<script data-pm-proxy="intercept"></script><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[GUBA]]></title><description><![CDATA[A very serious account of my time in Cuba as a Cuban-American]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PsGR!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff95c84d9-28f1-4a26-a2d3-9578110b32ab_1024x1024.jpeg</url><title>GUBA</title><link>https://guba17.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 13:31:30 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[GUBA]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[guba17@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[guba17@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[GUBA]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[GUBA]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[guba17@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[guba17@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[GUBA]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[The Disappearance of the Cuban People]]></title><description><![CDATA[Is true solidarity possible?]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-disappearance-of-the-cuban-people</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-disappearance-of-the-cuban-people</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Isabel Albee]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2026 16:18:08 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h6><em>This is a guest article written by a colleague and friend of mine, <strong>Isabel Albee</strong>. Our almost decade long careers have focused on ending the U.S. embargo on Cuba, while promoting a closer relationship between the people of Cuba and the United States. El art&#237;culo aparece primero en ingl&#233;s y luego en espa&#241;ol.</em></h6><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:244935,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/191981948?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ernesto Medina and Kamil Zayas P&#233;rez were on to something. With a backdrop of an old chalkboard and a broken Russian fan that oscillated side to side with blades that didn&#8217;t spin, the young Cuban men created videos about the state of Cuban affairs. They called their program <em><a href="https://www.instagram.com/el4tico/">el 4tico</a></em>, &#8220;the little room,&#8221; and gained over 140,000 Instagram followers.</p><p>They dissected GAESA, the military apparatus running the Cuban government&#8217;s business deals that are robbing the country blind, and G2, the massive security apparatus modeled after the KGB. <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DNGrKu5RmNV/">What offended</a> them most about GAESA officials was not the size of their riches, but the paucity of their shame: &#8220;They have more money than a narco, but at least the narco has the decency not to make me applaud for him as he robs me,&#8221; said Kamil. He and Ernesto dreamed of a new political reality for Cubans, one with dignity and transparency. On February 6, 2026, Cuban state security agents showed up at their door and arrested them. They were sentenced, without a trial, to nine years in prison for &#8220;propaganda against the constitutional order&#8221; and &#8220;the intent to commit a crime.&#8221;</p><p>This year, Cubans across the island have been participating in nighttime <em>cacerolazos</em>, the banging of pots in the dark, a loud form of protest designed to protect its participants&#8217; anonymity. On March 14th, hundreds of Cubans protested in the streets of Mor&#243;n, chanting &#8220;<em>patria y vida</em>&#8221; and &#8220;<em>libertad</em>.&#8221; They <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/15/world/americas/desperation-in-cuba-ignites-unusual-acts-of-defiance.html">set fire</a> to the local communist party headquarters. In the chaos, the Cuban authorities shot a teenager, who fortunately survived.</p><p>Exactly one week later, foreign influencers and activists from the Nuestra Am&#233;rica convoy sat alongside the president of Cuba and high-ranking officials <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DWIEOVlkUFO/">chanting</a> &#8220;Cuba S&#237;, Bloqueo No!&#8221; It was a part of a Cuban government sanctioned trip to bring much needed aid to the island in response to the US government&#8217;s inhumane oil blockade. A mural was painted, a parade was held, and a concert was staged.</p><p>The activists told the Cuban people that <a href="https://jacobin.com/2026/02/cuba-trump-nuestra-america-convoy">they are not alone</a>. But, what could make someone feel more alone than their proclaimed savior doing a joint press conference with one of their abusers? The Cubans have been living without power for weeks, yet a thousand well-meaning foreigners get to cosplay as revolutionaries under the glare of convention center lighting and the hum of air conditioning. The hotels they stayed in are <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DWMHa3bgHyM/">electrified lighthouses</a> in a sea of darkness. The activists told Cubans to stay strong before hopping on planes and getting out of there. In the spirit of anti-imperialism, a necessary endeavor, the activists steamrolled the lived experience of the Cuban people, flattening their lives to fit neatly into their narrative. If the enemy of your enemy is your friend, and your enemy is the United States government, you have a lot of friends to choose from. Discernment is needed.</p><p>The activists are right about a lot; with some caveats. They are correct in their anger towards the American government&#8217;s deadly policy, a <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciv-1949/article-33">war crime</a>, which Congress must end. The Cuban embargo is controlled by the US Congress and president &#8211; so it might have been more politically expedient to descend on Washington instead of Havana. But the content wouldn&#8217;t have been as good. The activists generously organized the procurement of tons of needed aid. Cubans in the diaspora have been bringing suitcases filled with aid to their families for decades, but there is no parade down the malec&#243;n for them; just a tortured acceptance by the government that its entire economy relies on its defectors. The activists, correctly, <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DWKISSnj93j/">emphasize</a> that the American people share more in common with the Cuban people than we do with our own government. This is true. But: the US government and Cuban government share a lot in common too; including a condescending indifference towards the people they represent. To pinpoint the United States as the sole cause for the unbearable living situation of Cubans is to distort reality.</p><p>The convoy was co-led by Progressive International, a group which enlists Mariela Castro Esp&#237;n, daughter of Ra&#250;l, on its <a href="https://progressive.international/council/">council of advisors</a>. The group&#8217;s approach to Cuba is encapsulated by their recently published <a href="https://progressive.international/wire/2026-02-20-cuba-must-not-fall-imperialism-resistance-and-the-global-stakes-of-defending-the-cuban-revolution/en/">essay</a>: &#8220;Cuba Must Not Fall! Imperialism, Resistance and the Global Stakes of Defending the Cuban Revolution.&#8221; The <em>global </em>stakes. What about the local stakes? For foreign activists on the left and right, Cuba is a mythical place. It&#8217;s an ideological playground where, if you have another passport, you can enjoy it, and exploit it, for whatever suits your narrative. </p><p>&#8220;Cuba has always belonged too much to everyone else and too little to Cubans themselves,&#8221; said exiled Cuban journalist Carla Colom&#233; on a recent <em><a href="https://elhilo.audio/podcast/crisis-cuba/">El Hilo </a></em><a href="https://elhilo.audio/podcast/crisis-cuba/">podcast</a>. There is what feels like a biological need to fit Cuba neatly into an anti-imperialist worldview: if it is oppressed by the United States, it cannot also be an oppressor. The hardliners on the right say that the Cuban government is wholly to blame for the country&#8217;s woes, an equally simplistic argument, and one that could be definitively proven (or not) by lifting the embargo.</p><p>The rallying cry of the foreign activists during this crisis period is the preservation of Cuba&#8217;s self-determination. Where do we locate the &#8220;self&#8221; in Cuba&#8217;s self determination? If it is not with the people &#8211; Cubans without uniforms, without guayaberas and big bellies, far from any post in the Consejo del Estado or military officials &#8211; it is a false self indeed. The true self in Cuba&#8217;s self-determination has been disappeared.</p><p>There are many ways to be disappeared as a Cuban. You could make the heart-wrenching decision to leave your country. You could be thrown in jail for something you said, posted, or wrote. You could die; between migration and low birthrates, Cuba has one of the oldest populations in the world. Or you could be summarily disregarded from your own country&#8217;s narrative by well-meaning outsiders. The foreigners tell Cuban mothers, activists, journalists, and exiles, people that have shouldered the brunt of their government&#8217;s oppression: <em>you don&#8217;t know what you&#8217;re talking about</em>. (According to a leftist <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0YO-tf6DKQ">influencer</a> with three million followers, a Cuban blaming the Cuban government for the country&#8217;s woes is &#8220;disgusting,&#8221; &#8220;gross,&#8221; &#8220;delusional,&#8221; &#8220;medically stupid,&#8221; &#8220;insane,&#8221; &#8220;brainrotted,&#8221; &#8220;victim blaming,&#8221; and &#8220;parroting imperialist propaganda.&#8221;) If you challenge your own government, you are swallowed up by an exile narrative that has never accommodated opposing views, either. And: once you leave Cuba, you no longer exist. Which is absurd, because there are so many incredible Cuban journalists, artists, and activists doing phenomenal work despite life-shattering circumstances, including the inability to go home.</p><p>In September 1960, Fidel Castro opened the First Declaration on Havana with an adage: &#8220;They married us to falsehood and we were forced to live with it. That&#8217;s why it seems the earth is sinking when we hear the truth....As if it weren&#8217;t better to see the earth sink than to live with falsehood.&#8221; The Cuban leader was 21 months into an unprecedented revolution which reshaped the country and the world.</p><p>At the outset, Fidel aimed to chart a new political path. His revolution meant Cuba for Cubans; and it was buoyed by the support of the vast majority of the Cuban people. Fidel was not originally a communist. During his first year in power, Fidel implemented many of the promises made in the <a href="https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuban-rebels/manifesto.htm">Sierra Maestra Manifesto</a> &#8211; which he signed in 1957 from the mountains of the Oriente &#8211; including a mass literacy and education campaign, along with major agrarian reform. After the American oil barons refused to refine the oil that Cuba received from the Soviets, Fidel evicted the American businesses from their roosts. This was the impetus for the US embargo on Cuba.</p><p>The July 26 revolutionaries had other big ideas &#8211; including a transitional government which would rule for one year before the military divested from politics, elections would be held, and a new leader chosen. The dream of the Cuban revolutionaries was bold, expansive, sovereign, and free. But: giving birth to a country in the heat of the Cold War gave Fidel few options. If his anti-American revolution was to succeed, he had to align with the Soviets. Little by little, the revolution became something else entirely. <em>Revolution first, elections later.</em> Nearly 70 years later, Cubans are still waiting for a legitimate democratic election.</p><p>Today, the Cuban people are ruled by a military dictatorship. Citizens who express discontent with the government are stalked, harassed, and jailed. Economic activity is harshly regulated; Cubans without access to remittances or tourism income have no hope for achieving a basic, liveable existence. In Cuban universities, the fields that spawned the revolution &#8211; political philosophy, sociological theory, economics, history &#8211; the basis of critical thought &#8211; have been hollowed out. They are instead centers of rote memorization and regurgitation. The government earns millions of dollars renting out its doctors around the world &#8211; an extraordinarily noble mission if the doctors involved had a choice in their participation.</p><p>The Cuban government of today is also spectacularly bad at governing. At every juncture, its leaders have prioritized maintaining power over the wellbeing of their citizens. Which does not, at all, justify US actions in Cuba. But Cubans know that the US embargo had nothing to do with the botched unification of Cuba&#8217;s monopoly money currency in 2021, which laid the groundwork for life-ruining levels of inflation on the island. (The Cubans ended up sacking and jailing the Minister of the Economy, Alejandro Gil, who oversaw the process. There was a swift, closed-door trial). The US didn&#8217;t build enormous, empty hotels in Havana&#8217;s neighborhoods that tower over crumbling homes and schools. The US wasn&#8217;t responsible for <a href="https://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicaciones/2024-04/publicacion-inversiones-enero-diciembre-2023.pdf">allocating</a> a mere 1% and 2% of Cuba&#8217;s annual budget for education and health care and social services in 2023, two sectors considered bastions of the revolution. The US doesn&#8217;t forbid Cuban fishermen from fishing, or farmers from slaughtering their own cows. And today, it&#8217;s the Cuban government using its finite, precious oil on police patrols to idle outside of dissidents&#8217; homes instead of ensuring an ambulance has fuel to transport sick patients.</p><p>Cuba used to be home to many hardcore communists. The real ones &#8211; who lived humble, dedicated lives  &#8211;  whose families benefited from the revolution, none of whom were high ranking officials. I have seen many of their views evolve since 2019, the beginning of the current crisis. Folks who would have never, ever, considered deserting their country have left, or would leave now if they could. Without political power, Cubans have voted with their feet: since 2021, upwards of 3 million people &#8211; a quarter of Cuba&#8217;s inhabitants &#8211; have left the country.</p><p>I keep thinking about the broken fan in <em>el 4tico</em>&#8217;s videos. At first glance, when it&#8217;s moving in the background, it doesn&#8217;t look broken. Only when you focus on it do you see that the blades aren&#8217;t spinning, cool air isn&#8217;t blowing, and the fan does not work.</p><p>From the perch of a foreign activist, we must imagine a new paradigm that aligns with the people over any government. The global left must come to terms with the fact that the Cuban people might actually want an updated economic and political structure. And that this &#8211; bonafide, legitimate, bottom-up self-determination &#8211; could and should be championed. We all want a thriving, free Cuba for the Cuban people. &#8220;It&#8217;s very difficult to ask people who are desperate&#8230;to be politically correct,&#8221; <a href="https://elhilo.audio/podcast/crisis-cuba/">explained</a> exiled Cuban journalist Monica Bar&#243;. &#8220;There are many people in Cuba right now for whom it doesn&#8217;t matter whether Americans or aliens arrive to pull the country out of this crisis.&#8221; Both governments have their hands around the neck of the Cuban people. Supporting one to spite the other is not the solidarity it appears to be.</p><p>In the <em><a href="https://elhilo.audio/podcast/crisis-cuba/">El hilo </a></em><a href="https://elhilo.audio/podcast/crisis-cuba/">podcast</a>, Carla Colom&#233; declared: &#8220;I hope that whatever it is, that it comes soon, that it comes now, that the Cuban people&#8217;s ordeal be cut short, that there will be a country we can return to. I want to go home.&#8221;</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-disappearance-of-the-cuban-people?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/the-disappearance-of-the-cuban-people?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h6><em>Este es un art&#237;culo escrito por una colega y amiga m&#237;a, <strong>Isabel Albee</strong>. A lo largo de nuestras carreras, que ya suman casi una d&#233;cada, nos hemos centrado en poner fin al embargo de Estados Unidos contra Cuba, al tiempo que promovemos una relaci&#243;n m&#225;s cercana entre los pueblos de Cuba y Estados Unidos.</em></h6><h2>La desaparici&#243;n del pueblo cubano</h2><p><em>&#191;Es posible una verdadera solidaridad?</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:244935,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/191981948?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kE9b!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee9d9d38-6df3-4ec9-b4b5-a456911249f9_3150x2100.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ernesto Medina y Kamil Zayas P&#233;rez estaban en lo cierto. Con una vieja pizarra y un ventilador ruso estropeado que giraba de un lado a otro con las aspas inm&#243;viles como tel&#243;n de fondo, estos j&#243;venes cubanos crearon v&#237;deos sobre la situaci&#243;n actual en Cuba. Llamaron a su programa &#171;el 4tico&#187; y consiguieron m&#225;s de 140 000 seguidores en Instagram.</p><p>Analizaron a fondo a GAESA, el aparato militar que gestiona los negocios del gobierno cubano y que est&#225; saqueando el pa&#237;s, y al G2, el enorme aparato de seguridad inspirado en el KGB. Lo que m&#225;s les ofend&#237;a de los funcionarios de GAESA no era la magnitud de sus riquezas, sino la escasez de su verg&#252;enza: &#171;Tienen m&#225;s dinero que un narco, pero al menos el narco tiene la desencia de no hacerme aplaudir mientras me roba&#187;, dijo Kamil. &#201;l y Ernesto so&#241;aban con una nueva realidad pol&#237;tica para los cubanos, una con dignidad y transparencia. El 6 de febrero de 2026, agentes de la seguridad del Estado cubana se presentaron en su puerta y los detuvieron. Fueron condenados, sin juicio, a nueve a&#241;os de prisi&#243;n por &#171;propaganda contra el orden constitucional&#187; e &#171;incitaci&#243;n a delinquir&#187;.</p><p>Este a&#241;o, los cubanos de toda la isla han estado participando en cacerolazos nocturnos, el golpeteo de ollas en la oscuridad, una forma ruidosa de protesta dise&#241;ada para proteger el anonimato de sus participantes. El 14 de marzo, cientos de cubanos protestaron en las calles de Mor&#243;n, coreando &#171;patria y vida&#187; y &#171;libertad&#187; e incendiaron la sede local del partido comunista. En medio del caos, las autoridades cubanas dispararon a un adolescente, que afortunadamente sobrevivi&#243;.</p><p>Exactamente una semana despu&#233;s, influencers y activistas extranjeros del convoy &#171;Nuestra Am&#233;rica&#187; se sentaron junto al presidente de Cuba y a altos cargos del gobierno gritando &#171;&#161;Cuba S&#237;, Bloqueo No!&#187;. Formaba parte de un viaje autorizado por el gobierno cubano para llevar a la isla la ayuda tan necesaria en respuesta al inhumano bloqueo petrolero del gobierno estadounidense. Se pint&#243; un mural, se celebr&#243; un desfile y se organiz&#243; un concierto.</p><p>Los activistas le dijeron al pueblo cubano que no est&#225; solo. Pero, &#191;qu&#233; podr&#237;a hacer que alguien se sintiera m&#225;s solo que ver a su autoproclamado salvador dando una rueda de prensa conjunta con uno de sus opresores? Los cubanos llevan semanas sin electricidad, y sin embargo, un millar de extranjeros bienintencionados pueden disfrazarse de revolucionarios bajo la luz deslumbrante del centro de convenciones y el zumbido del aire acondicionado. Los hoteles en los que se alojaron son faros iluminados en un mar de oscuridad. Los activistas animaron a los cubanos a mantenerse fuertes antes de subirse a los aviones y marcharse de all&#237;. En aras del antiimperialismo, una causa necesaria, los activistas arrollaron la experiencia vivida por el pueblo cubano, aplanando sus vidas para que encajaran perfectamente en su narrativa. Si el enemigo de tu enemigo es tu amigo, y tu enemigo es el gobierno de Estados Unidos, tienes muchos amigos entre los que elegir. Se necesita discernimiento.</p><p>Los activistas tienen raz&#243;n en muchas cosas, aunque con algunas salvedades. Su indignaci&#243;n ante la pol&#237;tica letal del gobierno estadounidense &#8212;un crimen de guerra&#8212; es justificada, y el Congreso debe ponerle fin. El bloqueo contra Cuba est&#225; controlado por el Congreso y el presidente de EE. UU., por lo que quiz&#225; hubiera sido m&#225;s conveniente pol&#237;ticamente manifestarse en Washington en lugar de en La Habana. Pero el contenido no habr&#237;a sido tan bueno. Los activistas organizaron generosamente la recogida de toneladas de ayuda necesaria. Los cubanos de la di&#225;spora llevan d&#233;cadas llevando maletas llenas de ayuda a sus familias, pero no hay ning&#250;n desfile por el Malec&#243;n para ellos; solo una aceptaci&#243;n a rega&#241;adientes por parte del gobierno cubano de que toda su econom&#237;a depende de sus desertores. Los activistas, acertadamente, hacen hincapi&#233; en que el pueblo estadounidense tiene m&#225;s en com&#250;n con el pueblo cubano que nosotros con nuestro propio gobierno. Esto es cierto. Pero: el gobierno de EE. UU. y el gobierno cubano tambi&#233;n tienen mucho en com&#250;n, incluida una indiferencia condescendiente hacia las personas a las que representan. Se&#241;alar a Estados Unidos como la &#250;nica causa de la insoportable situaci&#243;n de vida de los cubanos es distorsionar la realidad.</p><p>La caravana estuvo codirigida por Progressive International, un grupo que cuenta con Mariela Castro Esp&#237;n, hija de Ra&#250;l Castro, en su consejo de asesores. El enfoque del grupo respecto a Cuba queda resumido en su ensayo recientemente publicado: &#171;&#161;Cuba no debe caer! Imperialismo, resistencia y lo que est&#225; en juego a nivel mundial en la defensa de la Revoluci&#243;n Cubana&#187;. Lo que est&#225; en juego a <em>nivel mundial</em>. &#191;Y lo que est&#225; en juego a nivel local? Para los activistas extranjeros, tanto de izquierda como de derecha, Cuba es un lugar m&#237;tico. Es un terreno de juego ideol&#243;gico donde, si tienes otro pasaporte, puedes disfrutarlo y aprovecharlo para lo que mejor se adapte a tu discurso.</p><p>&#171;Cuba siempre ha sido tanto de los dem&#225;s y tan poco de nosotros mismos&#187;, afirm&#243; la periodista cubana exiliada Carla Colom&#233; en un reciente podcast de <em>El Hilo</em>. Existe lo que parece una necesidad casi biol&#243;gica de encajar a Cuba a la perfecci&#243;n en una visi&#243;n del mundo antiimperialista: si est&#225; oprimida por Estados Unidos, no puede ser tambi&#233;n un opresor. Los partidarios de la l&#237;nea dura de la derecha afirman que el gobierno cubano es el &#250;nico culpable de los males del pa&#237;s, un argumento igualmente simplista y que podr&#237;a demostrarse de forma definitiva (o no) levantando el bloqueo.</p><p>El grito de guerra de los activistas extranjeros durante este periodo de crisis es la preservaci&#243;n de la autodeterminaci&#243;n de Cuba. &#191;D&#243;nde situamos el &#171;yo&#187; en la autodeterminaci&#243;n de Cuba? Si no est&#225; en el pueblo &#8212;los cubanos sin uniformes, sin guayaberas ni barrigas prominentes, lejos de cualquier cargo en el Consejo de Estado o de los mandos militares&#8212;, se trata sin duda de un &#171;yo&#187; falso. El verdadero yo de la autodeterminaci&#243;n de Cuba ha desaparecido.</p><p>Hay muchas formas de ser desaparecido como cubano. Podr&#237;as tomar la desgarradora decisi&#243;n de abandonar tu pa&#237;s. Podr&#237;an meterte en la c&#225;rcel por algo que hayas dicho, publicado o escrito. Podr&#237;as morir; entre la emigraci&#243;n y las bajas tasas de natalidad, Cuba tiene una de las poblaciones m&#225;s envejecidas del mundo. O podr&#237;as ser ignorado sumariamente de la narrativa de tu propio pa&#237;s por extranjeros bienintencionados. Los extranjeros les dicen a las madres, activistas, periodistas y exiliados cubanos, personas que han soportado el peso de la opresi&#243;n de su gobierno: no sabes de lo que est&#225;s hablando. (Seg&#250;n un influencer de izquierdas con tres millones de seguidores, un cubano que culpe al gobierno cubano de los males del pa&#237;s es &#171;repugnante&#187;, &#171;asqueroso&#187;, &#171;delirante&#187;, &#171;clinicamente est&#250;pido&#187;, &#171;loco&#187;, &#171;con el cerebro podrido&#187;, &#171;culpabiliza a las v&#237;ctimas&#187; y &#171;repite como un loro la propaganda imperialista&#187;). Si desaf&#237;as a tu propio gobierno, te ves engullido por una narrativa del exilio que tampoco ha dado cabida nunca a opiniones contrarias. Y adem&#225;s: una vez que sales de Cuba, ya no existes. Lo cual es absurdo, porque hay tantos periodistas, artistas y activistas cubanos incre&#237;bles que realizan un trabajo fenomenal a pesar de circunstancias que les destrozan la vida, incluida la imposibilidad de volver a casa.</p><p>En septiembre de 1960, Fidel Castro inaugur&#243; la Primera Declaraci&#243;n de La Habana con un adagio: &#171;Nos casaron con la falsedad y nos vimos obligados a vivir con ella. Por eso parece que la tierra se hunde cuando o&#237;mos la verdad... Como si no fuera mejor ver hundirse la tierra, que vivir con la falsedad&#187;. El l&#237;der cubano llevaba 21 meses inmerso en una revoluci&#243;n sin precedentes que transform&#243; el pa&#237;s y el mundo.</p><p>Al principio, Fidel se propuso trazar un nuevo camino pol&#237;tico. Su revoluci&#243;n significaba Cuba para los cubanos y se vio impulsada por el apoyo de la gran mayor&#237;a del pueblo cubano. Fidel no era comunista en un principio. Durante su primer a&#241;o en el poder, Fidel puso en pr&#225;ctica muchas de las promesas del Manifiesto de la Sierra Maestra &#8212;que firm&#243; en 1957 desde las monta&#241;as del Oriente&#8212;, entre ellas una campa&#241;a masiva de alfabetizaci&#243;n y educaci&#243;n, junto con una importante reforma agraria. Despu&#233;s de que los magnates petroleros estadounidenses se negaran a refinar el petr&#243;leo que Cuba recib&#237;a de los sovi&#233;ticos, Fidel expuls&#243; a las empresas estadounidenses de sus feudos. Esto fue el detonante del bloqueo de Estados Unidos contra Cuba.</p><p>Los revolucionarios del 26 de julio ten&#237;an otras grandes ideas, entre ellas un gobierno de transici&#243;n que gobernar&#237;a durante un a&#241;o antes de que los militares se retiraran de la pol&#237;tica, se celebraran elecciones y se eligiera a un nuevo l&#237;der. El sue&#241;o de los revolucionarios cubanos era audaz, ambicioso, soberano y libre. Pero: dar a luz a un pa&#237;s en pleno apogeo de la Guerra Fr&#237;a dej&#243; a Fidel con pocas opciones. Para que su revoluci&#243;n antiamericana tuviera &#233;xito, tuvo que alinearse con los sovi&#233;ticos. Poco a poco, la revoluci&#243;n se convirti&#243; en algo completamente distinto. <em>Primero la revoluci&#243;n, elecciones despu&#233;s</em>. Casi 70 a&#241;os despu&#233;s, los cubanos siguen esperando unas elecciones democr&#225;ticas leg&#237;timas.</p><p>Hoy en d&#237;a, el pueblo cubano est&#225; gobernado por una dictadura militar. Los ciudadanos que expresan su descontento con el gobierno son acosados, hostigados y encarcelados. La actividad econ&#243;mica est&#225; severamente regulada; los cubanos que no tienen acceso a remesas o ingresos por turismo no tienen esperanza de lograr una existencia b&#225;sica y digna. En las universidades cubanas, las disciplinas que dieron origen a la revoluci&#243;n &#8212;filosof&#237;a pol&#237;tica, teor&#237;a sociol&#243;gica, econom&#237;a, historia&#8212;, la base del pensamiento cr&#237;tico, han sido vaciadas de contenido. En su lugar, se han convertido en centros de memorizaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica y repetici&#243;n. El gobierno gana millones de d&#243;lares alquilando a sus m&#233;dicos por todo el mundo &#8212;una misi&#243;n extraordinariamente noble si los m&#233;dicos implicados tuvieran la posibilidad de elegir participar.</p><p>El actual gobierno cubano tambi&#233;n es espectacularmente malo gobernando. En todo momento, sus dirigentes han antepuesto el mantenimiento del poder al bienestar de sus ciudadanos. Lo cual no justifica en absoluto las acciones de Estados Unidos en Cuba. Pero los cubanos saben que el embargo estadounidense no tuvo nada que ver con la fallida unificaci&#243;n de la moneda de papel moneda de Cuba en 2021, que sent&#243; las bases para unos niveles de inflaci&#243;n devastadores en la isla. (Los cubanos acabaron destituyendo y encarcelando al ministro de Econom&#237;a, Alejandro Gil, que supervis&#243; el proceso. Hubo un juicio r&#225;pido a puerta cerrada). Estados Unidos no construy&#243; enormes hoteles vac&#237;os en los barrios de La Habana que se alzan sobre casas y escuelas en ruinas. Estados Unidos no fue responsable de destinar apenas un 1 % y un 2 % del presupuesto anual de Cuba a educaci&#243;n, sanidad y servicios sociales en 2023, dos sectores considerados bastiones de la revoluci&#243;n. Estados Unidos no proh&#237;be a los pescadores cubanos pescar, ni a los granjeros sacrificar sus propias vacas. Y hoy en d&#237;a, es el gobierno cubano el que utiliza su escaso y preciado petr&#243;leo para que las patrullas policiales permanezcan a la espera frente a las casas de los disidentes, en lugar de garantizar que las ambulancias tengan combustible para transportar a los pacientes enfermos.</p><p>Cuba sol&#237;a ser el hogar de muchos comunistas convencidos. Los aut&#233;nticos &#8212;que llevaban una vida humilde y dedicada&#8212;, cuyas familias se beneficiaron de la revoluci&#243;n, y ninguno de los cuales ocupaba un cargo de alto rango. He visto c&#243;mo han cambiado muchas de sus opiniones desde 2019, el inicio de la crisis actual. Gente que nunca, jam&#225;s, habr&#237;a considerado abandonar su pa&#237;s se ha ido, o se ir&#237;a ahora mismo si pudiera. Sin poder pol&#237;tico, los cubanos han votado con los pies: desde 2021, m&#225;s de 3 millones de personas &#8212;una cuarta parte de los habitantes de Cuba&#8212; han abandonado el pa&#237;s.</p><p>No dejo de pensar en el ventilador roto de los v&#237;deos de El 4tico. A primera vista, cuando se mueve de fondo, no parece roto. Solo cuando te fijas en &#233;l ves que las aspas no giran, no echa aire fr&#237;o y el ventilador no funciona.</p><p>Desde la perspectiva de un activista extranjero, debemos imaginar un nuevo paradigma que se alinee con el pueblo por encima de cualquier gobierno. La izquierda mundial debe aceptar el hecho de que el pueblo cubano podr&#237;a, en realidad, desear una estructura econ&#243;mica y pol&#237;tica renovada. Y que esto &#8212;una autodeterminaci&#243;n aut&#233;ntica, leg&#237;tima y de base&#8212; podr&#237;a y deber&#237;a defenderse. Todos queremos una Cuba pr&#243;spera y libre para el pueblo cubano. &#171;Es muy dif&#237;cil que t&#250; le pidas a gente que est&#225; desesperada&#8230; que sea pol&#237;ticamente correcta&#187;, explic&#243; la periodista cubana exiliada M&#243;nica Bar&#243;. &#171;A mucha gente en Cuba ahora mismo le da igual si llegan americanos o si llegan marcianos a sacar el pa&#237;s de esa crisis&#187;. Ambos gobiernos tienen sus manos alrededor del cuello del pueblo cubano. Apoyar a uno para fastidiar al otro no es la solidaridad que parece ser.</p><p>En el podcast <em>El Hilo</em>, Carla Colom&#233; declar&#243;: &#171;Y dem&#225;s est&#225; decir que espero, en cualquier cosa que sea pronto, que sea ya, que el martirio de los cubanos se acorte, que haya un pa&#237;s al que podamos regresar, que quiero regresar a mi casa&#187;.</p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-disappearance-of-the-cuban-people?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Comparte esta publicaci&#243;n con el bot&#243;n</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-disappearance-of-the-cuban-people?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/the-disappearance-of-the-cuban-people?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Self-Determination for Who?]]></title><description><![CDATA[The global left is banding together to send a convoy of aid to Cuba in order to "break" the U.S. siege and support Cuban self-determination -- but whose self-determination, specifically?]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/self-determination-for-who</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/self-determination-for-who</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 03:33:32 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z7re!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F880482be-c4f9-4d7e-a9db-61a642d18fac_1175x900.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z7re!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F880482be-c4f9-4d7e-a9db-61a642d18fac_1175x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z7re!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F880482be-c4f9-4d7e-a9db-61a642d18fac_1175x900.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z7re!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F880482be-c4f9-4d7e-a9db-61a642d18fac_1175x900.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z7re!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F880482be-c4f9-4d7e-a9db-61a642d18fac_1175x900.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z7re!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F880482be-c4f9-4d7e-a9db-61a642d18fac_1175x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z7re!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F880482be-c4f9-4d7e-a9db-61a642d18fac_1175x900.jpeg" width="1175" height="900" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/880482be-c4f9-4d7e-a9db-61a642d18fac_1175x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:900,&quot;width&quot;:1175,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:89503,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/189319382?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F880482be-c4f9-4d7e-a9db-61a642d18fac_1175x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z7re!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F880482be-c4f9-4d7e-a9db-61a642d18fac_1175x900.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z7re!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F880482be-c4f9-4d7e-a9db-61a642d18fac_1175x900.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z7re!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F880482be-c4f9-4d7e-a9db-61a642d18fac_1175x900.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z7re!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F880482be-c4f9-4d7e-a9db-61a642d18fac_1175x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Two weeks ago, a campaign was published online called &#8220;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DU8MOz7DIj6/">The Nuestra Am&#233;rica Convoy</a>,&#8221; an effort to reach Cuba by land,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> air, and sea to &#8220;break the siege, save lives, and stand up for the cause of Cuban self-determination.&#8221; The &#8220;siege&#8221; refers to the U.S. and Trump&#8217;s renewed efforts to bring about regime change through intensified sanctions, including an oil blockade.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> Of course, Cubans are in desperate need of supplies and aid. But the bit about supporting Cuba&#8217;s &#8220;self-determination&#8221; puzzles me.</p><p>Cuba has long fought for its sovereignty: from hundreds of years of colonial, Spanish rule to U.S. imperialism in the 20<sup>th</sup> century. The Cuban Revolution is considered to have granted Cuba the sovereignty and self-determination it had fought for so long to achieve. But today, I wonder if a nation can truly be sovereign, can truly have self-determination, if its population is denied those rights. Does a government make a sovereign nation? Or a people? This is a question for the global left, for those that support the Nuestra Am&#233;rica Convoy and use Cuba as an example of progressive and liberating solidarity.</p><p>To give some context, Cuba is known globally for its solidarity, something which most U.S.-Americans are not familiar with. In the eyes of the world, Cuba is a poor country that managed to: provide its people with free education and healthcare; send medical brigades all around the world to help fight disease; send aid to countries affected by natural disasters; sent troops to fight for South Africa&#8217;s anti-apartheid movement; held thousands of conferences for and supported social justice and liberation movements; and overall has been the David to the U.S.&#8217;s Goliath of global influence, particularly imperialism.</p><p>Much of what Cuba has achieved globally is no small feat&#8212;some of its work is truly admirable, and in some cases, an example to follow. But I am afraid that its achievements have overshadowed an incredibly pressing and persistent problem: Cubans have been spied on, harassed, oppressed, arrested, disappeared, and exiled by their government for almost 70 years. For anyone that knows anything about Cuba, it comes as no surprise that both Cubans on and off the island have criticized the Convoy. Its messaging does not call attention to this oppression, nor does it question the government&#8217;s hand in its country&#8217;s compounding years of crisis. Despite Cubans needing the aid, it comes off as a PR stunt that fits the Cuban government&#8217;s victim narrative.</p><p>The Cuban government&#8217;s victim narrative is a tale as old as time: the United States and its policies, particularly the Cuban embargo, are responsible for all of the country&#8217;s woes. But the reality is more complex. The embargo makes trade difficult for Cuba, but it does not bar it all together. The Trade Sanctions Reform Act of 2000 created exemptions for importing food and medical supplies,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> and Cuba trades with many countries around the world, including the United States. In the last decade, the U.S. has created specific licenses for businesses from the U.S. to trade with the Cuban private sector, and Cuba has allowed its private sector to import and export.</p><p>Conversely, in the latest data I could find from 2023 from the Cuban government, they only allocated 1.4% and 1.8% of their annual budget for &#8220;education&#8221; and &#8220;health care and social services,&#8221; respectively. This pales in comparison to the 17.4% for the &#8220;manufacturing industry,&#8221; or 8.9% for &#8220;hotels and restaurants,&#8221; or the whopping 24.6%, a fourth of the total annual budget, for &#8220;business services, real estate and rental activities.&#8221;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> The lack of investment in both health care and education, two sectors Cuba prides itself on, points to the government&#8217;s priorities in recent years.