</p><p>Based on the above, it is clear that the interpretation of the antitrust community is correct: <em><strong>Naspers</strong></em><strong> established that the mere shareholding of 20%+ suffices</strong>. (That&#8217;s why you should read &#8220;control&#8221; as simply &#8220;ownership&#8221;).</p><p>It seems that Commissioner Victor Fernandes tried to reconcile <em>Naspers</em> with the Brazilian merger rules. However, in practical terms, <em>Digesto</em> conflicts with <em>Naspers</em> regardless of which interpretation of the case is adopted. </p><ul><li><p>If you believe that Commissioner Victor Fernandes&#8217; interpretation is correct (i.e., <em>Naspers</em> created a presumption), <em>Digesto</em> stated that <strong>it is not correct to assume control based on a 20% shareholding</strong>.</p></li><li><p>If you believe that the antitrust community interpretation is correct, <em>Digesto</em> <strong>clearly stated that the concept of control is a necessary condition for defining economic groups in the case of companies</strong>.</p></li></ul><p>Commissioner Victor Fernandes said at the ICC&#8217;s event that his vote did not change the interpretation of Brazilian merger rules. <strong>However, his vote underscored that </strong><em><strong>Naspers</strong></em><strong> cannot survive as a method to assess control and he said at the ICC event that he tried to restate that the concept of control is necessary &#8212; as he did it</strong>. There is a separate section of the vote dedicated to explaining <strong>why assuming control based on a 20%+ shareholding is wrong</strong> <strong>because it conflates the concept of control and affiliation (</strong><em><strong>coliga&#231;&#227;o</strong></em><strong>)</strong>.</p><blockquote><p>O que n&#227;o me parece poss&#237;vel, contudo, &#233; extrapolar a literalidade da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 33/2022 para fundir dois crit&#233;rios que o pr&#243;prio ato normativo tratou claramente como cumulativos: (i) presen&#231;a de controle comum e (ii) deten&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 20% de participa&#231;&#227;o societ&#225;ria. Tal interpreta&#231;&#227;o, a meu ver, extrapolaria os limites hermen&#234;uticos de um ato normativo editado pelo pr&#243;prio CADE, dando-se a imagina que onde diz "controle", l&#234;-se "coliga&#231;&#227;o". </p></blockquote><p>This paragraph is so important that it appears twice in the vote!</p><p>Commissioner Victor Fernandes dedicated a great part of his vote to identifying which rights amount to (joint) control precisely because <em>Naspers</em> is not applicable in his view, and he needed another standard to assess if the funds were controlling shareholders of Jusbrasil and Digesto. </p><p>People might think that the fact he defended a review of Brazilian merger rules invalidates the main conclusions related to the interpretation of Brazilian competition law. Such thinking would represent a dilemma because <em>Digesto</em> dialogued with several CADE&#8217;s cases and reopened a discussion that seemed dead after <em>Naspers</em>. A precedent (<em>Naspers</em>) cannot be &#8220;reiterated&#8221; and &#8220;overruled&#8221; at the same time!</p><p>In my view, Commissioner Victor Fernandes&#8217; call for a review of Brazilian merger rules was inspired by <em>Digesto </em>but was not directly connected to the case. His remarks are only relevant as a matter of &#8220;competition policy&#8221;. </p><p>As a matter of &#8220;decisional practice&#8221;, his remarks are irrelevant. If the same fact pattern of <em>Digesto</em> reaches CADE&#8217;s Tribunal in a gun jumping case, the Tribunal will be required to render a decision and they would not be allowed to base their decision on <em>Naspers. </em></p><p>This is because they agreed that assuming a mere 20%+ shareholding is insufficient to include a shareholder in the economic group of the company directly involved in the transaction. This conclusion is clearer when you see concurring votes in the case. Commissioner Carlos Jacques:</p><blockquote><p><strong>&#201; essa linha t&#234;nue entre prote&#231;&#227;o do investimento e controle compartilhado por meio de cl&#225;usulas contratuais que torna desafiadora a an&#225;lise do Cade para configura&#231;&#227;o de grupos econ&#244;micos e sua decorrente aferi&#231;&#227;o dos faturamentos. N&#227;o basta somente adotar a participa&#231;&#227;o societ&#225;ria&nbsp;de 20% como um </strong><em><strong>proxy</strong></em><strong> de controle na sociedade, pois nem sempre isso &#233; verdade.</strong></p><p>(&#8230;)</p><p>Em verdade, ainda que a jurisprud&#234;ncia sobre o tema do controle em notifica&#231;&#227;o de atos de concentra&#231;&#227;o seja fragmentada, o Tribunal do Cade j&#225; havia iniciado um esfor&#231;o memor&#225;vel para sanear as d&#250;vidas. O bem lan&#231;ado voto do Conselheiro Gustavo Augusto no APAC n. 08700.006369/2018-88 buscou tal objetivo. <strong>E este voto esmerado &#233; revisitado agora no voto do Conselheiro Victor Fernandes neste caso Digesto/Jusbrasil. N&#227;o tenho d&#250;vidas de que o entendimento aqui sedimentado representa importante marco na pr&#225;tica deste Conselho</strong>.</p></blockquote><p>Commissioner Camila Alves:</p><blockquote><p><strong>S&#227;o identificados no voto crit&#233;rios para distinguir entre direitos de prote&#231;&#227;o ao investimento e controle, &#224; luz das an&#225;lises da Superintend&#234;ncia-Geral do Cade, visando proporcionar maior seguran&#231;a jur&#237;dica e previsibilidade</strong>. (&#8230;)</p><p><strong>O voto buscou oferecer orienta&#231;&#245;es que assegurem um padr&#227;o m&#237;nimo de seguran&#231;a para os atores econ&#244;micos, enquanto se realiza (espera-se) uma revis&#227;o abrangente e aprofundada dos crit&#233;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o de atos de concentra&#231;&#227;o.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Now enters Commissioner Gustavo Lima. His concurring vote has two major contradictions: (i) at the same time he agrees and disagrees with Commissioner Victor Fernandes&#8217;s view on <em>Naspers</em>; and (ii) his clarification on <em>Naspers</em> misrepresents his own majority vote on <em>Naspers</em>. </p><p>I will let you see for yourself these contradictions, but to me, the bottom line of his vote is that, to him, <strong>20%+ shareholding + special rights are cumulative criteria for considering a shareholder part of the economic group of a company</strong>. This is contained in two excerpts of his vote:</p><blockquote><p>O <strong>terceiro ponto</strong> que merece destaque diz respeito &#224; impossibilidade de se incluir no faturamento do grupo econ&#244;mico o pretenso controlador que n&#227;o seja capaz de exercer qualquer controle sobre a empresa diretamente envolvida na opera&#231;&#227;o. A resposta aqui parece-me bastante&nbsp;clara. Para ser inclu&#237;do no faturamento do grupo econ&#244;mico envolvido na opera&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;&#233; necess&#225;rio que o pretenso controlador seja juridicamente capaz de exercer algum n&#237;vel de controle pol&#237;tico, ainda que tal controle n&#227;o seja majorit&#225;rio. Por&#233;m, se um&nbsp;investidor consta no quadro de s&#243;cios da empresa em quest&#227;o&nbsp;<strong>sem&nbsp;exercer qualquer controle pol&#237;tico</strong>, o faturamento deste investidor n&#227;o precisa ser considerado para os efeitos do art. 88 da Lei 12.529/2011.</p><p>(&#8230;)</p><p>Por fim, acompanho o Relator no entendimento que fundos de investimento controladores, quando n&#227;o forem parte direta da opera&#231;&#227;o, devem ser tratados como empresas, na forma do &#167;1&#186; do art. 4&#186; da Resolu&#231;&#227;o CADE n&#186; 33/2019. <strong>Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; que se avaliar se os referidos fundos podem exercer o controle pol&#237;tico e se possuem participa&#231;&#227;o no capital, social ou votante, superior a 20% (vinte por cento). Caso a resposta seja positiva aos dois questionamentos, o faturamento de tais fundos deve ser considerado no faturamento do grupo econ&#244;mico</strong>. </p></blockquote><p>I&#8217;m not sure if he doesn&#8217;t know or doesn&#8217;t care about the true implications of his vote in<em> Digesto</em>.</p><p>In any event, my read of CADE&#8217;s Commissioners&#8217; votes as a whole is that they provide enough evidence that: </p><ul><li><p><em>Naspers</em> was &#8220;overruled&#8221; by <em>Digesto</em>, so the concept of control is important to include a shareholder in the economic group of a company.</p></li><li><p>CADE will assess if a shareholder holds control based on the rights granted to it. CADE&#8217;s &#8220;precedents&#8221; on the matter do provide <em>certain</em> guidance, but they may be contradictory in some cases. </p></li><li><p>In the future, CADE will review Brazilian merger rules to clarify the hypotheses that a minority shareholding represents joint control to define the economic group or to issue completely different rules.</p></li></ul><p>Now that <em>Naspers</em> is gone, the concept of control is useful for defining an economic group again. One major question emerged, though...</p><h3>Issue #3: When do you know that a shareholder holds (joint) control over a company?</h3><p>According to Commissioner Victor Fernandes, the investment funds were joint controlling shareholders of the companies, as they held rights to (i) appoint members to the companies&#8217; boards; (ii) approve strategic matters in shareholders&#8217; meetings; and (iii) approve strategic matters in board meetings.</p><p>Before reaching such a conclusion, he made a long digression on the fragmentation of the concept of control, especially the mismatch between Brazilian corporate and competition laws, and how CADE assessed control in past cases. </p><p>Brazilian competition law departed from a concept of &#8220;corporate control&#8221; linked to Brazilian corporate law (i.e., having the majority of votes in shareholders meetings and other company bodies) to a concept linked to the influence that a shareholder has over the commercial and strategic aspects of a company (e.g., decisions on production, sales, and marketing). If such influence is concentrated in the hands of a single shareholder, there is sole control. If such influence is scattered in the hands of more than one shareholder, regardless of the existence of a formal agreement among them, there is joint control. Joint control also may exist when a majority shareholder cannot make certain strategic decisions without the consent of a minority shareholder.</p><p>This evolution has been directly influenced by a revival of the &#8220;significant influence&#8221; concept that was developed under the old Brazilian competition law and was supposed to be dead when the new Brazilian competition law entered into force in 2012.</p><p>Basically, &#8220;significant influence&#8221; exists when the company has no controlling shareholders, but there is a shareholder with the capacity and active interest to influence the commercial and strategic aspects of a company. Under the old law, this concept was used not only to assess if a minority investment would raise competitive concerns but also to define the perimeter of certain economic groups.</p><p>Under the new law, <em>BNDESPar / Pr&#225;tica</em> marked the &#8220;half-death&#8221; of the &#8220;significant influence&#8221; concept. The case established that &#8220;significant influence&#8221; is useful to assess the merits of a case, but not for the definition of economic group for revenue calculation. This lesson was abandoned long ago, and CADE has used the &#8220;significant influence&#8221; concept to assess the merits of a case <strong>and</strong> to define economic groups.</p><p>After the revival of the &#8220;significant influence&#8221; concept, CADE has used two ways to assess control: (i) looking at how the shareholders exercised their corporate rights over the company and; (ii) looking at the rights granted to each shareholder in the company&#8217;s bylaws, shareholder agreements, and other relevant documents. </p><p>Commissioner Victor Fernandes concluded that the first method was sporadic and could be burdensome sometimes, and therefore should not be adopted in the future. The second method is more prevalent in CADE&#8217;s past cases and he concluded that is an effective way to be adopted in future cases if CADE follows a consistent approach. However, past cases are inconsistent regarding the rights held by shareholders that grant joint control and those that are only protective of their investments. </p><p>In the end, he compiled a long list of rights categorizing them as &#8220;controlling rights&#8221; or &#8220;protective rights&#8221;. Sadly, the list is contradictory, so there is no real guidance on how CADE will assess these rights in future cases &#8212; I&#8217;m afraid that CADE&#8217;s &#8220;decisional practice&#8221; may become even more fragmented. As the list is also quite expansive, there is also the risk that CADE and companies will adopt a conservative approach, considering even irrelevant minority rights as &#8220;joint control&#8221;.</p><p>See for yourself:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wm7L!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f250842-3cf1-4427-b216-0727952c2aec_1206x1136.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wm7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f250842-3cf1-4427-b216-0727952c2aec_1206x1136.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wm7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f250842-3cf1-4427-b216-0727952c2aec_1206x1136.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wm7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f250842-3cf1-4427-b216-0727952c2aec_1206x1136.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wm7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f250842-3cf1-4427-b216-0727952c2aec_1206x1136.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wm7L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f250842-3cf1-4427-b216-0727952c2aec_1206x1136.png" width="1206" height="1136" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1f250842-3cf1-4427-b216-0727952c2aec_1206x1136.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1136,&quot;width&quot;:1206,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:435720,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wm7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f250842-3cf1-4427-b216-0727952c2aec_1206x1136.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wm7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f250842-3cf1-4427-b216-0727952c2aec_1206x1136.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wm7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f250842-3cf1-4427-b216-0727952c2aec_1206x1136.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wm7L!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f250842-3cf1-4427-b216-0727952c2aec_1206x1136.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Source: <a href="https://media.licdn.com/dms/document/media/D4D1FAQG1iZwX2u0A3Q/feedshare-document-pdf-analyzed/0/1712584127913?e=1718236800&amp;v=beta&amp;t=VFk2GiK3sspmSbrc6PXwgxAk-vZxf3Fh6pBD5z9SG6k">Zeca Berardo</a>.</figcaption></figure></div><p>I won&#8217;t discuss &#8220;the list&#8221; itself because I believe it is a symptom and not the disease. <strong>The disease is that CADE has not developed a consistent decisional practice on what &#8220;joint control&#8221; means. If there is no consistent definition of joint control, there will be no consistent definition of &#8220;sole control&#8221; or &#8220;non-controlling shareholdings&#8221;</strong>.</p><p>The major flaw of Commissioner Victor Fernandes is that he did not express any firm opinion on how inconsistency could be solved. His role as Reporting Commissioner is to bring to the Tribunal a more decisive reflection of which rights actually grant joint control. </p><p>At the ICC&#8217;s event, Commissioner Victor Fernandes said that he brought more questions than answers. We should feel sad about it, but he shouldn&#8217;t as it was an intentional choice. Recognizing fragmentation and doing nothing is a disservice because such (intentional) omission has consequences.  </p><p>CADE, companies, and lawyers cannot simply wait for guidelines or new rules to be issued eventually, they will have to assess similar cases on a daily basis. How many VC funds are asking their lawyers if they have control over a portfolio company because of certain veto rights?</p><p>If you believe that I&#8217;m ranting for nothing, just think about the acquisition of real estate assets. CADE&#8217;s General Superintendence&#8217;s officers issue contradictory decisions every week. This is not due to a lack of systematization &#8212; they know what past cases say!</p><p>If Commissioner Victor Fernandes was concerned about rewriting the Brazilian merger rules, as happened in <em>Naspers</em>, he could have proposed an interim solution just clarifying in which direction the current &#8220;decisional practice&#8221; should go. His position could be reassessed during the review of the thresholds. Gun jumping cases have already been used to indicate future approaches without creating new rules (think about <em>Hypermarcas</em> regarding down payments).</p><p>Twelve years after the new Brazilian competition law was enacted, the lessons we take from <em>Digesto</em> are that:</p><ul><li><p>We don&#8217;t have an &#8220;antitrust-relevant&#8221; concept of control. However, this is not the result of a gap in Brazilian competition law, but of years of contempt for the intent of Brazilian merger rules, in particular CADE&#8217;s Resolution No. 2/2022 - I will be back on this later.</p></li><li><p>The case created more uncertainty on how to define economic groups than the state of CADE&#8217;s &#8220;decisional practice&#8221; post-<em>Naspers</em>. &#8220;The list&#8221; may help in certain cases, but we cannot rule out different decisions along the way.</p></li></ul><h3>Conclusion: We need limiting principles</h3><p>Commissioner Victor Fernandes wants to review Brazilian merger rules or issue guidelines regarding the filing thresholds. According to him, as for minority shareholdings, CADE needs to consider some principles: (i) pragmatism; and (ii) objective and quantitative criteria.</p><p>I&#8217;m not sure if he simply wants the incorporation of the <em>Naspers</em> ruling in Brazilian merger rules or another solution. I&#8217;m saying this because CADE&#8217;s Resolution No. 2 is objective and provides quantitative criteria on the notifiability of acquisitions of minority shareholdings and the definition of economic groups. <em>BNDES / Pr&#225;tica</em> clarified the concept of control and linked it to the concept of &#8220;corporate control&#8221; provided in Brazilian corporate law. </p><p>Commissioner Victor Fernandes himself described that the intent of Resolution No. 2/2022 was to reduce the number of notifiable transactions and bring more legal certainty by reducing expansive interpretations.</p><p>Although there may be some theoretical discussions on what (joint) corporate control means, the concept is objective in the extent it is provided in Brazilian law and companies know how to assess it &#8212; in practice, there is little doubt about who are the controlling shareholders. For example, listed companies are required to disclose their controlling shareholders, but it doesn&#8217;t seem that they have long discussions on who they are and why. </p><p>Maybe we need other principles. Such as: </p><ul><li><p><strong>Humility</strong>. CADE needs to recognize that the knowledge and experience materialized in Resolution No. 2/2022 is valuable. CADE needs to build on top of Resolution No. 2/2022 and not throw it away. Although Commissioner Victor Fernandes acknowledges the intent of Resolution No. 2/2022 and that CADE has not observed this intent throughout the years, he doesn&#8217;t reflect if we should go back to the early days.</p></li><li><p><strong>Finding new ways to reduce the number of notifiable transactions</strong>. This follows from the free enterprise provision of our Constitution: the state cannot impose unnecessary costs on business. OCDE has recommended Brazil to reduce the notifiable transactions for the sake of efficiency of the merger control system &#8212; CADE reviews too many transactions.  </p></li><li><p><strong>Avoiding expansive interpretations</strong>. CADE has adopted expansive interpretations of the Brazilian merger rules several times. If you look at the three Brazilian merger thresholds, all of them suffer from this:</p><ul><li><p>Nexus with Brazil: Several types of &#8220;foreign-to-foreign&#8221; transactions are notifiable in Brazil;</p></li><li><p>Concentration: the acquisition of unproductive (real estate) assets may be notifiable in Brazil &#8212; it depends on the mood of the case handler;</p></li><li><p>Revenues: see <em>Naspers</em>.</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>CADE&#8217;s Tribunal should have a more active role in the task of providing guidance and stabilizing CADE&#8217;s &#8220;decisional practice&#8221;</strong>. It should be more vigilant about the decisions of CADE&#8217;s General Superintendence on whether transactions are notifiable, especially to avoid expansive interpretations of the law.</p></li></ul><p>I know there are no easy answers, but I would like to show you how CADE could have done a better job in <em>Digesto</em>. Also, I would like to show that maybe we don&#8217;t need necessarily new rules or guidelines, but a more consistent approach on the existing rules and their intent, dialoguing with past cases in an attempt to form standards for future cases.</p><p>If CADE is about to review the Brazilian merger rules or issue guidelines, it will have to do one of the best jobs in the history of Brazilian competition enforcement. I&#8217;m not sure if they can pull this off, as institutional memory is being lost, political influence is more prevalent and technical skills are lacking. In any event, I&#8217;m rooting for CADE here &#8212; honestly, I&#8217;m tired of ranting.</p><p>XOXO,</p><p>Danny</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Thank you for reading! Did you know that competition is about the discovery of relevant facts? If you liked it, please consider sharing this post to expand the knowledge of others.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY3NzI4Njg2MSwiZXhwIjoxNjc5ODc4ODYxLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.U9tmIzRXBXv-yQsrk6mNKEI0Z5sV501TD3uX0qP1Ec4&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY3NzI4Njg2MSwiZXhwIjoxNjc5ODc4ODYxLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.U9tmIzRXBXv-yQsrk6mNKEI0Z5sV501TD3uX0qP1Ec4"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Death by e-Notifica?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Introducing the real gossip girl]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/death-by-e-notifica</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/death-by-e-notifica</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2024 13:31:03 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/858653ef-5b7b-41b7-a194-ff0a4ecdc937_1194x1005.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Hi,</em></p><p><em>My <a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/revenge-of-the-nerds?r=19c1ad">Revenge of the Nerds</a> post resulted in a great friendship with Annie Truss. The main thing about her is that she has &#8220;ears on the ground&#8221;. I will not reveal much more because I like the mystery! </em></p><p><em>These days Annie talked with several people about the e-Notifica filing system and asked to publish a piece here in DynaCom. I gladly accepted the offer and I expect to have her here more times. Hope you enjoy it!</em></p><p><em>As always, please consider subscribing to DynaCom &#8212; we are growing fast!</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Hello Friends, it&#8217;s Annie. &#128075;</p><p>I will report below my impressions on the conversations that I had with several people (mostly fellow lawyers) regarding the e-Notifica filing system. You should not take the below as the unbiased truth, but my key message is that CADE has not handled the matter well and should consider changes in the platform, even though welcome features have been introduced.</p><p>First, some clarification about the e-Notifica: <a href="https://www.gov.br/cade/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/cade-lanca-sistema-que-automatiza-notificacao-de-ato-de-concentracao-sumario">it was launched by CADE in December 2023</a> with the promise of simplifying the task of making a merger filing with the authority under the fast-track proceeding. It is expected to substitute the current electronic filing system at some point. The main difference between the two platforms is that e-Notifica has an embedded filing form to be completed, while the current system requires a PDF version to be uploaded.  </p><p>e-Notifica also automatically completes some items of the filing form and verifies the payment of the filing fee &#8212; currently, there is a CADE unit dedicated to such </p><p>verification.</p><p>So what are exactly the pitfalls of e-Notifica? Let&#8217;s begin.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0_Do!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93602fdf-2230-4e3a-a5c7-2a5e0c5d923c_611x573.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0_Do!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93602fdf-2230-4e3a-a5c7-2a5e0c5d923c_611x573.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0_Do!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93602fdf-2230-4e3a-a5c7-2a5e0c5d923c_611x573.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0_Do!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93602fdf-2230-4e3a-a5c7-2a5e0c5d923c_611x573.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0_Do!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93602fdf-2230-4e3a-a5c7-2a5e0c5d923c_611x573.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0_Do!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93602fdf-2230-4e3a-a5c7-2a5e0c5d923c_611x573.png" width="471" height="441.70703764320785" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/93602fdf-2230-4e3a-a5c7-2a5e0c5d923c_611x573.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:573,&quot;width&quot;:611,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:471,&quot;bytes&quot;:235429,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0_Do!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93602fdf-2230-4e3a-a5c7-2a5e0c5d923c_611x573.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0_Do!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93602fdf-2230-4e3a-a5c7-2a5e0c5d923c_611x573.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0_Do!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93602fdf-2230-4e3a-a5c7-2a5e0c5d923c_611x573.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0_Do!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93602fdf-2230-4e3a-a5c7-2a5e0c5d923c_611x573.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The main pitfall is more like a &#8220;product-market fit&#8221; error: e-Notifica is a product made for CADE officials, not for the (external or in-house) lawyers who make merger filings. It seems that CADE officials only want to receive a filing form that they can easily copy the provided information and paste on clearance opinions. </p><p>As of now, only one filing has been made using e-Notifica.</p><h4>Security issues</h4><p>CADE has as a premise that companies and their lawyers will use e-Notifica as the &#8220;one-stop shop&#8221; to prepare a merger filing. They can work within the platform from day zero, share the filing form with other parties, and export files for review. The system saves the progress automatically.</p><p>However, for security reasons, lawyers only want to complete the e-Notifica form when they and their clients agree with all the information to be submitted. Lawyers want to be certain that they can interact and discuss the case strategy with their clients in a safe environment. </p><p>It cannot be completely ruled out that CADE or third parties don&#8217;t have access to drafts, even though <a href="https://www.gov.br/cade/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/cade-recebe-primeira-notificacao-eletronica-de-ato-de-concentracao-submetida-pelo-sistema-e-notifica">CADE assured that the platform is safe in a recent statement</a>. I haven&#8217;t found a way to check if this is true.</p><h4>Operational challenges</h4><p>To prepare a filing, lawyers need to obtain information from their clients. Before they start the information-gathering process, they conduct research in public sources (e.g., other filings and annual reports). They send English versions of the filing form and other supporting documents to foreign clients so they can review and provide information more easily. Many versions of a draft filing form are exchanged before a final version is concluded. </p><p>This process is now more complex with e-Notifica because of the extra cost to prepare the filing form outside the platform and paste it on the e-Notifica form. In general, making a filing under the current system takes between 30 to 60 minutes. With e-Notifica, it takes around 4 to 6 hours, depending on the amount of information to be provided. In other words, e-Notifica doesn&#8217;t help lawyers to minimize their clients&#8217; costs, because it subverts their way of working. </p><p>The text editor is not intuitive and formatting is limited. Using images, tables, and redacting documents is easier in a Word file than in e-Notifica. Word files cannot be exported for editing outside the platform and tracking changes more easily. In addition, exported filing forms (in PDF format) have several formatting issues.  </p><p>The platform does not account for the nuances of a merger filing: the parties cannot add clarifications in some items or even add footnotes. The parties probably will need to file additional submissions to address some issues.</p><p>The amount of information to be provided/revised is greater with the e-Notifica form than with the current filing form (Annex II of CADE&#8217;s Resolution 33/2022). In addition, the e-Notifica form does not perfectly match Annex II, so there is confusion about what exactly should be provided.