</p><p>But the global left seemingly rejects or ignores these more complex and nuanced realities. Instead, Cubans criticizing the Convoy have been met with the standard gaslighting: non-Cubans claim Cubans have no idea what they&#8217;re talking about, that they have been brainwashed by the United States, that they are &#8220;feds&#8221; or &#8220;foreign agents.&#8221; I get it&#8212;the U.S. has a terrible track record of trying to undermine the Cuban Revolution by pushing for regime change through hundreds of covert CIA operations and millions of dollars of federal funding for &#8220;pro-democracy&#8221; movements in Cuba.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a> But it is still infuriating.</p><p>Particularly because, also two weeks ago, two young, Cuban content creators from the Holguin province critical of the Cuban government were sentenced to nine years in jail for &#8220;propaganda against the constitutional order and instigating crimes.&#8221; Their &#8220;crime&#8221; was creating a space called &#8220;El 4tico&#8221;&#8212;literally a modest room in one of their homes&#8212;from which they uploaded videos expressing their views on Cuba&#8217;s current crisis and their discontent with the Cuban government. After growing a following, the secret police showed up at their door with a warrant for their arrest. They were denied <em>habeas corpus</em> and swiftly thrown in jail.</p><p>I have not seen this news make waves in leftist circles. Instead, all of the focus has been on how the U.S. continues to strangle the country. The latter is not wrong, but it&#8217;s not the full story. The U.S. wasn&#8217;t to blame for the massive, country-wide protests that happened on July 11<sup>th</sup>, 2021, which were heavily suppressed by the government, resulting in over a thousand protestors jailed and triggering Cuba&#8217;s largest migration wave ever, that of about three million Cubans leaving the island in the last five years.</p><p>The reality is that the Cuban Communist Party no longer has majority support, but it&#8217;s impossible to know this through elections because there is only one political party and the country&#8217;s electoral system ends in the top party officials picking amongst themselves who &#8220;leads&#8221; the country. So, without a proper vote, Cubans have done the next most telling thing: leave. If the millions and millions of Cubans around the world and on the island are not to be believed, then who&#8217;s self-determination and sovereignty is the left standing up for?</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Hace dos semanas, se public&#243; en Internet una campa&#241;a llamada &#171;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DU8MOz7DIj6/">The Nuestra Am&#233;rica Convoy</a>&#187; (La caravana Nuestra Am&#233;rica), una iniciativa para llegar a Cuba por tierra,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a> aire y mar con el fin de &#171;romper el bloqueo, salvar vidas y defender la causa de la autodeterminaci&#243;n cubana&#187;. El &#171;bloqueo&#187; se refiere a los renovados esfuerzos de Estados Unidos y Trump por provocar un cambio de r&#233;gimen mediante sanciones m&#225;s intensas, incluido un bloqueo petrolero.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a> Por supuesto, los cubanos necesitan desesperadamente suministros y ayuda. Pero lo de apoyar la &#171;autodeterminaci&#243;n&#187; de Cuba me deja perpleja.</p><p>Cuba lleva mucho tiempo luchando por su soberan&#237;a: desde los cientos de a&#241;os de dominio colonial espa&#241;ol hasta el imperialismo estadounidense en el siglo XX. Se considera que la Revoluci&#243;n Cubana ha concedido a Cuba la soberan&#237;a y la autodeterminaci&#243;n por las que hab&#237;a luchado durante tanto tiempo. Pero hoy en d&#237;a, me pregunto si una naci&#243;n puede ser verdaderamente soberana, si puede tener verdaderamente autodeterminaci&#243;n, si a su poblaci&#243;n se le niegan esos derechos. &#191;Es un gobierno lo que hace soberana a una naci&#243;n? &#191;O es el pueblo? Esta es una pregunta para la izquierda global, para aquellos que apoyan la caravana Nuestra Am&#233;rica y les que utilizan a Cuba como ejemplo de una solidaridad progresista y liberadora.</p><p>Para contextualizar, Cuba es conocida mundialmente por su solidaridad, algo con lo que la mayor&#237;a de los estadounidenses no est&#225;n familiarizados. A los ojos del mundo, Cuba es un pa&#237;s pobre que ha logrado: proporcionar a su pueblo educaci&#243;n y salud p&#250;blica gratuitas; enviar brigadas m&#233;dicas a todo el mundo para ayudar a combatir enfermedades; enviar ayuda a pa&#237;ses afectados por desastres naturales; enviar tropas para luchar por el movimiento antiapartheid de Sud&#225;frica; celebrar miles de conferencias y apoyar movimientos de justicia social y liberaci&#243;n; y, en general, ha sido el David frente al Goliat de la influencia global de Estados Unidos, en particular el imperialismo.</p><p>Gran parte de lo que Cuba ha logrado a nivel mundial no es poca cosa: parte de su labor es verdaderamente admirable y, en algunos casos, un ejemplo a seguir. Pero me temo que sus logros han eclipsado un problema incre&#237;blemente apremiante y persistente: los cubanos han sido espiados, acosados, oprimidos, arrestados, desaparecidos y exiliados por su gobierno durante casi 70 a&#241;os. Para cualquiera que sepa algo sobre Cuba, no es ninguna sorpresa que tanto los cubanos dentro como fuera de la isla hayan criticado la caravana. Sus mensajes no llaman la atenci&#243;n sobre esta opresi&#243;n, ni cuestionan la responsabilidad del gobierno en los a&#241;os de crisis que atraviesa el pa&#237;s. A pesar de que los cubanos necesitan la ayuda, parece una maniobra de relaciones p&#250;blicas que encaja con la narrativa de v&#237;ctima del gobierno cubano.</p><p>La narrativa de v&#237;ctima del gobierno cubano es una historia tan antigua como el tiempo: Estados Unidos y sus pol&#237;ticas, en particular el embargo a Cuba, son responsables de todos los males del pa&#237;s. Pero la realidad es m&#225;s compleja. El embargo dificulta el comercio para Cuba, pero no lo impide por completo. La Ley de Reforma de las Sanciones Comerciales de 2000 cre&#243; exenciones para la importaci&#243;n de alimentos y suministros m&#233;dicos,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a> y Cuba comercia con muchos pa&#237;ses de todo el mundo, incluido Estados Unidos. En la &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, Estados Unidos ha creado licencias espec&#237;ficas para que las empresas estadounidenses comercien con el sector privado cubano, y Cuba ha permitido a su sector privado importar y exportar.</p><p>Por el contrario, seg&#250;n los &#250;ltimos datos que he podido encontrar del Gobierno cubano, correspondientes a 2023, solo destinaron el 1,4 % y el 1,8 % de su presupuesto anual a &#171;educaci&#243;n&#187; y &#171;sanidad y servicios sociales&#187;, respectivamente. Esto palidece en comparaci&#243;n con el 17,4 % destinado a la &#171;industria manufacturera&#187;, el 8,9 % a &#171;hoteles y restaurantes&#187; o el enorme 24,6 %, una cuarta parte del presupuesto anual total, a &#171;servicios empresariales, actividades inmobiliarias y de alquiler&#187;.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a> La falta de inversi&#243;n tanto en salud como en educaci&#243;n, dos sectores de los que Cuba se enorgullece, pone de manifiesto las prioridades del Gobierno en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os.</p><p>Pero la izquierda global parece rechazar o ignorar estas realidades m&#225;s complejas y matizadas. En cambio, los cubanos que critican la caravana se han encontrado con el t&#237;pico <em>gaslighting</em>: los no cubanos afirman que los cubanos no tienen ni idea de lo que hablan, que han sido lavados el cerebro por Estados Unidos, que son &#171;agentes federales&#187; o &#171;agentes extranjeros&#187;. Lo entiendo: Estados Unidos tiene un historial terrible de intentar socavar la Revoluci&#243;n Cubana impulsando un cambio de r&#233;gimen a trav&#233;s de cientos de operaciones encubiertas de la CIA y millones de d&#243;lares de financiaci&#243;n federal para movimientos &#171;pro democr&#225;ticos&#187; en Cuba.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a> Pero sigue siendo indignante.</p><p>Sobre todo porque, tambi&#233;n hace dos semanas, dos j&#243;venes creadores de contenido cubanos de la provincia de Holgu&#237;n, cr&#237;ticos con el Gobierno cubano, fueron condenados a nueve a&#241;os de c&#225;rcel por &#171;propaganda contra el orden constitucional e instigaci&#243;n a cometer delitos&#187;. Su &#171;delito&#187; fue crear un espacio llamado &#171;El 4tico&#187; &#8212;literalmente, una modesta habitaci&#243;n en una de sus casas&#8212; desde el que sub&#237;an v&#237;deos en los que expresaban sus opiniones sobre la crisis actual de Cuba y su descontento con el Gobierno cubano. Tras ganar seguidores, la polic&#237;a secreta se present&#243; en su puerta con una orden de arresto. Se les deneg&#243; el <em>habeas corpus</em> y fueron r&#225;pidamente encarcelados.</p><p>No he visto que esta noticia haya causado revuelo en los c&#237;rculos de izquierda. En cambio, toda la atenci&#243;n se ha centrado en c&#243;mo Estados Unidos sigue estrangulando al pa&#237;s. Esto &#250;ltimo no es incorrecto, pero no es toda la historia. Estados Unidos no fue el culpable de las protestas masivas que se produjeron en todo el pa&#237;s el 11 de julio de 2021, que fueron duramente reprimidas por el Gobierno, lo que provoc&#243; el encarcelamiento de m&#225;s de mil manifestantes y desencaden&#243; la mayor ola migratoria de la historia de Cuba, con unos tres millones de cubanos abandonando la isla en los &#250;ltimos cinco a&#241;os.</p><p>La realidad es que el Partido Comunista Cubano ya no cuenta con el apoyo de la mayor&#237;a, pero es imposible saberlo a trav&#233;s de las elecciones, ya que solo hay un partido pol&#237;tico y el sistema electoral del pa&#237;s consiste en que los altos cargos del partido elijan entre ellos qui&#233;n &#171;dirige&#187; el pa&#237;s. As&#237; pues, sin una votaci&#243;n adecuada, los cubanos han hecho lo m&#225;s revelador: pirarse. Si no hay que creer a los millones y millones de cubanos que hay en todo el mundo y en la isla, &#191;entonces por qui&#233;n defiende la autodeterminaci&#243;n y la soberan&#237;a la izquierda?</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/self-determination-for-who?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/self-determination-for-who?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Someone&#8217;s going to have to explain that one to me.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>The &#8220;blockade&#8221; was announced on January 29<sup>th</sup> by means of an executive order saying that the U.S. would impose additional tariffs on any country selling oil to Cuba. The U.S. Supreme Court struck down Trump&#8217;s tariffs, which nullified this action as well, and in the last day there seems to have been a U-turn in the strategy all together, with <a href="https://www.wsj.com/world/u-s-eases-restriction-on-fuel-shipments-to-cuba-7909a6a7?gaa_at=eafs&amp;gaa_n=AWEtsqe8vKhmpl-nQLzIrK4PGTl6ixeqYReYh2SPGwz6Qzy-PKHuhlQ3abQsm0j06kg%3D&amp;gaa_ts=69a10466&amp;gaa_sig=zzpQmXTHdznfX-wxQOoLl5jjnyRrT8YoXfpLjPfRVzcuMkP-hV7X_0EwyxEd9NvSc9X97pQJJzX9vntdQ605Uw%3D%3D">some reports saying that the U.S. is allowing oil sales to Cuba again.</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/ofac-license-application-page/trade-sanctions-reform-and-export-enhancement-act-of-2000-tsra-program/trade-sanctions-reform-and-export-enhancement-act-of-2000-tsra-program-information">Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 (TSRA) Program Information</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Oficina Nacional de Estadistica e Informaci&#243;n &#8211; <a href="https://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicaciones/2024-04/publicacion-inversiones-enero-diciembre-2023.pdf">Inversiones, indicadores seleccionados &#8211; enero-diciembre 2023</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Also, so many Cubans in the U.S., but particularly South Florida, are Trump supporters, which is not a good look but that&#8217;s an article for another time.</p><div><hr></div></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Alguien que me explique esta parte.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>El &#171;bloqueo&#187; se anunci&#243; el 29 de enero mediante un decreto ejecutivo en el que se dec&#237;a que Estados Unidos impondr&#237;a aranceles adicionales a cualquier pa&#237;s que vendiera petr&#243;leo a Cuba. El Tribunal Supremo de Estados Unidos anul&#243; los aranceles de Trump, lo que tambi&#233;n invalid&#243; esta medida, y en el &#250;ltimo d&#237;a parece haberse producido un giro de 180 grados en la estrategia, con <a href="https://www.wsj.com/world/u-s-eases-restriction-on-fuel-shipments-to-cuba-7909a6a7?gaa_at=eafs&amp;gaa_n=AWEtsqe8vKhmpl-nQLzIrK4PGTl6ixeqYReYh2SPGwz6Qzy-PKHuhlQ3abQsm0j06kg%3D&amp;gaa_ts=69a10466&amp;gaa_sig=zzpQmXTHdznfX-wxQOoLl5jjnyRrT8YoXfpLjPfRVzcuMkP-hV7X_0EwyxEd9NvSc9X97pQJJzX9vntdQ605Uw%3D%3D">algunos informes que indican que Estados Unidos est&#225; permitiendo de nuevo la venta de petr&#243;leo a Cuba.</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/ofac-license-application-page/trade-sanctions-reform-and-export-enhancement-act-of-2000-tsra-program/trade-sanctions-reform-and-export-enhancement-act-of-2000-tsra-program-information">Ley de Reforma de las Sanciones Comerciales y Mejora de las Exportaciones de 2000 (TSRA) Informaci&#243;n sobre el programa</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Oficina Nacional de Estad&#237;stica e Informaci&#243;n &#8211; <a href="https://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicaciones/2024-04/publicacion-inversiones-enero-diciembre-2023.pdf">Inversiones, indicadores seleccionados &#8211; enero-diciembre 2023</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Adem&#225;s, muchos cubanos en Estados Unidos, pero especialmente en el sur de Florida, son partidarios de Trump, lo que no es muy positivo, pero eso es tema para otro art&#237;culo.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The countdown]]></title><description><![CDATA[It's been a long month.]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-countdown</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-countdown</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2026 04:08:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTKw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F644cb340-9af8-478f-89c2-85feaf115eca_920x920.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTKw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F644cb340-9af8-478f-89c2-85feaf115eca_920x920.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTKw!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F644cb340-9af8-478f-89c2-85feaf115eca_920x920.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTKw!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F644cb340-9af8-478f-89c2-85feaf115eca_920x920.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTKw!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F644cb340-9af8-478f-89c2-85feaf115eca_920x920.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTKw!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F644cb340-9af8-478f-89c2-85feaf115eca_920x920.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTKw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F644cb340-9af8-478f-89c2-85feaf115eca_920x920.jpeg" width="920" height="920" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/644cb340-9af8-478f-89c2-85feaf115eca_920x920.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:920,&quot;width&quot;:920,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:62338,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/187049165?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F644cb340-9af8-478f-89c2-85feaf115eca_920x920.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTKw!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F644cb340-9af8-478f-89c2-85feaf115eca_920x920.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTKw!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F644cb340-9af8-478f-89c2-85feaf115eca_920x920.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTKw!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F644cb340-9af8-478f-89c2-85feaf115eca_920x920.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTKw!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F644cb340-9af8-478f-89c2-85feaf115eca_920x920.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>I cross the street with a thermos full of coffee and join a friend of mine in line at the gas station. He&#8217;s been there since 11 AM the previous morning, a wait of over 26 hours to buy gas with U.S. dollars. He&#8217;s finally only three cars away from being able to do so. A plastic tank that holds 20 liters is strapped to the back of his motorcycle. We share the coffee with some of the people in the line around him.</p><p>The line has been oscillating between 8 to 10 blocks in length every day, curving around the main avenues, an endless snake of cars, trucks, and motorcycles all waiting their turn. Some cars won&#8217;t turn on and have to be pushed meter by meter ever time the line moves. By the second day of these long lines, people had gotten unruly, paying the gas station workers off to cut to the front of the line, so a few young military guys were stationed there. They roam around the gas station in their green military uniforms, red berets, and fluorescent yellow vests. A cop car circles the blocks containing the line every hour.</p><p>Last Thursday, Trump signed an executive order imposing tariffs on goods from countries that &#8220;sell or otherwise provide oil to Cuba&#8221; under the guise of protecting U.S national security and the interests of American citizens. How this protects the United States and is in our best interest I have yet to understand. Some say these tariffs are directed predominantly at Mexico, which is the only country that has been sending oil to Cuba since Nicolas Maduro&#8217;s capture in Venezuela on January 3<sup>rd</sup>.</p><p>Some experts speculate that Cuba only has between 10 to 15 days of oil left before it runs out completely. I don&#8217;t know if this is true, but I do know that the blackouts have gotten worse. Here in Havana, areas that weren&#8217;t getting blackouts, or very few, are averaging electricity maybe half the day. The provinces are averaging one, maybe two hours a day if they&#8217;re lucky. Today, the Ministry of Transportation released a note that all public transportation would be suspended until further notice.</p><p>This morning, the president of Cuba gave a press conference for about two hours. Everyone thought he would be addressing the current situation and maybe talk about what the plan was. Instead, it was a question and answer with state-media journalists that talked about everything from the country&#8217;s historical literacy campaign to the solidarity it was receiving from other countries to the 32 Cubans that died in Venezuela trying to defend Maduro.</p><p>I had to watch the livestream on YouTube on my phone because I didn&#8217;t have any electricity to turn on the TV. I listened to him for the first hour but then tuned out after he began talking about energy but only to point out that Cuba was committed to being completely dependent on renewable energy by 2050. Later reports summarizing the press conference confirmed that he had not substantially addressed the current crisis, only that the country was willing to talk to the United States &#8220;without pressure.&#8221; Again, we are left waiting.</p><p>It has been over a month of waiting, waiting to see what happens, waiting while politicians in the United States flaunt the Cuban governments&#8217; weakness and inevitable fall, waiting while Cuban officials denounce the U.S.&#8217;s threats and sanctions, waiting while there are rumors of some talks but not yet negotiations, waiting while frantic family members outside the island wonder about their loved ones on the island, and all the while, Cubans wait in line for gas, wait in line to catch a bus, wait in line to buy some bread, wait at home in the dark for the lights to come on or for a bomb to drop or for someone to finally explain what the hell is going to happen.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>A short timeline of events&#8230;</p><ul><li><p><strong>January 3rd</strong> - The United States captures Venezuelan President, Nicol&#225;s Maduro. In a press conference that day, President Trump and Secretary of State Rubio say that Cuban government officials should be &#8220;concerned.&#8221; (<a href="https://www.npr.org/2026/01/05/nx-s1-5666190/cuba-venezuela-monroe-doctrine-trump">After Venezuela attack, Cuba watches the U.S. warily</a>, <em>NPR</em>, January 5, 2026<strong>)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>January 11th</strong> - Trump tells government officials in Cuba to make a deal, and quick. Speculations arise about what this could mean. (<a href="https://apnews.com/article/trump-cuba-venezuela-maduro-oil-economy-b9ffd24928e34dc7e3fc1fdcb22709a1">With Cuban ally Maduro ousted, Trump warns Havana to make a &#8216;deal&#8217; before it&#8217;s too late</a>, <em>AP News</em>, January 11, 2026)</p></li><li><p><strong>January 15th</strong> - The bodies of 32 Cubans killed in the U.S. attack on Venezuela are returned to Cuba (<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0q4l3g183jo">Cuba counts cost of alliance after 32 troops killed in Venezuela</a>, <em>BBC News</em>, January 15, 2026)</p></li><li><p><strong>January 22nd</strong> - An exclusive from the Wall Street Journal says that the U.S. is looking for an insider in the Cuban government that will help bring down the Cuban government by the end of the year. (<a href="https://www.wsj.com/world/americas/the-u-s-is-actively-seeking-regime-change-in-cuba-by-the-end-of-the-year-1d0f178a?gaa_at=eafs&amp;gaa_n=AWEtsqcoNh1fKdvQxOW3XtNO-zs0vK1V8ck3w5VC2p1KuL6N7-yowbK3ENYlmOX9TAk%3D&amp;gaa_ts=6985668d&amp;gaa_sig=R-jQjKvhZBs0u-IG1-5YGzRpnLmU4S8yhdhrCm5gjgKsqT-3OvJ2qiHsjyP1bMKOWaTk7L_0M4Gk0QisOi3PNA%3D%3D">The U.S. Is Actively Seeking Regime Change in Cuba by the End of the Year</a>, <em>Wall Street Journal</em>, January 22, 2026)</p></li><li><p><strong>January 29th</strong> - The White House releases an executive order to impose tariffs on any country that tries to sell or send oil to Cuba. (<a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/01/addressing-threats-to-the-united-states-by-the-government-of-cuba/">Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of Cuba</a>, <em>The White House</em>, January 29, 2026)</p></li><li><p><strong>February 5th</strong> - Cuba is willing to talk with the United States, but without &#8220;pressure&#8221; of regime change. Some speculate that a deal could include returning property confiscated by the Cuban government after the revolution. Mexico is trying to find ways to send Cuba oil while avoiding U.S. tariffs. (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/04/americas/cuba-us-talks-trump-regime-change-latam-intl">Cuba says it&#8217;s ready to talk to US, but not about regime change, as Trump ramps up pressure</a>, <em>CNN</em>, February 5, 2026)</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p>La cuenta regresiva</p><p>Cruzo la calle con un termo lleno de caf&#233; y me uno a un amigo m&#237;o que hace cola en la gasolinera. Lleva all&#237; desde las 11 de la ma&#241;ana del d&#237;a anterior, m&#225;s de 26 horas esperando para comprar gasolina con d&#243;lares estadounidenses. Por fin le quedan solo tres coches por delante para poder hacerlo. Lleva un bid&#243;n de pl&#225;stico con capacidad para 20 litros atado a la parte trasera de su motocicleta. Compartimos el caf&#233; con algunas de las personas que hacen cola a su alrededor.</p><p>La cola oscila cada d&#237;a entre 8 y 10 cuadras de longitud, serpenteando por las avenidas principales, una interminable fila de coches, camiones y motocicletas esperando su turno. Algunos coches no arrancan y hay que empujarlos metro a metro cada vez que la cola se mueve. Ya era el segundo d&#237;a de esta largas cola y la gente se hab&#237;a vuelto rebelde, sobornaba a los trabajadores de la gasolinera para colarse al principio de la cola, por lo que se destin&#243; a varios j&#243;venes militares a ese lugar, ellos vagaban por la gasolinera con sus uniformes militares verdes, boinas rojas y chalecos amarillos fluorescentes. Un coche de polic&#237;a daba vueltas cada hora por las manzanas donde se encuentra la cola.</p><p>El jueves pasado, Trump firm&#243; una orden ejecutiva que impone aranceles a los productos de los pa&#237;ses que &#171;venden o suministran petr&#243;leo a Cuba&#187; con el pretexto de proteger la seguridad nacional de Estados Unidos y los intereses de los ciudadanos estadounidenses. A&#250;n no entiendo c&#243;mo esto protege a Estados Unidos y beneficia nuestros intereses. Algunos dicen que estos aranceles est&#225;n dirigidos principalmente a M&#233;xico, que es el &#250;nico pa&#237;s que ha estado enviando petr&#243;leo a Cuba desde la captura de Nicol&#225;s Maduro en Venezuela el 3 de enero.</p><p>Algunos expertos afirman que a Cuba solo le quedan entre 10 y 15 d&#237;as de petr&#243;leo antes de que se agote por completo. No s&#233; si esto es cierto, pero s&#237; s&#233; que los apagones han empeorado. Aqu&#237;, en La Habana, las zonas que no sufr&#237;an apagones, o muy pocos, ahora tienen electricidad un promedio de medio d&#237;a. Las provincias tienen una media de una o dos horas al d&#237;a, si tienen suerte. Hoy, el Ministerio de Transporte ha publicado un aviso en el que se informa de que todo el transporte p&#250;blico quedar&#225; suspendido hasta nuevo aviso.</p><p>Esta ma&#241;ana, el presidente de Cuba dio una rueda de prensa de unas dos horas. Todo el mundo pensaba que abordar&#237;a la situaci&#243;n actual y tal vez hablar&#237;a sobre cu&#225;l era el plan. En cambio, ha sido una sesi&#243;n de preguntas y respuestas con periodistas de los medios de comunicaci&#243;n estatales que han hablado de todo, desde la campa&#241;a hist&#243;rica de alfabetizaci&#243;n del pa&#237;s hasta la solidaridad que est&#225; recibiendo de otros pa&#237;ses, pasando por los 32 cubanos que murieron en Venezuela tratando de defender a Maduro.</p><p>Tuve que ver la retransmisi&#243;n en directo en YouTube en mi tel&#233;fono porque no ten&#237;a electricidad para encender la televisi&#243;n. Le escuch&#233; durante la primera hora, pero luego dej&#233; de prestar atenci&#243;n cuando empez&#243; a hablar de energ&#237;a, solo para se&#241;alar que Cuba se hab&#237;a comprometido a depender completamente de las energ&#237;as renovables para 2050. Los informes posteriores que resum&#237;an la rueda de prensa confirmaron que no hab&#237;a abordado de forma sustancial la crisis actual, solo que el gobierno estar&#225; dispuesto a hablar con los Estados Unidos. Una vez m&#225;s, nos quedamos a la espera.</p><p>Llevamos m&#225;s de un mes esperando, esperando a ver qu&#233; pasa, esperando mientras los pol&#237;ticos de Estados Unidos alardean de la debilidad y la inevitable ca&#237;da del Gobierno cubano, esperando mientras los funcionarios cubanos denuncian las amenazas y sanciones de Estados Unidos, esperando mientras hay rumores de algunas conversaciones, pero a&#250;n no negociaciones, esperando mientras los familiares fuera de la isla se preguntan por sus seres queridos en la isla y, mientras tanto, los cubanos esperan en fila para conseguir gasolina, esperan en fila para coger el autob&#250;s, hacen cola para comprar pan, esperan en casa a oscuras a que se enciendan las luces o a que caiga una bomba o a que alguien les explique por fin qu&#233; pinga va a pasar.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-countdown?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/the-countdown?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p>Breve cronolog&#237;a de los acontecimientos...</p><ul><li><p><strong>3 de enero</strong>: Estados Unidos captura al presidente venezolano Nicol&#225;s Maduro. En una rueda de prensa celebrada ese mismo d&#237;a, el presidente Trump y el secretario de Estado Rubio afirman que los funcionarios del Gobierno cubano deber&#237;an estar &#171;preocupados&#187;. (<a href="https://www.npr.org/2026/01/05/nx-s1-5666190/cuba-venezuela-monroe-doctrine-trump">Tras el ataque a Venezuela, Cuba observa a Estados Unidos con recelo</a>, <em>NPR</em>, 5 de enero de 2026<strong>)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>11 de enero</strong>: Trump insta a los funcionarios del Gobierno de Cuba a llegar a un acuerdo, y r&#225;pido. Surgen especulaciones sobre lo que esto podr&#237;a significar. (<a href="https://apnews.com/article/trump-cuba-venezuela-maduro-oil-economy-b9ffd24928e34dc7e3fc1fdcb22709a1">Tras la destituci&#243;n de Maduro, aliado de Cuba, Trump advierte a La Habana que llegue a un &#171;acuerdo&#187; antes de que sea demasiado tarde</a>, <em>AP News</em>, 11 de enero de 2026).</p></li><li><p><strong>15 de enero</strong>: los cuerpos de 32 cubanos muertos en el ataque estadounidense a Venezuela son devueltos a Cuba (<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0q4l3g183jo">Cuba calcula el coste de la alianza tras la muerte de 32 soldados en Venezuela</a>, <em>BBC News</em>, 15 de enero de 2026).</p></li><li><p><strong>22 de enero</strong>: una exclusiva del Wall Street Journal afirma que Estados Unidos est&#225; buscando a alguien dentro del Gobierno cubano que le ayude a derrocarlo antes de que termine el a&#241;o. (<a href="https://www.wsj.com/world/americas/the-u-s-is-actively-seeking-regime-change-in-cuba-by-the-end-of-the-year-1d0f178a?gaa_at=eafs&amp;gaa_n=AWEtsqcoNh1fKdvQxOW3XtNO-zs0vK1V8ck3w5VC2p1KuL6N7-yowbK3ENYlmOX9TAk%3D&amp;gaa_ts=6985668d&amp;gaa_sig=R-jQjKvhZBs0u-IG1-5YGzRpnLmU4S8yhdhrCm5gjgKsqT-3OvJ2qiHsjyP1bMKOWaTk7L_0M4Gk0QisOi3PNA%3D%3D">Estados Unidos busca activamente un cambio de r&#233;gimen en Cuba antes de que termine el a&#241;o</a>, <em>Wall Street Journal</em>, 22 de enero de 2026).</p></li><li><p><strong>29 de enero</strong>: la Casa Blanca emite una orden ejecutiva para imponer aranceles a cualquier pa&#237;s que intente vender o enviar petr&#243;leo a Cuba. (<a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/01/addressing-threats-to-the-united-states-by-the-government-of-cuba/">Abordar las amenazas al Estados Unidos por parte del Gobierno de Cuba</a>, <em>La Casa Blanca</em>, 29 de enero de 2026).</p></li><li><p><strong>5 de febrero</strong>: Cuba est&#225; dispuesta a dialogar con Estados Unidos, pero sin la &#171;presi&#243;n&#187; de un cambio de r&#233;gimen. Algunos especulan que el acuerdo podr&#237;a incluir la devoluci&#243;n de las propiedades confiscadas por el Gobierno cubano tras la revoluci&#243;n. M&#233;xico est&#225; tratando de encontrar formas de enviar petr&#243;leo a Cuba evitando los aranceles estadounidenses. (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/04/americas/cuba-us-talks-trump-regime-change-latam-intl">Cuba dice que est&#225; dispuesta a dialogar con Estados Unidos, pero no sobre un cambio de r&#233;gimen, mientras Trump aumenta la presi&#243;n</a>, <em>CNN</em>, 5 de febrero de 2026).</p></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[20 hours in Miami]]></title><description><![CDATA[A quick round trip to Miami with a Cuban band accentuated just how close Miami and Havana have always been]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/20-hours-in-miami</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/20-hours-in-miami</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 25 Dec 2025 23:08:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgva!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fc5a47-ca62-4e7b-8718-4614fb86ab6d_939x750.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgva!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fc5a47-ca62-4e7b-8718-4614fb86ab6d_939x750.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgva!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fc5a47-ca62-4e7b-8718-4614fb86ab6d_939x750.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgva!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fc5a47-ca62-4e7b-8718-4614fb86ab6d_939x750.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgva!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fc5a47-ca62-4e7b-8718-4614fb86ab6d_939x750.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgva!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fc5a47-ca62-4e7b-8718-4614fb86ab6d_939x750.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgva!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fc5a47-ca62-4e7b-8718-4614fb86ab6d_939x750.jpeg" width="939" height="750" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/28fc5a47-ca62-4e7b-8718-4614fb86ab6d_939x750.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:750,&quot;width&quot;:939,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:44138,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/182594211?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fc5a47-ca62-4e7b-8718-4614fb86ab6d_939x750.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgva!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fc5a47-ca62-4e7b-8718-4614fb86ab6d_939x750.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgva!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fc5a47-ca62-4e7b-8718-4614fb86ab6d_939x750.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgva!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fc5a47-ca62-4e7b-8718-4614fb86ab6d_939x750.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgva!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fc5a47-ca62-4e7b-8718-4614fb86ab6d_939x750.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>First and foremost, happy holidays. These continue to be difficult times for Cuba and Cubans&#8212;the island is still suffering prolonged blackouts, Cubans have been afflicted by various mosquito-borne illnesses, the economy continues to decline, political tensions are high with the Venezuela-U.S. conflict, and it&#8217;s difficult to know when things will get better. This post is about a trip I took two weeks ago, but I will be catching up on some of these other topics I mentioned. As always, thank you for reading, and keep the island and its people in your thoughts. </em></p><p>The flight lands in Miami just before midday, just in time to grab some lunch. I pack the band into a big, yellow SUV and head to the hotel to check in. There&#8217;s a mall nearby, so we walk. We pass by manicured triangle of grass with palm trees squeezed between roads and a curving highway entrance. We cross the road, the cars so tall and encroaching on the white lines of the crosswalk.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>I lead the kids to the food court, sweeping my arm across the string of chain restaurants that include Cajun food, pizza, hot dogs, churros and ice-cream, Chinese food, burritos and tacos, chicken sandwiches, and on the far side, a Cuban joint that claims to sell the best croquetas in Miami-Dade County. They settle for the Cuban food. We fill ourselves with congris and shredded pork and shrimp in tomato sauce and yuca with mojo and sweet fried plantains, the food court buzzing around us.</p><p>A few of the kids ask about ice cream and churro prices and are aghast that a single scoop costs $8 and a serving of churros upwards of $15. &#8220;Welcome to Miami,&#8221; I tell them. We mosey into a few stores, they look at shoes, then video games, and finally I herd them back to the hotel where, despite needing to get ready for the concert that night, they opt for trying out guitars and ripping on drum sets at the Guitar Center next door.</p><p>We pull up outside of a long, brick gate. Tea lights mark the path through the front yard and a half-circle driveway to the giant, wooden door. The house forms a spacious L-shape that hugs a pool in the back patio. Beyond the pool, a personalized bar for hosting and behind that, a pickleball court bordered by fruit trees. The house is owned by three Cuban American sisters, all retired. One of them usher&#8217;s us into a room behind the make-shift stage next to the pool.</p><p>I help set up for the event while the kids change and start their soundcheck. The bar is stocked with hierba buena and limes from the garden for mojitos. The sisters bustle about: one cleans the pool with a long net; another moves vases with monsteras and birds of prey; the other distributes candles to each cocktail table spread across the yard.</p><p>Soundcheck goes over smoothly, and the kids continue messing around until minutes before the first guests arrive. This event in particular caters to the progressive Cuba crowd from the city, including journalists, academics, cultural movers, directors of think tanks and independent organizations, entrepreneurs and more.</p><p>It&#8217;s a particularly chilly Miami night. As the guests trickle in, we urge them to get a drink and to pick up some food, also Cuban catering. I&#8217;m still full from lunch but I help myself to some pastelitos, licking the sticky guayaba from my fingers. I look around; there are people I know and others that I recognize from following their work online. A colleague introduces me to a professor I have followed for ages that will be speaking on the panel before the concert. He recognizes me from back when twitter was still twitter. It&#8217;s a strange era, to know someone, or of someone, thanks to their online presence, but not know them in the real world. He asks me how Cuba&#8217;s doing, and I confirm that it&#8217;s as bad as everyone sees on the news. He sighs.</p><p>As the panel begins, one of the kids from the band asks me to wait outside for a close friend that&#8217;s come to watch them perform. He tells me to look out for a repartero. I wait at the open gate, scanning the street until he appears, close cropped hair and wearing a black t-shirt with a bedazzled cross, matching shorts, and chunky sneakers. He looks at my buttoned shirt, then at the house behind me, and shakes his head. I try to smile.</p><p>&#8220;I&#8217;m not dressed for this at all.&#8221; I shrug and tell him it doesn&#8217;t matter. He follows me through the house and out back where the guests are listening to the two speakers. The moderator asks them their opinions about the current moment in U.S. politics and how it&#8217;s affecting Cubans here.</p><p>The woman sitting next to the professor, a well-known journalist, tells us about two Cubans detained at Krome detention center in Miami that are permanent residents and have no criminal records. She speaks with urgency, hoping that in the wake of losing their long-held migration privileges, Cubans in the U.S. will finally find solidarity with other migrants. The professor follows on her heels, noting a curious fact: the current number of undocumented Cubans in the U.S.&#8212;just over half a million&#8212;is roughly the same amount of people that were processed at the Freedom Tower during the freedom flights from Cuba of the 60s and 70s. An applause ripples through the crowd.