</p><p>In terms of <em>automation</em>, e-Notifica unfortunately <em>increased</em> the level of human effort to prepare a merger filing, and most of the effort concerns items that have little relevance to the merits of a case, such as: </p><ul><li><p>Contact details of the company&#8217;s in-house representative. Foreign representatives will have to provide, for example, their passport number, which is not required under Annex II.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5zBx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21faeeea-2ebe-460a-ac2c-ac6f276d13a1_1837x353.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5zBx!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21faeeea-2ebe-460a-ac2c-ac6f276d13a1_1837x353.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5zBx!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21faeeea-2ebe-460a-ac2c-ac6f276d13a1_1837x353.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5zBx!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21faeeea-2ebe-460a-ac2c-ac6f276d13a1_1837x353.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5zBx!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21faeeea-2ebe-460a-ac2c-ac6f276d13a1_1837x353.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5zBx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21faeeea-2ebe-460a-ac2c-ac6f276d13a1_1837x353.png" width="1456" height="280" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/21faeeea-2ebe-460a-ac2c-ac6f276d13a1_1837x353.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:280,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:185264,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5zBx!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21faeeea-2ebe-460a-ac2c-ac6f276d13a1_1837x353.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5zBx!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21faeeea-2ebe-460a-ac2c-ac6f276d13a1_1837x353.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5zBx!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21faeeea-2ebe-460a-ac2c-ac6f276d13a1_1837x353.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5zBx!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21faeeea-2ebe-460a-ac2c-ac6f276d13a1_1837x353.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Passport number as mandatory item. Source: <a href="https://cdn.cade.gov.br/Portal/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/Manual%20e-notifica/Manual-e-Notifica-Versao-1.pdf">e-Notifica Tutorial</a>.</figcaption></figure></div><ul><li><p>Past transactions, including transactions that happened more than five years ago (which are not required under Annex II).</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dd6Q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc44771-21c5-47bb-b898-ffbdbe32b959_1509x609.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dd6Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc44771-21c5-47bb-b898-ffbdbe32b959_1509x609.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dd6Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc44771-21c5-47bb-b898-ffbdbe32b959_1509x609.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dd6Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc44771-21c5-47bb-b898-ffbdbe32b959_1509x609.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dd6Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc44771-21c5-47bb-b898-ffbdbe32b959_1509x609.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dd6Q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc44771-21c5-47bb-b898-ffbdbe32b959_1509x609.png" width="1456" height="588" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ffc44771-21c5-47bb-b898-ffbdbe32b959_1509x609.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:588,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:529030,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dd6Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc44771-21c5-47bb-b898-ffbdbe32b959_1509x609.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dd6Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc44771-21c5-47bb-b898-ffbdbe32b959_1509x609.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dd6Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc44771-21c5-47bb-b898-ffbdbe32b959_1509x609.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dd6Q!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc44771-21c5-47bb-b898-ffbdbe32b959_1509x609.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">E-Notifica obtains from CADE&#8217;s database information on transactions that happened more than five years from the filing date. Source: <a href="https://cdn.cade.gov.br/Portal/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/Manual%20e-notifica/Manual-e-Notifica-Versao-1.pdf">e-Notifica Tutorial</a>.</figcaption></figure></div><ul><li><p>Parties&#8217; five main customers, which is not required under Annex II and of little use unless CADE decides to conduct a market test (less likely in fast-track cases).</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rFf4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93c5029f-9965-43b7-88d4-d988cc647932_2042x540.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rFf4!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93c5029f-9965-43b7-88d4-d988cc647932_2042x540.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rFf4!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93c5029f-9965-43b7-88d4-d988cc647932_2042x540.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rFf4!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93c5029f-9965-43b7-88d4-d988cc647932_2042x540.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rFf4!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93c5029f-9965-43b7-88d4-d988cc647932_2042x540.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rFf4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93c5029f-9965-43b7-88d4-d988cc647932_2042x540.png" width="1456" height="385" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/93c5029f-9965-43b7-88d4-d988cc647932_2042x540.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:385,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:480183,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rFf4!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93c5029f-9965-43b7-88d4-d988cc647932_2042x540.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rFf4!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93c5029f-9965-43b7-88d4-d988cc647932_2042x540.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rFf4!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93c5029f-9965-43b7-88d4-d988cc647932_2042x540.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rFf4!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F93c5029f-9965-43b7-88d4-d988cc647932_2042x540.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">E-Notifica requires information on the parties&#8217; five main customers. Source: <a href="https://cdn.cade.gov.br/Portal/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/Manual%20e-notifica/Manual-e-Notifica-Versao-1.pdf">e-Notifica Tutorial</a>.</figcaption></figure></div><ul><li><p>Minority shareholdings and interlocking directorates are more difficult to inform, even though information about them is usually set aside.</p></li><li><p>Please note that the sections on relevant market definitions and market shares have not been automated at all. Parties are simply required to provide information in blank spaces. </p></li></ul><p>I heard that CADE is now informally collecting feedback from lawyers and may implement incremental changes in the platform. Even though there may be some improvements, some people believe that e-Notifica will suffer any fundamental changes soon. Some more fundamental suggestions are circulating to improve the system in terms of automation, such as:</p><ul><li><p>The use of software that recognizes text from a given file.</p></li><li><p>Companies usually prepare filing forms based on their previous filings. e-Notifica does not have a similar feature &#8212; please note that CADE has an extensive (public) database of companies that already have filed transactions with CADE.</p></li><li><p>CADE has also a great database of public market data for several markets, but it is not available for companies if they don&#8217;t manually research for them.</p></li></ul><p>The conclusion is that the current e-Notifica is more like a &#8220;beta&#8221; version and the first challenges appeared with little engagement of the antitrust community. Likely more challenges will come as parties and lawyers use the platform more often.</p><h4>Marketing campaign </h4><p>In the past few weeks, CADE has promoted e-Notifica (<a href="https://www.instagram.com/cadegovbr/p/C402kTkuhj4/">here</a>, <a href="https://pt.linkedin.com/posts/cadegovbr_conhece-o-e-notifica-esta-%C3%A9-a-nova-ferramenta-activity-7177004289876189184-a_Z5">here</a>, and <a href="https://www.gov.br/cade/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/sistema-do-cade-simplifica-notificacao-de-operacoes-sumarias">here</a>). The authority is currently conducting new promotional efforts.</p><p>A transaction was unconditionally approved in just one day after the filing, which is well below the average of 12 days for a fast-track transaction to be approved by CADE. </p><p><a href="https://www.gov.br/cade/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/cade-recebe-primeira-notificacao-eletronica-de-ato-de-concentracao-submetida-pelo-sistema-e-notifica">CADE issued a press release praising the use of e-Notifica for such an accomplishment</a>. The press release contains statements from CADE&#8217;s Deputy General Superintendent, Felipe Mundim, and one of the lawyers advising the parties, Isabela Pannuzzio. Mundim&#8217;s statement praises e-Notifica for being a safe environment and reducing the number of units involved in the merger review. Pannuzzio&#8217;s statement praised how fast clearance was obtained.</p><p>The press release also says that CADE&#8217;s General Superintendence expects that e-Notifica will reduce transaction costs in non-complex cases. </p><p>However, it is not clear to external observers if e-Notifica expedited the decision-making process or if there has been some kind of &#8220;self-preferencing&#8221; to attract more users.</p><p>The clearance opinion looks like business as usual, but the filing form had issues. It seems that e-Notifica was not able to redact all the confidential information and the parties or CADE had to do it manually. The images below compare the redacting format of the filing form of the transaction submitted using e-Notifica with the format when e-Notifica works properly.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MuXZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F111690cf-52b9-4881-9e82-4787d7edb517_1620x265.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MuXZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F111690cf-52b9-4881-9e82-4787d7edb517_1620x265.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MuXZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F111690cf-52b9-4881-9e82-4787d7edb517_1620x265.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MuXZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F111690cf-52b9-4881-9e82-4787d7edb517_1620x265.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MuXZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F111690cf-52b9-4881-9e82-4787d7edb517_1620x265.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MuXZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F111690cf-52b9-4881-9e82-4787d7edb517_1620x265.png" width="1456" height="238" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/111690cf-52b9-4881-9e82-4787d7edb517_1620x265.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:238,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:30088,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MuXZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F111690cf-52b9-4881-9e82-4787d7edb517_1620x265.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MuXZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F111690cf-52b9-4881-9e82-4787d7edb517_1620x265.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MuXZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F111690cf-52b9-4881-9e82-4787d7edb517_1620x265.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MuXZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F111690cf-52b9-4881-9e82-4787d7edb517_1620x265.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Source: <a href="https://sei.cade.gov.br/sei/modulos/pesquisa/md_pesq_processo_exibir.php?1MQnTNkPQ_sX_bghfgNtnzTLgP9Ehbk5UOJvmzyesnbE-Rf6Pd6hBcedDS_xdwMQMK6_PgwPd2GFLljH0OLyFZmfWd76C1tU8w7Aglai97CiYNIZXDbv3GArswee-yw3">Merger Case No. 08700.002147/2024-34</a> | <a href="https://sei.cade.gov.br/sei/modulos/pesquisa/md_pesq_documento_consulta_externa.php?HJ7F4wnIPj2Y8B7Bj80h1lskjh7ohC8yMfhLoDBLdda-nkygawDaf43zi_pQ8dKyeayqZthFA4BZUmvhBa3RYR4k3Cg-ELv9ZqcCW8ZzGjzOYplHRDxG1tb2sAGBxqtu">Filing form</a>.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!is7T!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4381b700-88f5-4388-aa6d-39ac92c8c603_2344x292.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!is7T!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4381b700-88f5-4388-aa6d-39ac92c8c603_2344x292.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!is7T!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4381b700-88f5-4388-aa6d-39ac92c8c603_2344x292.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!is7T!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4381b700-88f5-4388-aa6d-39ac92c8c603_2344x292.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!is7T!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4381b700-88f5-4388-aa6d-39ac92c8c603_2344x292.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!is7T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4381b700-88f5-4388-aa6d-39ac92c8c603_2344x292.png" width="1456" height="181" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4381b700-88f5-4388-aa6d-39ac92c8c603_2344x292.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:181,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:262920,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!is7T!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4381b700-88f5-4388-aa6d-39ac92c8c603_2344x292.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!is7T!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4381b700-88f5-4388-aa6d-39ac92c8c603_2344x292.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!is7T!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4381b700-88f5-4388-aa6d-39ac92c8c603_2344x292.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!is7T!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4381b700-88f5-4388-aa6d-39ac92c8c603_2344x292.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Source: <a href="https://youtu.be/6QabUtxNfGY?si=cbcqM4XxJnmlt7Dt">CADE - e-Notifica presentation</a>.</figcaption></figure></div><p>The parties also had formatting issues. The enumeration of paragraphs has not worked well and there are different fonts throughout the form.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xhWN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F80012ac6-0c81-4a82-9460-7da043bcc6c4_882x522.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xhWN!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F80012ac6-0c81-4a82-9460-7da043bcc6c4_882x522.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xhWN!