</p><p>There must have been around 80 people at the event, all Cubans and Cuban Americans with viewpoints that differ from the stereotypical monolith found in the Cuban diaspora in Miami. I believe the monolith is changing by the day, and the diaspora is at an interesting, and heavy, crossroads. With Cuba worse than it&#8217;s ever been, it will be curious to see who in the U.S. stands up to fight for the rights of Cubans on both sides of the straits.</p><p>The kids follow up the talk with a concert I don&#8217;t think anyone expected at the event. People tend to underestimate them&#8212;the oldest one is just 20 years old&#8212;but they are full-fledged musicians that know how to win over a crowd. Their high energy rhythms are met with awe and a lot of cell phones, but no one feels compelled to dance. That doesn&#8217;t stop me from moving, matching some of their choreographed steps and singing along to every song&#8212;a true groupie.</p><p>By the end of the concert, the space just in front of them is full of people dancing and cheering them on to do one more song, several times, until finally they run out of repertoire. They are a sensation, and while they had stood around minding their own business during the earlier part of the evening, guests flock to them to talk and get to know them.</p><p>Everyone is shocked to learn how old they are and that at 7 AM the next morning we will all board a flight back to Havana because it&#8217;s a school night and they have math exams the next day. The quick roundtrip reminds me of the stories from before the Revolution, when well-off Cubans would catch a flight to Miami in the morning, have lunch and do some shopping in the city, before hopping on an evening flight back to the island.</p><p>Travel to Cuba has slowed down for several reasons since the pandemic, but travel is just as readily available as ever, especially for Cuban Americans. This interaction with the Cuban band is both simple and surprising&#8212;a moment when the two countries feel as close geographically and culturally as they actually are to one another.</p><p>At a quarter past ten I do my best to round up the band, reminding them we have an early flight to catch. I thank the sisters for offering their home and space and one of them tells me to follow her, she has a parting gift. She leads me to a basket next to the sofa on the patio where she pulls out a big, green avocado.</p><p>&#8220;These are the last of the season from the tree in the yard,&#8221; she says with large grin before adding &#8220;and don&#8217;t worry, you can travel with it, I do it all the time!&#8221; I laugh and thank her as I take the heavy fruit in my hands. Cuban avocados are the best in the world; any time I&#8217;m in Miami, I shy away from the ones at the grocery store, even the big green ones, because they&#8217;ve never tasted the same. But I have a feeling this one will be just like the ones I love back on the island.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>En primer lugar, felices fiestas. Estos siguen siendo tiempos dif&#237;ciles para Cuba y los cubanos: la isla sigue sufriendo apagones prolongados, los cubanos se han visto afectados por diversas enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos, la econom&#237;a sigue en declive, hay mucha tension pol&#237;tica debido al conflicto entre Venezuela y Estados Unidos y es dif&#237;cil saber cu&#225;ndo mejorar&#225;n las cosas. Esta publicaci&#243;n trata sobre un viaje que hice hace dos semanas, pero me pondr&#233; al d&#237;a con algunos de los otros temas que mencion&#233;. Como siempre, gracias por leer y mantengan a la isla y a su gente en sus pensamientos.</em></p><p>El vuelo aterriza en Miami justo antes del mediod&#237;a, a tiempo para almorzar. Meto a la banda en un gran todoterreno amarillo y me dirijo al hotel para registrarnos. Hay un centro comercial cerca, as&#237; que vamos andando. Pasamos por un cuidado tri&#225;ngulo de c&#233;sped con palmeras apretujadas entre las carreteras y una entrada curvada a la autopista. Cruzamos la carretera, con los coches tan altos que invaden las l&#237;neas blancas del paso de peatones.</p><p>Llevo a los ni&#241;os al patio de comidas, se&#241;alando con el brazo la cadena de restaurantes que incluyen comida caj&#250;n, pizza, perritos calientes, churros y helados, comida china, burritos y tacos, s&#225;ndwiches de pollo y, al otro lado, un local cubano que presume de vender las mejores croquetas del condado de Miami-Dade. Se decantan por la comida cubana. Nos llenamos de congris y cerdo desmenuzado y camarones en salsa de tomate y yuca con mojo y pl&#225;tanos fritos dulces, con el bullicio del patio de comidas a nuestro alrededor.</p><p>Algunos de los ni&#241;os preguntan por los precios de los helados y los churros y se quedan horrorizados al saber que una sola bola cuesta 8 d&#243;lares y una raci&#243;n de churros m&#225;s de 15 d&#243;lares. &#171;Bienvenidos a Miami&#187;, les digo. Entramos en algunas tiendas, miran zapatos, luego videojuegos y, finalmente, los llevo de vuelta al hotel donde, a pesar de tener que prepararse para el concierto de esa noche, optan por probar guitarras y tocar la bater&#237;a en el Guitar Center de al lado.</p><p>Nos detenemos frente a una larga puerta de ladrillo. Las velas iluminan el camino a trav&#233;s del jard&#237;n delantero y la entrada semicircular hasta la gigantesca puerta de madera. La casa tiene una espaciosa forma de L que rodea una piscina en el patio trasero. M&#225;s all&#225; de la piscina, hay un bar personalizado para recibir invitados y, detr&#225;s, una pista de pickleball rodeada de &#225;rboles frutales. La casa es propiedad de tres hermanas cubanoamericanas, todas jubiladas. Una de ellas nos acompa&#241;a a una habitaci&#243;n detr&#225;s del escenario improvisado junto a la piscina.</p><p>Ayudo a preparar el evento mientras los ni&#241;os se cambian y comienzan la prueba de sonido. El bar est&#225; abastecido con hierba buena y limas del jard&#237;n para preparar mojitos. Las hermanas se afanan en sus tareas: una limpia la piscina con una red larga; otra mueve jarrones con monstera y aves rapaces; la otra distribuye velas en cada mesa de c&#243;ctel repartidas por el jard&#237;n.</p><p>La prueba de sonido transcurre sin problemas y los chicos siguen jugando hasta unos minutos antes de que lleguen los primeros invitados. Este evento en particular est&#225; dirigido al p&#250;blico cubano progresista de la ciudad, incluyendo periodistas, acad&#233;micos, impulsores culturales, directores de centros de investigaci&#243;n y organizaciones independientes, empresarios y m&#225;s.</p><p>Es una noche especialmente fr&#237;a en Miami. A medida que llegan los invitados, les animamos a que tomen una copa y piquen algo, tambi&#233;n catering cubano. Todav&#237;a estoy llena del almuerzo, pero me sirvo unos pastelitos y me lamo los dedos para quitarme la guayaba pegajosa. Miro a mi alrededor; hay gente que conozco y otras personas a las que reconozco por seguir su trabajo en Internet. Un colega me presenta a un profesor al que sigo desde hace a&#241;os y que hablar&#225; en la mesa redonda antes del concierto. &#201;l me reconoce de cuando Twitter todav&#237;a era Twitter. Es una &#233;poca extra&#241;a, conocer a alguien, o saber de alguien, gracias a su presencia en Internet, pero no conocerlo en el mundo real. Me pregunta c&#243;mo est&#225; Cuba y le confirmo que est&#225; tan mal como todo el mundo ve en las noticias. Suspira.</p><p>Cuando comienza el panel, uno de los chicos de la banda me pide que espere fuera a un amigo &#237;ntimo que ha venido a verlos tocar.</p><p>Me dice que busque a un repartero. Espero en la puerta abierta, escudri&#241;ando la calle hasta que aparece, con el pelo muy corto y vestido con una camiseta negra con una cruz brillante, pantalones cortos a juego y zapatillas gruesas. Mira mi camisa abotonada, luego la casa detr&#225;s de m&#237; y niega con la cabeza. Intento sonre&#237;r. &#171;No voy vestido para esto&#187;.</p><p>Me encojo de hombros y le digo que no importa. Me sigue a trav&#233;s de la casa y sale por la parte trasera, donde los invitados escuchan a los dos ponentes. El moderador les pregunta su opini&#243;n sobre la situaci&#243;n actual de la pol&#237;tica estadounidense y c&#243;mo est&#225; afectando a los cubanos que viven aqu&#237;.</p><p>La mujer sentada junto al profesor, una conocida periodista, nos habla de dos cubanos detenidos en el centro de detenci&#243;n de Krome, en Miami, que son residentes permanentes y no tienen antecedentes penales. Habla con urgencia, con la esperanza de que, tras perder sus privilegios migratorios de larga data, los cubanos en Estados Unidos finalmente encuentren solidaridad con otros migrantes. El profesor le sigue los pasos y se&#241;ala un dato curioso: el n&#250;mero actual de cubanos indocumentados en Estados Unidos &#8212;algo m&#225;s de medio mill&#243;n&#8212; es aproximadamente el mismo que el de personas que fueron procesadas en la Torre de la Libertad durante los vuelos de la libertad desde Cuba en los a&#241;os 60 y 70.</p><p>Un aplauso recorre la multitud.</p><p>Deb&#237;a de haber unas 80 personas en el evento, todas cubanas y cubanoamericanas con puntos de vista que difieren del monolito estereot&#237;pico que se encuentra en la di&#225;spora cubana en Miami. Creo que ese monolito est&#225; cambiando d&#237;a a d&#237;a, y la di&#225;spora se encuentra en una encrucijada interesante y dif&#237;cil. Con Cuba en peor situaci&#243;n que nunca, ser&#225; curioso ver qui&#233;n en Estados Unidos se levanta para luchar por los derechos de los cubanos a ambos lados del estrecho.</p><p>Los chicos despu&#233;s de la charla empiezan un concierto que creo que nadie esperaba en el evento. La gente tiende a subestimarlos &#8212;el mayor solo tiene 20 a&#241;os&#8212;, pero son m&#250;sicos consumados que saben c&#243;mo ganarse al p&#250;blico. Sus ritmos llenos de energ&#237;a son recibidos con asombro y muchos tel&#233;fonos m&#243;viles, pero nadie se siente obligado a bailar. Eso no me impide moverme, imitar algunos de sus pasos coreografiados y cantar todas las canciones, como una aut&#233;ntica groupie.</p><p>Al final del concierto, el espacio justo delante de ellos est&#225; lleno de gente bailando y anim&#225;ndolos a tocar una canci&#243;n m&#225;s, varias veces, hasta que finalmente se quedan sin repertorio. Son toda una sensaci&#243;n y, aunque durante la primera parte de la noche se hab&#237;an quedado al margen, los invitados se acercan a ellos para hablar y conocerlos.</p><p>Todos se sorprenden al saber cu&#225;ntos a&#241;os tienen y que a las 7 de la ma&#241;ana del d&#237;a siguiente todos tomaremos un vuelo de regreso a La Habana porque es noche de colegio y al d&#237;a siguiente tienen ex&#225;menes de matem&#225;ticas. El r&#225;pido viaje de ida y vuelta me recuerda las historias de antes de la Revoluci&#243;n, cuando los cubanos acomodados tomaban un vuelo a Miami por la ma&#241;ana, almorzaban y hac&#237;an algunas compras en la ciudad, antes de tomar un vuelo por la tarde de regreso a la isla.</p><p>Los viajes a Cuba han disminuido por varias razones desde la pandemia, pero siguen siendo tan accesibles como siempre, especialmente para los cubanoamericanos. Esta interacci&#243;n con la banda cubana es a la vez sencilla y sorprendente, un momento en el que los dos pa&#237;ses se sienten tan cercanos geogr&#225;fica y culturalmente como lo est&#225;n en realidad.</p><p>A las diez y cuarto hago todo lo posible por reunir a la banda, record&#225;ndoles que tenemos que coger un vuelo temprano.</p><p>Agradezco a las hermanas por ofrecernos su casa y su espacio, y una de ellas me dice que la siga, que tiene un regalo de despedida. Me lleva a una cesta junto al sof&#225; del patio, de donde saca un aguacate grande y verde. &#171;Son los &#250;ltimos de la temporada del &#225;rbol del jard&#237;n&#187;, dice con una gran sonrisa antes de a&#241;adir: &#171;Y no te preocupes, puedes viajar con &#233;l, &#161;yo lo hago todo el tiempo!&#187;.</p><p>Me r&#237;o y le doy las gracias mientras cojo la pesada fruta en mis manos. Los aguacates cubanos son los mejores del mundo; cada vez que voy a Miami, evito los de la tienda, incluso los grandes y verdes, porque nunca saben igual. Pero tengo la sensaci&#243;n de que este ser&#225; igual que los que me encantan en la isla.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Censoring Celia Cruz on her centennial]]></title><description><![CDATA[Celia would have turned 100 years old on October 21st. A gala in her honor was censored by the government.]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/censoring-celia-cruz-on-her-centennial</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/censoring-celia-cruz-on-her-centennial</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 23 Oct 2025 18:08:15 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gpkt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8732f2a4-9702-48a2-b947-f7f329f2bb6d_640x360.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gpkt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8732f2a4-9702-48a2-b947-f7f329f2bb6d_640x360.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gpkt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8732f2a4-9702-48a2-b947-f7f329f2bb6d_640x360.webp 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gpkt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8732f2a4-9702-48a2-b947-f7f329f2bb6d_640x360.webp 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gpkt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8732f2a4-9702-48a2-b947-f7f329f2bb6d_640x360.webp 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gpkt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8732f2a4-9702-48a2-b947-f7f329f2bb6d_640x360.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gpkt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8732f2a4-9702-48a2-b947-f7f329f2bb6d_640x360.webp" width="728" height="409.5" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8732f2a4-9702-48a2-b947-f7f329f2bb6d_640x360.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:360,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:23732,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/176888944?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8732f2a4-9702-48a2-b947-f7f329f2bb6d_640x360.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gpkt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8732f2a4-9702-48a2-b947-f7f329f2bb6d_640x360.webp 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gpkt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8732f2a4-9702-48a2-b947-f7f329f2bb6d_640x360.webp 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gpkt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8732f2a4-9702-48a2-b947-f7f329f2bb6d_640x360.webp 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gpkt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8732f2a4-9702-48a2-b947-f7f329f2bb6d_640x360.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>October 20th is Cuba&#8217;s official Day of Culture&#8212;a day to celebrate the best of this country. On this day, El Publico, a well known theater group, had planned a gala in honor of Celia Cruz&#8217;s centennial, just a day shy of her actual birthday. What could be more appropriate than paying homage to the woman that catapulted Cuban music, and culture, to global audiences?</p><p>I was excited to go to the gala. It was finally time to appreciate Celia on the island, and especially in her birth city. She left Cuba in 1960, a year after the triumph of the Revolution, and became a fierce critic of Fidel Castro. Because of this, she was never allowed to return. She missed the deaths of both her parents, and her music was censored. To this day, she&#8217;s not widely heard among Cubans here, though that has slowly begun to change. </p><p>But a few days before the gala, news broke that the Cuban government had censored the event. It did not specify a reason why (not that anyone needed the clarification). Complaints and disappointment erupted on social media. Fabrica de Arte, the venue where the gala was meant to take place, set up a lone armchair on a black stage illuminated by a spotlight. No music was played at the venue as the chair sat empty during the time the gala would have taken place.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png" width="1142" height="1152" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1152,&quot;width&quot;:1142,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:434228,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/176888944?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>At a time when Cuba is going through the largest social, political, and economic crisis in its history; in the face of mass migration that has emptied the island, one would think that the government has greater things to worry about than censoring a gala for the famous Cuban singer. They should have known that Celia&#8217;s legacy is too great to censor and that this decision only worked to remind everyone that the government&#8217;s priorities lie in maintaining any vestige of their iron grip on power. </p><p>This is the reality for millions of Cubans on the island, who still aren&#8217;t allowed to speak or decide for themselves, and for millions of Cubans outside the island, who have been forced to leave. Despite so many admirable goals the Revolution strived to achieve, all of that is overshadowed by this legacy. </p><p>Celia was able to return to the island once, in 1990, to perform at the Guantanamo naval base. There is a famous photo of her reaching her hand just beyond a wired fence to collect the dirt on the other side: the Cuban side. She asked for the dirt to be buried with her when she passed. It reminds me of her rendition of the song, &#8220;<em>Cuando sal&#237; de Cuba</em>,&#8221;  where she sings: </p><blockquote><p>Nunca podr&#233; morirme<br>Mi coraz&#243;n no lo tengo aqu&#237;<br>All&#237; me est&#225; esperando<br>Me est&#225; aguardando que vuelva all&#237;</p><p>Cuando sal&#237; de Cuba<br>Dej&#233; mi vida, dej&#233; mi amor<br>Cuando sal&#237; de Cuba<br>Dej&#233; enterrado mi coraz&#243;n</p><p>Late y sigue latiendo<br>Porque la tierra vida le d&#225;<br>Pero llegar&#225; el d&#237;a<br>En que mi mano le encontrar&#225;</p></blockquote><p><em>I&#8217;ll never be able to die / because my heart isn&#8217;t with me / it&#8217;s waiting for me there / hoping that I return. When I left Cuba / I left my life, I left my love / When I left Cuba / I left my heart buried. It beats and continues beating / because the land gives it life / but the day will come / when my hand will find it. </em></p><p>I hope she found a piece of her heart in that sliver of homeland she brought back with her. Happy Birthday, Celia.</p><div id="youtube2-fVLSzMx4OPA" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;fVLSzMx4OPA&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/fVLSzMx4OPA?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading GUBA. If you&#8217;d like to read more, subscribe below. </p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><p>El 20 de octubre es el D&#237;a de la Cultura en Cuba, un d&#237;a para celebrar lo mejor de este pa&#237;s. Ese d&#237;a, El P&#250;blico, un conocido grupo teatral, hab&#237;a organizado una gala en honor al centenario de Celia Cruz, justo un d&#237;a antes de su cumplea&#241;os. &#191;Qu&#233; podr&#237;a ser m&#225;s apropiado que rendir homenaje a la mujer que catapult&#243; la m&#250;sica y la cultura cubana a nivel mundial?</p><p>Estaba emocionada por ir a la gala. Por fin hab&#237;a llegado el momento de apreciar a Celia en la isla, y especialmente en su ciudad natal. Ella se fue de Cuba en 1960, un a&#241;o despu&#233;s del triunfo de la Revoluci&#243;n, y se convirti&#243; en una feroz cr&#237;tica de Fidel Castro. Debido a esto, nunca se le permiti&#243; regresar. Se perdi&#243; la muerte de sus padres y su m&#250;sica fue censurada. Hasta el d&#237;a de hoy, no se escucha mucho entre los cubanos de aqu&#237;, aunque eso ha ido cambiando. </p><p>Pero unos d&#237;as antes de la gala, se supo que el gobierno cubano censur&#243; el evento y no especific&#243; el motivo (aunque nadie necesitaba una aclaraci&#243;n). Las quejas y la decepci&#243;n estallaron en las redes sociales. La F&#225;brica de Arte, el lugar donde deb&#237;a celebrarse la gala, coloc&#243; un &#250;nico sill&#243;n en un escenario negro iluminado por un foco. No se reprodujo m&#250;sica en el recinto y el sill&#243;n permaneci&#243; vac&#237;o durante el tiempo que habr&#237;a durado la gala.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png" width="1142" height="1152" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1152,&quot;width&quot;:1142,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Jbe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10eaea5f-8daf-4728-a4eb-aab34862e0a5_1142x1152.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En un momento en el que Cuba atraviesa la mayor crisis social, pol&#237;tica y econ&#243;mica de su historia, y ante la emigraci&#243;n masiva que ha vaciado la isla, cabr&#237;a pensar que el gobierno tiene cosas m&#225;s importantes de las que preocuparse que censurar una gala en honor a la famosa cantante cubana. Deber&#237;an haber sabido que el legado de Celia es demasiado grande para censurarlo y que esta decisi&#243;n solo sirvi&#243; para recordarle a todos que las prioridades del gobierno residen en mantener cualquier vestigio de su f&#233;rreo control sobre el poder.</p><p>Esta es la realidad para millones de cubanos en la isla, a quienes todav&#237;a no se les permite hablar ni decidir por s&#237; mismos y para millones de cubanos fuera de la isla, que se han visto obligados a marcharse. A pesar de los muchos objetivos admirables que la Revoluci&#243;n se propuso alcanzar, este es su legado.</p><p>Celia pudo regresar a la isla una vez, en 1990, para actuar en la base naval de Guant&#225;namo. Hay una famosa foto de ella recogiendo tierra justo al otro lado de la valla, en el lado cubano. Pidi&#243; que la enterraran con esa tierra. Me recuerda a su interpretaci&#243;n de la canci&#243;n &#171;<em>Cuando sal&#237; de Cuba</em>&#187;, en la que canta:</p><blockquote><p>Nunca podr&#233; morirme<br>Mi coraz&#243;n no lo tengo aqu&#237;<br>All&#237; me est&#225; esperando<br>Me est&#225; aguardando que vuelva all&#237;</p><p>Cuando sal&#237; de Cuba<br>Dej&#233; mi vida, dej&#233; mi amor<br>Cuando sal&#237; de Cuba<br>Dej&#233; enterrado mi coraz&#243;n</p><p>Late y sigue latiendo<br>Porque la tierra vida le da<br>Pero llegar&#225; el d&#237;a<br>En que mi mano le encontrar&#225;</p></blockquote><p>Espero que haya encontrado una parte de su coraz&#243;n en ese pedacito de tierra que se llevo. Feliz cumplea&#241;os, Celia.</p><div id="youtube2-fVLSzMx4OPA" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;fVLSzMx4OPA&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/fVLSzMx4OPA?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/censoring-celia-cruz-on-her-centennial?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/censoring-celia-cruz-on-her-centennial?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Searching for my family tree]]></title><description><![CDATA[I returned to Camag&#252;ey after 6 years to try and find some information about my grandpa and great-grandmother.]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/searching-for-my-family-tree</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/searching-for-my-family-tree</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 17 Oct 2025 04:34:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fdb53b5c-a0c2-48a5-ba89-05b85daddf21_296x274.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Egep!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c370e3a-1650-4e75-8be2-cc5c99a8f6b1_1200x350.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Egep!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c370e3a-1650-4e75-8be2-cc5c99a8f6b1_1200x350.webp 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Egep!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c370e3a-1650-4e75-8be2-cc5c99a8f6b1_1200x350.webp 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Egep!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c370e3a-1650-4e75-8be2-cc5c99a8f6b1_1200x350.webp 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Egep!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c370e3a-1650-4e75-8be2-cc5c99a8f6b1_1200x350.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Egep!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c370e3a-1650-4e75-8be2-cc5c99a8f6b1_1200x350.webp" width="1200" height="350" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0c370e3a-1650-4e75-8be2-cc5c99a8f6b1_1200x350.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:350,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Egep!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c370e3a-1650-4e75-8be2-cc5c99a8f6b1_1200x350.webp 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Egep!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c370e3a-1650-4e75-8be2-cc5c99a8f6b1_1200x350.webp 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Egep!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c370e3a-1650-4e75-8be2-cc5c99a8f6b1_1200x350.webp 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Egep!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c370e3a-1650-4e75-8be2-cc5c99a8f6b1_1200x350.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Hey again, it&#8217;s been a while&#8230; a month to be exact. While I wasn&#8217;t planning on going this long without posting, life got the best of me and I found myself jam packed with work and travel, enough to put writing on the backburner. I was afraid of these pauses when I started this blog&#8212;I don&#8217;t always have the best track record for seeing things through, and I feared that a pause like this would stop me all together. Glad to report that isn&#8217;t the case, and it&#8217;s an important lesson in work-life balance.</em></p><p><em>So&#8230; what have I been up to the past month? For starters, I traveled to Camag&#252;ey after six years in hopes of finding out more information about my grandfather and great grandparents. Then, I traveled to Medellin, Colombia for a musically themed tour with Cuban, New Orleans, and Colombian musicians. I came back to Havana to help organize an album release party for one of Cuba&#8217;s best reparteros. Aanndd then, in bodily protest, I got a bitter cold that left me home ridden for the better part of a week. I needed the rest!</em></p><p><em>I&#8217;ll be playing catch up and writing about all these events, so don&#8217;t worry, y&#8217;all haven&#8217;t missed anything. I&#8217;m also going to be more active on GUBA, publishing Notes and other posts of things that catch my eye. There are so many details worthy of being shared, but sometimes, they&#8217;re not substantial enough for a full post. So be on the lookout for those on the Substack page or check them out at the end of each weekly post, I&#8217;ll summarize them at the bottom.</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>The bus ride from Santa Clara to Camag&#252;ey takes longer than expected. We stop for a 45 minute lunch break on a dusty strip of town off the central highway where every other house sells pizzas and sodas or charges you to use the bathroom. The two lane highway is the last good road to Camag&#252;ey; after you pass the city, it&#8217;s backroads if you want to reach the rest of the country.</p><p>I sit behind the driver&#8217;s seat in a curtained off section that him and his partner use to rest on the long drives. Sometimes, the drivers sell these seats for extra cash. A light blue shirt and navy pants hang from the curtain pole above the seat in front of me. I watch shadows move on the other side of the curtain.</p><p>At some point during the ride, an officer from the Ministry of the Interior squeezes by and sits on the small seat diagonal to me. He&#8217;s wearing the typical olive green uniform and black boots. His hair is shaved, and it accentuates his strong jawline. In his thick hands he holds his hat and a water bottle. He has no other possessions. He nods at me with a polite smile, then slumps against the window and closes his eyes. I wonder if he can sense me staring at him.</p><p>Finally, the bus arrives, and a local guide is waiting for me on his electric bike. I bounce on the back of the bike as we snake around town. Camag&#252;ey is known for its labyrinth city center&#8212;every other turn reveals an unexpected plaza or a hidden park. I drop my bags, and he takes me to a government owned restaurant in one of the central parks.</p><p>There&#8217;s not much on the menu, but the prices are half as cheap as in Havana. He tells me about himself and then gives me some tips on where to start my look for old documents. I thank him for the ride and information and reassure him that I can walk myself home. He explains the street turns and I knot my eyebrows, hoping I&#8217;ve retained the directions. I start walking as he zips away.</p><p>At the end of the street, the sidewalk widens into a seating area with a zig-zag marble bench and plots of dirt with trees. A tall building with an outdoor staircase creates the backdrop to a rap battle. The sun is setting and there&#8217;s no electricity for the streetlamps, so two motorbikes light the space while the speaker flashes colors to the beat. I sit on the bench and watch them, fascinated.</p><p>It&#8217;s a two on two battle; the competitors are young guys; they stand below a large tree while their audience sits across from them on a half-moon bench below the stairs. The organizer explains each round, 2x2 or 4x4 rhythms, 3 turns each to rap over the beat. The rappers size each other up, using their hands as accents for each diss. The crowd &#8220;oohs&#8221; when a good diss lands, and rhymes.</p><p>I glance around. Several people have walked by and stayed to watch a few turns. A few kids run up the stairs to get a better perch. I decide to walk home, it&#8217;s dark and I don&#8217;t know the city. I open maps and try to memorize the turns back to the house, then cover my phone with my notebook but leave the flashlight on to see where I&#8217;m going.</p><p>The streets are completely dark save for the dim light of rechargeable lamps that spills out of peoples&#8217; open doors and windows. Everyone lounges in their homes, or on their stoops, some talking in low whispers with their neighbors, others on their phones. This would be my walk home every night.</p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>In the morning, I walk out of my room and to the terrace where the couple that own the house are sitting in rocking chairs. I hadn&#8217;t met the woman yet, so I introduce myself and sit to chat with them for a while. They&#8217;re older, well off Cubans. He&#8217;s an engineer and she managed hotels before retiring and opening up their small hostel in the early 2000s. It&#8217;s solar powered, so even with enduring blackouts, the fans still work. I am grateful for this.</p><p>Like most conversations with most Cubans, the woman devolves into a list of woes the country is facing. The constant blackouts, the mountains of trash on the street corners, rising costs of living, and the total mismanagement of everything by this government. They don&#8217;t do anything right, they tell me. Big words, from people who worked for and reaped benefits from the state their entire lives. The woman looks at me with a finger raised&#8212;she&#8217;s a revolutionary, but not a communist (even though she was part of the communist party until she retired).</p><p>I peel away from them and rush downstairs to breakfast before setting off to the first part of my search. The civil registry is where everyone in the city goes to get birth certificates for their family members. I wait in line outside the thin metal door and just as the sun is creeping onto the sidewalk, I make it inside. The room is small and bare, with three desks and a woman behind each one. I sit down at the first one, which has a computer.</p><p>I read the woman my great-grandmother&#8217;s name and year of birth. She looks at me, waiting, then tells me she needs the full date of birth in order to make the request. I don&#8217;t have it, and she frowns. She suggests I go ask at the office of provincial archives and explains how to get there.</p><p>The office of provincial archives is on a street corner, with two huge wooden doors that swing open to reveal a vaulted ceiling and shelves lining the far wall. A woman with a pixie cut is sitting at an old, mahogany desk, writing on some papers while she talks on the phone. I approach her and she waves at me to sit down. I look at the intricate upholstered sofa and chairs arranged against the wall, but she shakes her head and points to the long wooden table in the middle of the room.</p><p>I peek at some of the adjacent rooms; the shelves are stacked with thick, leather bound volumes up to the ceilings. The lady finishes her conversation and invites me to take a seat, apologizing for the wait and for redirecting me, but the upholstered furniture is very old and only for display. I chuckle and take a seat in front of her.</p><p>She reaches for more paper, and I detail my family history to her. She hovers over my abuelo&#8217;s name and tells me to wait a moment. She disappears and comes back with a red leather bound book. She flips through it and lands her finger on the top of a page towards the back and shows me. There, in neat, typed font, is my abuelo&#8217;s full name. This is a book that lists the prominent families in Camag&#252;ey before the triumph of the Revolution. I take a quick photo of the page.</p><p>She explains that due to the power outages, she can&#8217;t do a further search because she needs to access the computers to find where to look in their archives&#8212;they have rooms upon rooms and thousands of books stored there. I give her my information and a small token of appreciation for her help, and she promises to contact me if she finds anything.</p><p>Feeling motivated, I make my way to the city cemetery. The office is across the street in an empty old person&#8217;s home. A woman sits inside talking an old man through the procedure of picking up a loved one&#8217;s remains. She reminds him to bring a sturdy bag for the bones. He shuffles out of the office, and I walk in and ask about getting information surrounding my great-grandmother&#8217;s death.</p><p>She explains that she only has books that go back to 2023 because the main office is shuttered due to a bed bug infestation, and she doesn&#8217;t have the key anyway. But she can call her colleague, she says while looking at me over her glasses. I take the hint and offer an incentive to both of them for the trouble of taking a look. The woman dials the phone and confirms that I should be there at 8am the next morning.</p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>The next morning I&#8217;m at the cemetery office bright and early. The lady from the previous day sits outside with me and as workers from the cemetery approach her with work questions, the conversations ultimately turn into complaints about the incessant blackouts. One of the workers even goes as far as to say that he wishes they would just take away everyone&#8217;s electricity for good, so people would be pissed off enough to take to the streets.</p><p>The other woman arrives, and she comes back from the bed bug infested office with two books to sift through. She finds my great-grandmother&#8217;s name in one, then searches in the other and finds the details of her death. Even though it only has her birth year, it&#8217;s different than the one I had, so this must be the correct one. And it lists her parents&#8217; names, which is useful in confirming genealogy.</p><p>I ask her to write the information on an official cemetery paper, and the lady pulls out a half sheet with a fading stamp in the bottom corner. She copies the information down and tells me I&#8217;m lucky they even have these already stamped papers because the stamp has been missing for some time now. I give both the women what I promised and tuck the paper safely into my notebook.</p><p>The last place I needed to visit was the archdiocese of Camag&#252;ey. There, another woman behind another desk gave me a list of all the parishes that stored archives. She told me to return in the morning, as the parishes usually do their searches before midday.</p><p>I was leaving the following morning, just before midday, but I rented a bicycle taxi with a battery and motor and zoomed around the city visiting each parish and leaving my great-grandmother&#8217;s information, hoping that something would pop up. When I returned to the archdiocese, a stout, older woman was talking to the lady that had compiled the list for me the day before. She was complaining about the heat and how she didn&#8217;t have any fresh shirts for the weather and was constantly hot.</p><p>I introduce myself, explain what I&#8217;m looking for, and they quickly pull out notebooks from the shelves behind the desk and scanning them. These are handwritten in small children&#8217;s notebooks with cartoon characters on the covers. Not finding anything, the older woman tells me to follow her, and she ushers me through a door behind the desk.</p><p>A cold wall of air-conditioning prickles my skin. The office is spacious, with an enormous portrait of Jesus hanging right behind her chair. I take a seat, and she takes out a thick, long book and starts sifting through the names. My eyes roll over each name upside down, tracking her finger and double checking her work. Nothing, no mention of my great grandparents.</p><p>She gives me a frown and wishes me luck at the other parishes. I thank her for her time and head to the last parish before making my way to the bus station to catch something back to Havana.</p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>The last two evenings I spent in Camag&#252;ey, I walked around with my camera, searching for domino games to shoot. The idea was to photograph many, but it&#8217;s difficult for me to jump from one table to the next. I like to watch a while, then maybe play, and get a feel for the group of people that are playing. I like to interact with them more than just asking them for a picture.</p><p>The first evening I found a group of men playing in front of a residential building on an otherwise quiet street. When I approached, I was surprised to find a young girl, maybe 13 or 14 years old, playing with them. I watched, mesmerized, as she flicked the domino pieces across the table; how her eyes darted over the numbers, counting and calculating everyone&#8217;s moves. She didn&#8217;t miss a beat and played several rounds before winning with her partner.</p><p>The second evening I found a game close to the house I was staying at; this time, it was young guys playing. The table balanced unevenly between their thighs; one of them sat on the stoop, the door behind him open to reveal two girls laying on a mattress on the floor. An almost empty bottle of whiskey was tucked just behind the door frame and a slice of half-eaten cake with pink icing was next to the mattress. The group seemed to be good friends, they were celebrating something, and the guys playing dominoes were no joke. They slammed their pieces on the table, scattering the train of dominoes, but it didn&#8217;t matter. They remembered every play.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><em>Hola de nuevo, ha pasado un tiempo... un mes, para ser exactos. Aunque no ten&#237;a intenci&#243;n de estar tanto tiempo sin publicar nada, la vida se me ech&#243; encima y me encontr&#233; abrumada por el trabajo y los viajes, lo suficiente como para dejar la escritura a un segundo plano. Cuando empec&#233; este blog, me daban miedo estas pausas: no siempre tengo el mejor historial a la hora de llevar las cosas a cabo, y tem&#237;a que una pausa como esta me detuviera por completo. Me alegra decir que no ha sido as&#237;, y que ha sido una lecci&#243;n importante sobre el equilibrio entre el trabajo y la vida personal.</em></p><p><em>Entonces... &#191;qu&#233; he estado haciendo durante el &#250;ltimo mes? Para empezar, viaj&#233; a Camag&#252;ey despu&#233;s de seis a&#241;os con la esperanza de encontrar m&#225;s informaci&#243;n sobre mi abuelo y mis bisabuelos. Luego, viaj&#233; a Medell&#237;n, Colombia, para una gira musical con m&#250;sicos cubanos, de Nueva Orleans y colombianos. Regres&#233; a La Habana para ayudar a organizar la fiesta de lanzamiento del &#225;lbum de uno de los mejores reparteros de Cuba. Y luego, mi cuerpo protesto, me dio un fuerte resfriado que me dej&#243; en cama durante casi toda la semana. &#161;Necesitaba el descanso!</em></p><p><em>Me pondr&#233; al d&#237;a y escribir&#233; sobre todos estos eventos, as&#237; que no te preocupes, no te has perdido nada. Tambi&#233;n voy a estar m&#225;s activa en GUBA, publicando notas y otras entradas sobre cosas que me llamen la atenci&#243;n. Hay muchos detalles que merecen ser compartidos, pero a veces no son lo suficientemente importantes como para dedicarles un post completo. As&#237; que atentosa ellos en la p&#225;gina de Substack y &#233;cha un vistazo al final de cada post semanal, donde los resumir&#233;.</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>El viaje en autob&#250;s de Santa Clara a Camag&#252;ey dura m&#225;s de lo esperado. Paramos para almorzar durante 45 minutos en una polvorienta de la ciudad junto a la autopista central, donde todas las casas venden pizzas y refrescos o cobran por usar el ba&#241;o. La autopista de dos carriles es la &#250;ltima buena carretera hasta Camag&#252;ey; despu&#233;s de pasar la ciudad, hay que tomar carreteras secundarias si se quiere llegar al resto del pa&#237;s.</p><p>Me siento detr&#225;s del asiento del conductor, en una secci&#243;n separada por una cortina que &#233;l y su compa&#241;ero utilizan para descansar durante los largos viajes. A veces, los conductores venden estos asientos para ganar un dinero extra. Una camisa azul claro y unos pantalones azul marino cuelgan de la barra de la cortina sobre el asiento de delante. Observo c&#243;mo se mueven las sombras al otro lado de la cortina.</p><p>En alg&#250;n momento del viaje, un oficial del Ministerio del Interior se cuela y se sienta en el peque&#241;o asiento diagonal al m&#237;o. Lleva el t&#237;pico uniforme verde oliva y botas negras. Tiene el pelo rapado, lo que acent&#250;a su fuerte mand&#237;bula. En sus manos gruesas sostiene su gorra y una botella de agua. No tiene m&#225;s pertenencias. Me saluda con una sonrisa cort&#233;s, luego se recuesta contra la ventana y cierra los ojos. Me pregunto si notar&#225; que lo estoy mirando fijamente.</p><p>Por fin llega el autob&#250;s y un gu&#237;a local me espera con su bicicleta el&#233;ctrica. Reboto en la parte trasera de la bicicleta mientras serpenteamos por la ciudad. Camag&#252;ey es conocida por su laber&#237;ntico centro urbano: cada dos esquinas se descubre una plaza inesperada o un parque escondido. Dejo mis maletas y &#233;l me lleva a un restaurante estatal en uno de los parques centrales.</p><p>No hay mucho en el men&#250;, pero los precios son la mitad de baratos que en La Habana. Me cuenta cosas sobre &#233;l y luego me da algunos consejos sobre d&#243;nde empezar a buscar documentos antiguos. Le agradezco el paseo y la informaci&#243;n y le aseguro que puedo volver a casa andando. Me explica los giros de las calles y frunzo el ce&#241;o, esperando haber retenido las indicaciones. Empiezo a caminar mientras se aleja.</p><p>Al final de la calle, la acera se ensancha y da paso a una zona con asientos, con un banco de m&#225;rmol en zigzag y parcelas de tierra con &#225;rboles. Un edificio alto con una escalera exterior sirve de tel&#243;n de fondo para una batalla de rap. El sol se est&#225; poniendo y no hay electricidad para las farolas, as&#237; que dos motocicletas iluminan el espacio mientras el altavoz parpadea con colores al ritmo de la m&#250;sica. Me siento en el banco y los observo, fascinada.</p><p>Es una batalla de dos contra dos; los competidores son chicos j&#243;venes; se colocan debajo de un gran &#225;rbol mientras el p&#250;blico se sienta frente a ellos en un banco en forma de media luna debajo de las escaleras. El organizador explica cada ronda, ritmos 2x2 o 4x4, tres turnos cada uno para rapear sobre el ritmo. Los raperos se eval&#250;an mutuamente, utilizando las manos como acentos para cada insulto. El p&#250;blico exclama &#171;ooh&#187; cuando hacen un buen insulto y rima.</p><p>Miro a mi alrededor. Varias personas han pasado por all&#237; y se han quedado a ver algunos turnos. Unos cuantos ni&#241;os suben corriendo las escaleras para conseguir un mejor sitio. Decido irme a casa andando, est&#225; oscuro y no conozco la ciudad. Abro los mapas e intento memorizar los giros para volver a casa, luego cubro mi tel&#233;fono con mi cuaderno, pero dejo la linterna encendida para ver por d&#243;nde voy. Las calles est&#225;n completamente oscuras, salvo por la tenue luz de las l&#225;mparas recargables que se filtra por las puertas y ventanas abiertas de las casas.</p><p>Todo el mundo est&#225; en sus casas o en los portales, algunos hablando en voz baja con sus vecinos, otros hablando por tel&#233;fono. Este ser&#237;a mi camino a casa todas las noches.</p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>Por la ma&#241;ana, salgo de mi habitaci&#243;n y me dirijo a la terraza, donde la pareja propietaria de la casa est&#225; sentada en mecedoras. A&#250;n no hab&#237;a conocido a la mujer, as&#237; que me presento y me siento a charlar con ellos un rato. Son cubanos mayores y acomodados. &#201;l es ingeniero y ella dirig&#237;a hoteles antes de jubilarse y abrir su peque&#241;o hostal a principios de la d&#233;cada de 2000. Funciona con energ&#237;a solar, por lo que, incluso con los continuos apagones, los ventiladores siguen funcionando. Estoy agradecida por ello.</p><p>Como en la mayor&#237;a de las conversaciones con la mayor&#237;a de los cubanos, la mujer se lanza a enumerar una lista de males que aflige al pa&#237;s. Los constantes apagones, las monta&#241;as de basura en las esquinas, el aumento del costo de la vida y la mala gesti&#243;n total de todo por parte de este gobierno. No hacen nada bien, me dicen. Palabras mayores, viniendo de personas que han trabajado para el Estado y se han beneficiado de &#233;l toda su vida. La mujer me mira con el dedo levantado: es revolucionaria, pero no comunista (aunque form&#243; parte del partido comunista hasta que se jubil&#243;).</p><p>Bajo corriendo a desayunar antes de emprender la primera parte de mi b&#250;squeda. El registro civil es donde todos los habitantes de la ciudad acuden para obtener las actas de nacimiento de sus familiares. Espero en la fila fuera de la delgada puerta met&#225;lica y, justo cuando el sol se asoma a la acera, consigo entrar. La sala es peque&#241;a y est&#225; vac&#237;a, con tres escritorios y una mujer detr&#225;s de cada uno. Me siento en el primero, que tiene una computadora.</p><p>Le leo a la mujer el nombre y el a&#241;o de nacimiento de mi bisabuela. Ella me mira expectante, y luego me dice que necesita la fecha de nacimiento completa para hacer la solicitud. No la tengo, y ella frunce el ce&#241;o. Me sugiere que vaya a preguntar a la oficina de archivos provinciales y me explica c&#243;mo llegar.</p><p>La oficina de archivos provinciales est&#225; en una esquina, con dos enormes puertas de madera que se abren para revelar un techo abovedado y estanter&#237;as que cubren la pared del fondo. Una mujer con un corte de pelo pixie est&#225; sentada en un viejo escritorio de caoba, escribiendo en unos papeles mientras habla por tel&#233;fono. Me acerco a ella y me hace se&#241;a para que me siente. Miro el sof&#225; y las sillas tapizadas y decoradas con motivos intrincados que hay junto a la pared, pero la mujer niega con la cabeza y me se&#241;ala la larga mesa de madera que hay en medio de la sala.</p><p>Echo un vistazo a algunas de las habitaciones adyacentes; las estanter&#237;as est&#225;n repletas de gruesos vol&#250;menes encuadernados en cuero que llegan hasta el techo. La se&#241;ora termina su conversaci&#243;n y me invita a sentarme, disculp&#225;ndose por la espera y por haberme redirigido, pero los muebles tapizados son muy antiguos y solo est&#225;n para exhibici&#243;n. Me r&#237;o y me siento frente a ella.</p><p>Ella busca m&#225;s papel y yo le cuento con detalle la historia de mi familia. Se detiene en el nombre de mi abuelo y me pide que espere un momento. Desaparece y regresa con un libro encuadernado en cuero rojo. Lo hojea y se&#241;ala con el dedo la parte superior de una p&#225;gina hacia el final y me la muestra. All&#237;, en letra mecanografiada y ordenada, est&#225; el nombre completo de mi abuelo. Se trata de un libro que enumera las familias prominentes de Camag&#252;ey antes del triunfo de la Revoluci&#243;n. Tomo una foto r&#225;pida de la p&#225;gina.</p><p>Me explica que, debido a los cortes de luz, no puede seguir buscando porque necesita acceder a las computadoras para encontrar en la base de datos d&#243;nde buscar en sus archivos, que tienen salas y salas y miles de libros almacenados all&#237;. Le doy mi informaci&#243;n y un peque&#241;o obsequio en agradecimiento por la ayuda, y me promete que se pondr&#225; en contacto conmigo si encuentra algo.</p><p>Motivada, me dirijo al cementerio de la ciudad. La oficina est&#225; al otro lado de la calle, en una residencia de ancianos vac&#237;a. Una mujer est&#225; sentada dentro explic&#225;ndole a un anciano el procedimiento para recoger los restos de un ser querido. Le recuerda que traiga una bolsa resistente para los huesos. &#201;l sale arrastrando los pies de la oficina y yo entro y pregunto por la informaci&#243;n sobre la muerte de mi bisabuela.</p><p>Me explica que solo tiene libros que se remontan a 2023 porque la oficina principal est&#225; cerrada debido a una infestaci&#243;n de chinches y, de todos modos, no tiene la llave. Pero puede llamar a su colega, dice mientras me mira por encima de sus anteojos. Capto la indirecta y les ofrezco un incentivo a ambos por las molestias de echar un vistazo. La mujer marca el tel&#233;fono y confirma que debo estar all&#237; a las 8 de la ma&#241;ana siguiente.</p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>A la ma&#241;ana siguiente estoy en la oficina del cementerio muy temprano. La se&#241;ora del d&#237;a anterior se sienta fuera conmigo y, a medida que los trabajadores del cementerio se acercan a ella con preguntas sobre el trabajo, las conversaciones acaban convirti&#233;ndose en quejas sobre los incesantes apagones. Uno de los trabajadores llega incluso a decir que desear&#237;a que quitaran la electricidad a todo el mundo para siempre, para que la gente se enfadara lo suficiente como para salir a la calle.</p><p>Llega la otra mujer y regresa de la oficina infestada de chinches con dos libros para revisar. Encuentra el nombre de mi bisabuela en uno y luego busca en el otro y encuentra los detalles de su muerte. Aunque solo tiene su a&#241;o de nacimiento, es diferente al que yo ten&#237;a, as&#237; que debe ser el correcto. Y en &#233;l figuran los nombres de sus padres, lo que es &#250;til para confirmar la genealog&#237;a.</p><p>Le pido que escriba la informaci&#243;n en un papel oficial del cementerio, y la se&#241;ora saca media hoja con un sello descolorido en la esquina inferior. Copia la informaci&#243;n y me dice que tengo suerte de que a&#250;n tengan estos papeles ya sellados, porque el sello lleva tiempo desaparecido. Les doy a ambas mujeres lo que les promet&#237; y guardo el papel en mi cuaderno.</p><p>El &#250;ltimo lugar al que ten&#237;a que ir era la archidi&#243;cesis de Camag&#252;ey. All&#237;, otra mujer detr&#225;s de otro escritorio me dio una lista de todas las parroquias que guardaban archivos. Me dijo que volviera por la ma&#241;ana, ya que las parroquias suelen hacer sus b&#250;squedas antes del mediod&#237;a. Me iba a ir a la ma&#241;ana siguiente, justo antes del mediod&#237;a, pero alquil&#233; un bicitaxi con bater&#237;a y motor y recorr&#237; la ciudad visitando cada parroquia y dejando la informaci&#243;n de mi bisabuela, con la esperanza de que surgiera algo.</p><p>Cuando regres&#233; a la arquidi&#243;cesis, una mujer mayor y corpulenta estaba hablando con la se&#241;ora que me hab&#237;a hecho la lista el d&#237;a anterior. Se quejaba del calor y de que no ten&#237;a camisetas frescas para el clima y ten&#237;a calor constantemente.</p><p>Me presento, explico lo que estoy buscando y r&#225;pidamente sacan cuadernos de los estantes detr&#225;s del escritorio y los escanean. Est&#225;n escritos a mano en peque&#241;os cuadernos infantiles con personajes de dibujos animados en las cubiertas. Al no encontrar nada, la mujer mayor me dice que la siga y me acompa&#241;a a trav&#233;s de una puerta detr&#225;s del escritorio.</p><p>Una fr&#237;a pared de aire acondicionado me eriza la piel. La oficina es espaciosa, con un enorme retrato de Jes&#250;s colgado justo detr&#225;s de su silla. Me siento y ella saca un libro grueso y largo y empieza a revisar los nombres. Mis ojos recorren cada nombre al rev&#233;s, siguiendo su dedo y revisando su trabajo. Nada, no hay ninguna menci&#243;n a mis bisabuelos.</p><p>Me frunce el ce&#241;o y me desea suerte en las otras parroquias. Te agradezco tu tiempo y me dirijo a la &#250;ltima parroquia antes de ir a la estaci&#243;n de autobuses para coger uno de vuelta a La Habana.</p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>Las dos &#250;ltimas tardes que pas&#233; en Camag&#252;ey, camin&#233; con mi c&#225;mara, buscando partidas de domin&#243; para fotografiar. La idea era fotografiar muchas, pero me resulta dif&#237;cil saltar de una mesa a otra. Me gusta observar un rato, luego tal vez jugar y familiarizarme con el grupo de personas que est&#225;n jugando. Me gusta interactuar con ellos m&#225;s que solo pedirles una foto.</p><p>La primera noche encontr&#233; a un grupo de hombres jugando frente a un edificio residencial en una calle por lo dem&#225;s tranquila. Cuando me acerqu&#233;, me sorprendi&#243; encontrar a una joven, de unos 13 o 14 a&#241;os, jugando con ellos. Observ&#233;, hipnotizada, c&#243;mo lanzaba las fichas de domin&#243; por la mesa; c&#243;mo sus ojos se mov&#237;an r&#225;pidamente por los n&#250;meros, contando y calculando los movimientos de todos. No perdi&#243; el ritmo y jug&#243; varias rondas antes de ganar con su compa&#241;ero.</p><p>La segunda noche encontr&#233; una partida cerca de la casa en la que me alojaba; esta vez, eran chicos j&#243;venes los que jugaban. La mesa se balanceaba de forma desigual entre sus muslos; uno de ellos estaba sentado en el portal, con la puerta detr&#225;s de &#233;l abierta, dejando ver a dos chicas tumbadas en un colch&#243;n en el suelo. Hab&#237;a una botella de whisky casi vac&#237;a escondida justo detr&#225;s del marco de la puerta y un trozo de pastel a medio comer junto al colch&#243;n. El grupo parec&#237;a ser muy amigo, estaban celebrando algo, y los chicos que jugaban al domin&#243; no bromeaban. Golpeaban sus fichas contra la mesa, dispersando la fila de domin&#243;s, pero no importaba. Recordaban cada jugada.</p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>Notable extras to read / Cosas notables para leer&#8230;</p><ol><li><p><strong>Cuba frees prominent dissident Jose Daniel Ferrer, sends him into exile in the U.S. &#8212; &#8220;</strong>After decades of opposing the Cuban government and several stints in prison, Ferrer, whose health deteriorated in prison, said he was willing to go into exile in a letter circulated earlier this month that denounced worsening treatment in prison and threats to his family. &#8216;The dictatorship&#8217;s cruelty against me has surpassed all limits,&#8217; he wrote in the letter he wrote in the Mar Verde prison in Santiago de Cuba. &#8216;I have suffered beatings, torture, humiliation, threats, extreme conditions, and even the theft of my food and toiletries.&#8217; </p><p><br>Ferrer had been arrested as he attempted to join a street protest in Santiago de Cuba during the July 2021 islandwide uprising. The fate of one of the few remaining opposition figures who was still in the country depended on the frail relationship between the Cuban government and the United States.&#8221; (<a href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/article312487616.html">Miami Herald</a>, October 13, 2025)</p><p></p></li><li><p><strong>Mexico triples oil aid to Cuba. Is Trump looking away? | Opinion &#8212; &#8220;</strong>Between May and August of 2025, Mexico shipped $3 billion in subsidized oil to the island. To put that in perspective, that&#8217;s three times the total of $1 billion sent during the previous two years, when former President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador started the cheap oil shipments to Cuba, the report said. In both the Sheinbaum and Lopez Obrador years, the deliveries were channeled through &#8220;Gasolina Bienestar,&#8221; a subsidiary of Mexico&#8217;s state-owned Pemex oil monopoly. The subsidiary was created by Lopez Obrador in 2022 specifically to ship cheap oil to Cuba, the report said.&#8221; (<a href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/andres-oppenheimer/article312527375.html">Miami Herald</a>, October 17, 2025)</p><p></p></li><li><p><strong>The direction of the National Center for Popular Music has officially censored an event honoring the centennial of Celia Cruz</strong> that would have taken place at Fabrica de Arte Cubano this Sunday. The spectacle was being put on by a local theatre group called &#8220;El P&#250;blico.&#8221; (<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DP5JnoijHIs/?hl=en">Instagram</a>, October 17, 2025)</p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[On a porch in Viñales]]></title><description><![CDATA[Just a night on the porch with some friends in Vi&#241;ales during a blackout.]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/on-a-porch-in-vinales</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/on-a-porch-in-vinales</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 19:58:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c1c64ed4-2635-4471-8eb7-cceb3b62d4d0_300x168.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_BI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e7dd5a3-efc4-46b9-b285-e81733d7056c_300x168.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_BI!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e7dd5a3-efc4-46b9-b285-e81733d7056c_300x168.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_BI!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e7dd5a3-efc4-46b9-b285-e81733d7056c_300x168.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_BI!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e7dd5a3-efc4-46b9-b285-e81733d7056c_300x168.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_BI!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e7dd5a3-efc4-46b9-b285-e81733d7056c_300x168.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_BI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e7dd5a3-efc4-46b9-b285-e81733d7056c_300x168.jpeg" width="728" height="407.68" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6e7dd5a3-efc4-46b9-b285-e81733d7056c_300x168.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:168,&quot;width&quot;:300,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:9950,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/173430495?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e7dd5a3-efc4-46b9-b285-e81733d7056c_300x168.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_BI!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e7dd5a3-efc4-46b9-b285-e81733d7056c_300x168.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_BI!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e7dd5a3-efc4-46b9-b285-e81733d7056c_300x168.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_BI!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e7dd5a3-efc4-46b9-b285-e81733d7056c_300x168.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_BI!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e7dd5a3-efc4-46b9-b285-e81733d7056c_300x168.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>I traveled to Vi&#241;ales on for an overnight trip with a group; usually, they stay two nights, but the blackouts are so bad we&#8217;ve had to cut it down to one. We stay in casas with locals who have been able to buy generators or install solar panels. The modest town is empty of tourists; locals lounge on their porches, trailing us as we walk by. Every house has a &#8220;room for rent&#8221; sign with the owners&#8217; names below it: &#8220;Casa Nina y Juan,&#8221; &#8220;Casa Candido y Elena,&#8221; &#8220;Casa Yara y Jesus.&#8221; They are a vestige of a booming, busy past, when Vi&#241;ales was a top tourist destination for those visiting the western half of the island.</p><p>Vi&#241;ales has always been stunning, a valley in a foothill of mogotes&#8212; these hunched-back mountains made of limestone and crowned with trees. They are the skyline. The valley is lush and green this time of year, with deep, red clay paths and houses and farms peppered throughout. Here, the land is rich with nutrients; it&#8217;s where farmers grow tobacco to make Cuba&#8217;s world famous cigars, one of the government&#8217;s main exports. All of this had made Vi&#241;ales a popular destination.</p><p>Today, Vi&#241;ales is only averaging about four hours of electricity a day (and that&#8217;s better than the last time I went). The locals scramble to cook, wash, clean, and do other chores in that time. The nights are dark and filled with grumbling generators that disturb the calm. There&#8217;s barely any stable connection for cell or internet service, only when the electricity is on.</p><p>That night, the moon is full, and I use its light to walk to a friend&#8217;s house. Their block is quiet, and therefore dark. I can just make out the shadows of people sitting on their porches, trying to catch some fresh air before turning in. I step through a gate and make my way to a back porch where my friends are sitting. A rechargeable light on the windowsill casts harsh shadows on the walls.</p><p>The porch is surrounded by hanging vines filled with white wisteria flowers turned pearly in the moonlight. My friend is sitting in a rocking chair with a cloth wrapped around her hair to protect the keratin treatment she had done. Her husband and cousin sit across from her with a cheap bottle of rum between them. Her son plays on the cement floor with plastic cars and motorcycles. They are silent when I walk up, entranced by the boy making motor sounds as he whips the toys around.</p><p>When she spots me, my friend cries out, then jokes that I&#8217;ve been lost (we hadn&#8217;t seen in each other a while). We hug big, and she gestures towards the other rocking chair. I greet everyone and sit. How are they doing? They&#8217;re all right, despite everything, but the conversation quickly devolves into their daily struggles. Almost no electricity. The trash in the street. The mosquitos. No work, no tourists, no money. Prices have gone up. No medicine. People keep leaving. Hasta cuando? There&#8217;s nothing to be done, just survive.</p><p>She tells me about how she is still taking her son to Havana for treatments. How she wakes up at 1 AM to catch transportation to Pinar del Rio city and from there catch a bus to Havana at 3 AM to make a 7 AM appointment. Her son sleeps most of the way, but she can&#8217;t carry him for all those hours anymore, he&#8217;s gotten too big, so she knows she&#8217;ll soon have to pay double for them to go. At the hospital, she overhears nurses complaining about power outages that last an hour. She snorts. An hour! What she wouldn&#8217;t give for that to be the reality here. She hasn&#8217;t had a client since March.</p><p>That&#8217;s how we met&#8212;I stayed with her during one of my trips with a group and she made me the best ropa vieja I&#8217;ve ever had in this country. She is an incredible cook, her full and savory flavors a direct correlation to the love she pours into her food. She&#8217;s an incredible mom, the kind that doesn&#8217;t sleep to travel hours with her son for his appointments, who sources medicines for his treatments where there aren&#8217;t any, who fights for the best care she can get at any clinic she steps into.</p><p>Her son pipes up, telling me about the Honda motorcycle he saw on their last trip to the city. Hondas are his favorite, especially the fast ones that roar when they zoom past. He holds his hand vertical to his face, his pointer finger against his nose and mouth and his thumb beneath his chin, and blows out, perfectly imitating a revving engine.</p><p>We chat a while longer, about mutual friends that have left, how they&#8217;re doing, about the country&#8217;s situation with the electricity, about everything that&#8217;s wrong. I urge them to tell me something positive, half teasing. They stay silent. Her husband says at least we have our health.</p><p>My friend finally heads into the house to put her son to sleep. I stay outside with her husband and cousin. They offer me a short glass of rum and a cigarette, and I accept. We talk about politics, trade stories of people who have left. Everyone is so dejected here, so frustrated with the administration, with how things are being handled. How long can this keep going?</p><p>We talk about the U.S., and I rant about my frustrations, particularly with the Cubans over there. So blinded by extremism they can&#8217;t tell this president is working against their interests. Their community members are being deported, and they don&#8217;t seem to care. Cuban American politicians have done nothing to help. Everyone is just slaving away to get by as the country gets more expensive.</p><p>The husband tells me about a woman from their block, almost 50 years old, who migrated to the U.S. but after a few years, she couldn&#8217;t take it anymore and came back to Cuba. She was miserable, couldn&#8217;t afford to live for the amount of work she was putting in just to send some money back to her kids here. She missed her family, her community, so she returned. There are many like her, I say.</p><p>He shrugs&#8212;we can&#8217;t have it all. You stay here and you have your family, your community, but you don&#8217;t have the economic means to live well or grow. You go there and you have the means, but you don&#8217;t have your people around you. You&#8217;re in a strange land.</p><p>I bow my head. Cubans have yet to experience true freedom in their country. First the Spaniards. Then the Americans. Then this oppressive system. Despite it all, they love their culture, this land. I think about this as I take a swig of the cheap rum. The cousin jokes it tastes like vinegar. It almost does.</p><p>The husband says they&#8217;ll have Spanish citizenship in a few years, at least. They mostly did it for their kids, so that they have a chance at a better future. Maybe he&#8217;ll go work there for a bit. He takes a drag of his cigarette. <br><br>&#8220;One thing is for sure, though&#8212;<em>yo muero aqu&#237;</em>.&#8221;</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Viaj&#233; a Vi&#241;ales para pasar una noche con un grupo; normalmente se quedan dos noches, pero los apagones son tan graves que hemos tenido que reducirlo a una. Nos alojamos en casas con lugare&#241;os que han podido comprar generadores o instalar paneles solares. La modesta ciudad est&#225; vac&#237;a de turistas; los lugare&#241;os descansan en sus porches y nos siguen con la mirada mientras pasamos. Todas las casas tienen un cartel de &#171;se alquila habitaci&#243;n&#187; con los nombres de los propietarios debajo: &#171;Casa Nina y Juan&#187;, &#171;Casa C&#225;ndido y Elena&#187;, &#171;Casa Yara y Jes&#250;s&#187;. Son vestigios de un pasado pr&#243;spero y ajetreado, cuando Vi&#241;ales era uno de los principales destinos tur&#237;sticos para quienes visitaban la mitad occidental de la isla.</p><p>Vi&#241;ales siempre ha sido impresionante, un valle al pie de los mogotes, esas monta&#241;as encorvadas de piedra caliza coronadas por &#225;rboles. Son el horizonte. El valle es exuberante y verde en esta &#233;poca del a&#241;o, con profundos caminos de arcilla roja y casas y granjas salpicadas por todas partes. El valle es conocido por su tierra rica en nutrientes, donde los agricultores cultivan tabaco para fabricar los famosos puros cubanos, uno de los principales productos de exportaci&#243;n del gobierno. Todo esto ha convertido a Vi&#241;ales en un destino popular.</p><p>Hoy en d&#237;a, Vi&#241;ales solo tiene una media de cuatro horas de electricidad al d&#237;a (y eso es mejor que la &#250;ltima vez que fui). Los lugare&#241;os se apresuran a cocinar, lavar, limpiar y hacer otras tareas dom&#233;sticas en ese tiempo. Las noches son oscuras y est&#225;n llenas de generadores ruidosos que perturban la calma. Apenas hay conexi&#243;n estable para el servicio de telefon&#237;a m&#243;vil o Internet, solo cuando hay electricidad.</p><p>Esa noche hay luna llena y utilizo su luz para ir a casa de una amiga. Su barrio es tranquilo y, por lo tanto, oscuro. Apenas puedo distinguir las sombras de las personas sentadas en sus porches, tratando de tomar un poco de aire fresco antes de acostarse. Atravieso una verja y me dirijo al porche trasero, donde est&#225;n sentados mis amigos. Una luz recargable en el alf&#233;izar de la ventana ilumina el espacio.</p><p>El porche est&#225; rodeado de enredaderas colgantes llenas de flores blancas de glicinia que se vuelven nacaradas a la luz de la luna. Mi amiga est&#225; sentada en una mecedora con un pa&#241;o envuelto alrededor del pelo para proteger el tratamiento de queratina que se ha hecho. Su marido y su primo est&#225;n sentados frente a ella con una botella de ron barato entre ellos. Su hijo juega en el suelo de cemento con coches y motos de pl&#225;stico. Se quedan en silencio cuando me acerco, hipnotizados por el ni&#241;o que hace ruidos de motor mientras maneja los juguetes.</p><p>Cuando me ve, mi amiga grita y luego bromea diciendo que me hab&#237;a perdido (hac&#237;a tiempo que no nos ve&#237;amos). Nos abrazamos con fuerza y ella se&#241;ala la otra mecedora. Saludo a todos y me siento. &#191;C&#243;mo est&#225;n? Est&#225;n bien, a pesar de todo, pero la conversaci&#243;n r&#225;pidamente deriva hacia sus dificultades cotidianas. Casi no hay electricidad. La basura en la calle. Los mosquitos. No hay trabajo, no hay turistas, no hay dinero. Los precios han subido. No hay medicinas. La gente sigue march&#225;ndose. &#191;Hasta cu&#225;ndo? No hay nada que hacer, solo sobrevivir.</p><p>Me cuenta que sigue llevando a su hijo a La Habana para recibir tratamiento. C&#243;mo se levanta a la 1 de la madrugada para coger el transporte a la ciudad de Pinar del R&#237;o y desde all&#237; coger un autob&#250;s a La Habana a las 3 de la madrugada para llegar a una cita a las 7. Su hijo duerme casi todo el trayecto, pero ella ya no puede llevarlo en brazos durante todas esas horas, se ha hecho demasiado grande, as&#237; que sabe que pronto tendr&#225; que pagar el doble para que puedan ir. En el hospital, oye a las enfermeras quejarse de los cortes de electricidad que duran una hora. Ella resopla. &#161;Una hora! Lo que dar&#237;a por que eso fuera la realidad aqu&#237;. No ha tenido ning&#250;n cliente desde marzo.</p><p>As&#237; es como nos conocimos: me qued&#233; con ella durante uno de mis viajes con un grupo y me prepar&#243; la mejor ropa vieja que he probado en este pa&#237;s. Es una cocinera incre&#237;ble, sus sabores intensos y sabrosos est&#225;n directamente relacionados con el amor que pone en su comida. Es una madre incre&#237;ble, de las que no duermen para viajar horas con su hijo a sus citas, que busca medicamentos para sus tratamientos donde no los hay, que lucha por conseguir la mejor atenci&#243;n en cualquier cl&#237;nica a la que acude.</p><p>Su hijo interviene para contarme lo de la moto Honda que vio en su &#250;ltimo viaje a la ciudad. Las Honda son sus favoritas, especialmente las r&#225;pidas que rugen cuando pasan a toda velocidad. Levanta la mano en vertical frente a su cara, con el dedo &#237;ndice contra la nariz y la boca y el pulgar debajo de la barbilla, y sopla, imitando perfectamente el rugido de un motor.</p><p>Charlamos un rato m&#225;s, sobre amigos comunes que se han ido, c&#243;mo les va, sobre la situaci&#243;n del pa&#237;s con la electricidad, sobre todo lo que va mal. Les insto a que me cuenten algo positivo, medio en broma. Se quedan en silencio. Su marido dice que al menos tenemos salud.</p><p>Mi amiga finalmente entra en la casa para acostar a su hijo. Me quedo fuera con su marido y su primo. Me ofrecen un vaso peque&#241;o de ron y un cigarrillo, y acepto. Hablamos de pol&#237;tica, intercambiamos historias de personas que se han ido. Aqu&#237; todo el mundo est&#225; muy desanimado, muy frustrado con el Gobierno, con c&#243;mo se est&#225;n gestionando las cosas. &#191;Cu&#225;nto tiempo puede seguir as&#237;?</p><p>Hablamos de Estados Unidos y yo me desahogo contando mis frustraciones, especialmente con los cubanos que viven all&#237;. Est&#225;n tan cegados por el extremismo que no se dan cuenta de que este presidente est&#225; actuando en contra de sus intereses. Est&#225;n deportando a miembros de su comunidad y parece que no les importa. Los pol&#237;ticos cubanoamericanos no han hecho nada para ayudar. Todo el mundo est&#225; trabajando como esclavos para sobrevivir, ya que el pa&#237;s se est&#225; encareciendo.</p><p>El marido me habla de una mujer de su barrio, de casi 50 a&#241;os, que emigr&#243; a Estados Unidos, pero al cabo de unos a&#241;os no pudo m&#225;s y volvi&#243; a Cuba. Era infeliz, no pod&#237;a permitirse vivir con el trabajo que ten&#237;a solo para enviar dinero a sus hijos aqu&#237;. Echaba de menos a su familia, a su comunidad, as&#237; que regres&#243;. Hay muchos como ella, digo.</p><p>&#201;l se encoge de hombros: no se puede tener todo. Si te quedas aqu&#237;, tienes a tu familia, a tu comunidad, pero no tienes los medios econ&#243;micos para vivir bien o crecer. Si te vas all&#237;, tienes los medios, pero no tienes a tu gente a tu alrededor. Est&#225;s en una tierra extra&#241;a.</p><p>Inclino la cabeza. Los cubanos a&#250;n no han experimentado la verdadera libertad en su pa&#237;s. Primero fueron los espa&#241;oles. Luego los estadounidenses. Despu&#233;s, este sistema opresivo. A pesar de todo, aman su cultura, esta tierra. Pienso en ello mientras bebo un trago de ron barato. El primo bromea diciendo que sabe a vinagre. Casi lo hace.</p><p>El marido dice que tendr&#225;n la ciudadan&#237;a espa&#241;ola en unos a&#241;os, como m&#237;nimo. Lo hicieron principalmente por sus hijos, para que tuvieran la oportunidad de un futuro mejor. Quiz&#225;s &#233;l vaya a trabajar all&#237; durante un tiempo. Da una calada a su cigarrillo.</p><p>&#171;Pero algo es cierto&#8212;yo muero aqu&#237;&#187;.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/on-a-porch-in-vinales?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/on-a-porch-in-vinales?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Camagüey calling]]></title><description><![CDATA[In 2017, my sister and I made a trip to Camag&#252;ey, our mother's birthplace, to see what we could find 53 years after our family left the city, and country, behind...]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/camaguey-calling</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/camaguey-calling</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 05 Sep 2025 03:04:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSGJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F266c0c72-6eb3-4be9-9ebd-5f4a266a5312_2133x1200.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSGJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F266c0c72-6eb3-4be9-9ebd-5f4a266a5312_2133x1200.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSGJ!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F266c0c72-6eb3-4be9-9ebd-5f4a266a5312_2133x1200.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSGJ!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F266c0c72-6eb3-4be9-9ebd-5f4a266a5312_2133x1200.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSGJ!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F266c0c72-6eb3-4be9-9ebd-5f4a266a5312_2133x1200.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSGJ!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F266c0c72-6eb3-4be9-9ebd-5f4a266a5312_2133x1200.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSGJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F266c0c72-6eb3-4be9-9ebd-5f4a266a5312_2133x1200.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/266c0c72-6eb3-4be9-9ebd-5f4a266a5312_2133x1200.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:168477,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/172842900?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F266c0c72-6eb3-4be9-9ebd-5f4a266a5312_2133x1200.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSGJ!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F266c0c72-6eb3-4be9-9ebd-5f4a266a5312_2133x1200.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSGJ!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F266c0c72-6eb3-4be9-9ebd-5f4a266a5312_2133x1200.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSGJ!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F266c0c72-6eb3-4be9-9ebd-5f4a266a5312_2133x1200.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSGJ!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F266c0c72-6eb3-4be9-9ebd-5f4a266a5312_2133x1200.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>From the archives, this story is special to me &lt;3 disfruten</em></p><p>The sticky heat of the afternoon had already begun to cool when my sister and I reached the part of the neighborhood we had been walking the entire city to find. The house sitting on the corner is painted grey with a flat, red roof and accents. There are two older women chatting about foods and Tupperware in the doorway. We linger and approach the woman standing in the doorway as the other disappears down the street.</p><p>I introduce myself and ask her how long she&#8217;s been living in this house. She crosses her arms and leans against the door frame, looking us up and down.