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5073725e-2661-4909-b167-86e9e8bddce8_747x398.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D0YT!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5073725e-2661-4909-b167-86e9e8bddce8_747x398.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D0YT!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5073725e-2661-4909-b167-86e9e8bddce8_747x398.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D0YT!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5073725e-2661-4909-b167-86e9e8bddce8_747x398.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Is it worth having the issues above to obtain an extremely fast clearance? I really don&#8217;t know. CADE reviews around 500 transactions per year and this number tends to keep growing. There is a lot of skepticism that CADE will be able to maintain its 1-day record when the e-Notifica filing cases pile up. </p><p>Unless CADE has some kind of trained AI that can produce clearance decisions (or at least avoid unnecessary questions&#8230;), the best-case scenario is that e-Notifica will contribute to a decrease in CADE&#8217;s average review period in two or three days. However, it is also likely that CADE will suffer some kind of &#8220;regression toward the mean&#8221; and e-Notifica cases will have the same average as the current system.</p><p>People may get the impression that I think e-Notifica should be thrown away, but I just think that the new system needs both structural and incremental changes to have a real impact that benefits companies and CADE. CADE needs to reflect on which tasks should be automated and where it is possible to obtain meaningful efficiency gains.</p><p>I also believe CADE should not create unrealistic expectations about how e-Notifica works and its pros and cons. CADE&#8217;s first materials about the system provided some guidance, but it is clear that there are more open questions than answers at this stage. It is too soon for marketing campaigns&#8230; maybe is time for a public consultation?</p><p><em>XOXO</em> &#128139;,</p><p>Annie</p><p>PS. I really thank Danny for the space!</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Thank you for reading! Did you know that competition is about the discovery of relevant facts? If you liked it, please consider sharing this post to expand the knowledge of others.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY3NzI4Njg2MSwiZXhwIjoxNjc5ODc4ODYxLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.U9tmIzRXBXv-yQsrk6mNKEI0Z5sV501TD3uX0qP1Ec4&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY3NzI4Njg2MSwiZXhwIjoxNjc5ODc4ODYxLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.U9tmIzRXBXv-yQsrk6mNKEI0Z5sV501TD3uX0qP1Ec4"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[I'm Eric Jasper]]></title><description><![CDATA[The truth is...]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/im-eric-jasper</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/im-eric-jasper</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 13:02:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f6280e1c-24cf-455f-a885-bfbd30f65929_160x160.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Competition is always dynamic!</em> <em>Welcome to a &#8220;customer-centric&#8221; newsletter that charges zero prices, deals with antitrust uncertainty and adapts to new knowledge. Join a network that will monopolize Brazilian antitrust thinking by subscribing here:</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPOQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3289f6ab-fb69-4d94-95a1-5bffbe64ecae_160x160.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPOQ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3289f6ab-fb69-4d94-95a1-5bffbe64ecae_160x160.gif 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPOQ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3289f6ab-fb69-4d94-95a1-5bffbe64ecae_160x160.gif 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPOQ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3289f6ab-fb69-4d94-95a1-5bffbe64ecae_160x160.gif 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPOQ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3289f6ab-fb69-4d94-95a1-5bffbe64ecae_160x160.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPOQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3289f6ab-fb69-4d94-95a1-5bffbe64ecae_160x160.gif" width="320" height="320" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3289f6ab-fb69-4d94-95a1-5bffbe64ecae_160x160.gif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:160,&quot;width&quot;:160,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:704439,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/gif&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPOQ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3289f6ab-fb69-4d94-95a1-5bffbe64ecae_160x160.gif 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPOQ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3289f6ab-fb69-4d94-95a1-5bffbe64ecae_160x160.gif 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPOQ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3289f6ab-fb69-4d94-95a1-5bffbe64ecae_160x160.gif 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPOQ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3289f6ab-fb69-4d94-95a1-5bffbe64ecae_160x160.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Eric Jasper mentioned my newsletter in the latest episode of &#8220;<a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/7KxcPcyd3eyH8FRze72Mvt?si=99798f68a3fb420e">Vantagem Auferida</a>&#8221;, a podcast on antitrust by him, Zeca Berardo and Ricardo Gaillard. Around minute seven, he commented that I&#8217;m thought-provoking and there are rumors that he is me. He denies being me in a humorous way, because I&#8217;m anonymous and he is openly destroying his career with his opinions via the podcast. </p><p><a href="https://twitter.com/ehjasper">If you look at Eric&#8217;s social media</a>, you might think that he could be Danny Comp. And I believe it is a good guess. As I said before, Danny Comp could be anyone: "<a href="/__u/open.substack.com/pub/dynacom/p/revenge-of-the-nerds?r=19c1ad&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">a bored partner, a disillusioned CADE staff member, a grumpy economist, an angry associate</a>&#8221;. </p><p>He referred to this newsletter as a gossip girl-like blog. I believe this is not the best description of its value proposition &#8212; anyway, all publicity is good publicity.</p><p>When a fan informed me about the mention, I promptly listened to the whole episode. Readers will notice that I don&#8217;t comment on the work of other people often, and I will make an exception for this episode because it was very interesting. </p><p>Eric and the Dynamos<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> brought S&#233;rgio Varella Bruna (partner at Lobo &amp; De Rizzo) to discuss what&#8217;s next for CADE with the four new Commissioners.</p><p>I don&#8217;t share S&#233;rgio's optimism, but he highlighted that the Tribunal has the chance to correct mistakes from the previous composition. </p><p>I agree that the previous composition was unpredictable &#8212; and I said before that some <a href="/__u/open.substack.com/pub/dynacom/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?r=19c1ad&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Commissioners thought they had superpowers</a> (and He Who Remains still thinks). However, I&#8217;m not sure if the new composition wants to bring more legal certainty. In the beginning, the old Commissioners will have stronger voices and they are not famous for being bastions of legal certainty. If the new Commissioners actually want to bring more legal certainty, probably they will struggle in the first years.</p><p>I realized that psychology plays a significant role in Tribunal dynamics when I saw the first hearing session. Jos&#233; Levi and Victor Fernandes tend to be very agreeable. On the other hand, Gustavo Lima and Alexandre Cordeiro tend to be more assertive, so they will tend to prevail unless they are clearly wrong. I&#8217;m curious about Diogo acting to make things work but now in the spotlight. I don&#8217;t have any first impressions of Camila Alves or Carlos Jacques.</p><p>S&#233;rgio thinks that the new Tribunal should also reconsider decisions on the geographic market definition of certain markets and vertical restraints (e.g., exclusive dealing) because the last decisions tended to be pro-intervention. </p><p>In the case of vertical restraints, there will be no changes until CADE reconsiders fundamental aspects of dominance enforcement: (i) less focus on market shares and more focus on evidence of market power; (ii) less decisions based on speculations/narratives and more decisions based on evidence; (iii) increased use of sound economics to guide decision-making; and (iv) less form-based approaches (e.g., &#8220;exclusive dealing/resale price maintenance by dominant firms is bad&#8221;) and more effects-based approaches (e.g., use of counterfactuals and cause-effect analysis).</p><p><a href="/__u/open.substack.com/pub/dynacom/p/the-rise-of-political-competition?r=19c1ad&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Another interesting discussion regards political influence on competition enforcement</a>. <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/painelsa/2023/10/cade-e-rebaixado-em-avaliacao-internacional-advogados-falam-em-aumento-da-influencia-politica.shtml">CADE is known for being a technical agency, but it has been criticized for accepting political demands</a>. They may come from different political actors, but now it seems they all see CADE as a means to achieve certain political goals. Two cases may be critical: <a href="https://epbr.com.br/cade-admite-que-e-possivel-rever-acordos-para-venda-de-ativos-da-petrobras/">Petrobras&#8217; agreements</a> and the so-called &#8220;Fake News&#8221; investigation.</p><p>The dynamic between the Tribunal and the General Superintendence poses a challenge. A natural tension exists because it's unclear when the General Superintendence operates autonomously and when it must adhere to the Tribunal&#8217;s orders. </p><p>The episode had a great discussion on procedural matters, where the General Superintendence acts without &#8220;supervision&#8221; by the Tribunal, which rules cases only in the end, when possible violations may have harmed defendants&#8217; rights. The comment that the General Superintendence accumulates fact-finding and prosecuting functions and therefore tends to be &#8220;deaf&#8221; to the defendants&#8217; arguments is on point.</p><p>In the previous composition, we have also seen the Tribunal elevating tensions with the General Superintendence, especially with unnecessary requests for second reviews (<em>avoca&#231;&#245;es</em>). Commissioners do have the right to demand a second review, but they have abused it sometimes. </p><p>I don&#8217;t think it was on purpose, but the underlying theme of S&#233;rgio&#8217;s exposition was what he called &#8220;decision-making humility&#8221;. CADE as an agency likely will not know what is best for competition or consumers in every case. In most cases, the market has an institutional advantage in figuring that out. </p><p>So when we have a hyperactive Tribunal, it is a sign of lack of humility. When CADE tries to accommodate political demands, it does what is not capable of, which is also a sign of lack of humility. When CADE says that competition should play out in a specific setting (e.g., bars cannot be exclusive to certain beverage companies), it is also a sign of lack of humility. </p><p>The best that the Tribunal can do is consistently apply Brazilian Competition Law, and not rule on how cases should be investigated (at a substantial level, not procedural), remake the General Superintendence&#8217;s work, or fine-tune markets.</p><p>But ok, this was me trying to give you all food for thought. I hope next time I will have some gossip to share.</p><p>XOXO,</p><p>Danny</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Thank you for reading! Did you know that competition is about the discovery of relevant facts? If you liked it, please consider sharing this post to expand the knowledge of others.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY3NzI4Njg2MSwiZXhwIjoxNjc5ODc4ODYxLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.U9tmIzRXBXv-yQsrk6mNKEI0Z5sV501TD3uX0qP1Ec4&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY3NzI4Njg2MSwiZXhwIjoxNjc5ODc4ODYxLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.U9tmIzRXBXv-yQsrk6mNKEI0Z5sV501TD3uX0qP1Ec4"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p>  </p><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Get it?</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[CADE says "Freeeeze"]]></title><description><![CDATA[Most mergers should not be paralyzed due to the lack of quorum]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cade-says-freeeeze</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cade-says-freeeeze</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 16 Nov 2023 17:35:12 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NF1n!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33f9c1f8-fd8b-46d8-916c-cd3dadc42ac9_1359x563.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Competition is always dynamic!</em> <em>Welcome to a &#8220;customer-centric&#8221; newsletter that charges zero prices, deals with antitrust uncertainty and adapts to new knowledge. Join a network that will monopolize Brazilian antitrust thinking by subscribing here:</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NF1n!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33f9c1f8-fd8b-46d8-916c-cd3dadc42ac9_1359x563.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NF1n!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NF1n!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33f9c1f8-fd8b-46d8-916c-cd3dadc42ac9_1359x563.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NF1n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33f9c1f8-fd8b-46d8-916c-cd3dadc42ac9_1359x563.jpeg" width="1359" height="563" 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/__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33f9c1f8-fd8b-46d8-916c-cd3dadc42ac9_1359x563.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NF1n!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33f9c1f8-fd8b-46d8-916c-cd3dadc42ac9_1359x563.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NF1n!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33f9c1f8-fd8b-46d8-916c-cd3dadc42ac9_1359x563.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NF1n!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33f9c1f8-fd8b-46d8-916c-cd3dadc42ac9_1359x563.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>*Mic check*</p><p>Is this thing on&#8230;?</p><p>Hi, friends!</p><p>CADE is an infinite source of suffering. The Tribunal now lacks the necessary quorum of Commissioners to rule merger and conduct cases. <a href="https://www.gov.br/cade/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/cade-comunica-suspensao-de-prazos-processuais-5">CADE issued a press release stating that procedural deadlines and cases under the Tribunal are suspended</a>.