</p><p>&#8220;About 18 years,&#8221; she responds. My sister&#8217;s shoulders sag. We had been walking around the labyrinth city of Camag&#252;ey for two days chasing clues that would lead us to the house, and hopefully lives, our abuelos had left behind 53 years ago. But this woman hadn&#8217;t lived there long enough to know them.</p><p>My sister begins to explain anyway, listing the details robotically, describing who we were and our family&#8217;s story. She mentions our family name and the woman cuts her off. &#8220;This used to be their house.&#8221; She points to the side of the house. A thin, cement path leads around back. &#8220;If you take that path to the end, there&#8217;s a couple that lives there that can tell you more.&#8221;</p><p>We all but run to the closed door at the end of the path. I give it a few hard knocks, echoing the pounding in my chest. A few moments later, the door swings open and a small, hunched lady shuffles into view.</p><p>&#8220;S&#237;?&#8221; I introduce us again, tripping over my words as I tell her our story, repeat our family name. She stares between us for a few moments, her eyes in a glossy state of wonder, then excuses her memory&#8212;it&#8217;s not very good&#8212;and leaves to find her husband.</p><p>A shirtless man in khaki pants emerges from the house. His dark, grey hair has gone white at the temples and deep creases bloom from the corners of his eyes. He blinks rapidly at us. My sister repeats the story again, introducing us as our abuelo&#8217;s granddaughters, how we&#8217;re visiting for the first time since out family left Cuba in 1964. At the mention of our abuelo&#8217;s name, he smiles.</p><p>&#8220;Of course I knew him. His sister stayed with the house after they left.&#8221; He recalls her name, and my sister and I glance at each other. He&#8217;s telling the truth.</p><p>He unlocks the iron gate and ushers us in and to the back of the house, into the kitchen. We sit at the table, and he introduces himself and his wife, Mire, as he helps her into her chair. Then he pours us that afternoon&#8217;s espresso (our third of the day after being offered coffee in other houses we had stopped by), moving slow and deliberate. He takes the chair beside Mire and begins talking about their relationship with our abuelos.</p><p>&#8220;When we moved from Havana to Camag&#252;ey, your abuelos took us into their home while we got our feet under us,&#8221; he gestures at the house around him. &#8220;Mire helped take care of your mother and her siblings when they were just babies. I remember how your mother called me &#8216;Amo&#8217; because she couldn&#8217;t pronounce my full name.&#8221; He laughs from deep in his chest. &#8220;She would sleep with us on the cots in the living room before we had proper beds.&#8221;</p><p>Mire is more animated now, nodding and repeating how good our abuelos had been to them. Our abuelos were the witnesses to their marriage in Havana and lent them their apartment in the city for their honeymoon before they moved out to Camag&#252;ey.</p><p>&#8220;When your abuelo left for Mexico, he tried to get us to leave about three times, but Mire had kids here already, and I couldn&#8217;t leave my family either, so we stayed. After the third time, we never heard from them again.&#8221; He looks between us and asks how our abuelo is doing, but we tell him he passed away about 20 years ago. Amo&#8217;s eyes soften. His fingers fidget with the corner of the newspaper on the table. &#8220;He was a great man, your abuelo.&#8221;</p><p>People who don&#8217;t know Cuba commonly say it&#8217;s a place stuck in time, but that&#8217;s a disservice to the people and culture on the island. Although the memories in my family remain perpetually stuck in the Cuba before they left, it is obvious that Amo and Mire moved on, have lived entire lives here. They&#8217;ve watched their children scurry and play in the yard, have seen them grow to have their own families, and even seen some of them leave the country, too. 53 years of life that could not have been stuck in time.</p><p>A month after our visit, I lead my mom down the same paved path and knock on the door. This time, Amo greets us, blinking hard against the light of the day. He smiles at the sight of me, his eyes crinkling, but they open wide when he spots my mom. The two of them embrace, and he holds her at arm&#8217;s length, getting a good look at her.</p><p>We sit at the same table and listen to Amo explain the layout of the house, how it was partitioned after my abuelos left and how they were able to keep the back part for themselves. They laugh at the memories he has of her as a baby, how her older sister had a bossy streak&#8212;which my mom confirms to this day was true&#8212;and my mom had been the more rambunctious one.</p><p>I could barely contain my emotions, watching my mom hear stories of her as a baby, learning how to walk and talk. They were gifting her previously unheard memories of her beloved father, all in the house she could have grown up in, had things been different.</p><p>53 years had passed, and for reasons beyond her control, this was not her life. Pain and fear and politics had stripped her of that. But 53 years after the fact, she made a choice when it became available to her, and she deviated from what most people from her generation do: she came back.</p><p>Thanks to her visit, my abuela, who had been understandably closed off to any engagement with the island, opened up just a bit, enough to ask to see photos and hear stories about her trip and of course, about Amo and Mire, who she remembered fondly. Nothing in my family was immediately healed, but I had witnessed something I grew up believing to be impossible, and that made it worth believing in.</p><p><em>I rewrite this story more than eight years later, and I still get goosebumps remembering. Then and today, now more than ever, I believe that engagement with the island is the only way to move forward. Isolation only breeds ignorance and allows wounds to fester. Connection is the only way to heal the trauma on either side of the Florida straits.</em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading GUBA. Subscribe below to stay tuned!</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><p><em>De los archivos, esta historia es muy especial para mi &lt;3 disfruten</em></p><p>El calor pegajoso de la tarde ya hab&#237;a comenzado a refrescar cuando mi hermana y yo llegamos a la parte del barrio que hab&#237;amos estado buscando por toda la ciudad. La casa situada en la esquina est&#225; pintada de gris, con un techo plano rojo y detalles decorativos. Hay dos mujeres mayores charlando sobre comida y Tupperware en la puerta. Nos detenemos y nos acercamos a la mujer que est&#225; en la puerta mientras la otra se aleja por la calle.</p><p>Me presento y le pregunto cu&#225;nto tiempo lleva viviendo en esa casa. Ella cruza los brazos y se apoya en el marco de la puerta, mir&#225;ndonos de arriba abajo.</p><p>&#171;Unos 18 a&#241;os&#187;, responde. Mi hermana baja los hombros. Llev&#225;bamos dos d&#237;as caminando por la laber&#237;ntica ciudad de Camag&#252;ey en busca de pistas que nos llevaran a la casa y, con suerte, a las vidas que nuestros abuelos hab&#237;an dejado atr&#225;s hac&#237;a 53 a&#241;os. Pero esta mujer no hab&#237;a vivido all&#237; el tiempo suficiente para conocerlos.</p><p>Mi hermana comienza a explicarle de todos modos, con detalles casi rob&#243;ticos, describiendo qui&#233;nes &#233;ramos y la historia de nuestra familia. Menciona nuestro apellido y la mujer la interrumpe. &#171;Esta sol&#237;a ser su casa&#187;. Se&#241;ala el lateral de la casa. Un estrecho camino de cemento conduce a la parte trasera. &#171;Si siguen ese camino hasta el final, hay una pareja que vive all&#237; y que les puede dar m&#225;s informaci&#243;n&#187;.</p><p>Casi corremos hacia la puerta cerrada al final del camino. La toco con fuerza varias veces, imitando los latidos de mi coraz&#243;n. Unos instantes despu&#233;s, la puerta se abre y aparece una se&#241;ora peque&#241;a y encorvada.</p><p>&#171;&#191;S&#237;?&#187;. Nos vuelvo a presentar, tropezando con las palabras mientras le cuento nuestra historia y repito nuestro apellido. Ella nos mira fijamente durante unos instantes, con los ojos brillantes de asombro, luego se disculpa por su memoria, que no es muy buena, y se marcha a buscar a su marido.</p><p>Un hombre sin camisa y con pantalones caqui sale de la casa. Su cabello oscuro y gris&#225;ceo se ha vuelto blanco en las sienes y profundas arrugas florecen en las comisuras de sus ojos. Nos parpadea r&#225;pidamente. Mi hermana repite la historia de nuevo, present&#225;ndonos como las nietas de nuestro abuelo, y explicando que estamos de visita por primera vez desde que nuestra familia se march&#243; de Cuba en 1964. Al mencionar el nombre de nuestro abuelo, &#233;l sonr&#237;e.</p><p>&#171;Por supuesto que lo conoc&#237;a. Su hermana se qued&#243; en la casa despu&#233;s de que se marcharan&#187;. Recuerda su nombre, y mi hermana y yo nos miramos. Est&#225; diciendo la verdad.</p><p>Abre la verja de hierro y nos hace pasar a la parte trasera de la casa, a la cocina. Nos sentamos a la mesa y nos presenta a su esposa, Mire, mientras la ayuda a sentarse en la silla.</p><p>Luego nos sirve el espresso de esa tarde (el tercero del d&#237;a, despu&#233;s de que nos ofrecieran caf&#233; en otras casas en las que hab&#237;amos parado), movi&#233;ndose lento y deliberadamente. Se sienta en la silla junto a Mire y comienza a hablar de su relaci&#243;n con nuestros abuelos. &#171;Cuando nos mudamos de La Habana a Camag&#252;ey, tus abuelos nos acogieron en su casa mientras nos establec&#237;amos&#187;, dice se&#241;alando la casa que los rodea.</p><p>&#171;Mire ayud&#243; a cuidar de vuestra madre y sus hermanos cuando eran solo beb&#233;s. Recuerdo que vuestra madre me llamaba &#171;Amo&#187; porque no pod&#237;a pronunciar mi nombre completo&#187;. Se r&#237;e con ganas. &#171;Dorm&#237;a con nosotros en las camas plegables del sal&#243;n antes de que tuvi&#233;ramos camas de verdad&#187;.</p><p>Mire est&#225; ahora m&#225;s animada y repite lo buenos que fueron nuestros abuelos con ellos.</p><p>Nuestros abuelos fueron testigos de su boda en La Habana y les prestaron su apartamento en la ciudad para su luna de miel antes de mudarse a Camag&#252;ey. &#171;Cuando tu abuelo se march&#243; a M&#233;xico, intent&#243; convencernos de que nos fu&#233;ramos unas tres veces, pero Mire ya ten&#237;a hijos aqu&#237; y yo tampoco pod&#237;a dejar a mi familia, as&#237; que nos quedamos. Despu&#233;s de la tercera vez, nunca m&#225;s supimos nada de ellos&#187;.</p><p>Nos mira a los dos y nos pregunta c&#243;mo est&#225; nuestro abuelo, pero le decimos que falleci&#243; hace unos 20 a&#241;os. Los ojos de Amo se suavizan. Sus dedos juguetean con la esquina del peri&#243;dico que hay sobre la mesa. &#171;Era un gran hombre, tu abuelo&#187;.</p><p>Las personas que no conocen Cuba suelen decir que es un lugar atrapado en el tiempo, pero eso no le hace justicia la gente y la cultura de la isla. Aunque los recuerdos de mi familia no han cambiado y permanecen perpetuamente anclados en la Cuba anterior a su partida, es obvio que Amo y Mire siguieron adelante y han vivido toda su vida aqu&#237;. Han visto a sus hijos corretear y jugar en su jard&#237;n, los han visto crecer y formar sus propias familias, e incluso han visto a algunos de ellos abandonar el pa&#237;s tambi&#233;n. 53 a&#241;os de vida que no pueden haber quedado anclados en el tiempo.</p><p>Un mes despu&#233;s de la visita de mi hermana y m&#237;a, llev&#233; a mi madre por el mismo camino pavimentado y llam&#233; a la puerta. Esta vez, Amo nos recibi&#243;, parpadeando con fuerza ante la luz del d&#237;a. Sus ojos se arrugaron por la sonrisa cuando me vio, pero se abrieron de par en par cuando vio a mi madre a mi lado. Los dos se abrazaron y &#233;l la sostuvo a la distancia de un brazo, para poder verla bien.</p><p>Nos sentamos a la misma mesa y escuchamos a Amo explicar la distribuci&#243;n de la casa, c&#243;mo se dividi&#243; despu&#233;s de que mis abuelos se marcharan y c&#243;mo pudieron quedarse con la parte trasera de la casa para ellos. Se rieron al recordar c&#243;mo era ella de beb&#233;, c&#243;mo su hermana mayor ten&#237;a un car&#225;cter mand&#243;n &#8212;lo que mi madre confirma hasta el d&#237;a de hoy&#8212;, pero ella era la m&#225;s traviesa.</p><p>Apenas pod&#237;a contener mis emociones al ver a mi madre escuchar historias de ella cuando era beb&#233;, aprendiendo a caminar y a hablar, regal&#225;ndole recuerdos nunca antes escuchados de su querido padre, todo ello en la casa en la que podr&#237;a haber crecido si las cosas hubieran sido diferentes.</p><p>Pero hab&#237;an pasado 53 a&#241;os y, por razones ajenas a su voluntad, esa no era su vida. El dolor, el miedo y la pol&#237;tica se lo hab&#237;an impedido. Pero 53 a&#241;os despu&#233;s, tom&#243; una decisi&#243;n cuando se le present&#243; la oportunidad y se desvi&#243; de lo que hace la mayor&#237;a de las personas de su generaci&#243;n: regres&#243;.</p><p>Gracias a su visita, mi abuela, que hab&#237;a estado comprensiblemente cerrada a cualquier compromiso con la isla, se abri&#243; un poco, lo suficiente como para pedir ver fotos y escuchar historias sobre su viaje y, por supuesto, sobre Amo y Mire, a quienes recordaba con cari&#241;o. Nada en mi familia se cur&#243; de inmediato, pero yo hab&#237;a sido testigo de algo que crec&#237; creyendo que era imposible, y eso hizo que valiera la pena creer en ello.</p><p><em>Reescribo esta historia m&#225;s de ocho a&#241;os despu&#233;s y todav&#237;a se me eriza la piel al recordarla. En aquellos momentos y ahora m&#225;s que nunca, creo que comprometerse con la isla es la &#250;nica manera de avanzar. El aislamiento solo genera ignorancia y permite que las heridas se infecten. La conexi&#243;n es la &#250;nica manera de sanar el trauma a ambos lados del estrecho de Florida.</em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Gracias por leer GUBA. Subscribete abajo para recibir mas publicaciones. </p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Cuban Teachers' Expedition of 1900]]></title><description><![CDATA[Little did I know that back in 1900, Harvard brought almost 1,300 Cuban teachers to its campus for a summer program]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-cuban-teachers-expedition-of</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-cuban-teachers-expedition-of</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 01:55:55 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PuCe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b7dbb37-2f19-4072-a869-ac7eb9f30166_733x790.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PuCe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b7dbb37-2f19-4072-a869-ac7eb9f30166_733x790.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PuCe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b7dbb37-2f19-4072-a869-ac7eb9f30166_733x790.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PuCe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b7dbb37-2f19-4072-a869-ac7eb9f30166_733x790.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PuCe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b7dbb37-2f19-4072-a869-ac7eb9f30166_733x790.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PuCe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b7dbb37-2f19-4072-a869-ac7eb9f30166_733x790.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PuCe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b7dbb37-2f19-4072-a869-ac7eb9f30166_733x790.jpeg" width="733" height="790" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8b7dbb37-2f19-4072-a869-ac7eb9f30166_733x790.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:790,&quot;width&quot;:733,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:61751,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/172215101?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b7dbb37-2f19-4072-a869-ac7eb9f30166_733x790.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PuCe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b7dbb37-2f19-4072-a869-ac7eb9f30166_733x790.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PuCe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b7dbb37-2f19-4072-a869-ac7eb9f30166_733x790.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PuCe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b7dbb37-2f19-4072-a869-ac7eb9f30166_733x790.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PuCe!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b7dbb37-2f19-4072-a869-ac7eb9f30166_733x790.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>As tends to happen when I travel, a little piece of Cuba always manages to find me, no matter where I am. This time, I was in Boston, walking through Harvard&#8217;s main square at night with a friend, when a colorful banner caught my attention.</p><p>&#8220;The Cuban Teachers&#8217; Expedition of 1900,&#8221; the big, white letters read. I pointed it out to my friend (who was impressed I could see from that distance), and we walked over. The gallery would open next on Monday, just before my flight back to Miami, so I settled on visiting then. The following day, my friend and I wandered into a used bookstore, and I found a book written by Dr. Louis A. Perez, my Cuban history professor at UNC, about the war of 1898. I skimmed it, his words transporting me back to his classroom.</p><p>What we in the United States call the &#8220;Spanish-American War,&#8221; is really Cuba&#8217;s final fight for independence from Spain. Unfortunately for Cuba, it was fighting for independence during the United States&#8217;s surge onto the global stage as an imperialist nation. The U.S. saw Cuba&#8217;s fight for freedom as the perfect pretext to intervene. Two months after the explosion of the <em>Maine</em>, a U.S. battleship, the United States had &#8220;aided&#8221; the Cubans in winning their war against the Spanish.</p><p>In December of 1898, the United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris without a single Cuban present to debate the agreements of the armistice. The United States wanted influence and power over the Caribbean nation, and in fact, they deemed that Cubans could not govern themselves. The Spanish ceded Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico, and sold the Philippines for $20 million to the U.S.</p><p>In 1901, the United States would force the Platt Amendment onto the Cubans, allowing the imperialist country the right to intervene militarily in Cuba whenever it deemed necessary. In May of 1902, the United States pulled out its military, but it would intervene three more times to crush rebellions, protect U.S. assets and property, and impose temporary governments before the Platt Amendment was repealed in 1934.</p><p>I thought about this book as I walked through the Cuban Teachers&#8217; Expedition exhibition at Harvard. The exchange took place in the summer of 1900 and was designed to &#8220;introduce Cuban teachers to American educational practices and cultural values.&#8221; They wanted to support Cubans after the devastation caused by 30+ years of war. It was spearheaded by Alexis E. Frye<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>, Cuba&#8217;s superintendent for public schools, the Havana-based attorney Ernest Lee Conant, and endorsed by Charles W. Eliot,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a><a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a> Harvard&#8217;s president. Almost 1,300 Cuban teachers, both men and women, were on the trip. They made up more than half of the public elementary school teachers on the island at the time.</p><p>The Boston and Cambridge community raised over $70,000 (around $3 million now) to cover all of the teachers&#8217; expenses. Many students offered their dorms, and others offered to be guides, chaperones, and translators. The best letter I saw in the exhibition described the Cubans &#8220;clamoring&#8221; for rice to be part of their meals, a detail the school quickly tried to fix.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OS-C!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936d6c98-2fae-4ac9-8252-f98c949385b8_2902x3869.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OS-C!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936d6c98-2fae-4ac9-8252-f98c949385b8_2902x3869.heic 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OS-C!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936d6c98-2fae-4ac9-8252-f98c949385b8_2902x3869.heic 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OS-C!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936d6c98-2fae-4ac9-8252-f98c949385b8_2902x3869.heic 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OS-C!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936d6c98-2fae-4ac9-8252-f98c949385b8_2902x3869.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OS-C!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936d6c98-2fae-4ac9-8252-f98c949385b8_2902x3869.heic" width="558" height="743.8722527472528" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/936d6c98-2fae-4ac9-8252-f98c949385b8_2902x3869.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:558,&quot;bytes&quot;:2012259,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/172215101?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936d6c98-2fae-4ac9-8252-f98c949385b8_2902x3869.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OS-C!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936d6c98-2fae-4ac9-8252-f98c949385b8_2902x3869.heic 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OS-C!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936d6c98-2fae-4ac9-8252-f98c949385b8_2902x3869.heic 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OS-C!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936d6c98-2fae-4ac9-8252-f98c949385b8_2902x3869.heic 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OS-C!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936d6c98-2fae-4ac9-8252-f98c949385b8_2902x3869.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">It&#8217;s well known that a Cuban that doesn&#8217;t eat rice, hasn&#8217;t eaten XD</figcaption></figure></div><p>The teachers had packed schedules, with classes that covered subjects like education, geography, psychology, Spanish Colonial History and U.S. History, as well as field trips, communal meals, and evening receptions. The female teachers were given instruction on kindergarten education while the men received classes on manual labor. Concerts were held in their honor. They also attended English lessons twice a day, and at the end of the summer, they visited New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington D.C., even meeting with President William McKinely.</p><p>Harvard considered the program a success, and they repeated the experience the following year with a smaller group. The exhibition made sure to point out that, after examining the archival records of the time, there were conflicting views on the achievements of the program. The first cohort &#8220;acknowledged disrespectful responses toward Cuban culture during their visit and expressed skepticism of attempts to be Americanized.&#8221; Other accounts showed the influence of &#8220;racism, sexism, and imperial attitudes&#8221; in the United States at the time.</p><p>These sentiments check out. After the war of 1898, the United States wanted power and influence over Cuba. They did not consider the Cubans worthy of self-governance and treated them as such. It is not surprising to see these kinds of attitudes infiltrate a program like the one Harvard sponsored. But the Cubans were determined to build their public school system, a right they didn&#8217;t have under Spanish rule, and many still saw this opportunity as a beneficial and mutual exchange between the two countries.</p><p>I was surprised by this piece of history; in my years of studying Cuba and living in Havana, somehow it had slipped through the cracks. As my actual work includes exchanges between the two countries, I know how difficult it can be to make such programs successful. It&#8217;s almost always independent actors, not governments, who stick their necks out to foster these kinds of exchanges. Sadly, over a hundred years later, it hasn&#8217;t gotten any easier.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/36adb1f3-961c-4d48-a181-d851522edc9b_3024x4032.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/41c93436-2b0a-4059-bf0d-5be484ef15c9_3024x4032.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0e32892d-dc0b-4bf6-998d-2d5a4bc2a435_4032x3024.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d85d9ab6-c9c5-477a-a829-6c81db3fff00_3024x4032.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3c4c1def-e044-40ff-865f-f1bae89fcd33_3024x4032.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/211e6278-ed91-4c4b-b20c-3a4d60c5584b_3024x4032.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9c7dc313-5445-486f-9315-436f808176e0_4032x3024.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fdde0519-811f-4506-b966-d8fdea3e8374_3024x4032.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/26f2d47f-ba3c-4e9d-ad1a-9c09d7465e83_3024x4032.heic&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/47bdb71d-0e56-4ec2-9c10-8fd7b672f803_1456x1454.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading GUBA. I publish every Thursday, so make sure to sign up below.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><p>Como suele ocurrir cuando viajo, siempre hay alg&#250;n detalle de Cuba que me llama la atenci&#243;n, sin importar d&#243;nde me encuentre. En esta ocasi&#243;n, estaba en Boston, paseando por la plaza principal de Harvard por la noche con un amigo, cuando un colorido cartel me llam&#243; la atenci&#243;n.</p><p>&#171;La expedici&#243;n de maestros cubanos de 1900&#187;, dec&#237;an las grandes letras blancas. Se lo se&#241;al&#233; a mi amigo (que se qued&#243; impresionado de que pudiera verlo desde esa distancia) y nos acercamos. La galer&#237;a abrir&#237;a el lunes siguiente, justo antes de mi vuelo de regreso a Miami, as&#237; que decid&#237; visitarla entonces. Al d&#237;a siguiente, mi amigo y yo entramos en una librer&#237;a de segunda mano y encontr&#233; un libro escrito por el Dr. Louis A. P&#233;rez, mi profesor de historia cubana en la UNC, sobre la guerra de 1898. Lo hoje&#233; y sus palabras me transportaron de vuelta a su aula.</p><p>Lo que en Estados Unidos llamamos la &#171;guerra hispano-estadounidense&#187; es en realidad la lucha final de Cuba por la independencia de Espa&#241;a. Desgraciadamente para Cuba, luchaba por su independencia en un momento en que Estados Unidos irrump&#237;a en la escena mundial como naci&#243;n imperialista. Estados Unidos vio la lucha de Cuba por la libertad como el pretexto perfecto para intervenir. Dos meses despu&#233;s de la explosi&#243;n del Maine, un acorazado estadounidense, Estados Unidos hab&#237;a &#171;ayudado&#187; a los cubanos a ganar su guerra contra los espa&#241;oles.</p><p>En diciembre de 1898, Estados Unidos y Espa&#241;a firmaron el Tratado de Par&#237;s sin que ning&#250;n cubano estuviera presente para debatir los acuerdos del armisticio. Estados Unidos quer&#237;a influencia y poder sobre la naci&#243;n caribe&#241;a y, de hecho, consideraba que los cubanos no pod&#237;an gobernarse a s&#237; mismos. Espa&#241;a cedi&#243; Cuba, Guam y Puerto Rico, y vendi&#243; Filipinas por 20 millones de d&#243;lares a Estados Unidos.</p><p>En 1901, Estados Unidos impondr&#237;a a los cubanos la Enmienda Platt, que otorgaba al pa&#237;s imperialista el derecho a intervenir militarmente en Cuba siempre que lo considerara necesario. En mayo de 1902, Estados Unidos retir&#243; sus tropas, pero intervino tres veces m&#225;s para aplastar rebeliones, proteger los activos y propiedades estadounidenses e imponer gobiernos temporales antes de que se derogara la Enmienda Platt en 1934.</p><p>Pens&#233; en este libro mientras recorr&#237;a la exposici&#243;n sobre la Expedici&#243;n de Maestros Cubanos en Harvard. El intercambio tuvo lugar en el verano de 1900 y fue dise&#241;ado para &#171;dar a conocer a los maestros cubanos las pr&#225;cticas educativas y los valores culturales estadounidenses&#187;. Quer&#237;an apoyar a los cubanos tras la devastaci&#243;n causada por m&#225;s de 30 a&#241;os de guerra. La iniciativa fue encabezada por Alexis E. Frye,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> superintendente de escuelas p&#250;blicas de Cuba, y el abogado Ernest Lee Conant, con sede en La Habana, y cont&#243; con el respaldo de Charles W. Eliot,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> presidente de Harvard. Casi 1,300 maestros cubanos, tanto hombres como mujeres, participaron en el viaje. Constitu&#237;an m&#225;s de la mitad de los maestros de escuelas primarias p&#250;blicas de la isla en ese momento.</p><p>La comunidad de Boston y Cambridge recaud&#243; m&#225;s de 70 000 d&#243;lares (unos 3 millones de d&#243;lares actuales) para cubrir todos los gastos de los profesores. Muchos estudiantes ofrecieron sus dormitorios y otros se ofrecieron como gu&#237;as, acompa&#241;antes y traductores. La mejor carta que vi en la exposici&#243;n describ&#237;a c&#243;mo los cubanos &#171;clamaban&#187; por arroz para sus comidas, un detalle que la escuela se apresur&#243; a solucionar.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3N41!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ba15e1-fcb3-4c53-a6eb-6e04b0eb2939_2902x3869.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3N41!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ba15e1-fcb3-4c53-a6eb-6e04b0eb2939_2902x3869.heic 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3N41!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ba15e1-fcb3-4c53-a6eb-6e04b0eb2939_2902x3869.heic 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3N41!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ba15e1-fcb3-4c53-a6eb-6e04b0eb2939_2902x3869.heic 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3N41!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ba15e1-fcb3-4c53-a6eb-6e04b0eb2939_2902x3869.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3N41!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ba15e1-fcb3-4c53-a6eb-6e04b0eb2939_2902x3869.heic" width="544" height="725.2087912087912" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/43ba15e1-fcb3-4c53-a6eb-6e04b0eb2939_2902x3869.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:544,&quot;bytes&quot;:2012259,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/172215101?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ba15e1-fcb3-4c53-a6eb-6e04b0eb2939_2902x3869.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3N41!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ba15e1-fcb3-4c53-a6eb-6e04b0eb2939_2902x3869.heic 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3N41!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ba15e1-fcb3-4c53-a6eb-6e04b0eb2939_2902x3869.heic 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3N41!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ba15e1-fcb3-4c53-a6eb-6e04b0eb2939_2902x3869.heic 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3N41!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ba15e1-fcb3-4c53-a6eb-6e04b0eb2939_2902x3869.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">El Cubano que no come arroz no ha comido XD</figcaption></figure></div><p>Los profesores ten&#237;an una agenda muy apretada, con clases que abarcaban materias como educaci&#243;n, geograf&#237;a, psicolog&#237;a, historia colonial espa&#241;ola e historia de los Estados Unidos, as&#237; como excursiones, comidas comunitarias y recepciones nocturnas. Las profesoras recibieron formaci&#243;n sobre educaci&#243;n infantil, mientras que los hombres asistieron a clases sobre trabajos manuales. Se celebraron conciertos en su honor. Tambi&#233;n asistieron a clases de ingl&#233;s dos veces al d&#237;a y, al final del verano, visitaron Nueva York, Filadelfia y Washington D. C., donde incluso se reunieron con el presidente William McKinely.</p><p>Harvard consider&#243; que el programa hab&#237;a sido un &#233;xito y repiti&#243; la experiencia al a&#241;o siguiente con un grupo m&#225;s reducido. La exposici&#243;n se asegur&#243; de se&#241;alar que, tras examinar los archivos de la &#233;poca, hab&#237;a opiniones contradictorias sobre los logros del programa. La primera promoci&#243;n &#171;reconoci&#243; las respuestas irrespetuosas hacia la cultura cubana durante su visita y expres&#243; su escepticismo ante los intentos de americanizaci&#243;n&#187;. Otros relatos mostraban la influencia del &#171;racismo, el sexismo y las actitudes imperialistas&#187; en los Estados Unidos de la &#233;poca.</p><p>Estos sentimientos se confirman. Despu&#233;s de la guerra de 1898, Estados Unidos quer&#237;a poder e influencia sobre Cuba. No consideraban que los cubanos fueran dignos de autogobernarse y los trataban como tal. No es de extra&#241;ar que este tipo de actitudes se infiltraran en un programa como el patrocinado por Harvard. Pero los cubanos estaban decididos a construir su sistema de escuelas p&#250;blicas, un derecho que no ten&#237;an bajo el dominio espa&#241;ol, y muchos segu&#237;an viendo esta oportunidad como un intercambio beneficioso y mutuo entre los dos pa&#237;ses.</p><p>Me sorprendi&#243; este dato hist&#243;rico; en mis a&#241;os de estudio sobre Cuba y de vida en La Habana, de alguna manera se me hab&#237;a escapado. Como mi trabajo actual incluye intercambios entre los dos pa&#237;ses, s&#233; lo dif&#237;cil que puede ser que estos programas tengan &#233;xito. Casi siempre son actores independientes, y no los gobiernos, los que se arriesgan para fomentar este tipo de intercambios. Lamentablemente, m&#225;s de cien a&#241;os despu&#233;s, sigue sin ser f&#225;cil.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Frye was born in Maine; he was an educator and textbook writer. Around 3000 schools were opened under his tenure as superintendent, and he was in favor of Cuban teachers&#8217; autonomy. So much so, that it went against the U.S. military&#8217;s views and he resigned as superintendent in 1901.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>He was supportive of the program and lobbied for institutional and public support. He described it as &#8220;unique experience in mutual service&#8221; and &#8220;the most interesting single piece of work that has every come my way.&#8221; At the end of the program, the Cuban teachers gifted him and the college a silver cup, called the &#8220;Cuban&#8221; Loving cup, as a token of their gratitude.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Frye naci&#243; en Maine; fue educador y autor de libros de texto. Durante su mandato como superintendente se abrieron alrededor de 3000 escuelas, y &#233;l estaba a favor de la autonom&#237;a de los profesores cubanos. Tanto es as&#237;, que esto iba en contra de las opiniones del ej&#233;rcito estadounidense y dimiti&#243; como superintendente en 1901.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>poy&#243; el programa y presion&#243; para obtener apoyo institucional y p&#250;blico. Lo describi&#243; como &#171;una experiencia &#250;nica de servicio mutuo&#187; y &#171;el trabajo m&#225;s interesante que me ha salido al paso&#187;. Al final del programa, los profesores cubanos le regalaron a &#233;l y a la universidad una copa de plata, llamada la copa &#171;Cuban&#187; Loving, como muestra de su gratitud.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Reparto in the house]]></title><description><![CDATA[Reparto music is finally making waves outside of Cuba, so it's time for a little dive into the genre]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/reparto-in-the-house</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/reparto-in-the-house</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 22 Aug 2025 03:02:45 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sagi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58a22b0b-370e-4354-9c16-c031351b8587_640x480.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sagi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58a22b0b-370e-4354-9c16-c031351b8587_640x480.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sagi!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58a22b0b-370e-4354-9c16-c031351b8587_640x480.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sagi!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58a22b0b-370e-4354-9c16-c031351b8587_640x480.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sagi!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58a22b0b-370e-4354-9c16-c031351b8587_640x480.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sagi!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58a22b0b-370e-4354-9c16-c031351b8587_640x480.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sagi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58a22b0b-370e-4354-9c16-c031351b8587_640x480.png" width="728" height="546" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/58a22b0b-370e-4354-9c16-c031351b8587_640x480.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:318259,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/171619059?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58a22b0b-370e-4354-9c16-c031351b8587_640x480.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sagi!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58a22b0b-370e-4354-9c16-c031351b8587_640x480.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sagi!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58a22b0b-370e-4354-9c16-c031351b8587_640x480.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sagi!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58a22b0b-370e-4354-9c16-c031351b8587_640x480.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sagi!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58a22b0b-370e-4354-9c16-c031351b8587_640x480.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Let&#8217;s talk a little bit about reparto music. Reparto is the popular music in Cuba right now. Born from the country&#8217;s marginalized neighborhoods, it&#8217;s a homegrown fusion of urban and traditional Cuban rhythms that uses the Cuban clave as its heartbeat. The lyrics can be harsh and cover a range of topics, but the most popular songs usually talk about sex, women, relationships, exes, diss tracks, being the best <em>Repartero</em>, etc.</p><p>If you&#8217;ve never heard reparto, the rhythms will pull you in, but the lyrics can be off putting. Like many popular musical genres in Latin America, reparto music is dominated by men and machismo. All of the top, most listened to reparteros are men, and it seems like it will stay that way for a while, although Musteerifa, with her bop <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjWO6PqBzDw">Las Ganas</a></em>, and more recently Melanie Santiler, who has featured with some reparteros including Dale Pututi (<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN_Wr8LQ8Fc">Un Momentico +</a>)</em> and Velito el Buf&#243;n (<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smOqkLTAx1Y">Todo Se Supera</a></em>), have made some headway in the genre.