</p><p>The government may appoint new Commissioners in the next weeks, but I decided to write this piece because the antitrust community often ignores CADE&#8217;s role in addressing the issue. These insights can serve as a reference for future cases &#8211; trust me, quorum issues won't be a one-time occurrence.</p><p>Everybody knows that CADE&#8217;s General Superintendence does not let cases pile up. While the work of the technical staff deserves praise, CADE as an agency must give a policy answer to a policy problem.</p><p>A definitive solution to the problem will only be achieved when new Commissioners take office. The antitrust community is right in putting pressure on the Government for this to happen.</p><p>However, CADE can do better than hope for the Government and assume some responsibility for providing the best public service it possibly can. Here I propose two solutions that would benefit the majority of the mergers and significantly improve Brazilian merger control in times like these. I focus on merger control because the quorum issue greatly harms it.</p><p><strong>1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Addressing gun jumping concerns</strong></p><p><strong>CADE can publicly declare that it won&#8217;t open any gun jumping proceedings for cases unconditionally cleared by the General Superintendence and there is no appeal or request for a second review by the current Commissioners within 15 days.</strong></p><p>This solution does not require any change in the rules and is grounded on them, as they confer CADE the discretion to open proceedings according to convenience criteria. CADE knows that it lacks the resources to go after every company, but closing under the radar is risky. CADE is well-positioned to eliminate the risk.</p><p>CADE implicitly followed this path in 2019. I don&#8217;t have notice of gun jumping cases related to mergers closed during the lack of quorum period, except for the IBM / Red Hat case. Now I&#8217;m proposing an explicit approach to provide some legal certainty to companies.</p><p><strong>2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Reconsidering its position on the consequences of the lack of quorum</strong></p><p><strong>CADE may reconsider its approach while there is no indication that new Commissioners will be appointed. All unconditional clearance decisions by the General Superintendence would become final if there is no appeal or request for a second review by the current Commissioners within 15 days.</strong></p><p>People (and CADE) may argue that my solution is not supported by the existing rules, which are very straightforward in saying that mergers unconditionally cleared by the General Superintendence and mergers referred to the Tribunal are suspended.</p><p>However, please note that I&#8217;m not proposing that CADE should consider the rules invalid or entirely ineffective, but that they should not prevail in certain circumstances.</p><p>CADE&#8217;s view tragically harms merging parties, increasing regulatory burden and demolishing legal certainty.</p><p>Brazilian merger control is a system with several parts and some of its parts are more important than others. <strong>In 2022, out of 669 mergers, only 14 were referred to the Tribunal for final ruling</strong>.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> In other words, merger control runs smoothly without the Tribunal participating in the large majority of cases.</p><p>We have a group of transactions that are so simple that do not deserve a second review, and another group that may deserve a closer look, irrespective of the outcome &#8211; but please keep in mind that out of those 14 cases, 7 were unconditionally cleared.</p><p>Punishing simpler cases due to the quorum issue seems unwarranted. The likelihood of an appeal or second review decreases over time, presuming they won't reach the Tribunal once the quorum is restored.</p><p>On the other hand, it is fine to suspend a minority of transactions that have to be referred to the Tribunal.</p><p>Differentiating the two types of transactions won&#8217;t be a problem. The General Superintendence will maintain its regular workflow, referring cases to the Tribunal as usual (if necessary). It's improbable that third parties will delay action until the quorum is restored, as they'll likely seize the opportunity to influence or contest CADE's investigations and decisions promptly.</p><p>The Tribunal&#8217;s role in merger control does not depend on a normalized quorum. Current Commissioners still have the authority to request a second review. They should take the opportunity now, and not only once quorum is reestablished.</p><p>Otherwise, current and new Commissioners will face a practical problem: how to screen cases to request a second review among a huge pile of cases just waiting to be cleared? They will also have to deal with the cases referred by the General Superintendence and cases in which third parties submitted an appeal.</p><p>While some may argue that my solutions may lead to underenforcement, in the current scenario the risk of underenforcement is greater because companies will avoid filing mergers to not be held back by CADE. Also, companies will lose confidence in CADE and will seek courts to be allowed to close. &nbsp;</p><p>In conclusion, I&#8217;m proposing that CADE takes into account that: (i) the system is designed to concentrate scarce resources on truly anticompetitive mergers; (ii) the Tribunal&#8217;s role is minimal; and (iii) effective competition policy should be based on assessing costs and benefits of certain actions and addressing policy challenges with creative solutions.</p><p>It is okay if, in the end, you all may find me crazy, but I&#8217;m back from the dead to provoke people to think. Maybe there are other creative and effective solutions out there - I don&#8217;t know, you tell me.</p><p>*Floats away*</p><p>Danny</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Thank you for reading! Did you know that competition is about the discovery of relevant facts? If you liked it, please consider sharing this post to expand the knowledge of others.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY3NzI4Njg2MSwiZXhwIjoxNjc5ODc4ODYxLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.U9tmIzRXBXv-yQsrk6mNKEI0Z5sV501TD3uX0qP1Ec4&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY3NzI4Njg2MSwiZXhwIjoxNjc5ODc4ODYxLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.U9tmIzRXBXv-yQsrk6mNKEI0Z5sV501TD3uX0qP1Ec4"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Source: https://www.gov.br/cade/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/cade-em-numeros.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Rise of Political "Competition Law"]]></title><description><![CDATA[An expansion of the "Green Lantern Hypothesis"]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/the-rise-of-political-competition</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/the-rise-of-political-competition</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 26 May 2023 12:31:03 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/646452bb-bfb2-4279-ae2a-ad265596aa44_211x239.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Competition is always dynamic!</em> <em>Welcome to a &#8220;customer-centric&#8221; newsletter that charges zero prices, deals with antitrust uncertainty and adapts to new knowledge. Join a network that will monopolize Brazilian antitrust thinking by subscribing here:</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Inscrever-se agora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Inscrever-se agora</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Happy friday, friends!</p><p>When I penned the &#8220;<a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns">Green Lantern Hypothesis</a>&#8221;, I listed occasions in which CADE tested the limits of what it can do as a competition authority. Some of the occasions are related to political agendas:</p><ul><li><p>The investigation against Petrobras related to the spike in fuels prices when the government tried to indirectly interfere with the company&#8217;s pricing policy;</p></li><li><p>The proposed investigation into Brazilian polling firms.</p></li></ul><p>I have noticed more occasions:</p><ul><li><p>In 2018, the then General Superintendent and now CADE&#8217;s President Alexandre Cordeiro approved a transaction without restrictions, contrary to the opinion issued by the case team. <a href="https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/bitstream/handle/id/559110/noticia.html?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y">It was reported back then that the decision would be favorable to then Senator Eun&#237;cio de Oliveira</a>.</p></li><li><p>In 2019, CADE opened an investigation against major Brazilian airlines after complaints by politicians over the prices of certain routes, specially to Bras&#237;lia. The investigation was dismissed with no penalties. </p></li><li><p>Few weeks ago, CADE opened a proceeding against Meta, Google and Telegram due to their positions contrary to the &#8220;Fake News Bill&#8221;, after multiple politicians presented complaints before CADE.</p></li></ul><p>This latest investigation combined with the 2022 investigation into polling companies made me to question that not only political agendas can influence the opening or judgment of competition investigations, but also that political matters may be investigated by CADE. As far as I know, nobody demonstrated any shame about it. Quite the opposite: <a href="https://www.gov.br/cade/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/cade-abre-investigacao-contra-google-e-meta-para-apurar-abuso-de-posicao-dominante-nas-discussoes-sobre-o-pl-das-fake-news">CADE even issued a press release</a>.  </p><p>Under the Brazilian Competition Law, are Meta, Google and Telegram required not to express their opinion on a Draft Bill? Certainly they aren't.</p><p>One can argue that CADE will not risk its reputation and ultimately dismiss this investigation, as it did with the investigation into polling companies after the Alexandre de Moraes&#8217; order. However, if CADE can open investigations totally unrelated to competition matters to appease politicians, why not impose sanctions to appease politicians?</p><p>&#8220;CADE is a technical agency&#8221;, they say&#8230; I don&#8217;t fully buy it. If CADE&#8217;s officers are more inclined to serve certain political agendas, likely they are doing so expecting to gain political influence, regardless of the merits of their decisions.</p><p>The actions of an agency with more political influence probably will be viewed as more &#8220;legitimate&#8221; than the actions of agencies with less political influence. In the long run, the constraints available to check CADE will be weaker than they currently are.</p><p>I&#8217;m also afraid that positions at the authority that depend on the political process will increasingly become part of political bargains and nominees will be less technical and more power-hungry. In certain ways, CADE is &#8220;strategic&#8221; because it can control transactions and impose sanctions on companies across all economic sectors.</p><p>Unfortunately, this is happening in a time where CADE is praised both nationally and internationally. So this is like a &#8220;tale of two CADEs&#8221;: one where half of the officials are concerned in deciding cases based on sound law and economics, publishing studies, working on guidelines and so on; and another one where the other half do not care at all about the consistency and evolution of Brazilian Competition Law - they want trips, conferences, blockbuster and/or <em>ad hoc</em> investigations/decisions, press releases, large fines. </p><p>I don&#8217;t know which one will prevail. Time will tell.</p><p>*Floats away*</p><p>Danny,</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Thank you for reading! Did you know that competition is about the discovery of relevant facts? If you liked, please consider sharing this post to expand the knowledge of others.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY3NzI4Njg2MSwiZXhwIjoxNjc5ODc4ODYxLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.U9tmIzRXBXv-yQsrk6mNKEI0Z5sV501TD3uX0qP1Ec4&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY3NzI4Njg2MSwiZXhwIjoxNjc5ODc4ODYxLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.U9tmIzRXBXv-yQsrk6mNKEI0Z5sV501TD3uX0qP1Ec4"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Less ranting, more links (3)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Are you not entertained?]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/less-ranting-more-links-3</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/less-ranting-more-links-3</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 22 Apr 2023 13:58:02 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee154b1d-1424-4779-aca1-f3f4a3292c03_1024x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Competition is always dynamic!</em> <em>Welcome to a &#8220;customer-centric&#8221; newsletter that charges zero prices, deals with antitrust uncertainty and adapts to new knowledge. Join a network that will monopolize Brazilian antitrust thinking by subscribing here:</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Inscrever-se agora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Inscrever-se agora</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Hi,</p><p>Before starting, see below the results of my attempt to generate a cover for my <a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/publish?utm_source=user-menu">Green Lantern Hypothesis post</a> using DALL-E 2 in November 2022. The idea was to create a comic book-style image of a CADE official wielding a power ring, but I guess I have failed&#8230;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XTlT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa95d126a-a77d-4665-992b-b04692179166_1024x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XTlT!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa95d126a-a77d-4665-992b-b04692179166_1024x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XTlT!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa95d126a-a77d-4665-992b-b04692179166_1024x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XTlT!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa95d126a-a77d-4665-992b-b04692179166_1024x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XTlT!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa95d126a-a77d-4665-992b-b04692179166_1024x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XTlT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa95d126a-a77d-4665-992b-b04692179166_1024x1024.png" width="322" height="322" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a95d126a-a77d-4665-992b-b04692179166_1024x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:322,&quot;bytes&quot;:1630035,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XTlT!, 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class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6jK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd414702b-d1a7-4d5a-ac0e-701516b74754_1024x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6jK!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd414702b-d1a7-4d5a-ac0e-701516b74754_1024x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6jK!