</p><p>One of the original artists that put reparto on the map is Chocolate MC. He&#8217;s considered the King of Reparto and is credited with adding the Cuban clave to his music. His songs are outlandish and explicit, but surprisingly catchy. Today, he&#8217;s a controversial figure, but his career is 15 years in the making. Some of his older, timeless hits include <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZTvw1vcGuY">Bajanda</a></em>, <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evdtMZhrsqU">Guachineo</a></em> (which created an iconic dance move), and <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eq9QeQDw3ek">Mi Palon Divino</a></em>.</p><p>Bebeshito, easily reparto&#8217;s current crown prince, has elevated the genre to more international levels, even selling out two stadium shows in Miami. He started garnering attention thanks to song covers he released, exploding on the scene with <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loWs5DN3fU0">Pila de Partes</a></em>, which covered Aitana&#8217;s song <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZenLKSPBpHo">Berlin</a></em>. While <em>Pila de Partes</em> is a jam, I think he took song covers a little too far, the most infamous being <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cc0uCvKAI_0">Mulata</a></em>, a sexual cover of the Moana song &#8220;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPAbx5kgCJo">How far I&#8217;ll go</a>.&#8221; I can&#8217;t forget when the song first came out, I was taking a motorcycle taxi in Havana and the driver was humming the Moana song and I thought, <em>how cute, he must have a little kid&#8230;</em> until I realized it was because of Bebeshito. Now a days, he makes original music and recently released an EP with three songs on it. His latest hit is called <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBbBUfhAyvw">Tacto Que Llego el Reparto</a></em> and it has become a sort of anthem for the Cuban reparto movement.</p><p>Other important artists in the genre have been El Taiger, who was killed last year in a tragic shooting but was well known for his collaborations with other reparteros; the hard-hitter El Kimiko; bop-setters Charly y Johayron and Velito el Buf&#243;n; producer and singer Dale Pututi; el Chulo, and many, many more. Heck, even Gente de Zona, one of Cuba&#8217;s most famous contemporary duos, made a full album called &#8220;Reparto&#8221; to commemorate the boom it&#8217;s having on and off the island (though I can&#8217;t say any of the songs have stuck).</p><p>I enjoy reparto. Musically, you can tell it&#8217;s a direct evolution of the big Cuban rhythms like rumba, son, and salsa. In its way, it memorializes those signature beats. I like that the genre can be incredibly specific to the Cuban context, using slang or experiences that only make sense if you know and understand Cuba. But as someone who appreciates a variety of music, I&#8217;m often turned off by its grip on the music scene in Havana, and now in Miami. All the migrants of the last five years, including the reparto artists, have brough the movement with them and are springboarding it. Bebeshito is filling stadiums with 20,000 people, and unlike other Cuban artists in the past decades, he hasn&#8217;t needed to pronounce any political opinion to get support. Times are changing, and people are still connecting over music.</p><p>I am happy reparto is getting its boom, but I hope it leads to more innovation and maturity within the genre. As tends to happen within popular music, more creative, different, or daring artists receive less attention. Unfortunately, once you&#8217;ve listened to a few of the most popular reparto songs, you&#8217;ve heard them all, especially because of the lyrics. That&#8217;s why my favorite reparto artist is Wampi, a musically trained artist from Havana&#8217;s Arroyo Naranjo neighborhood that is doing more with the genre than what&#8217;s been deemed &#8220;popular.&#8221;</p><p>Even though he started out like the rest of them, with classic beats and harsh, sexualizing lyrics, he&#8217;s been branching out more and mixing Brazilian funky (<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8k3yPXiFHU4">A La Mazamba</a></em>), Dembow (<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncYtkrCuKv0">Veni</a></em>), salsa (<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJrcpWiqXws">Chacha</a></em>), funk (<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAk20ia7rmI">Que Bola</a></em>), and other musical rhythms into his songs. He recently released a song called <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0DnyO1sHxA">Nostalgia</a></em>, a tender ode to his and many others&#8217; childhoods in Cuba, childhoods that are quickly disappearing for today&#8217;s kids.</p><p>And that is the brutal reality on the island&#8212;Cubans are living an ever worsening crisis. Some reparto reflects these realities. But the most popular songs are devoid of serious messaging. And don&#8217;t get me wrong, we need music that isn&#8217;t for thinking or feeling and that just makes us move. Reparto music is fun and distracting and an important part of surviving those difficulties. But I do wish more of the popular music coming from Cuba and Miami didn&#8217;t just move us physically, but spiritually, too. Songs that connect us and make us believe we&#8217;re all in this together.</p><p>I do not wish to judge reparto for something that it isn&#8217;t. But there is too much talent coming out of Cuba, there&#8217;s too much to be said, for these popular songs to be the only music we can rally around in these times.</p><p>If you want a great, comprehensive list of reparto artists and their music, please check out this great billboard article: <em><a href="https://www.billboard.com/lists/artistas-de-reparto-musica-urbana-cuba/adonis-mc-2/">El reparto es el nuevo movimiento urbano de Cuba: 31 artistas que descubirir</a>.</em></p><p>And if you want to read the de-facto blog on Cuban music, please check out Rafa&#8217;s substack <em><a href="/__u/divagacionesmusicales.substack.com/?utm_campaign=profile_chips">Cuba Tracklist</a>.</em> Not only is he a phenomenal writer and journalist, but he curates playlists and breaks down everything that&#8217;s going on. He even has an active Cuba top 100 list, so you&#8217;ll never miss a new song or album by a Cuban artist, no matter the genre.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for GUBA. If you want to keep up with my work, subscribe below!</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><p>Hablemos un poco sobre el reparto. El reparto es la m&#250;sica popular actual en Cuba. Nacido en los barrios marginales del pa&#237;s, es una fusi&#243;n aut&#243;ctona de ritmos urbanos y tradicionales cubanos que utiliza la clave cubana como ritmo principal. Las letras pueden ser duras y tratar temas muy diversos, pero las canciones m&#225;s populares suelen hablar de sexo, mujeres, relaciones, exnovios, tiraderas, de quien es el mejor repartero, etc.</p><p>Si nunca has escuchado el reparto, los ritmos te atrapar&#225;n, pero las letras pueden resultar desagradables. Al igual que muchos g&#233;neros musicales populares en Latinoam&#233;rica, la m&#250;sica reparto est&#225; dominada por los hombres y el machismo. Todos los reparteros m&#225;s famosos y escuchados son hombres, y parece que seguir&#225; siendo as&#237; durante un tiempo, aunque Musteerifa, con su &#233;xito <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjWO6PqBzDw">Las Ganas</a></em>, y m&#225;s recientemente Melanie Santiler, que ha colaborado con algunos reparteros como Dale Pututi (<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN_Wr8LQ8Fc">Un Momentico +</a>)</em> y Velito el Buf&#243;n (<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smOqkLTAx1Y">Todo Se Supera</a></em>), han logrado algunos avances en el g&#233;nero.</p><p>Uno de los artistas originales que puso el reparto en el mapa es Chocolate MC. Se le considera el rey del reparto y se le atribuye haber a&#241;adido la clave cubana a su m&#250;sica. Sus canciones son extravagantes y expl&#237;citas, pero sorprendentemente pegadizas. Hoy en d&#237;a es una figura controvertida, pero su carrera se remonta a 15 a&#241;os atr&#225;s. Algunos de sus &#233;xitos m&#225;s antiguos y atemporales son &#171;<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZTvw1vcGuY">Bajanda</a></em>&#187;, &#171;<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evdtMZhrsqU">Guachineo</a></em>&#187; (que cre&#243; un baile ic&#243;nico) y &#171;<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eq9QeQDw3ek">Mi Palon Divino</a></em>&#187;.</p><p>Bebeshito&#8212;sin duda el pr&#237;ncipe heredero actual del reparto&#8212;ha elevado el g&#233;nero a niveles m&#225;s internacionales, llegando incluso a agotar las entradas de dos conciertos en estadios de Miami. Comenz&#243; a llamar la atenci&#243;n gracias a las versiones de canciones que public&#243;, y salt&#243; a la fama con <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loWs5DN3fU0">Pila de Partes</a></em>, una versi&#243;n de la canci&#243;n <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZenLKSPBpHo">Berlin</a></em> de Aitana. Aunque <em>Pila de Partes</em> es un temazo, creo que se pas&#243; un poco con las versiones, siendo la m&#225;s famosa <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cc0uCvKAI_0">Mulata</a></em>, una versi&#243;n sexual de la canci&#243;n de Moana &#171;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPAbx5kgCJo">How far I'll go</a>&#187;. No puedo olvidar cuando sali&#243; la canci&#243;n por primera vez, estaba tomando un mototaxi en La Habana y el conductor tarareaba la canci&#243;n de Moana y pens&#233;: &#171;Qu&#233; lindo, debe tener un ni&#241;o peque&#241;o...&#187;, hasta que me di cuenta de que era por Bebeshito. Hoy en d&#237;a, compone m&#250;sica original y recientemente ha sacado un EP con tres canciones. Su &#250;ltimo &#233;xito se llama &#171;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBbBUfhAyvw">Tacto Que Llego el Reparto</a>&#187; y se ha convertido en una especie de himno del movimiento cubano del reparto.</p><p>Otros artistas importantes del g&#233;nero han sido El Taiger, que muri&#243; el a&#241;o pasado en un tr&#225;gico tiroteo, pero que era muy conocido por sus colaboraciones con otros reparteros; el contundente El Kimiko; Charly y Johayron; Velito el Buf&#243;n; el productor y cantante Dale Pututi; El Chulo, y muchos, muchos m&#225;s. Incluso Gente de Zona, uno de los d&#250;os contempor&#225;neos m&#225;s famosos de Cuba, grab&#243; un &#225;lbum completo titulado &#171;Reparto&#187; para conmemorar el boom que est&#225; teniendo dentro y fuera de la isla (aunque no se ha pegado ninguna canci&#243;n).</p><p>Me gusta el reparto. Musicalmente, se nota que es una evoluci&#243;n directa de los grandes ritmos cubanos como la rumba, el son y la salsa. A su manera, conmemora esos ritmos caracter&#237;sticos. Me gusta que el g&#233;nero pueda ser incre&#237;blemente espec&#237;fico del contexto cubano, utilizando jerga o experiencias que solo tienen sentido si conoces y entiendes Cuba. Pero, como persona que aprecia la variedad musical, a menudo me desanima su dominio de la escena musical en La Habana y, ahora, en Miami. Todos los migrantes de los &#250;ltimos cinco a&#241;os, incluidos los artistas del reparto, han tra&#237;do consigo el movimiento y lo est&#225;n impulsando. Bebeshito llena estadios con 20.000 personas y, a diferencia de otros artistas cubanos de las &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, no ha necesitado pronunciarse pol&#237;ticamente para conseguir apoyo. Los tiempos est&#225;n cambiando y la gente sigue conectando a trav&#233;s de la m&#250;sica.</p><p>Me alegro de que el reparto est&#233; viviendo su auge, pero espero que esto lleve a m&#225;s innovaci&#243;n y madurez dentro del g&#233;nero. Como suele ocurrir en la m&#250;sica popular, los artistas m&#225;s creativos, diferentes o atrevidos reciben menos atenci&#243;n. Por desgracia, una vez que has escuchado algunas de las canciones m&#225;s populares del reparto, las has escuchado todas, sobre todo por las letras. Por eso mi repartero favorito es Wampi, un artista con formaci&#243;n musical del barrio Arroyo Naranjo que est&#225; haciendo m&#225;s con el g&#233;nero que lo que se considera &#171;popular&#187;.</p><p>Aunque empez&#243; como el resto, con ritmos cl&#225;sicos y letras duras y sexualizadas, ha ido diversific&#225;ndose y mezclando en sus canciones el funky brasile&#241;o (<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8k3yPXiFHU4">A La Mazamba</a></em>), el dembow (<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncYtkrCuKv0">Veni</a></em>), la salsa (<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJrcpWiqXws">Chacha</a></em>), el funk (<em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAk20ia7rmI">Que Bola</a>)</em> y otros ritmos musicales. Recientemente ha lanzado una canci&#243;n titulada <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0DnyO1sHxA">Nostalgia</a></em>, una tierna oda a su infancia y a la de muchos otros en Cuba, una infancia que est&#225; desapareciendo r&#225;pidamente para los ni&#241;os de hoy.</p><p>Y esa es la cruda realidad de la isla: los cubanos viven una crisis cada vez m&#225;s grave. Parte del reparto refleja estas realidades. Pero las canciones m&#225;s populares carecen de mensajes serios. Y no me malinterpreten, necesitamos m&#250;sica que no sea para pensar o sentir, sino que simplemente nos haga mover. El reparto es divertido y distrae, y eso es importante para sobrevivir a esas dificultades. Pero me gustar&#237;a que m&#225;s de la m&#250;sica popular que viene de Cuba y Miami no solo nos moviera f&#237;sicamente, sino tambi&#233;n espiritualmente. Canciones que nos conecten y nos hagan creer que estamos todos juntos en esto.</p><p>No quiero juzgar al reparto por algo que no es. Pero hay demasiado talento saliendo de Cuba, hay demasiado que decir, como para que estas canciones populares sean la &#250;nica m&#250;sica que nos una en estos tiempos.</p><p>Si quieres una lista completa y excelente de artistas del reparto y su m&#250;sica, echa un vistazo a este art&#237;culo de Billboard: <em><a href="https://www.billboard.com/lists/artistas-de-reparto-musica-urbana-cuba/adonis-mc-2/">El reparto es el nuevo movimiento urbano de Cuba: 31 artistas que descubrir</a>.</em></p><p>Y si quieres leer el blog de referencia sobre m&#250;sica cubana, echa un vistazo al substack de Rafa, <em><a href="/__u/divagacionesmusicales.substack.com/?utm_campaign=profile_chips">Cuba Tracklist</a>.</em> No solo es un escritor y periodista fenomenal, sino que tambi&#233;n crea listas de reproducci&#243;n y analiza todo lo que est&#225; pasando. Incluso tiene una lista activa con los 100 mejores temas de Cuba, para que nunca te pierdas una nueva canci&#243;n o un nuevo &#225;lbum de un artista cubano, sea cual sea el g&#233;nero.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Gracias por leer GUBA. Si te gusta mi trabajo, subscribe abajo!</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Community and cariño at the clinic]]></title><description><![CDATA[A small window into my favorite thing about Cubans: their support for each other even when they don't know each other]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/community-and-carino-at-the-clinic</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/community-and-carino-at-the-clinic</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 15 Aug 2025 05:16:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bccb2e97-183b-4c81-a5b5-48f14f032b61_500x281.gif" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!laa1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8a33807-a00a-44db-9123-4eea7cbbb4f5_500x281.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!laa1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8a33807-a00a-44db-9123-4eea7cbbb4f5_500x281.gif 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!laa1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8a33807-a00a-44db-9123-4eea7cbbb4f5_500x281.gif 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!laa1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8a33807-a00a-44db-9123-4eea7cbbb4f5_500x281.gif 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!laa1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8a33807-a00a-44db-9123-4eea7cbbb4f5_500x281.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!laa1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8a33807-a00a-44db-9123-4eea7cbbb4f5_500x281.gif" width="725" height="407.45" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b8a33807-a00a-44db-9123-4eea7cbbb4f5_500x281.gif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:281,&quot;width&quot;:500,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:725,&quot;bytes&quot;:1362101,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/gif&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/171028571?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8a33807-a00a-44db-9123-4eea7cbbb4f5_500x281.gif&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!laa1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8a33807-a00a-44db-9123-4eea7cbbb4f5_500x281.gif 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!laa1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8a33807-a00a-44db-9123-4eea7cbbb4f5_500x281.gif 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!laa1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8a33807-a00a-44db-9123-4eea7cbbb4f5_500x281.gif 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!laa1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8a33807-a00a-44db-9123-4eea7cbbb4f5_500x281.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>I&#8217;m drinking the last of the espresso that was brewed by the nurses when a stout, older woman appears in the doorway. She has dyed red braids that rest on her shoulders, and heavy black eyeliner that gives her eyes a constant squint. A bundle is wrapped in a baby carrier around her abdomen.</p><p>&#8220;Do you remember me?&#8221; She asks Maria, the nurse sitting at the desk filling out paperwork, who looks at her but frowns. &#8220;Let me refresh your memory. I&#8217;m the grandma that came to see you a few weeks ago about caring for this baby.&#8221; Maria thinks a few moments and then nods, waving her in. One of her friends, who had been sitting at one of the chairs flanking the desk, gets up and gives her seat to the older woman.</p><p>Moments later, another woman with a toddler walks up to the door. The toddler is out of his stroller and is pushing it around, doing clumsy wheelies with it in the hallway. His mom ushers him inside.</p><p>&#8220;Maria! How are you?&#8221; This woman greets her with a kiss on the cheek, and Maria smiles.</p><p>&#8220;This is my other nurse, from the first hospital I went to.&#8221; The older woman with braids explains. The baby&#8217;s head pokes out of the carrier; his big, brown eyes contemplate the women around him. The older woman hands Maria some vaccination papers. She glances at them and begins asking the woman a series of questions about the baby. His name, how many vaccinations he&#8217;s had. The older woman replies but Maria&#8217;s reaction shows that he is behind on his vaccinations.</p><p>&#8220;Don&#8217;t worry, we&#8217;ll get him up to speed now. What address is on the baby&#8217;s ID?&#8221; She asks the older woman, pen poised on the paperwork. The woman pauses, then her hand shoots up to cover her eyes. Her throat catches when she explains that he doesn&#8217;t have an ID yet.</p><p>&#8220;But I&#8217;m going to do that soon&#8230; I just need to talk to&#8230; social services and&#8230;&#8221; She&#8217;s choking up, overwhelmed. Maria leans forward and lays a hand on her arm. It&#8217;s clear that the baby&#8217;s parents are not taking care of him, and his grandmother has stepped in. She doesn&#8217;t press further.</p><p>&#8220;Hey, none of that now. I am only asking you these things because they are procedural. Don&#8217;t get upset. You&#8217;ll only transmit that to the baby.&#8221; The other nurse agrees and opens her arms to take him. The older woman wipes her eyes and undoes the baby carrier, freeing her grandson and giving him to the other nurse. She puts the baby inside the stroller, and her toddler pushes it slowly around the desk. Each woman takes turns saying sweet things to the baby boy. He is serene, his eyes globes, his hair wispy. He has an unconscious smile.</p><p>The toddler pulls the stroller up next to us, and Lu and I make cooing noises and play peek-a-boo with the baby. We manage to make him laugh, his pink gums flashing for a moment. One of his hands latches on to mine, and I shake it a little bit. Maria speaks to me suddenly.</p><p>&#8220;Do you want to hold him while he gets his shot?&#8221; I look at her, surprised and glance at his grandmother. She nods, smiling. I pick up the baby boy and bring him to the room behind the desk. The walls are a pale green, the standard color for Cuban clinics, and the room is sparse. There are two refrigerators for the vaccines, a plastic chair next to one of them, and a small, stainless steel sink in the corner for handwashing.</p><p>Maria prepares the syringe, and I prop the baby on my hip, holding him with one arm. Lu is making funny faces at him to keep him distracted while his grandma records a video of the moment on her cellphone.</p><p>&#8220;Hold his arm down with your hand, so he doesn&#8217;t move it.&#8221; I do as I&#8217;m told, and Maria pinches his arm without hesitation. It&#8217;s over quickly. There&#8217;s a small delay before the baby cries out, his face contorting in pain, but after a short wail his face grows calm again, and he looks at me. I kiss him on the head and hand him back to his grandmother, who&#8217;s eyes are watering. The other nurse brings in her toddler, who is trying to pull away from her and starting to cry.</p><p>&#8220;He knows what he&#8217;s getting into.&#8221; His mom says with a light chuckle.</p><p>&#8220;Lu, why don&#8217;t you take him.&#8221; Maria says, and his mother hands him over to Lu. The boy continues to cry but doesn&#8217;t pull away. Lu sits down with him in the chair, telling him encouraging words as she holds his arm down gently, and Maria pinches him. It&#8217;s over faster than the boy notices, though he pouts, and a few fat tears fall down his face. We cheer him on as Lu lets him go. He scrambles over to his mom, and then to the other room.</p><p>A short line has formed at the door, more mothers with their children waiting for their turn to have them vaccinated. Seeing the uptick of people, we say goodbye to Maria and her friends, and then to the mother and her toddler and the older woman with her grandson.</p><p>As we leave the clinic to traverse the busy streets of Old Havana, I reflect on the experience. Usually, any type of medical attention is just you, maybe an accompaniment, the doctor, and sometimes a nurse. There was no particular reason for all those people to be in the vaccination room&#8212;they were all, in some way or another, friends with Maria or related somehow to the clinic. But without a second thought, everyone stepped in, in their own way, to support the woman and her grandson. The child&#8217;s vaccination became a small showing of community.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thank you for reading GUBA. Subscribe if you would like to read more.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><p>Estoy bebiendo el &#250;ltimo sorbo del espresso que prepararon las enfermeras cuando una mujer mayor y corpulenta aparece en la puerta. Tiene trenzas te&#241;idas de rojo que le caen sobre los hombros y un grueso delineador negro que le da a sus ojos un aspecto entrecerrado. Lleva un bulto envuelto en un portabeb&#233;s alrededor del abdomen.</p><p>&#171;&#191;Me recuerdas?&#187;, le pregunta a Mar&#237;a, la enfermera que est&#225; sentada en el escritorio rellenando papeles, quien la mira pero frunce el ce&#241;o.</p><p>&#171;D&#233;jeme refrescarle la memoria. Soy la abuela que vino a verla hace unas semanas para preguntarle por el cuidado de este beb&#233;&#187;. Mar&#237;a piensa unos instantes y luego asiente con la cabeza, invit&#225;ndola a pasar. Una de sus amigas, que estaba sentada en una de las sillas junto al escritorio, se levanta y le cede el asiento a la mujer mayor.</p><p>Unos instantes despu&#233;s, otra mujer con un ni&#241;o peque&#241;o se acerca a la puerta. El ni&#241;o ha salido de su cochecito y lo empuja, haciendo torpes piruetas con &#233;l en el pasillo. Su madre lo acompa&#241;a al interior.</p><p>&#171;&#161;Mar&#237;a! &#191;C&#243;mo est&#225;s?&#187;. Esta mujer la saluda con un beso en la mejilla y Mar&#237;a sonr&#237;e.</p><p>&#171;Esta es mi otra enfermera, del primer hospital al que fui&#187;. La mujer mayor con trenzas le da una explicaci&#243;n. La cabeza del beb&#233; asoma por el portabeb&#233;s; sus grandes ojos marrones contemplan a las mujeres que lo rodean. La mujer mayor le entrega a Mar&#237;a unos papeles de vacunaci&#243;n. Ella les echa un vistazo y comienza a hacerle una serie de preguntas a la mujer sobre el beb&#233;. Su nombre, cu&#225;ntas vacunas le han puesto. La mujer mayor responde, pero la reacci&#243;n de Mar&#237;a indica que el ni&#241;o est&#225; atrasado con las vacunas.</p><p>&#171;No se preocupe, lo pondremos al d&#237;a. &#191;Qu&#233; direcci&#243;n figura en la identificaci&#243;n del beb&#233;?&#187;, le pregunta a la mujer mayor, con el bol&#237;grafo sobre los papeles. La mujer se detiene y luego se lleva la mano a los ojos. Se le hace un nudo en la garganta cuando explica que a&#250;n no tiene identificaci&#243;n.</p><p>&#171;Pero voy a hacerlo pronto... Solo tengo que hablar con... los servicios sociales y...&#187;.</p><p>Se le hace un nudo en la garganta, abrumada. Mar&#237;a se inclina hacia delante y le pone una mano en el brazo. Est&#225; claro que los padres del beb&#233; no lo est&#225;n cuidando y que su abuela ha tenido que intervenir. No insiste m&#225;s. &#171;Oiga, nada de eso. Solo le pregunto estas cosas porque son el procedimiento habitual. No se altere. Solo se lo transmitir&#225; al beb&#233;&#187;.</p><p>La otra enfermera asiente y abre los brazos para cogerlo. La mujer mayor se seca los ojos, desabrocha el portabeb&#233;s, libera a su nieto y se lo entrega a la otra enfermera. Lo coloca en el cochecito y su hijo peque&#241;o lo empuja lentamente alrededor del mostrador. Cada mujer se turna para decirle cosas bonitas al beb&#233;. Est&#225; sereno, con los ojos muy abiertos y el pelo rizado. Tiene una sonrisa inconsciente.</p><p>El ni&#241;o peque&#241;o acerca el cochecito a nosotros, y Lu y yo le hacemos ruiditos y jugamos al cuc&#250; con el beb&#233;. Conseguimos hacerle re&#237;r, y sus enc&#237;as rosadas se ven por un momento. Una de sus manos se aferra a la m&#237;a y la agito un poco. Mar&#237;a me habla de repente.</p><p>&#171;&#191;Quieres cogerlo mientras le ponen la vacuna?&#187;. La miro sorprendida y echo un vistazo a su abuela. Ella asiente con la cabeza, sonriendo. Cojo al beb&#233; y lo llevo a la habitaci&#243;n que hay detr&#225;s del mostrador. Las paredes son de color verde p&#225;lido, el color est&#225;ndar de las cl&#237;nicas cubanas, y la habitaci&#243;n est&#225; muy vac&#237;a. Hay dos frigor&#237;ficos para las vacunas, una silla de pl&#225;stico junto a uno de ellos y un peque&#241;o fregadero de acero inoxidable en una esquina para lavarse las manos.</p><p>Mar&#237;a prepara la jeringa y yo sostengo al beb&#233; en mi cadera, sujet&#225;ndolo con un brazo. Lu le hace caras graciosas para distraerlo mientras su abuela graba un v&#237;deo del momento con su tel&#233;fono m&#243;vil.</p><p>&#171;Suj&#233;tale el brazo con la mano para que no lo mueva&#187;. Hago lo que me dice y Mar&#237;a le pincha el brazo sin dudar. Todo pasa r&#225;pido.</p><p>Hay un peque&#241;o retraso antes de que el beb&#233; llore, con el rostro contorsionado por el dolor, pero tras un breve llanto, su rostro se calma de nuevo y me mira. Le doy un beso en la cabeza y se lo devuelvo a su abuela, que tiene los ojos llorosos. La otra enfermera trae a su hijo peque&#241;o, que intenta apartarse de ella y empieza a llorar.</p><p>&#171;Sabe lo que le espera&#187;, dice su madre con una leve sonrisa.</p><p>&#171;Lu, &#191;por qu&#233; no lo coges?&#187;, dice Mar&#237;a, y su madre se lo entrega a Lu. El ni&#241;o sigue llorando, pero no se aparta. Lu se sienta con &#233;l en la silla, le dice palabras de &#225;nimo mientras le sujeta el brazo con suavidad y Mar&#237;a le da el pinchazo. Todo termina antes de que el ni&#241;o se d&#233; cuenta, aunque le caen unas l&#225;grimas gordas por la cara. Le animamos mientras Lu le suelta. Corre hacia su madre y luego a la otra habitaci&#243;n.</p><p>Se ha formado una peque&#241;a cola en la puerta, m&#225;s madres con sus hijos esperando su turno para vacunarlos. Al ver que hay m&#225;s gente, nos despedimos de Mar&#237;a y sus amigas, y luego de la madre y su hijo peque&#241;o y de la anciana con su nieto.</p><p>Al salir de la cl&#237;nica para atravesar las concurridas calles de La Habana Vieja, reflexiono sobre la experiencia. Normalmente, cualquier tipo de atenci&#243;n m&#233;dica se reduce a ti, quiz&#225; alguien que te acompa&#241;a, el m&#233;dico y, a veces, una enfermera. No hab&#237;a ninguna raz&#243;n en particular para que toda esa gente estuviera en la sala de vacunaci&#243;n: todos eran, de una forma u otra, amigos de Mar&#237;a o ten&#237;an alguna relaci&#243;n con la cl&#237;nica. Pero sin pensarlo dos veces, todos intervinieron, a su manera, para apoyar a la mujer y a su nieto. La vacunaci&#243;n del ni&#241;o se convirti&#243; en una peque&#241;a muestra de comunidad.</p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/community-and-carino-at-the-clinic?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Gracias por leer GUBA. Si le gusto la publicaci&#243;n, comparte.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/community-and-carino-at-the-clinic?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/community-and-carino-at-the-clinic?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La clave in Newport]]></title><description><![CDATA[I accompanied a young, Cuban band to Newport, RI last week for a musical exchange]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/la-clave-in-newport</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/la-clave-in-newport</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 08 Aug 2025 00:27:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKjy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1edf6f0a-e0a2-4fd4-b416-055bc92b1319_563x432.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKjy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1edf6f0a-e0a2-4fd4-b416-055bc92b1319_563x432.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKjy!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1edf6f0a-e0a2-4fd4-b416-055bc92b1319_563x432.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKjy!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1edf6f0a-e0a2-4fd4-b416-055bc92b1319_563x432.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKjy!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1edf6f0a-e0a2-4fd4-b416-055bc92b1319_563x432.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKjy!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1edf6f0a-e0a2-4fd4-b416-055bc92b1319_563x432.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKjy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1edf6f0a-e0a2-4fd4-b416-055bc92b1319_563x432.jpeg" width="724" height="555.538188277087" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1edf6f0a-e0a2-4fd4-b416-055bc92b1319_563x432.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:432,&quot;width&quot;:563,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:724,&quot;bytes&quot;:48728,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/170400696?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1edf6f0a-e0a2-4fd4-b416-055bc92b1319_563x432.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKjy!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1edf6f0a-e0a2-4fd4-b416-055bc92b1319_563x432.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKjy!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1edf6f0a-e0a2-4fd4-b416-055bc92b1319_563x432.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKjy!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1edf6f0a-e0a2-4fd4-b416-055bc92b1319_563x432.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKjy!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1edf6f0a-e0a2-4fd4-b416-055bc92b1319_563x432.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Last week I travelled with a young band from Havana, Cuba to Newport, Rhode Island where they got to participate in workshops and jam with musicians. My schedule was a little hectic and I did not publish . But of course, I wanted to write about the experience, so that&#8217;s the topic for this post.</em></p><p>When we walk into the classroom that morning, there are around 40 students already seated, waiting for the band to arrive. The front of the room is crisscrossed with black wires, but the band moves with ease. The pianist hits a few keys, warping the sounds on the electric piano, and the bassist connects to the amp and plucks at the strings to get the volume just right. While the drummer tunes his set, I ask for three mics for the lead singer, the trombone and trumpet, who pitch in for vocals and chorus, too. Once they are ready, I turn to the students and present the band behind me.</p><p><em>The band I have behind me is from Havana, Cuba. Their ages range from 14 to 20 years old, and they all either study or teach at a music conservatory in the outskirts of the city. They formed the band after a few of them went to New Orleans for the first time on an exchange, and they were so inspired by Second Line music, they began fusing New Orleans and Afro-Cuban rhythms. </em></p><p>The students stare at me, taking in the information but showing little emotion. I look back at the band and nod. Their music will speak for itself. The trumpet player counts them down and they all start, instruments blazing, with their first song. The students&#8217; eyes grow wide as the room bursts with music, as if trying to expel the humid summer air that had crept in. The band, which has been playing together for the past year and a half, falls into a comfortable jam.</p><p>By the second song, the professors and camp staff have spurred everyone to their feet. Some of the students bob their heads, others tap on their chairs, and some of them sway from side to side. By the third song, they&#8217;re vibing and dancing to the music, letting their bodies move freely. Some of the students watch the band intently, miming air instruments while they try to copy the chords and rhythms. A small group of percussionists sit at the far end of the room and gape at each other, then at the drummer, as he does his solo.</p><p>They finishes the set, panting from the heat and exertion, to cheering and noisy applause. The students and band have a casual exchange afterwards, the students eager to ask them questions about their school, about why and how long they&#8217;ve been playing music, who their musical influences are, and what it&#8217;s like to play music in Cuba. When they finish, the students and the band switch places, and the students play some jazz for us&#8212;they are, after all, part of the Newport Jazz Festival&#8217;s band camp.</p><p>The tempo slows down a bit, but the same passion is present in their expressions and in their music. A bass player in socks, a camo tank-top, and a backwards cap grooves through his solo. Saxophone players swing as they play, their eyes closed, cheeks bursting. A trumpet player leans casually on one hip but easily follows the tune. Two trombonists battle it out in front of the group, a student and one of the staff members. One of the older professors joins right after, the only flutist, and the other instruments set a softer tempo so she can play.</p><p>Before long, the Cuban players incorporate to the jam. Not remotely a musician myself, I am in awe seeing so many young people harmonizing, riffing off each other, backing away to give each musician the chance to solo and cheering them on when they&#8217;re done. No one wants the jam to end, but it&#8217;s time for lunch. The band runs wild in the dining hall, surprised by how good the turkey with mashed potatoes and gravy is, filling their plates with pizza squares and globs of saucy pasta, and grabbing at least three cookies each. They chat with the dining hall staff, most of them Central Americans, and bond over their love of soccer.</p><p>After lunch, the band joins some of the camp&#8217;s masterclasses. The Cuban bassist joins the bass players, and the one with the camo tank-top and backwards cap&#8212;a skilled bass player himself&#8212;tells him he&#8217;s got the best technique he&#8217;s seen for someone their age. The trumpet player and singer, the only brother-sister duo in the band, join the vocals class and practice scatting scales, the sister with more confidence than her brother. The pianist stares blankly at the professor in the piano masterclass, who&#8217;s giving a short explanation in English, but then jumps in, reading and playing the notes on the whiteboard without hesitation.</p><p>Towards the end, everyone migrates to the percussion class, where the trombonist and the drummer have been showing the camp students how to play traditional Cuban rhythms like the clave and tumba, which are essential to classic genres like rumba, son, and salsa. It takes the camp students a few tries to pick up the rhythms and as the rest of the students start filing into the classroom, they finish in a simpler but similar jam as the one earlier.</p><p>When it ends, the students and the band dab and hug each other, smacking each other on the back. In their broken English, the band talks with the students. The lead singer sparks a cheeky romance with one of the camp&#8217;s singers, a boy with a baritone voice. The drummer shows one of the percussionists a more detailed beat on the drums. The bass player draws everyone to him with his skills and big smile. Finally, it&#8217;s time for the camp students to go to their group practices, but that wouldn&#8217;t be the last time they see each other.</p><p>The band played later that night in one of the main halls of the school, a mansion built in the 1940s, to close out the concert for another band. Most of the students from the camp showed up to hear them play, watching from high above in the concert hall. They came running down to join the impromptu Second Line the band led out the door. A few days later, the band watched the students play at the Newport Jazz Festival, at the same tent they were to play that afternoon. The students then stayed for their performance, cheering loudly and dancing to their music, which helped draw a crowd to the tent.</p><p>On the final night in Newport, the camp director invited the band to a cookout, where they played soccer and basketball with the students, and talked about their lives in Cuba while eating hamburgers and hotdogs. The director gifted them camp t-shirts, and when they put them on, they resembled rest of the students. The band thanked them, and they exchanged Instagrams with many of the campers. I hadn&#8217;t seen the band use so much English before, and while I still had to translate for some things, they were determined to communicate with the students on their own terms.