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd414702b-d1a7-4d5a-ac0e-701516b74754_1024x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6jK!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd414702b-d1a7-4d5a-ac0e-701516b74754_1024x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M6jK!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd414702b-d1a7-4d5a-ac0e-701516b74754_1024x1024.png 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12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giNX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb4b152a-6a21-4a09-87c4-5036e628bd03_1024x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giNX!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb4b152a-6a21-4a09-87c4-5036e628bd03_1024x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giNX!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giNX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb4b152a-6a21-4a09-87c4-5036e628bd03_1024x1024.png" width="330" height="330" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bb4b152a-6a21-4a09-87c4-5036e628bd03_1024x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:330,&quot;bytes&quot;:1477286,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giNX!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb4b152a-6a21-4a09-87c4-5036e628bd03_1024x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giNX!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb4b152a-6a21-4a09-87c4-5036e628bd03_1024x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giNX!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb4b152a-6a21-4a09-87c4-5036e628bd03_1024x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giNX!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb4b152a-6a21-4a09-87c4-5036e628bd03_1024x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XyNZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee154b1d-1424-4779-aca1-f3f4a3292c03_1024x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XyNZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee154b1d-1424-4779-aca1-f3f4a3292c03_1024x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XyNZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee154b1d-1424-4779-aca1-f3f4a3292c03_1024x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XyNZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee154b1d-1424-4779-aca1-f3f4a3292c03_1024x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XyNZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee154b1d-1424-4779-aca1-f3f4a3292c03_1024x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XyNZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee154b1d-1424-4779-aca1-f3f4a3292c03_1024x1024.png" width="334" height="334" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ee154b1d-1424-4779-aca1-f3f4a3292c03_1024x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:334,&quot;bytes&quot;:1828746,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XyNZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee154b1d-1424-4779-aca1-f3f4a3292c03_1024x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XyNZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee154b1d-1424-4779-aca1-f3f4a3292c03_1024x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XyNZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee154b1d-1424-4779-aca1-f3f4a3292c03_1024x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XyNZ!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee154b1d-1424-4779-aca1-f3f4a3292c03_1024x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p>Interesting things have happened in the past few weeks in the antitrust realm. So, in case you missed them, Danny got your back:</p><ol><li><p><a href="https://competition-policy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-03/kdak23001enn_competition_policy_brief_1_2023_Article102_0.pdf">European Commission has amended its enforcement priorities in relation to the application of the Article 102 (abuse of dominance)</a> and <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_1911">announced future guidelines for the application of Article 102</a>. This a major policy change and unfortunately I don't know much about EU Competition Law to comment, but <a href="https://chillingcompetition.com/2023/03/27/from-guidance-to-guidelines-article-102-tfeu-and-the-new-eu-competition-law/">Pablo Ibanez Colomo knows</a>:</p><blockquote><p>This initiative is also highly symbolic. It marks the end (if not the end, at least the terminal decline) of the &#8216;more economics-based approach&#8217; to competition law. The Policy Brief embraces objectives other than consumer welfare. While the new vocabulary will not have consequences as such (words are just words), it is a reliable indicator that times are changing. The new EU competition law is here to stay and will permeate every aspect of policy-making.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div></li><li><p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/us-ftc-orders-illumina-divest-cancer-detection-test-maker-grail-2023-04-03/">The FTC has ordered Illumina to unwind the acquisition of Grail</a>. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/legal/illumina-wins-fast-track-appeal-ftc-order-offload-grail-2023-04-19/">Illumina has appealed before federal courts</a>. Top dogs are chasing Illumina for this deal and I praise the company for defending it fiercely (or making lawyers go through sleepless nights).</p><div><hr></div></li><li><p><a href="https://sei.cade.gov.br/sei/modulos/pesquisa/md_pesq_documento_consulta_externa.php?11fcbFkN81DNKUdhz4iilnqI5_uKxXOK06JWeBzhMdu1o7VqyXeq9tKSSC3I_YlnBX8Qjt099g7spbtEu5Ayy7y73jZKdxNC2IkJXsiGhn4VAf_weoVjxgui9LJ3n7z_">Commissioner Gustavo Lima wants to hear the market about the Ita&#250;-Rede case</a>. </p><p>&#8220;Some men just want to watch the world burn&#8221;. I joked about the commissioner a few times in this newsletter, but I&#8217;m reaching the conclusion that he is some kind of genius. He is exploring the limits of what CADE can do and nobody says something is wrong. Probably I was wrong all the time.</p><div><hr></div></li><li><p><a href="https://sei.cade.gov.br/sei/modulos/pesquisa/md_pesq_documento_consulta_externa.php?HJ7F4wnIPj2Y8B7Bj80h1lskjh7ohC8yMfhLoDBLddZLVsBaQ_DAZcpWL5gGKGeQ5g8MFi3Rw2FwZ5HXo32iljrjjFFG3tHI35FFZi0KPZ4nJuN7f1ASUExB_1ogvSSK">LATAM Airlines Brasil is being investigated because its CEO announced the company will focus on rentability instead of market share</a>. LATAM is a listed company so likely competitors study its behavior considering not only announcements but mostly data it is required to disclose. How CADE will assess if the conduct caused anticompetitive harm? This is not the best use of CADE&#8217;s limited resources, but Barreto knows what is best (?).</p><div><hr></div></li><li><p><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/641d6b7e32a8e0000cfa9381/Updated_version_-_Microsoft_Activision_Addendum_PFs__For_Publication_230324_.pdf">The CMA provisionally finds that the Microsoft-Activision deal will not harm competition in the UK</a>. It is always interesting to see a authority changing its opinion in light of new evidence.</p></li></ol><div><hr></div><p>Outside the antitrust realm&#8230; </p><ol><li><p><a href="https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/area/congresso-nacional/pl-das-fake-news-confira-mudancas-na-proposta-do-governo/">The Brazilian Government proposed a Draft Bill that is, in part, a copycat of the Digital Services Act</a>. It proposes to regulate digital platforms (mainly social media, research engines, messaging apps and streaming platforms) in several fronts like moderation, advertising and &#8220;platform rents&#8221;. It has been proposed as a substitute for the &#8220;Fake News&#8221; Draft Bill, approved by the Brazilian upper house, expanding its scope. <a href="https://truthonthemarket.com/2022/12/20/brussels-effect-or-brussels-defect-digital-regulation-in-emerging-markets/">The Brussels Effect</a> is real and soon we may have our DSA and DMA&#8230; I hope these legislations help us to foster innovation and be the birthplace of the greatest tech companies in the world&#8230; like Europe.</p><div><hr></div></li><li><p>On a related note, <a href="/__u/noahpinion.substack.com/p/europe-is-not-ready-to-be-a-third">Noah Smith says that Europe is becoming more irrelevant</a>. Part of the problem is that Europe is not embracing advances in technology and adopting a &#8220;regulate-first&#8221; approach.</p><div><hr></div></li></ol><p>So that&#8217;s it. I admit that I have ranted considerably in this post, but I know you like my style.</p><p>*Floats away*</p><p>Danny</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Thank you for reading! Did you know that competition is about the discovery of relevant facts? If you liked, please consider sharing this post to expand the knowledge of others.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/less-ranting-more-links-3?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/less-ranting-more-links-3?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Revenge of the Nerds]]></title><description><![CDATA[Nobody wanna play with me?]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/revenge-of-the-nerds</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/revenge-of-the-nerds</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 03 Mar 2023 20:40:55 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5dc50a6d-4c51-4306-91d6-ead4a3433fc3_800x450.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Competition is always dynamic!</em> <em>Welcome to a &#8220;customer-centric&#8221; newsletter that charges zero prices, deals with antitrust uncertainty and adapts to new knowledge. Join a network that will monopolize Brazilian antitrust thinking by subscribing here:</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Inscrever-se agora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Inscrever-se agora</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Hi,</p><p>I&#8217;m retired from antitrust but I still know some people within the &#8220;antitrust community&#8221;. Among them, there are brilliant people able to identify trends and up-to-date with &#8220;<a href="https://chillingcompetition.com/2015/03/18/is-there-an-article-102-tfeu-decision-that-i-like/">the state of the law</a>&#8221;. The kind of people with broad knowledge of antitrust law and related areas (administrative law, criminal and civil procedure, constitutional law, and so on), economics and business.</p><p>Unfortunately, these brilliant fellows do not share their ideas so frequently. Many good insights are lost in &#8220;unproductive&#8221;, yet pleasant, in-person conversations. <a href="https://www.estadao.com.br/economia/contrato-exclusividade-venda-ifood-facilita-monopolios-ilegal-artigo/">They &#8220;let&#8221; bad takes escape unanswered - even those that receive the attention of mainstream media</a>.</p><p>I don&#8217;t blame them. I have my fair share of constraints too. But I do think that every &#8220;Antitrust Nerd&#8221; in Brazil should start a Substack.</p><p>The Substack format is more &#8220;<a href="/__u/arnoldkling.substack.com/p/books-are-not-information-dense">information-dense</a>&#8221; than papers or books. It allows experimentation, speculations, open and fast feedback. It provides a simple distribution channel. In some extent, Substack allows people to &#8220;own&#8221; the content they produce, for better or for worse.</p><p>I accept that several of my ideas are wrong, but writing is one of the best thinking exercises ever. It forces me to refine and clarify my ideas. It helps me to close the gaps of my knowledge.</p><p>I started my Substack because structural issues of Brazilian antitrust are underdiscussed and underdeveloped (and I listed some of them below), <a href="https://revista.cade.gov.br/index.php/revistadedefesadaconcorrencia/article/view/1015/635">and other issues are overdiscussed</a>.</p><p>By &#8220;structural issues&#8221; I mean challenges that prevent a consistent application of Brazilian antitrust law. Currently, there is great uncertainty on how CADE may rule certain matters and how procedure will develop. </p><p>I do not intend to be a prophet who is writing the Competition Bible, but just a provocative entity. </p><p>Some people will disagree with me. Other people will like me. Irrespective of your group, do not hesitate to pull the trigger and start writing. Or you can wait until you finally conclude that 50-page paper you have promised to submit in the IBRAC/TIM contest five years ago&#8230;</p><p>I know discipline is hard to maintain. My interests come and go. My newsletter can die anytime. The best way to keep it alive is to keep writing - if I can do it, you can too. Monthly pieces will result in 12 pieces per year, which is more than I have written before.</p><p>This piece is intended to provoke the &#8220;Danny Comp&#8221; inside of several people, including friends of mine that know who I am and ask me to write about certain topics. We don't have our Truth on the Market or Chillin&#8217; Competition - sorry, WebAdvocacy. Antitrust is too cool (or too technical) to be discussed by people with no real experience or expertise.</p><p>In the end, Danny Comp could be anyone possessed by Schumpeter - a bored partner, a disillusioned CADE staff member, a grumpy economist, an angry associate. I'm not a real person, I'm a ghost trapped in CADE's building.</p><p>As a final act, part of my research agenda is now open for those interested in the challenge and willing to pick my brains.</p><h4>Danny Comp's partial research agenda</h4><p><em>Brazilian antitrust and special interests</em></p><ul><li><p>Growing politicization of Brazilian antitrust, including: (i) Commissioner selection; (ii) decisions and cases based on political agendas; (iii) what political forces are capturing CADE?</p></li><li><p>Growing &#8220;privatization&#8221; of Brazilian antitrust - or &#8220;<a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/your-rival-will-use-cade-to-hit-you">your rival will use CADE to hit you</a>&#8221;. Not only rivals are filing complaints before CADE to protect private interests, but trade associations are also doing this on behalf of their associates, which helps to disguise that they are defending private interests.</p></li></ul><p><em>Brazilian antitrust goals</em></p><ul><li><p>CADE has not a meaningful articulation of the goals it is intended to protect. Why not? Would such endeavor be useful?</p></li></ul><p><em>State of the law</em></p><ul><li><p>Why does CADE treat vertical mergers and vertical restrains so differently? Vertical mergers, even between large companies, are usually approved without restrictions and remedies tend to be light, while vertical restraints in dominance cases are treated with inhospitality. </p></li><li><p>In dominance cases, it seems that CADE is particularly bad at distinguishing harm to competitors from harm to competition. Maybe disregarding consumer welfare and actual anticompetitive effects has a price. <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3599407">Do we need a theory of the meaning of anticompetitive effects in Brazil</a>?</p></li><li><p>Brazilian antitrust procedure needs further development and structuring. It seems that third parties, complainants, and CADE itself try to flexibilize procedure to achieve certain outcomes against merging parties and defendants more often than to protect the rights of merging parties and defendants. </p></li></ul><p><em>Institutional questions</em></p><ul><li><p>Is CADE improving competition or consumer welfare? </p></li><li><p>How CADE&#8217;s performance could be evaluated over the years? Is it worth evaluating Commissioner&#8217;s performance? Bonus: Is Gustavo Lima an outlier? By &#8220;performance&#8221; I mean that we need to evaluate how decisions are contributing to the evolution and cohesion of the Brazilian antitrust law over the years.</p></li><li><p>What are the limits of CADE's powers? How to ensure that the boundaries are being respected? For example, the interim measure in <em>Ambev</em> has a regulatory vein. Further development of the <a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns">Green Lantern Hypothesis</a>.</p></li><li><p>How to convince courts that CADE decisions are indeed subject to judicial review? </p></li></ul><p>*Floats away*</p><p>Danny</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Thank you for reading! Did you know that competition is about the discovery of relevant facts? If you liked, please consider sharing this post to expand the knowledge of others.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY3NzI4Njg2MSwiZXhwIjoxNjc5ODc4ODYxLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.U9tmIzRXBXv-yQsrk6mNKEI0Z5sV501TD3uX0qP1Ec4&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY3NzI4Njg2MSwiZXhwIjoxNjc5ODc4ODYxLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.U9tmIzRXBXv-yQsrk6mNKEI0Z5sV501TD3uX0qP1Ec4"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><p></p><p> </p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Starting 2023: Less ranting, more links (2)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Competition is always dynamic! Welcome to a &#8220;customer-centric&#8221; newsletter that charges zero prices, deals with antitrust uncertainty and adapts to new knowledge.]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/starting-2023-less-ranting-more-links</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/starting-2023-less-ranting-more-links</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 07 Feb 2023 14:40:33 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lNyi!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cabd368-3944-4496-8818-ea735bd15c97_512x512.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Competition is always dynamic!</em> <em>Welcome to a &#8220;customer-centric&#8221; newsletter that charges zero prices, deals with antitrust uncertainty and adapts to new knowledge. Join a network that will monopolize Brazilian antitrust thinking by subscribing here:</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Inscrever-se agora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Inscrever-se agora</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Hi,</p><p>I&#8217;m not dead - yet. I&#8217;m just stuck with a piece in response to a question by a reader. While I don&#8217;t drop the bomb, please see some reading suggestions with what I liked from antitrust recently:</p><ol><li><p><a href="https://valor.globo.com/empresas/noticia/2023/02/02/catena-x-diz-que-cade-impediu-operacao-global-do-grupo.ghtml">Global German companies tell CADE that it has prevented their JV (gated, sorry)</a>. This is one of the more interesting cases of the last year, but just because CADE, in particular Commissioner Gustavo Lima, blocked an apparently simple transaction. The companies criticized the Commissioner for ambushing them and &#8220;approving&#8221; the deal with unilateral remedies after a (alleged) sucessful negotiation of remedies. The fact that they will implement the transaction outside Brazil may have consequences here, and my best guess is that they do not care. Instead of ranting, why did not they propose a sophisticated carve-out? I don&#8217;t think the GOAT of the CADE Commissioners would have accepted anyway.</p></li><li><p><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4148489">Nicolas Petit&#8217;s paper on market power</a>. It helps to clarify how both the US and EU departed from market power concepts based on economics. It also clarifies how CADE&#8217;s concept of &#8220;dominant position&#8221; has been highly influenced by the EU.</p></li><li><p><a href="https://stratechery.com/2022/consoles-and-competition/">Ben Thompson&#8217;s summary of the history of video games and the drivers of the acquisition of Activision by Microsoft</a>. Ben&#8217;s takes on antitrust are always good examples of why a good antitrust lawyer should know not only law, but also economics and business strategy.</p></li><li><p><a href="/__u/pricetheory.substack.com/p/why-im-a-skeptic-of-a-noncompete">Brian Albrecht explains why he doesn&#8217;t agree with a broad non-compete ban</a>. Regardless of whether the FTC is right in suggesting a ban to non-competes or not, Brian caught my attention for commenting on the dangers of the desire of (competition) authorities to act like economic planners.</p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/legal/us-federal-judge-denies-us-ftc-request-stop-meta-acquiring-virtual-reality-2023-02-04/">U.S. judge denies FTC request to stop Meta from acquiring VR firm Within</a>. <a href="https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.398508/gov.uscourts.cand.398508.549.0.pdf">Here is the full (redacted) decision, which shows the beauty of evidence-based antitrust</a>. As a bonus, below is Geoffrey Manne&#8217;s comment:</p><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://twitter.com/geoffmanne/status/1621743659388489728&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;<span class=\&quot;tweet-fake-link\&quot;>@dougmelamed</span> <span class=\&quot;tweet-fake-link\&quot;>@matthewstoller</span> Decision is rooted firmly in Marine Bancorp., a well-settled, 50 year old decision. The FTC lost because the evidence wasn&#8217;t there. Nothing novel about the theory and nothing novel about the holding. Just plain old failure to prove the case.&quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;geoffmanne&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Geoffrey Manne&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;Sat Feb 04 05:33:13 +0000 2023&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:0,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:2,&quot;like_count&quot;:3,&quot;impression_count&quot;:0,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:{},&quot;video_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_preview_media_key&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div></li></ol><p>That&#8217;s a wrap.</p><p>See you soon.</p><p>Danny</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Thank you for reading! Did you know that competition is about the discovery of relevant facts? If you liked, please consider sharing this post to expand the knowledge of others.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/starting-2023-less-ranting-more-links?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/starting-2023-less-ranting-more-links?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Less ranting, more links]]></title><description><![CDATA[Competition is always dynamic! Welcome to a &#8220;customer-centric&#8221; newsletter that charges zero prices, deals with antitrust uncertainty and adapts to new knowledge.]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/less-ranting-more-links</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/less-ranting-more-links</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2022 12:01:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lNyi!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cabd368-3944-4496-8818-ea735bd15c97_512x512.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Competition is always dynamic!</em> <em>Welcome to a &#8220;customer-centric&#8221; newsletter that charges zero prices, deals with antitrust uncertainty and adapts to new knowledge. Join a network that will monopolize Brazilian antitrust thinking by subscribing here:</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Inscrever-se agora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Inscrever-se agora</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Hi, </p><p>Many of you probably have thought that my life mission is just ranting with beautiful metaphors. Here are some reading suggestions with what I liked from antitrust recently:</p><ol><li><p><a href="https://www.conjur.com.br/2022-nov-12/victor-oliveira-fernandes-leis-regulacao-concorrencial-plataformas">Commissioner Victor Fernandes outlined a taxonomy of institutional options to regulate &#8220;digital platforms&#8221;</a>. More descriptive than argumentative, but interesting anyway.</p></li><li><p><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4266176#:~:text=Neoclassical%20competition%20policy%20(NCP)%20is,d)%20intervention%20should%20be%20limited">Jorge Padilla issued a new paper on &#8220;Neoclassical Competition Policy&#8221;</a>. Here is also a <a href="https://twitter.com/Anoukvdveer/status/1592795829164965888?t=AQuc269s5MtTEa5ozmkxUA&amp;s=19">thread</a> discussing it by Anouk van der Veer.</p></li><li><p>Dirk Auer's <a href="https://twitter.com/AuerDirk/status/1595075279101329409?t=icX7QPKfn33L7G07c2vVww&amp;s=19">thread</a> on why theories of harm regarding Microsoft / Activision deal are flawed. </p></li><li><p>FTC issued the new <a href="https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2022/11/ftc-restores-rigorous-enforcement-law-banning-unfair-methods-competition">policy statement on Unfair Methods of Competition</a> - Lina Khan wants to be a Green Lantern. See also a <a href="https://twitter.com/ProfWrightGMU/status/1591188558832099328?t=7bUGFo9EOx0vsC1u_oRIHw&amp;s=19">thread</a> by Joshua Wright on the matter, and <a href="https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/public-statements/dissenting-statement-of-commissioner-wilson-on-policy-statement-regarding-section-5">Commissioner Christine Wilson's dissent</a>.</p></li><li><p>Pablo Ibanez Colomo's comments on the Android case (<a href="https://chillingcompetition.com/2022/09/28/the-notion-of-abuse-after-the-android-judgment-case-t%E2%80%91604-18-what-is-clearer-and-what-remains-to-be-clarified-i/">part I</a>, <a href="https://chillingcompetition.com/2022/11/03/the-notion-of-abuse-after-the-android-judgment-case-t%e2%80%91604-18-what-is-clearer-and-what-remains-to-be-clarified-ii/">part II</a>). Both have questions that are applicable to CADE&#8217;s rulings on dominance cases, and indicate how far we are from asking and answering those questions.</p></li><li><p><a href="/__u/pricetheory.substack.com/p/not-all-mergers-are-bad">Economic Forces on why firms merge</a>. I think this topic is frequently overlooked by antitrust practicioners, usually focused on market power explanations.</p></li><li><p><a href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2022/lei/L14470.htm">Law 14,470/22</a> on antitrust private enforcement in Brazil has been enacted. Actually, I don&#8217;t have any opinion on this&#8230; does it matter?</p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.camara.leg.br/proposicoesWeb/fichadetramitacao?idProposicao=2337417">Draft Bill 2,768/22</a>, proposing to grant Brazilian Telecom Agency (ANATEL) authority to regulate &#8220;digital platforms&#8221; on competitive grounds. The Draft Bill is strange in some ways:</p><ol><li><p>The cost of doing business in Brazil is huge, and our tech scene is nascent, so we should not impair entrepreneurs without evidence of real competitive issues - the Draft Bill does not present such evidence;</p></li><li><p>Also, there is no evidence that the obligations to be assumed by &#8220;gatekeepers&#8221; solve those issues - after all, they don&#8217;t;</p></li><li><p>CADE is already targeting international and Brazilian tech companies (e.g., Google cases, iFood cases, Gympass and ClickBus settlements, the intense scrutiny of Microsoft / Activision and Stone / Linx deals, the probe on tech deals by &#8220;big techs&#8221;);</p></li><li><p>ANATEL seems to be ill-suited to regulate markets on competitive grounds <em>ex ante</em>, specially markets unrelated to its original mandate.</p></li></ol></li></ol><p>So, this is it. I tried not to sound so angry, but that's my secret, Captain&#8230;</p><p>See you soon.</p><p>Danny</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Thank you for reading! Did you know that competition is about the discovery of relevant facts? If you liked, please consider sharing this post to expand the knowledge of others.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY2OTU3MDcwMCwiZXhwIjoxNjcyMTYyNzAwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.D6IjgnyK7QZCxQSIu_-ymYZl8LDBYzTLoQs7srrlmLA&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo3NjE0NDI2MSwicG9zdF9pZCI6NzU4NTkzNzQsImlhdCI6MTY2OTU3MDcwMCwiZXhwIjoxNjcyMTYyNzAwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItNzQ1MTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.D6IjgnyK7QZCxQSIu_-ymYZl8LDBYzTLoQs7srrlmLA"><span>Share</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[CADE's Officials are Green Lanterns]]></title><description><![CDATA[An underlying theme of recent CADE's enforcement is the limits of what the authority can do to protect competition. Of course, everything seems to be normal in the day-to-day transactions and conducts. Such theme emerges in complex cases or grey areas.]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 11 Nov 2022 12:25:08 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ObNf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec79cf18-e95c-4ef3-b61a-fa2ddbae1066_564x855.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Competition is always dynamic!</em> <em>Welcome to a &#8220;customer-centric&#8221; newsletter that charges zero prices, deals with antitrust uncertainty and adapts to new knowledge. Join a network that will monopolize Brazilian antitrust thinking by subscribing here:</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Inscrever-se agora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Inscrever-se agora</span></a></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ObNf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec79cf18-e95c-4ef3-b61a-fa2ddbae1066_564x855.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ObNf!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec79cf18-e95c-4ef3-b61a-fa2ddbae1066_564x855.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ObNf!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec79cf18-e95c-4ef3-b61a-fa2ddbae1066_564x855.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ObNf!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec79cf18-e95c-4ef3-b61a-fa2ddbae1066_564x855.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ObNf!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec79cf18-e95c-4ef3-b61a-fa2ddbae1066_564x855.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ObNf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec79cf18-e95c-4ef3-b61a-fa2ddbae1066_564x855.jpeg" width="564" height="855" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ec79cf18-e95c-4ef3-b61a-fa2ddbae1066_564x855.