</p><p>Seeing them interact with the camp students, watching how cool and supportive the students were of the band, was heartwarming. Luckily, the band was granted 5 year visas to the United States last year, before Trump&#8217;s travel ban, making exchanges like these possible. It&#8217;s easy to see how nurturing these kinds of exchanges are for everyone involved, and so many people beyond the students were blown away by the band&#8217;s talent. These opportunities are once in a lifetime for these kids, but they don&#8217;t need to be so rare.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/la-clave-in-newport?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/la-clave-in-newport?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>La semana pasada viaj&#233; con una joven banda de La Habana, Cuba, a Newport, Rhode Island, donde participaron en talleres y tocaron con otros m&#250;sicos. Mi agenda estuvo un poco apretada y no publiqu&#233; nada. Pero, por supuesto, quer&#237;a escribir sobre la experiencia, as&#237; que ese es el tema de este post.</em></p><p>Cuando entramos en el aula esa ma&#241;ana, hay unos 40 alumnos sentados, esperando a que llegue la banda. La parte delantera de la sala est&#225; llena de cables negros, pero la banda se mueve con soltura. El pianista toca algunas teclas, distorsionando los sonidos del piano el&#233;ctrico, y el bajista conecta el amplificador y toca las cuerdas para ajustar el volumen. Mientras el baterista afina su bater&#237;a, pido tres micr&#243;fonos para el cantante principal, el tromb&#243;n y la trompeta, que tambi&#233;n participan en las voces y los coros. Una vez que est&#225;n listos, me dirijo a los alumnos y les presento a la banda que est&#225; detr&#225;s de m&#237;.</p><p><em>La banda que tengo detr&#225;s de m&#237; es de La Habana, Cuba. Tienen entre 14 y 20 a&#241;os, y todos estudian o ense&#241;an en un conservatorio de m&#250;sica en las afueras de la ciudad. Formaron la banda despu&#233;s de que algunos de ellos fueran a Nueva Orleans por primera vez en un intercambio y se sintieran tan inspirados por la m&#250;sica Second Line que empezaran a fusionar los ritmos de Nueva Orleans y los ritmos afrocubanos.</em></p><p>Los alumnos me miran fijamente, asimilando la informaci&#243;n, pero sin mostrar mucha emoci&#243;n. Miro a la banda y asiento con la cabeza. Su m&#250;sica hablar&#225; por s&#237; misma. El trompetista hace la cuenta atr&#225;s y todos comienzan, con los instrumentos resonando, con su primera canci&#243;n. Los ojos de los estudiantes se agrandan mientras la sala se llena de m&#250;sica, como si intentara expulsar el aire h&#250;medo del verano que se hab&#237;a colado en la sala. La banda, que lleva tocando junta desde hace a&#241;o y medio, se sumerge en una improvisaci&#243;n c&#243;moda.</p><p>Para la segunda canci&#243;n, los profesores y el personal del campamento han animado a todo el mundo a ponerse de pie. Algunos estudiantes mueven la cabeza, otros dan golpecitos en sus sillas y algunos se balancean de un lado a otro. Para la tercera canci&#243;n, est&#225;n vibrando y bailando al ritmo de la m&#250;sica, dejando que sus cuerpos se muevan libremente. Algunos estudiantes observan atentamente a la banda, imitando instrumentos imaginarios mientras intentan copiar los acordes y los ritmos. Un peque&#241;o grupo de percusionistas se sienta al fondo de la sala y se mira entre s&#237;, luego al baterista, mientras este hace su solo.</p><p>La banda termina el set, jadeando por el calor y el esfuerzo, entre v&#237;tores y aplausos ruidosos. Despu&#233;s, los estudiantes y la banda charlan animadamente, y los estudiantes se muestran ansiosos por hacerles preguntas sobre su escuela, por qu&#233; y desde cu&#225;ndo tocan m&#250;sica, qui&#233;nes son sus influencias musicales y c&#243;mo es tocar m&#250;sica en Cuba. Cuando terminan, los estudiantes y la banda intercambian sus lugares y los estudiantes tocan algo de jazz para nosotros; al fin y al cabo, forman parte del campamento musical del Festival de Jazz de Newport.</p><p>El tempo se ralentiza un poco, pero la misma pasi&#243;n est&#225; presente en sus expresiones y en su m&#250;sica. Un bajista en calcetines, camiseta de camuflaje y gorra al rev&#233;s se marca su solo. Los saxofonistas tocan con swing, con los ojos cerrados y las mejillas hinchadas. Un trompetista se apoya casualmente en una cadera, pero sigue f&#225;cilmente la melod&#237;a. Dos trombonistas se enfrentan en un duelo musical delante del grupo, un estudiante y uno de los miembros del personal. Una de las profesoras m&#225;s veteranas se une justo despu&#233;s, la &#250;nica flautista, y los dem&#225;s instrumentos marcan un tempo m&#225;s suave para que ella pueda tocar.</p><p>En poco tiempo, los m&#250;sicos cubanos se incorporan a la jam session. Yo, que no soy m&#250;sico ni por asomo, me quedo boquiabierta al ver a tantos j&#243;venes armonizando, improvisando, retrocediendo para dar a cada m&#250;sico la oportunidad de hacer un solo y anim&#225;ndolos cuando terminan. Nadie quiere que termine la improvisaci&#243;n, pero es hora de comer. Los ni&#241;os de la banda corren por el comedor, sorprendidos por lo bueno que est&#225; el pavo con pur&#233; de patatas y salsa, llenando sus platos con trozos de pizza y pasta con salsa, y cogiendo al menos tres galletas cada uno. Charlan con el personal del comedor, en su mayor&#237;a centroamericanos, y conectan gracias a su amor por el f&#250;tbol.</p><p>Despu&#233;s del almuerzo, la banda se une a algunas de las clases magistrales del campamento. El bajista cubano se une a los bajistas, y el que lleva una camiseta sin mangas de camuflaje y una gorra al rev&#233;s, que es un bajista muy h&#225;bil, le dice que tiene la mejor t&#233;cnica que ha visto en alguien de su edad. El trompetista y la cantante, el &#250;nico d&#250;o de hermanos de la banda, se unen a la clase de canto y practican escalas de scat, la hermana con m&#225;s confianza que su hermano. El pianista mira fijamente al profesor de la clase magistral de piano, que est&#225; dando una breve explicaci&#243;n en ingl&#233;s, pero luego se lanza a leer y tocar las notas de la pizarra sin dudar.</p><p>Hacia el final, todos se dirigen a la clase de percusi&#243;n, donde el trombonista y el baterista han estado ense&#241;ando a los alumnos del campamento a tocar ritmos tradicionales cubanos como la clave y la tumba, esenciales en g&#233;neros cl&#225;sicos como la rumba, el son y la salsa. Los alumnos del campamento necesitan varios intentos para captar los ritmos y, cuando el resto de los alumnos empiezan a entrar en el aula, terminan con una improvisaci&#243;n m&#225;s sencilla pero similar a la anterior.</p><p>Cuando termina, los alumnos y la banda se dan palmadas y se abrazan, d&#225;ndose golpes en la espalda. En su ingl&#233;s entrecortado, la banda habla con los alumnos. La cantante principal entabla un coqueteo con uno de los cantantes del campamento, un chico con voz de bar&#237;tono. El baterista le ense&#241;a a uno de los percusionistas un ritmo m&#225;s detallado en la bater&#237;a. El bajista atrae a todos hacia &#233;l con su habilidad y su gran sonrisa. Finalmente, llega la hora de que los alumnos del campamento se vayan a sus ensayos en grupo, pero no ser&#225; la &#250;ltima vez que se vean.</p><p>La banda toc&#243; m&#225;s tarde esa noche en uno de los salones principales de la escuela, una mansi&#243;n construida en la d&#233;cada de 1940, para cerrar el concierto de otra banda. La mayor&#237;a de los alumnos del campamento acudieron a escucharlos tocar, desde lo alto de la sala de conciertos. Bajaron corriendo para unirse a la improvisada Second Line que la banda form&#243; a la salida. Unos d&#237;as m&#225;s tarde, la banda vio tocar a los alumnos en el Festival de Jazz de Newport, en la misma carpa en la que ellos iban a tocar esa tarde. Los alumnos se quedaron a ver su actuaci&#243;n, animando y bailando al son de su m&#250;sica, lo que ayud&#243; a atraer a una gran multitud a la carpa.</p><p>La &#250;ltima noche en Newport, el director del campamento invit&#243; a la banda a una barbacoa, donde jugaron al f&#250;tbol y al baloncesto con los estudiantes y hablaron de sus vidas en Cuba mientras com&#237;an hamburguesas y perritos calientes. El director les regal&#243; camisetas del campamento y, cuando se las pusieron, parec&#237;an uno m&#225;s de los estudiantes. La banda les dio las gracias e intercambiaron sus cuentas de Instagram con muchos de los campistas. Nunca hab&#237;a visto a la banda usar tanto el ingl&#233;s, y aunque todav&#237;a ten&#237;a que traducir algunas cosas, estaban decididos a comunicarse con los estudiantes por sus propios medios.</p><p>Verlos interactuar con los estudiantes del campamento, ver lo geniales y comprensivos que eran los estudiantes con la banda, fue conmovedor. Por suerte, la banda obtuvo visados de cinco a&#241;os para Estados Unidos el a&#241;o pasado, antes de la prohibici&#243;n de viajar impuesta por Trump, lo que hace posibles intercambios como este. Es f&#225;cil ver lo enriquecedores que son este tipo de intercambios para todos los participantes, y mucha gente, adem&#225;s de los estudiantes, qued&#243; impresionada por el talento de la banda. Estas oportunidades son &#250;nicas en la vida de estos chicos, pero no tienen por qu&#233; ser tan excepcionales.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The verdant necropolis]]></title><description><![CDATA[We took a walk through Havana's Col&#243;n Cemetery]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-verdant-necropolis</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-verdant-necropolis</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 03:49:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M3fq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F645310b5-ab07-4f91-898d-3cbf3ee05a4e_736x414.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M3fq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F645310b5-ab07-4f91-898d-3cbf3ee05a4e_736x414.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M3fq!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F645310b5-ab07-4f91-898d-3cbf3ee05a4e_736x414.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M3fq!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F645310b5-ab07-4f91-898d-3cbf3ee05a4e_736x414.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M3fq!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F645310b5-ab07-4f91-898d-3cbf3ee05a4e_736x414.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M3fq!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F645310b5-ab07-4f91-898d-3cbf3ee05a4e_736x414.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M3fq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F645310b5-ab07-4f91-898d-3cbf3ee05a4e_736x414.jpeg" width="736" height="414" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/645310b5-ab07-4f91-898d-3cbf3ee05a4e_736x414.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:414,&quot;width&quot;:736,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:50180,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/169109343?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F645310b5-ab07-4f91-898d-3cbf3ee05a4e_736x414.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M3fq!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F645310b5-ab07-4f91-898d-3cbf3ee05a4e_736x414.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M3fq!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F645310b5-ab07-4f91-898d-3cbf3ee05a4e_736x414.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M3fq!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F645310b5-ab07-4f91-898d-3cbf3ee05a4e_736x414.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M3fq!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F645310b5-ab07-4f91-898d-3cbf3ee05a4e_736x414.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Weeks ago, my sister sent an old newspaper clipping through our family chat. It happened to be the burial announcement for the death of our tatarabuela (great-great-grandmother), dating back to 1891. I read the short description and was surprised to find that she was buried in Havana&#8217;s Col&#243;n Cemetery, one of the biggest and most important cemeteries in Latin America.</p><p>I hadn&#8217;t visited in years, but I figured this was a good a reason as any to try and find where she was buried. Lu came with me; she wanted to visit her dad. We bought a few roses for him from the flower vendors piled across the street and walked through the great stone entrance. The cemetery spans more than 120 acres and is filled with imposing marble tombs, mausoleums, and statues. Hundreds of famous Cubans and their families are buried there, but the cemetery holds a total of 800,000 tombs.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:9142272,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/169109343?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>First, we visit the archive room to see if there&#8217;s information about my tatarabuela. The room has high ceilings, with shelves just as high and packed with worn, hand-bound books. A short woman with glasses waddles out from behind a door and greets us warmly. What can she help us with? She scribbles the name and date of death of my tatarabuela on a scrap of paper and goes searching among the bookshelves. Once she identifies the spot, she drags a wooden ladder in place and hoists herself up, reaching for one of the old tomes.</p><p>The book is big, about as long as her arm. She sets it down on a small desk near the doorway where we&#8217;re standing and flips through the pages, tracing names and descriptions with her finger. I can see the cursive is long and elegant and written with care.</p><p>&#8220;Here she is.&#8221; My heart jumps. She reads off my tatarabuela&#8217;s name. She was just 36 years old when she died, only a year after my great grandmother&#8217;s birth. The woman reads her parents&#8217; names, which I verify, and that she was married to a lieutenant colonel, which is also true&#8212;my great-great-grandfather had been the last colonial governor of Puerto Principe, the province that later became Camag&#252;ey and my mom&#8217;s birthplace.</p><p>The woman mentions a tomb number, but there&#8217;s nothing else to signal where she might be. She frowns. She explains that it&#8217;s impossible to find her&#8212;she likely had an in-ground burial and at some point, someone had built a tomb above her. I shrug. Even if I had wanted to look for her, I wouldn&#8217;t know where to start. The woman was probably right, but I was grateful to have confirmation that she had been buried here.</p><p>Next, Lu reads off her father&#8217;s name and date of death; she wanted to make sure she had the right location. The woman returns the old tome and brings out a newer book. She writes on a scrap paper that she hands to Lu with a small smile. We thank her and start walking towards the eastern wall of the cemetery. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:10027008,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/169109343?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The day is serene, and a light breeze rustles the trees and wild grasses that cover many of the tombs. We reach four cement buildings arranged in a small compound and enter through a little iron gate. A few older folks are sitting inside, and they call in the custodian to show us where Lu&#8217;s dad is. He leads us up a set of stairs and down a narrow hallway.</p><p>The hallways are divided by letters and row numbers. Rectangular cement boxes, called ossuaries, are stacked up on each other, each with a name and date of death painted on the end. Many of these hold the bones of the deceased, though some are just ashes. Some of the boxes don&#8217;t have lids, the openings covered by the box above them, and in a few you can see bones peeking out. Most of the ossuaries are made of cement, but some families with more money are able to afford marble ones. Others are simply plastic tubs with lids.</p><p>The custodian leaves us, and we stare at Lu&#8217;s dad&#8217;s ossuary. His full name is painted in delicate cursive with the date he died just underneath. Two boxes above him, someone had shaped a wire chord into a circular holder and placed a dented beer can inside. A wilted flower rests in the can. Lu pins the roses to the left of the box and waits a few moments before introducing us. I smile and make an awkward little bow, saying it&#8217;s a pleasure. She leans on me and after a minute of silence, says she wishes he wasn&#8217;t holed up in this box with a bunch of people on top of him. I hug her.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:9273344,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/169109343?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>We leave the compound and take some time to explore the cemetery. Many tombs and mausoleums, particularly those closest to the center of the cemetery or flanking the main road that leads to the church, are well kept and maintained either by families of the deceased, the state, or organizations that have committed to their maintenance.</p><p>But in reality, a majority of the cemetery is in disarray. Most of the tombs&#8217; marble slabs are broken or removed altogether to reveal the holes underneath. The surrounding areas are littered with pieces of fractured ornaments and statues. Most of the mausoleums have been broken into, the doors ripped off their hinges, the floors covered with layers of dust and glass and chunks of marble. People break into the cemetery regularly, seeing what they can steal. The woman at the archives even told us not to visit certain areas because we could get robbed.</p><p>All of that seemed to contradict the calm I felt while walking around. Seeing the broken and neglected tombs is sad, but the cemetery is overwhelmingly green. It&#8217;s overgrown with tall grasses, lush and shady trees, and flowers of all colors. They spring out from cracks, from under marble slabs, and they wrap around statues and iron gates. Nature has been allowed to reclaim what is hers, and by doing so, breathes life and peace into a routinely morbid environment. </p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7d6704d8-ff59-4a5e-b970-60081d68e03a_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c23242e8-ffa6-41ed-8a63-fb8d8e48f785_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a733c6b4-d111-49ad-a144-3af47c016ff7_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6a595e3a-378a-48d9-9137-a1f225ba75cf_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e9ec364b-e688-4912-a53a-a117d3bc6f9b_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3549c22d-1027-4092-9aef-1baafcfb00c7_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/755d4f6c-6824-490a-907a-b5d4e5f22dc6_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c4fd38fe-d103-409f-b729-49d775e37b81_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/78e14ef0-3eb1-4c05-a00f-a7f80bfb98dc_1456x1700.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>We walk along the &#8220;hall of fame,&#8221; the road with some of Cuba&#8217;s most famous freedom fighters, poets, artists, musicians, and wealthy and influential families. Some of the mausoleums and statues are so big you have to crane your neck and shield your eyes from the sun to see entirely. There are plenty of legends scattered throughout the cemetery. We pass by Alberto Yarini&#8217;s grave, Cuba&#8217;s most famous pimp, killed in a duel back in 1910. </p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b08521b3-fce5-44ad-b8ae-b8a6667d2e56_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/239e6fcf-d8f9-4f6e-bec6-1ca354636a33_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/150db77a-684e-4bc7-9529-d3f1afc60f7a_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>We visit the grave of Jeannette Ryder, an American woman and philanthropist who spent her time helping children and animals in Cuba. Her grave is marked by the statue of a dog that lays at her feet&#8212;in commemoration of her last dog, a Rottweiler, which laid on her tomb and refused to eat or drink water.</p><p>My personal favorite (no surprise here) is the story of Juana Mart&#237;n de Mart&#237;n, a passionate woman that died in 1925 from a heart attack after not being able to win a domino game. She had the winning tile in hand, was ready to lay it down, when the person right before her played and blocked her move. On her tomb you&#8217;ll find a large double 3 tile made of solid marble, the tile she was holding when she died, and just below it, the full game that was played, her final game, etched into a marble slab. Lu sees my excitement and glares at me, &#8220;don&#8217;t you dare die from a heart attack during a domino game, or I&#8217;ll kill you myself.&#8221; I laugh.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a2c6dca8-8282-41fc-89b9-a0f84198c93d_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/78e304f3-f977-42b0-aaef-730f86c62862_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;The slab says \&quot;To mom - Luisa and Antonio\&quot; (her children)&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4ccd2239-2974-4bc1-893e-915939b1f158_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Hace unas semanas, mi hermana envi&#243; un viejo recorte de peri&#243;dico a nuestro chat familiar. Result&#243; ser el anuncio del entierro de nuestra tatarabuela, que falleci&#243; en 1891. Le&#237; la breve descripci&#243;n y me sorprendi&#243; descubrir que estaba enterrada en el Cementerio de Col&#243;n, uno de los cementerios m&#225;s grandes e importantes de Am&#233;rica Latina, aqu&#237; en La Habana.</p><p>No hab&#237;a visitado el lugar en a&#241;os, pero pens&#233; que era una buena raz&#243;n para intentar encontrar su tumba. Lu vino conmigo; quer&#237;a visitar a su padre. Compramos unas rosas para &#233;l a los vendedores ambulantes que se agolpaban al otro lado de la calle y atravesamos la gran entrada de piedra. El cementerio tiene m&#225;s de 120 acres y est&#225; lleno de imponentes tumbas de m&#225;rmol, mausoleos y estatuas. All&#237; est&#225;n enterrados cientos de cubanos famosos y sus familias, pero el cementerio alberga un total de 800.000 tumbas.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:9142272,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/169109343?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SKO!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf94b9df-7d7c-4139-89ee-ae980a2012de_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Primero visitamos la sala de archivos para ver si mi tatarabuela aparece en alguno de los libros. La sala tiene techos altos, casi completamente cubiertos de libros gastados y encuadernados a mano. Una mujer bajita con gafas sale tambale&#225;ndose de detr&#225;s de una puerta y nos saluda c&#225;lidamente. &#191;En qu&#233; nos puede ayudar? Anota el nombre y la fecha de fallecimiento de mi tatarabuela en un trozo de papel y se pone a buscar entre las estanter&#237;as. Una vez que encuentra el lugar, arrastra una pesada escalera de madera, se sube a ella y se estira para alcanzar uno de los viejos tomos.</p><p>El libro es grande, casi tan largo como su brazo. Lo deja sobre un peque&#241;o escritorio cerca de la puerta y hojea las p&#225;ginas, siguiendo con el dedo los nombres y las descripciones. Veo que la letra cursiva es larga y elegante, escrita con cuidado.</p><p>&#171;Aqu&#237; est&#225;&#187;. Mi coraz&#243;n da un vuelco. Lee el nombre de mi tatarabuela. Ten&#237;a solo 36 a&#241;os cuando muri&#243;, solo un a&#241;o despu&#233;s del nacimiento de mi bisabuela. La mujer lee los nombres de sus padres, que yo verifico, y que estaba casada con un teniente coronel, lo cual tambi&#233;n era cierto: mi tatarabuelo hab&#237;a sido el &#250;ltimo gobernador colonial de Puerto Pr&#237;ncipe, la provincia que m&#225;s tarde se convirti&#243; en Camag&#252;ey y el lugar de nacimiento de mi madre.</p><p>La mujer menciona un n&#250;mero de tumba, pero no hay nada m&#225;s que indique d&#243;nde podr&#237;a estar. Frunce el ce&#241;o. Explica que es imposible encontrarla: probablemente la enterraron en el suelo y, en alg&#250;n momento, alguien construy&#243; una tumba encima de ella. No entend&#237;a muy bien c&#243;mo funcionaban los cementerios, pero agradec&#237; tener la confirmaci&#243;n de que la hab&#237;an enterrado all&#237;.</p><p>A continuaci&#243;n, Lu lee el nombre y la fecha de fallecimiento de su padre; quer&#237;a asegurarse de que ten&#237;a la ubicaci&#243;n correcta. La mujer le devuelve el viejo tomo y saca un libro m&#225;s nuevo. Escribe en un trozo de papel que le entrega a Lu con una peque&#241;a sonrisa. Le damos las gracias y empezamos a caminar hacia el muro este del cementerio.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:10027008,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/169109343?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3dU1!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2d9f7b9-b321-4946-9baf-4bb8687f0575_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Caminar por el cementerio me tranquiliza; lo encuentro m&#225;s pac&#237;fico que espeluznante. Llegamos a cuatro edificios de cemento dispuestos en un peque&#241;o recinto y entramos por una peque&#241;a puerta de hierro. Dentro hay varias personas mayores sentadas, que llaman al conserje para que nos muestre d&#243;nde est&#225; el padre de Lu. Nos lleva por unas escaleras y por un pasillo estrecho.</p><p>Los pasillos est&#225;n divididos por letras y n&#250;meros de fila. Hay cajas rectangulares de cemento, llamadas osarios, apiladas unas encima de otras, cada una con un nombre y una fecha de fallecimiento pintados en el extremo. Muchas de ellas contienen los huesos de los difuntos, pero algunas solo contienen cenizas. Algunas de las cajas no tienen tapa, solo est&#225;n cubiertas por la caja de arriba, y en algunas se pueden ver huesos polvorientos asomando. La mayor&#237;a de los osarios son de cemento, pero algunas familias con m&#225;s dinero pueden permitirse los de m&#225;rmol. Otros son simplemente cubos de pl&#225;stico con tapa.</p><p>El guardi&#225;n nos deja y nos quedamos mirando el osario del padre de Lu. Su nombre completo est&#225; pintado en delicada letra cursiva con la fecha de su muerte justo debajo. Dos cajas m&#225;s arriba, alguien hab&#237;a dado forma a un cable de alambre para hacer un soporte circular y hab&#237;a colocado dentro una lata de cerveza abollada. Una flor marchita descansaba en la lata. Lu coloca las rosas a la izquierda de la caja de su padre y espera unos momentos antes de presentarnos. Sonr&#237;o y hago una peque&#241;a reverencia inc&#243;moda, diciendo que es un placer. Ella se apoya en m&#237; y, tras un minuto de silencio, dice que ojal&#225; &#233;l no estuviera encerrado en esta caja con un mont&#243;n de gente encima. La abrazo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:9273344,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/169109343?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GQVN!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbc97daa-39ab-4e62-9c42-549335a61a44_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Salimos del recinto y nos tomamos un tiempo para explorar el cementerio. Muchas tumbas y mausoleos, especialmente los m&#225;s cercanos al centro del cementerio o los que flanquean la carretera principal que sube a la iglesia, est&#225;n bien cuidados y mantenidos, ya sea por las familias de los difuntos, el Estado o organizaciones que se han comprometido a su mantenimiento.</p><p>Pero, en realidad, la mayor parte del cementerio est&#225; en desorden. La mayor&#237;a de las l&#225;pidas de m&#225;rmol de las tumbas est&#225;n rotas o han sido retiradas por completo, dejando al descubierto los agujeros que hay debajo. Los alrededores est&#225;n llenos de fragmentos de ornamentos y estatuas rotas. La mayor&#237;a de los mausoleos han sido saqueados, las puertas arrancadas de sus bisagras y los suelos cubiertos de capas de polvo, cristales y trozos de m&#225;rmol. La gente entra a menudo en el cementerio para ver qu&#233; pueden robar. La mujer del archivo incluso nos dijo que no visit&#225;ramos ciertas zonas del cementerio porque nos podr&#237;an robar.</p><p>Todo ello parece contradecir la calma que se respira al pasear por all&#237;. Ver las tumbas rotas y abandonadas es triste, pero el cementerio es abrumadoramente verde. Est&#225; cubierto de hierba alta, &#225;rboles frondosos y sombreados, y flores de todos los colores. Brotan de las grietas, de debajo de las losas de m&#225;rmol, y envuelven las estatuas y las puertas de hierro. Se ha permitido a la naturaleza recuperar lo que es suyo y, al hacerlo, da vida y paz a un entorno normalmente l&#250;gubre. </p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4c050a9a-0844-4958-b114-99abc5999635_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a5f24d38-3218-41d5-81ae-50691e69c235_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/45bd578d-819d-4540-a99a-11eaaebf4ebd_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/813c1d6b-3c28-4dd6-a349-462fd5add5b9_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1e959dfd-a264-489d-851b-2e824d507617_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6580c5cf-a4fc-4a28-8267-7c1d0c8e86b4_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/97cfa2b6-1398-4166-8b5b-1000a82fe354_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9efc8e48-2579-4cc8-aede-ab0a0065ded0_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/92e3b6ee-670d-4db3-8e4f-2e9e16aa7cfa_1456x1700.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>Caminamos por el &#171;paseo de la fama&#187;, la calle donde se encuentran algunos de los luchadores por la libertad, poetas, artistas, m&#250;sicos y familias ricas e influyentes m&#225;s famosos de Cuba. Algunos de los mausoleos y estatuas son tan grandes que hay que estirar el cuello y protegerse los ojos del sol para verlos por completo. Hay muchas leyendas repartidas por todo el cementerio. Pasamos por la tumba de Alberto Yarini, el proxeneta m&#225;s famoso de Cuba, asesinado en un duelo en 1910. Visitamos la tumba de Jeannette Ryder, una mujer estadounidense y fil&#225;ntropa que dedic&#243; su vida a ayudar a los ni&#241;os y los animales en Cuba. Su tumba est&#225; marcada por la estatua de un perro que yace a sus pies, en conmemoraci&#243;n de su &#250;ltimo perro, un rottweiler, que se tumb&#243; sobre su tumba para morir con ella.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2525a61f-049c-4cca-9817-47549123f443_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2d7d981a-e7ac-4f7a-842e-be0121e709d6_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5a3b2c76-3b35-4fe6-b7ba-e247d640780d_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>Mi favorita (no es ninguna sorpresa) es la historia de Juana Mart&#237;n de Mart&#237;n, una mujer apasionada que muri&#243; en 1925 de un ataque al coraz&#243;n tras no poder ganar una partida de domin&#243;. Ten&#237;a la ficha ganadora en la mano, estaba lista para colocarla, cuando la persona que estaba delante de ella jug&#243; y le bloque&#243; la jugada. En su tumba hay una gran ficha de doble 3 hecha de m&#225;rmol macizo, la ficha que ten&#237;a en la mano cuando muri&#243;, y justo debajo, el juego completo que se jug&#243;, su &#250;ltimo juego, grabado en una losa de m&#225;rmol. Lu ve mi emoci&#243;n y me mira con ira: &#171;No te atrevas a morir de un infarto durante una partida de domin&#243;, o te matar&#233; yo misma&#187;. Me r&#237;o.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/eef62d18-9a7d-4ab4-9d87-2f2ad5e5e4f1_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9bb20445-e5db-40c3-becb-94fb4bfa3975_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c448173e-64ab-44db-b123-57e2b70a1549_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-verdant-necropolis?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/the-verdant-necropolis?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA["No beggars in Cuba"]]></title><description><![CDATA[Highly insensitive remarks from one of Cuba's ministers had her "resigning" less than 48 hours later]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/no-beggars-in-cuba</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/no-beggars-in-cuba</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 17 Jul 2025 16:29:08 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7G9x!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeb555a5-c37a-4389-b0f0-fe05010de731_640x480.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7G9x!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeb555a5-c37a-4389-b0f0-fe05010de731_640x480.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7G9x!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeb555a5-c37a-4389-b0f0-fe05010de731_640x480.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7G9x!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeb555a5-c37a-4389-b0f0-fe05010de731_640x480.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7G9x!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeb555a5-c37a-4389-b0f0-fe05010de731_640x480.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7G9x!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeb555a5-c37a-4389-b0f0-fe05010de731_640x480.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7G9x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeb555a5-c37a-4389-b0f0-fe05010de731_640x480.png" width="724" height="543" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/deb555a5-c37a-4389-b0f0-fe05010de731_640x480.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:724,&quot;bytes&quot;:281180,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/168499223?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeb555a5-c37a-4389-b0f0-fe05010de731_640x480.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7G9x!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeb555a5-c37a-4389-b0f0-fe05010de731_640x480.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7G9x!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeb555a5-c37a-4389-b0f0-fe05010de731_640x480.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7G9x!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeb555a5-c37a-4389-b0f0-fe05010de731_640x480.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7G9x!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeb555a5-c37a-4389-b0f0-fe05010de731_640x480.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>My uber driver had his radio tuned to 95.7 FM, Miami&#8217;s &#8220;Cubat&#243;n&#8221; radio station, which plays all of Cuba&#8217;s most popular reggaeton and reparto music. It was early in the morning, before the scheduled music, and the host was reading off general gossip and news. In between explaining the latest diss tracks and Repartero beef, the host reacted to comments made by one of Cuba&#8217;s ministers two days prior.</p><p>Marta Elena Feit&#243; Cabrera, the (former) head of Cuba&#8217;s Ministry of Labor and Social Security, was speaking at a National Assembly meeting about public policies aimed at protecting the most vulnerable sectors of Cuban society when she stated that &#8220;beggars do not exist in Cuba, only people disguised as such.&#8221;</p><p>She went further, ranting about how people who poke at your car window, begging for money, or those who dumpster dive for food and goods to sell, are living the &#8220;easy life&#8221; by both avoiding the workforce and paying taxes to the state. She described it as something seen in the movies, something negative that should not be tolerated in Cuban society.</p><p>As is expected in these meetings, the committee members clapped. But public opinion was swift, and within 24 hours the president posted on Twitter that he questioned the comments&#8217; &#8220;lack of sensitivity&#8221; and reaffirmed that the Revolution cannot leave anyone behind. More (virtual) clapping followed, and the radio host mocked them, calling them &#8220;seals&#8221; because a minister said one thing, the president refuted it, but all the rest of them did was clap.</p><p>Right, I wasn&#8217;t expecting a deep analysis of the minister&#8217;s comments from a Cubat&#243;n station, but the host&#8217;s observation is important. While the minister&#8217;s comments are deeply disturbing, what is most striking is that <em>she believed there would be no repercussions for saying them.</em> That&#8217;s because this kind of rhetoric is all too common for them&#8212;government officials are trained to point at something real and urgent and say, &#8220;this is fake, the Revolution would never allow this.&#8221; They usually get away with it. This time, they didn&#8217;t, and less than 48 hours after her remarks, the minister had &#8220;resigned.&#8221;</p><p>To say vulnerable Cubans don&#8217;t exist is a gross reading of the country&#8217;s precarious situation, particularly coming from a country that both claims to value food, housing, and economic security as essential for its people and<em> </em>has, as a state, prided itself in (supposedly) providing those rights. To undermine this belief is to allow things like the following example to happen: earlier this year, two people died in Havana from sodium nitrate poisoning. Why? Because an old man was dumpster diving, found a small, unmarked bag that he assumed was table salt, and sold it on the street to make a few pesos. That old man was arrested, but who is to blame?</p><p>Government officials are far removed from these realities, but Cubans witness and live with these vulnerabilities every day, and everyone always shares the same sentiment: it didn&#8217;t used to be like this.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>In case you hadn&#8217;t heard&#8230;</p><ol><li><p><strong>Minister ignites uproar saying Cuba has no beggars, only people &#8216;disguised as beggars&#8217;</strong> &#8212;If you want to read more direct quotes and specific information about what the Minister said, read here (<a href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article310724920.html">Miami Herald</a>, July 16, 2025)</p></li><li><p><strong>Cuba announces new rules for investing in hotels and a hike in state pensions</strong>: </p><ol><li><p>&#8220;The Cuban government will allow joint ventures between state enterprises and local private companies, as well as what it calls &#8216;selective swap&#8217; operations with foreign companies, involving hotels and real estate.'&#8220; </p></li><li><p>&#8220;Many of the measures Marrero announced Wednesday have been under discussion for several years, and some entail small changes that economists have been advocating for a long time. For example, he said 29 state entities have been approved to use the hard currency they earn to boost their own production, rather than passing the dollars to the central government. He mentioned the Ministry of Health is among those that would be allowed to &#8216;retain 100% of what they earn in foreign currency for the services they export.