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:855,&quot;width&quot;:564,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Pin by Medjay on DC Universe | Green lantern, Green lantern corps, Comics&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Pin by Medjay on DC Universe | Green lantern, Green lantern corps, Comics" title="Pin by Medjay on DC Universe | Green lantern, Green lantern corps, Comics" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ObNf!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_424, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec79cf18-e95c-4ef3-b61a-fa2ddbae1066_564x855.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ObNf!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_848, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec79cf18-e95c-4ef3-b61a-fa2ddbae1066_564x855.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ObNf!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec79cf18-e95c-4ef3-b61a-fa2ddbae1066_564x855.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ObNf!, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/dynacom.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec79cf18-e95c-4ef3-b61a-fa2ddbae1066_564x855.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>An underlying theme of recent CADE's enforcement is the limits of what the authority can do to protect competition. Of course, everything seems to be normal in the day-to-day transactions and conducts. Such theme emerges in complex cases or gray areas.</p><p>Recently, CADE has expanded the interpretation of the law and made procedural maneuvers to pursue a pro-enforcement agenda. <a href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/your-rival-will-use-cade-to-hit-you">Sadly, the same tactics are also being used to pursue private or political agendas</a>. </p><p>Maybe current CADE&#8217;s officials only are not familiar with competition law. Maybe they are &#8220;power-hungry&#8221;. Maybe they have been captured by political forces. I don&#8217;t have a definitive theory on the causes of the phenomenon. In any event, the antitrust community should be concerned even considering that they have good intentions.</p><p>The problem with the current approach is that CADE has no relevant constraints. I will name it the &#8220;Green Lantern Hypothesis&#8221;.</p><p>Green Lanterns are characters of the DC Comics Universe with an intergalactical peacekeeping mission. They wield a Power Ring that grants them several powers. The differences among the powers and habilities of the Green Lanterns are based only on their willpower and imagination. If a Green Lantern harnessess enough willpower, he/she can do almost anything.</p><p>In the comics, Green Lanterns face off minor foes and we can list their abilities. More importantly, their powers are really tested in the battles against major foes, when their willpower and imagination are pushed to the limit.</p><p>The same goes with CADE. Minor cases do not demand out-of-bounds actions, but major cases are testing CADE's creativity to impose remedies, manage proceedings and interpret the law. The problem: as there are no relevant external or internal constraints, the only constraints are imagination and willpower. </p><p>Let&#8217;s consider available constraints. </p><ul><li><p>Potential or actual appeal to judicial courts is limited. Judges themselves are not familiar with antitrust law, appealing is expensive and takes years.</p><p> </p></li><li><p>Brazilian competition law itself is not functioning as a relevant constraint because CADE can easily ignore it.</p><p></p></li><li><p>Another potential constraint is common sense. Common sense emerges when there is an internal constructive dialogue. Unfortunately, current CADE's Commissioners are not able to reach a well-thought consensus with enough clarity and technical accuracy.</p><p></p></li><li><p>Lawyers and companies depend on the agency's decisions, so they avoid burning bridges.</p></li></ul><p>There have been many instances in which we could observe the Green Lantern Hypothesis:</p><ul><li><p>The interim measure imposed on <em>Facebook/Cielo -</em> a &#8220;shoot first, ask later&#8221; saga. CADE expanded procedural concepts to block a transaction based on false assumptions of its scope and effects.</p><p></p></li><li><p>The interim measure imposed on Globo (rebates case). In this case, CADE ignored that interim measures require imminent irreparable harm (<em>periculum in mora</em>). It imposed an interim measure based on a provision of the Brazilian Civil Procedure that allows injuctions to be granted whenever the claims are likely to be true (<em>fumus boni iuris</em>). This is against CADE's historical instance on interim measures. Moreover, punitive administrative law should be more careful about defendant's rights than civil law. </p><ul><li><p>This case also has serious procedural flaws. Access to relevant files has been denied to Globo since the onset of the investigation. Although the interim measure was suspended by a court decision, mostly due to such procedural flaws, since then the Superintendence is moving the case forward and there is no sign that it is correcting them.</p><p></p></li></ul></li><li><p>The investigations against Petrobras on oil products prices - the first that resulted in the Settlement Agreement and the recent ones in early 2022. The Settlement Agreement is interesting because Petrobras was not accused of nothing, so CADE intervened uncertain of the existence of a problem. Former Commissioners Paula Azevedo and Jo&#227;o Paulo Resende pointed that out back then.</p><ul><li><p>The investigations of early 2022 are political attempts to reduce gas prices. However, high prices are not a result from anticompetitive conducts, but from the lack of investment in building refinaries and infrastructure. We have lost the train to attract investments by relying on Petrobras&#8217; monopoly for so long.</p><p></p></li></ul></li><li><p>The remedies in the <em>REMAN/ATEM</em>. As CADE is increasingly concerned with upstream oil and gas markets, more these markets are subject to doubtful interventions. Both the Superintendence and Reporting Commissioner Lenisa Prado concluded that the transaction would not distort competition for multiple reasons. However, in a plot twist Commissioner Gustavo Augusto proposed remedies aimed at pleasing some private interests disguised as &#8220;foreclosure&#8221; concerns, even though this case was not as potentially harmful as several other vertical cases unconditionally cleared by CADE in the past. </p><p></p></li><li><p>The <em>Naspers</em> case&#8230; I don&#8217;t know much about it, but the final ruling is bizarre. In short, CADE decided that any shareholder that has 20% or more interest in an undertaking comprises its economic group. </p><ul><li><p>CADE Resolution No. 33 establishes that only the <em>controlling shareholder</em> comprises the economic group of an undertaking<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>. The concept of control provides an unifying link among the undertaking, the controlling shareholder and the companies under common control. Under the new interpretation, different companies and shareholders unrelated to each other are part of the same economic group. </p></li><li><p>The ruling resulted in a whole new rule, that it is not supported by the original text. It&#8217;s sad that not a single dissent was presented regardless of how much legal uncertainty would be establishing a precedent against the law.</p><p></p></li></ul></li><li><p>The <em>Ambev 2022</em> case: a series of errors on procedural and merits matters resulted in unprecedented actions. Commissioner Gustavo Augusto violated the law imposing an unilateral interim measure, and against companies that are not being formally investigated. Maybe i&#8217;m not up-to-date with Brazilian antitrust law, but CADE cannot act as a regulator. Other Commissioners did not say anything about these errors, except for Commissioner Lenisa Prado, who pointed out the error mentioned in item (i). </p><ul><li><p>In 2015, Ambev executed a Settlement Agreement with CADE with a five-year term. In 2022, another investigation was opened against the company, even though it is complying with the Settlement Agreement after its term. This time, CADE is investigating the same conduct but based on a new theory of harm, which requires new assumptions on relevant market definitions, how &#8220;strategic&#8221; points of sale are defined, &#8220;foreclosure&#8221; rates and competition among beverage companies for the preference of points of sale.</p></li><li><p>Whenever CADE accepts commitments to sign a Settlement Agreement, it agrees they are enough to address the investigated concerns. If CADE failed to consider other theories of harm, how the costs of a misguided decision should be allocated? Does CADE have the authority to open a new investigation right after the termination of a Settlement Agreement to pursue a new theory of harm? If it does, is the behavior of the defendant <em>prima facie</em> illegal or legal? It seems that the Tribunal answered these questions against Ambev.</p><p></p></li></ul></li><li><p>The proposed investigation into Brazilian polling firms. CADE's President proposed an investigation into certain polling firms for &#8220;collusion&#8221; regarding the results of their polls on Brazilian presidential election. According to him, coincidence in results was a sign of collusion.</p><ul><li><p>Coincidence in poll results is a sign that the firms are capturing the same trends. If the results in the end of the day do not (entirely) reflect reality, this is bad polling at best, not collusion. Let&#8217;s assume that polling firms formed a cartel. Based on CADE&#8217;s President&#8217;s reasoning, it seems that the cartel had the intention to manipulate elections, and CADE has no authority to investigate this type of behavior. If polling firms collude to raise poll prices, an investigation would have made sense. </p></li><li><p>Fortunately, fast judicial action happened, but I&#8217;m afraid that it only happened because Minister Alexandre de Morais is a champion of Brazilian judicial activism.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p>We have a trend here and I&#8217;m sure that several cases are not being mentioned (the <em>Irm&#227;os Boa</em> and <em>Cyrela</em> cases, for example). Even those that don&#8217;t buy the Green Lantern Hypothesis should consider how CADE is handling cases.</p><ul><li><p>What tools are available to challenge CADE's illegal acts, specially decisions rendered by the Tribunal? Are they effective?</p></li><li><p>Is CADE acting to reduce or expand the number of mergers to be filed? Are those decisions technically accurate or good in terms of competition policy?</p></li><li><p>The Tribunal keeps saying that interim measures are exceptional, but is it acting to limit them?</p></li><li><p>How we can assure that a decision is being rendered to protect competition instead of private/political interests? </p></li></ul><p>This is another call for reform. CADE needs clear boundaries on what it can do and a proper system of checks and balances has to be established. I would like to see a regime that holds the agency accountable for what it does. </p><p>In the end of day, effective competition enforcement is a public service. What a survey with companies, lawyers and stakeholders that regularly interact with CADE would reveal? I think that the Brazilian antitrust community is unsatisfied, but supplier substitution is not available.</p><p>See you soon.</p><p>Danny</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Thank you for reading! Did you know that competition is about the discovery of relevant facts? If you liked, please consider sharing this post to expand the knowledge of others.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/p/cades-officials-are-green-lanterns?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>For clarity, i&#8217;m leaving aside entities <em>below </em>of the undertaking (i.e. entities in which the undertaking holds interests). </p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Ethics Statement]]></title><description><![CDATA[Cleaning up the house before my return]]></description><link>https://dynacom.substack.com/p/ethics-statement</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://dynacom.substack.com/p/ethics-statement</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Comp]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 2022 17:19:09 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lNyi!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cabd368-3944-4496-8818-ea735bd15c97_512x512.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Competition is always dynamic!</em> <em>Welcome to a &#8220;customer-centric&#8221; newsletter that charges zero prices, deals with antitrust uncertainty and adapts to new knowledge. Join a network that will monopolize Brazilian antitrust thinking by subscribing here:</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>I don&#8217;t know how it happened, but my first post resulted in some subscribers. More impressive than that it is the fact that during my hiatus this newsletter had an unexpected surge in views in a short time span. I don&#8217;t know how and why it happened too, but I&#8217;m glad that the content have reached some audience.</p><p>Before continuing with my endeavor, and because I started it with &#8220;angry&#8221; statements about CADE's enforcement, I feel the need to clarify certain things:</p><ol><li><p>I will not use any confidential information that I have received throughout my practice and representation of clients before CADE.</p></li><li><p>If I comment cases that I have represented defendants/complainants, such information will be indicated in the end of each post. Also, see statement #1.</p></li><li><p>The views presented here are only mine and are not intended to represent the views of my former or current employers, or any other entity.</p></li><li><p>My newsletter is not sponsored by any entity.</p></li><li><p>I have chosen to remain anonymous because it (i) allows me to express my ideas more freely; (ii) prevents my ideas to be wrongly associated with my former or current employers; (iii) prevents the newsletter becoming a factor that affects my career - positively or negatively. Moreover, ideas should be valued for themselves and not based on who advocates them.</p></li><li><p>If you discover my identity by any means, please do not disclose it to anyone else. See statement #5.</p></li></ol><p>So that's it. If you liked my previous post, please consider subscribing below. If you would like to see my take on a certain case or news, send an e-mail to <a href="/__u/substack.com/">dynacom@substack.com</a>.</p><p>I&#8217;ll be back soon. Stay tuned.</p><p>Danny</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Thank you for reading! Did you know that competition is about the discovery of relevant facts? If you liked, please consider sharing this post to expand the knowledge of others.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://dynacom.substack.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share Dynamic Competition&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/dynacom.substack.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share Dynamic Competition</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>