&#8217;&#8221;</p></li><li><p>&#8220;The prime minister also announced a modest increase in state pensions, which will double the amount earned by those receiving the minimum (1,528 pesos monthly). However, the boost will barely add the equivalent of $4 a month. Those receiving more than 4,000 pesos a month will see no increase. The measure, he said, will benefit 1.3 million Cubans.&#8221; (<a href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article310812745.html">Miami Herald</a>, July 16, 2025)</p></li></ol></li></ol><div><hr></div><p>El conductor de mi Uber ten&#237;a puesto el radio en 95.7 FM, la emisora &#171;Cubat&#243;n&#187; de Miami, que reproduce todo el reggaeton y la m&#250;sica repartera m&#225;s popular de Cuba. Era temprano por la ma&#241;ana, antes de la programaci&#243;n musical habitual, y el locutor estaba leyendo chismes y noticias generales. Entre explicaciones de las &#250;ltimas tiraderas y las peleas entre reparteros, el locutor reaccion&#243; a comentarios realizados por una ministra cubana unos d&#237;as antes.</p><p>Marta Elena Feit&#243; Cabrera, la (antigua) ministra de Trabajo y Seguridad Social de Cuba, estaba hablando en una reuni&#243;n de la Asamblea Nacional sobre las pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas destinadas a proteger a los sectores m&#225;s vulnerables de la sociedad cubana cuando afirm&#243; que &#171;en Cuba no hay mendigos, solo personas disfrazadas de mendigos&#187;.</p><p>Fue m&#225;s all&#225; y despotric&#243; sobre c&#243;mo las personas que golpean la ventanilla del coche para pedir dinero o las que rebuscan en la basura en busca de comida y art&#237;culos para vender est&#225;n viviendo &#171;una vida f&#225;cil&#187;, ya que evitan trabajar y pagar impuestos al Estado. Lo describi&#243; como algo que se ve en las pel&#237;culas, algo negativo que no debe tolerarse en la sociedad cubana.</p><p>Como era de esperar en estas reuniones, los miembros del comit&#233; aplaudieron. Pero la opini&#243;n p&#250;blica no tard&#243; en reaccionar y, en menos de 24 horas, el presidente public&#243; en Twitter que cuestionaba la &#171;falta de sensibilidad&#187; de los comentarios y reafirmaba que la Revoluci&#243;n no puede dejar a nadie atr&#225;s. Se produjeron m&#225;s aplausos (virtuales) y el locutor de radio se burl&#243; de ellos, llam&#225;ndolos &#171;focas&#187;, porque una ministra dec&#237;a una cosa, el presidente la refutaba, pero todos los dem&#225;s solo aplaud&#237;an. </p><p>Es cierto, no esperaba un an&#225;lisis profundo de los comentarios de la ministra por parte de una emisora de Cubat&#243;n, pero la observaci&#243;n del locutor es importante. Si bien los comentarios de la ministra son profundamente inquietantes, lo m&#225;s llamativo es que <em>ella cre&#237;a que no habr&#237;a repercusiones por decirlo</em>. Eso es porque este tipo de ret&#243;rica es muy com&#250;n para ellos: los funcionarios del gobierno est&#225;n entrenados para se&#241;alar algo real y urgente y decir: &#171;Esto es falso, la Revoluci&#243;n nunca permitir&#237;a esto&#187;. Normalmente se salen con la suya. Esta vez no fue as&#237;, y menos de 48 horas despu&#233;s de sus declaraciones, la ministra &#171;dimiti&#243;&#187;.</p><p>Decir que no hay cubanos vulnerables es una interpretaci&#243;n burda de la precaria situaci&#243;n del pa&#237;s, sobre todo viniendo de un pa&#237;s que afirma valorar la alimentaci&#243;n, la vivienda y la seguridad econ&#243;mica como esenciales para su pueblo y que, como estado, se enorgullece de (supuestamente) garantizar esos derechos. Socavar esta creencia es permitir que sucedan cosas como la siguiente: a principios de este a&#241;o, dos personas murieron en La Habana por intoxicaci&#243;n con nitrato de sodio. &#191;Por qu&#233;? Porque un anciano rebuscaba en un basurero, encontr&#243; una peque&#241;a bolsa sin etiquetar que supuso que era sal y la vendi&#243; en la calle para ganar unos pesos. Ese anciano fue detenido, pero &#191;qui&#233;n tiene la culpa?</p><p>Los funcionarios del Gobierno est&#225;n muy alejados de estas realidades, pero los cubanos son testigos y viven estas vulnerabilidades cada d&#237;a, y todos comparten siempre el mismo sentimiento: antes no era as&#237;.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/no-beggars-in-cuba?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/no-beggars-in-cuba?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p>Por si no te hab&#237;as enterado&#8230;</p><ol><li><p><strong>El ministro desata la pol&#233;mica al afirmar que en Cuba no hay mendigos, solo personas &#171;disfrazadas de mendigos&#187;.</strong> Si desea leer m&#225;s citas directas e informaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica sobre lo que dijo el ministro, consulte aqu&#237; (<a href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article310724920.html">Miami Herald</a>, 16 de julio de 2025).</p></li><li><p><strong>Cuba anuncia nuevas normas para invertir en hoteles y un aumento de las pensiones estatales</strong>:</p><ol><li><p>&#171;El Gobierno cubano permitir&#225; las empresas conjuntas entre empresas estatales y empresas privadas locales, as&#237; como lo que denomina operaciones de &#171;canje selectivo&#187; con empresas extranjeras, que afectar&#225;n a hoteles y bienes inmuebles&#187;.</p></li><li><p>&#171;Muchas de las medidas anunciadas el mi&#233;rcoles por Marrero llevan varios a&#241;os debati&#233;ndose, y algunas suponen peque&#241;os cambios que los economistas llevan mucho tiempo defendiendo. Por ejemplo, dijo que se ha aprobado que 29 entidades estatales utilicen las divisas que ganan para impulsar su propia producci&#243;n, en lugar de transferir los d&#243;lares al Gobierno central. Mencion&#243; que el Ministerio de Salud es uno de los que podr&#225; &#171;retener el 100 % de lo que gana en divisas por los servicios que exporta&#187;.</p></li><li><p>&#171;El primer ministro tambi&#233;n anunci&#243; un modesto aumento de las pensiones estatales, que duplicar&#225; la cantidad que reciben los beneficiarios del m&#237;nimo (1528 pesos al mes). Sin embargo, el aumento apenas supondr&#225; el equivalente a 4 d&#243;lares al mes. Los que reciben m&#225;s de 4000 pesos al mes no ver&#225;n ning&#250;n aumento. La medida, seg&#250;n dijo, beneficiar&#225; a 1,3 millones de cubanos&#187;. (<a href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article310812745.html">Miami Herald</a>, 16 de julio de 2025)</p></li></ol></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Cataracts surgery in Havana]]></title><description><![CDATA[A small account of a common and relatively simple operation]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/cataracts-surgery-in-havana</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/cataracts-surgery-in-havana</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 10 Jul 2025 21:39:34 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5T1G!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a5c8938-a583-491a-b60f-50d1a980cf5d_516x371.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5T1G!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a5c8938-a583-491a-b60f-50d1a980cf5d_516x371.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5T1G!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a5c8938-a583-491a-b60f-50d1a980cf5d_516x371.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5T1G!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a5c8938-a583-491a-b60f-50d1a980cf5d_516x371.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5T1G!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a5c8938-a583-491a-b60f-50d1a980cf5d_516x371.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5T1G!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a5c8938-a583-491a-b60f-50d1a980cf5d_516x371.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5T1G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a5c8938-a583-491a-b60f-50d1a980cf5d_516x371.jpeg" width="728" height="523.4263565891473" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4a5c8938-a583-491a-b60f-50d1a980cf5d_516x371.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:371,&quot;width&quot;:516,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:60460,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/168028189?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a5c8938-a583-491a-b60f-50d1a980cf5d_516x371.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5T1G!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a5c8938-a583-491a-b60f-50d1a980cf5d_516x371.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5T1G!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a5c8938-a583-491a-b60f-50d1a980cf5d_516x371.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5T1G!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a5c8938-a583-491a-b60f-50d1a980cf5d_516x371.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5T1G!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a5c8938-a583-491a-b60f-50d1a980cf5d_516x371.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>She had been waiting over three years for the call. It came on a Friday&#8212;in three days, she would finally be getting surgery for her cataracts, first in her left eye, then a few weeks later in her right. Three days didn&#8217;t give her much time to prepare, but she wrote to everyone she knew to buy the medications she needed for before and aftercare.</p><p>They were expensive&#8212;all together, many times her monthly salary as a nurse&#8212;but her side hustle selling coffee and spices and other goodies was enough to get her what she needed. Before, the hospital would give at least some of the medications, and the rest could be found at the pharmacy. Today, she had to buy medications off of Cuba&#8217;s equivalent of eBay, &#8220;Revolico,&#8221; or from people who sold imported medicine through Telegram or WhatsApp chats.</p><p>She would get surgery at the &#8220;Instituto de Oftalmolog&#237;a Ram&#243;n Pando Ferrer (Liga Contra la Ceguera)&#8221; or in English, the Institute of Ophthalmology Ramon Pando Ferrer (League Against Blindness). Chances are that if you call the hospital by its name, no one will know what you&#8217;re talking about. Everyone calls it, unironically, &#8220;La Ceguera.&#8221;</p><p>Maria had gotten there early in morning with her daughter, who would be her helper when she came out of the surgery. The lobby was a small sea of silver haired people; she figured she must have been the youngest patient there, her hair still mostly her natural brown color.</p><p>She approached the secretary, who didn&#8217;t look up at her once while she wrote down her information. The secretary confirmed that Maria would be getting surgery on her right eye, and she reacted with a swift &#8220;No, it&#8217;s the left eye.&#8221; Still without looking up, the secretary said, &#8220;it&#8217;s written here, it&#8217;s the right eye.&#8221; Maria popped her hip and pointed at her left eye, &#8220;this is my bad eye, this is the one I got tested, this is the one that&#8217;s getting surgery. I&#8217;ll confirm with the doctor.&#8221; The secretary snorted and waved her away.</p><p>Maria leaned against one of the light green walls of the waiting room with her daughter and glanced around the room. The three rows of metal bench-chairs were packed; some of the patients sipped on juice boxes, others talked with each other or their helpers, some just sat in a distant silence. One of residents arrived at the lobby and herded everyone through a few hallways and into the waiting room.</p><p>They called 10 patients upstairs and left everyone else to settle until their turn. Half an hour later, the electricity went out; a shrill alarm rang through the hospital, signaling the start of the generator. The lights flickered back on, everyone in the room was unfazed. An hour passed and the same resident that had led them to the waiting room reappeared, explaining that the surgeries hadn&#8217;t started yet because they were waiting for the operating rooms to cool down with the AC&#8212;the generator was taking its time.</p><p>In the meantime, he explained the recovery procedures to the helpers in the room. Maria approached him once he was finished and asked him to confirm that they would be operating on her left eye, not the right. He disappeared for a few minutes and returned with the confirmation. She sighed in relief.</p><p>Two hours later, a low chatter makes its way down the steps, followed by the slow shuffle of patients. The resident was behind them. He stood to address the waiting room and explained that the operations were cancelled because the AC in the operating rooms were not functioning properly. He apologized to a chorus of moans and complaints and announced that the operations would be done next week, they were free to go.</p><p>Maria overheard a woman complaining that she had spent 12,000 CUP, or about 4x the average monthly salary, on a taxi from a neighboring city to bring her to the appointment. The patients who had gone up were being led by their helpers, either one or two pupils dilated, making it difficult for them to walk.</p><p>Maria returned the following week with everyone else. They waited again in the lobby until they were ushered again to the waiting room. This time, she was one of the patients called up to wait outside the operating room. Those patients sat on chairs lining the hallway and the residents came around dilating their pupils.</p><p>Two older men got into a heated discussion about the past, covering everything from the sugar cane harvest of the 70s to the hardships of the Special Period in the 90s, but always coming back to the same point: realizing that Cuba was no longer what it used to be. Many people share this point of view, going as far as to say that today&#8217;s reality is worse than the Special Period, a total economic crash caused by the fall of the Soviet Union.</p><p>Maria and the rest of the patients waited in the hallway. The shrill bell signaling the electricity turning on and off rang several times every hour. Nurses made rounds in the hallway, explaining that the delay was due to the sterilization machine not working properly, but that the problem should be fixed in time to start the surgeries. She had her pupil dilated at least eight times while she waited.</p><p>Finally, after hours of waiting, the doctors came out and told the crowd that they would not be able to do any surgeries that day, either. The sterilization machine was never fixed, and the operating room was not humid enough. Loud complaints erupted and people started filing out of the hallway. The doctors apologized, saying they wanted to operate but that it was not up to them. The director of the hospital suggested that patients should not get operated during the summer due to hotter  conditions that made it hard to cool off the operating rooms. Instead, they should wait until September. But this was a cover for what everyone knew: the country could not generate enough power for the hospital to run normally.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Llevaba m&#225;s de tres a&#241;os esperando la llamada. Lleg&#243; un viernes: en tres d&#237;as, por fin se operar&#237;a de cataratas, primero en el ojo izquierdo y, unas semanas m&#225;s tarde, en el derecho. Tres d&#237;as no le daban mucho tiempo para prepararse, pero escribi&#243; a todos sus conocidos para que le compraran los medicamentos que necesitaba para antes y despu&#233;s de la operaci&#243;n.</p><p>Eran caros, en total, muchas veces su salario mensual como enfermera, pero su trabajo extra vendiendo caf&#233;, especias y otras cosas le bastaba para conseguir lo que necesitaba. Antes, el hospital le daba al menos algunos de los medicamentos y el resto se pod&#237;an encontrar en la farmacia. Hoy en d&#237;a, ten&#237;a que comprar los medicamentos en el equivalente cubano de eBay, &#171;Revolico&#187;, o a personas que vend&#237;an medicamentos importados a trav&#233;s de Telegram o WhatsApp.</p><p>La operar&#237;an en el Instituto de Oftalmolog&#237;a Ram&#243;n Pando Ferrer (Liga Contra la Ceguera). Es probable que si llamas al hospital por su nombre, nadie sepa de qu&#233; est&#225;s hablando. Todo el mundo lo llama, sin iron&#237;a, &#171;La Ceguera&#187;.</p><p>Mar&#237;a hab&#237;a llegado temprano por la ma&#241;ana con su hija, que la ayudar&#237;a cuando saliera de la cirug&#237;a. El vest&#237;bulo era un peque&#241;o mar de personas de cabello plateado; supuso que deb&#237;a de ser la paciente m&#225;s joven, ya que su cabello a&#250;n conservaba en su mayor parte su color casta&#241;o natural.</p><p>Se acerc&#243; a la secretaria, que no la mir&#243; ni una sola vez mientras anotaba sus datos. La secretaria le confirm&#243; que le operar&#237;an el ojo derecho, y ella respondi&#243; r&#225;pidamente: &#171;No, es el izquierdo&#187;. Sin levantar la vista, la secretaria dijo: &#171;Aqu&#237; dice que es el derecho&#187;. Mar&#237;a puso una mano en la cadera y con la otra se&#241;al&#243; su ojo izquierdo: &#171;Este es el ojo malo, este es el que me han examinado, este es el que hay que operar. Lo confirmar&#233; con el m&#233;dico&#187;. La secretaria resopl&#243; y le hizo un gesto para que se marchara.</p><p>Mar&#237;a se apoy&#243; en una de las paredes verde claro de la sala de espera con su hija y ech&#243; un vistazo a la sala. Las tres filas de bancos met&#225;licos estaban abarrotadas; algunos pacientes beb&#237;an zumo envasado, otros hablaban entre ellos o con sus acompa&#241;antes, y otros simplemente se sentaban en silencio, apartados. Uno de los residentes lleg&#243; al vest&#237;bulo y condujo a todo el mundo por varios pasillos hasta la sala de espera. Llamaron a diez pacientes para que subieran y dejaron al resto esperando su turno.</p><p>Media hora m&#225;s tarde, se fue la luz y una alarma estridente reson&#243; en todo el hospital, indicando que se hab&#237;a puesto en marcha el generador. Las luces volvieron a parpadear y nadie en la sala se inmut&#243;. Pas&#243; una hora y el mismo residente que los hab&#237;a llevado a la sala de espera reapareci&#243; y explic&#243; que las operaciones a&#250;n no hab&#237;an comenzado porque estaban esperando a que se enfriaran las salas de operaciones con el aire acondicionado, ya que el generador estaba tardando en arrancar.</p><p>Mientras tanto, explic&#243; los procedimientos de recuperaci&#243;n a los ayudantes de la sala. Mar&#237;a se acerc&#243; a &#233;l cuando termin&#243; y le pidi&#243; que le confirmara que le operar&#237;an el ojo izquierdo, no el derecho. Desapareci&#243; durante unos minutos y regres&#243; con la confirmaci&#243;n. Ella suspir&#243; aliviada.</p><p>Dos horas m&#225;s tarde, un murmullo se abre paso por las escaleras, seguido del lento arrastrar de pies de los pacientes. El residente iba detr&#225;s de ellos. Se puso de pie para dirigirse a la sala de espera y explic&#243; que las operaciones se hab&#237;an cancelado porque el aire acondicionado de los quir&#243;fanos no funcionaba correctamente. Se disculp&#243; ante un coro de quejas y lamentos y anunci&#243; que las operaciones se realizar&#237;an la semana siguiente y que pod&#237;an marcharse.</p><p>Mar&#237;a oy&#243; a una mujer quejarse de que hab&#237;a gastado 12 000 CUP, aproximadamente cuatro veces el salario medio mensual, en un taxi desde una ciudad vecina para acudir a la cita. Los pacientes que hab&#237;an subido eran guiados por sus ayudantes, con una o dos pupilas dilatadas, lo que les dificultaba caminar.</p><p>Mar&#237;a regres&#243; a la semana siguiente con todos los dem&#225;s. Esperaron de nuevo en el vest&#237;bulo hasta que los llevaron de nuevo a la sala de espera. Esta vez, ella fue una de las pacientes llamadas para esperar fuera del quir&#243;fano. Esos pacientes se sentaron en sillas alineadas en el pasillo y los residentes se acercaron para dilatarles las pupilas.</p><p>Dos hombres mayores se enzarzaron en una acalorada discusi&#243;n sobre el pasado, que abarc&#243; desde la cosecha de ca&#241;a de az&#250;car de los a&#241;os 70 hasta las penurias del Per&#237;odo Especial de los 90, pero siempre volviendo al mismo punto: darse cuenta de que Cuba ya no era lo que era. Muchas personas comparten este punto de vista, llegando incluso a decir que la realidad actual es peor que el Per&#237;odo Especial, un colapso econ&#243;mico total causado por la ca&#237;da de la Uni&#243;n Sovi&#233;tica.</p><p>Mar&#237;a y el resto de los pacientes esperaban en el pasillo. La estridente campana que se&#241;alaba el encendido y apagado de la electricidad sonaba varias veces cada hora. Las enfermeras hac&#237;an rondas por el pasillo, explicando que el retraso se deb&#237;a a que la m&#225;quina de esterilizaci&#243;n no funcionaba correctamente, pero que el problema se solucionar&#237;a a tiempo para comenzar las cirug&#237;as. Le dilataron la pupila al menos ocho veces mientras esperaba.</p><p>Finalmente, tras horas de espera, los m&#233;dicos salieron y dijeron a la multitud que tampoco podr&#237;an realizar ninguna operaci&#243;n ese d&#237;a. La m&#225;quina de esterilizaci&#243;n nunca se arregl&#243; y el quir&#243;fano no ten&#237;a suficiente humedad. Se escucharon fuertes quejas y la gente comenz&#243; a salir del pasillo. Los m&#233;dicos se disculparon diciendo que quer&#237;an operar, pero que no depend&#237;a de ellos. El director del hospital sugiri&#243; que los pacientes no se operaran durante el verano debido a las altas temperaturas, que dificultaban la refrigeraci&#243;n de los quir&#243;fanos. En su lugar, deb&#237;an esperar hasta septiembre. Pero esto era una excusa para ocultar lo que todo el mundo sab&#237;a: el pa&#237;s no pod&#237;a generar suficiente energ&#237;a para que el hospital funcionara con normalidad.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/cataracts-surgery-in-havana?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/cataracts-surgery-in-havana?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA["New" tough policy, same old story]]></title><description><![CDATA[U.S.-Cuba policy is an endless merry-go-round we're all forced to ride]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/new-tough-policy-same-old-story</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/new-tough-policy-same-old-story</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 04 Jul 2025 01:52:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p71f!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe86bd0a8-6423-4f29-9892-bcdcce13b0a2_524x365.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p71f!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe86bd0a8-6423-4f29-9892-bcdcce13b0a2_524x365.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p71f!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe86bd0a8-6423-4f29-9892-bcdcce13b0a2_524x365.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p71f!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe86bd0a8-6423-4f29-9892-bcdcce13b0a2_524x365.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p71f!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe86bd0a8-6423-4f29-9892-bcdcce13b0a2_524x365.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p71f!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe86bd0a8-6423-4f29-9892-bcdcce13b0a2_524x365.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p71f!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe86bd0a8-6423-4f29-9892-bcdcce13b0a2_524x365.png" width="728" height="507.09923664122135" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e86bd0a8-6423-4f29-9892-bcdcce13b0a2_524x365.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:365,&quot;width&quot;:524,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:345983,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/167486923?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f8daf97-fa0e-4855-bf1e-57304f9e743d_750x422.avif&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p71f!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe86bd0a8-6423-4f29-9892-bcdcce13b0a2_524x365.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p71f!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe86bd0a8-6423-4f29-9892-bcdcce13b0a2_524x365.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p71f!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe86bd0a8-6423-4f29-9892-bcdcce13b0a2_524x365.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p71f!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe86bd0a8-6423-4f29-9892-bcdcce13b0a2_524x365.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>News about U.S.-Cuba policy always inspires dramatic headlines&#8212;my favorite one this time went something like <em>TRUMP MAKES TOURISM TO CUBA ILLEGAL</em>, which is funny because traditional tourism to Cuba for US-Americans has <em>never<strong> </strong></em>been legal like that. This confusion is common, and when you read the fine print, you realize that travel to Cuba is convoluted.</p><p>Something to sear into your brain about U.S. politics towards Cuba is that it is geared towards one overarching goal: regime change. This is reflected in travel policies, which have boomeranged over the decades between restrictions and openings depending on the president (and the Cuban American hardliners whispering in their ears). These policies have affected U.S.-Americans, Cuban Americans, and Cubans alike.</p><p>To understand the legality of U.S.-Cuba travel, you have to go back to Kennedy&#8217;s break up with Cuba after the triumph of the Revolution. In 1961, Kennedy signs the first parts of the economic blockade known as the embargo. There was no de-facto ban on travel, but strict treasury laws defined where and how U.S.-Americans could spend their money. Cuba, including traveling there, was off limits. These restrictions would stay more or less the same through the Nixon administration.</p><p>You&#8217;d think the U.S. is all to blame, but Cuba has a history of restricting travel, too. While the island didn&#8217;t prohibit U.S.-Americans from visiting, they did segregate all tourists from Cubans, creating a sort of &#8220;tourism apartheid&#8221; in attempts to keep the local population from mingling with the outside world. Cubans were subject to exit visas, needing government approval to leave the island. Cuban Americans, in part, were not allowed to return to the island despite hundreds of thousands of Cubans emigrating to the United States.</p><p>The Carter administration brought a brief thaw in1977 and travel restrictions were lifted. Carter believed that open trade, commerce, and visitations were the best ways to get Cuba to change&#8212;one could say this was an early precursor to the Obama administration&#8217;s policies decades later. In 1978, Castro allows Cubans emigres to visit the island under special visas. This was thanks to certain Cuban American leaders that later helped establish charter flights between Miami and Havana.</p><p>The thaw was short lived. 1980 brought with it the Mariel boatlift, a huge wave of immigration that created political turmoil for Carter. Once Reagan takes over, he tightens travel again but keeps family-related travel open. In 1985, Cubans in Miami launch Radio Mart&#237; with funding from Washington, with its sole mission to inspire regime change in Cuba. Castro, in response, halts family visits and pulls out of an immigration accord that allots 20,000 visas in the form of a lottery for Cubans each year.</p><p>Bush senior takes Reagan&#8217;s lead and explicitly bans travel to Cuba for U.S. citizens. He signs the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, which codified the embargo and travel restrictions into federal law. He left small humanitarian channels open for delivering food and medicine.</p><p>The Clinton administration took things even further by passing the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996, better known as the Helms-Burton Act, further entrenching the embargo into law and leaving congress as the sole legislative body with the power to remove it. Clinton briefly rescinds family travel in response to the rafter crisis in 1994 but then reinstates it the year after in an effort to broaden people to people contact on the island. In 1999, the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), under the Treasury Department, begins granting licenses to agencies and universities to lead trips for this kind of travel.</p><p>In tandem, Castro gets rid of entry visas for Cuban Americans wanting to visit the island but also bans any Cuban that left the island without permission from visiting for five years. After 1997, Castro begins easing up on tourist restrictions on the island to allow more money to enter, but Cubans would be barred from entering hotels and enjoying private beaches, as well as run the risk of being fined or imprisoned for interacting with foreigners, for years to come.</p><p>In 2003, after a report revealed that the Cuban government was raking in revenue from U.S.-American and family visits, Bush Jr. tightens policy yet again, this time driving it further than his predecessors. He suspends all people to people travel and restricts family travel, initially allowing Cuban Americans to visit their families once a year, then cutting it down to once every three years for a maximum of 14 days. You were not allowed to travel with items, food, money, or gifts that weren&#8217;t for immediate family members.</p><p>A few years later, some significant changes begin in Cuba once Raul Castro becomes president in 2008. That same year, he allows Cubans to own personal cell phones. He implements a few economic and political reforms, including a meek opening of the private sector. Most of the businesses were in the service industry, such as restaurants, Airbnb&#8217;s, taxi drivers, and other activities.</p><p>In 2011, the Obama administration reinstates people to people travel. In 2013, Cuba removes the exit visa requirements for Cubans and at the end of 2014, the U.S. and Cuba announce their historic rapprochement. Obama creates a list of 12 categories that U.S.-Americans can use to travel to the island.</p><p>According to these visa categories, U.S. visitors must partake in meaningful tours on the island that support the Cuban people, whether that be interacting with private businesses, restaurants, homestays or boutique hotels, artists, musicians, etc. The central idea is to balance hard power&#8212;choking the Cuban government financially&#8212;with soft power&#8212;supporting the Cuban people culturally and monetarily.</p><p>In 2015, the Cuban government sets up WiFi hotspots around the country, allowing Cubans to connect to the internet for the first time. In 2016, Obama establishes individual people to people travel, which kickstarts the cruise ship travel to the island. This brings a lot of revenue to the country. In fact, the boom of visitors and financial interests from the U.S. was so overwhelming, the Cuban government panicked and tried to backpedal. But it seemed like there was no stopping the momentum.</p><p>Until, of course, Trump&#8217;s first term. He rolled back a majority of Obama&#8217;s policies, starting with canceling cruise ships. As far as the travel categories, the only one he removed was people to people, but U.S. visitors could still travel under &#8220;Support of the Cuban People&#8221; or under educational activities. This rollback was partially a response to the poorly named &#8220;Havana Syndrome,&#8221; a series of &#8220;sonic attacks&#8221; that affected workers at the Havana embassy, but also all over the world. Marco Rubio and other Cuban American hardliners pushed for more sanctions, and they cancelled all commercial flights to the island except those to Havana.</p><p>Ironically, what has put the most pressure on the Cuban government has not been U.S. economic sanctions, but the COVID-19 pandemic. To give some perspective, I started my job in 2019, halfway through Trump&#8217;s term and well into his so called &#8220;tough on Cuba&#8221; policies. Cubans were still flourishing and over half a million U.S. visitors traveled to the island that year, the second largest group behind Canadians. Once the pandemic hit, the tourism industry grinded to a halt globally and Cuba lost most of its economic income in a matter of months.</p><p>Product and food scarcity skyrocketed, fuel shortages led to hours long power outages, and the healthcare system collapsed. Thanks to Cubans&#8217; connectivity and the spread of information on the internet, all of these grievances exploded into an island-wide protest in July of 2021. The government responded with excessive force to repress its people. Between the hardships of the pandemic and the government&#8217;s reaction, every Cuban realized the same thing at once: it&#8217;s time to get out.</p><p>Because of the protests and &#8220;domestic politics&#8221; i.e. <em>Florida</em>, Biden had less leverage in the United States to do any meaningful work with Cuba. In terms of travel, Biden opened up flights to the rest of the island and re-established people to people travel as one of the 12 categories.</p><p>From what I&#8217;ve read from the White House and discussed with other people in the U.S.-Cuba sphere, it seems like the Trump administration isn&#8217;t going to implement anything much different than what he put in place during his first term. Travel to Cuba will remain mostly untouched, though it has become a one-way street after Trump placed a travel ban on Cubans, barring them from applying for visas to enter the country.</p><p>I can&#8217;t say with absolute certainty that things will play out this way because Trump&#8217;s administration is unpredictable, and with Marco Rubio as Secretary of State, well, let&#8217;s hope he has bigger fish to fry. But it&#8217;s interesting to note that most of the changes in Cuba in the past 60+ years has been thanks to more open policies from the United States. If there&#8217;s a lesson we can learn from science, particularly thermodynamics (stay with me), it&#8217;s that a closed system can continue on working without changes, forever. It&#8217;s when you open the system that you leave it vulnerable to change.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Noticias relacionadas con la pol&#237;tica entre Estados Unidos y Cuba siempre inspiran titulares dram&#225;ticos; mi favorito esta vez dec&#237;a algo as&#237; como <em>TRUMP HACE ILEGAL EL TURISMO A CUBA</em>, lo cual es gracioso porque el turismo tradicional a Cuba para los estadounidenses <em>nunca </em>ha sido legal de esa manera. Esta confusi&#243;n es com&#250;n, y cuando lees la letra peque&#241;a, te das cuenta de que viajar a Cuba es enrevesado.</p><p>Algo que hay que grabarse a fuego en el cerebro sobre la pol&#237;tica estadounidense hacia Cuba es que siempre ha habido un objetivo general: el cambio de r&#233;gimen. Esto se ha reflejado en las pol&#237;ticas de viajes, que han oscilado a lo largo de las d&#233;cadas entre restricciones y aperturas dependiendo del presidente (y de los cubanoamericanos de l&#237;nea dura que les susurran al o&#237;do). Estas pol&#237;ticas han afectado a estadounidenses, cubanoamericanos y cubanos por igual.</p><p>Para entender la legalidad de los viajes entre Estados Unidos y Cuba, hay que remontarse a la ruptura de Kennedy con Cuba tras el triunfo de la Revoluci&#243;n. En 1961, Kennedy firma las primeras partes del bloqueo econ&#243;mico conocido como embargo. No exist&#237;a una prohibici&#243;n de facto de viajar, pero estrictas leyes del Tesoro defin&#237;an d&#243;nde y c&#243;mo los estadounidenses pod&#237;an gastar su dinero. Cuba, incluidos los viajes, estaba prohibida. Estas restricciones se mantendr&#237;an m&#225;s o menos igual durante toda la administraci&#243;n Nixon.</p><p>Se podr&#237;a pensar que toda la culpa es de Estados Unidos, pero Cuba tambi&#233;n tiene un historial de restricciones a los viajes. Aunque la isla no prohib&#237;a las visitas de estadounidenses, s&#237; segregaba a los turistas de los cubanos, creando una especie de "apartheid tur&#237;stico" en un intento de evitar que la poblaci&#243;n local se mezclara con el mundo exterior. Los cubanos estaban sujetos a visados de salida, y necesitaban la aprobaci&#243;n del gobierno para abandonar la isla. A los cubanoamericanos, por su parte, no se les permit&#237;a regresar a la isla, a pesar de que cientos de miles de cubanos emigraron a Estados Unidos.</p><p>La administraci&#243;n Carter trajo un breve deshielo en 1977 y se levantaron las restricciones de viaje. Carter cre&#237;a que la apertura comercial y las visitas eran la mejor manera de conseguir que Cuba cambiara; se podr&#237;a decir que fue un precursor temprano de las pol&#237;ticas de la administraci&#243;n Obama d&#233;cadas m&#225;s tarde. En 1978, Castro permite a los emigrantes cubanos visitar la isla con visados especiales. Esto fue gracias a ciertos l&#237;deres cubanoamericanos que m&#225;s tarde ayudaron a establecer vuelos ch&#225;rter entre Miami y La Habana.</p><p>El deshielo dur&#243; poco. 1980 trajo consigo el &#233;xodo del Mariel, una enorme ola de inmigraci&#243;n que cre&#243; confusi&#243;n pol&#237;tica para Carter. Una vez que Reagan toma el poder, vuelve a restringir los viajes, pero mantiene abiertos los viajes familiares. En 1985, cubanos de Miami lanzan Radio Mart&#237; con financiaci&#243;n de Washington, con la &#250;nica misi&#243;n de inspirar un cambio de r&#233;gimen en Cuba. Castro, en respuesta, detiene las visitas familiares y se retira de un acuerdo de inmigraci&#243;n que asigna 20.000 visados en forma de loter&#237;a para cubanos cada a&#241;o.</p><p>Bush padre sigue el ejemplo de Reagan y proh&#237;be expl&#237;citamente viajar a Cuba a los ciudadanos estadounidenses. Firma la Ley de la Democracia Cubana de 1992, que codifica el embargo y las restricciones de viaje en una ley federal. Deja abiertos peque&#241;os canales humanitarios para el env&#237;o de alimentos y medicinas.</p><p>La administraci&#243;n Clinton llev&#243; las cosas a&#250;n m&#225;s lejos al aprobar la Ley de Libertad y Solidaridad Democr&#225;tica con Cuba (LIBERTAD) de 1996, m&#225;s conocida como Ley Helms-Burton, que afianz&#243; a&#250;n m&#225;s el embargo y dej&#243; al Congreso como &#250;nico &#243;rgano legislativo con potestad para levantarlo. Clinton rescinde brevemente los viajes familiares en respuesta a la crisis de los balseros en 1994, pero los restablece al a&#241;o siguiente en un esfuerzo por ampliar el contacto entre personas en la isla. En 1999, la Oficina de Control de Activos Extranjeros (OFAC), dependiente del Departamento del Tesoro, comienza a conceder licencias a agencias y universidades para dirigir viajes de este tipo.</p><p>Paralelamente, Castro elimina los visados de entrada para los cubanoamericanos que quieran visitar la isla, pero tambi&#233;n proh&#237;be durante cinco a&#241;os la visita a cualquier cubano que haya salido de la isla sin permiso. Despu&#233;s de 1997, Castro comienza a suavizar las restricciones tur&#237;sticas en la isla para permitir la entrada de m&#225;s dinero, pero los cubanos tendr&#237;an prohibida la entrada en hoteles y el disfrute de playas privadas, adem&#225;s de correr el riesgo de ser multados o encarcelados por relacionarse con extranjeros, durante a&#241;os.</p><p>En 2003, despu&#233;s de que un informe revelara que el gobierno cubano estaba obteniendo ping&#252;es ingresos de las visitas de estadounidenses y familiares, Bush Jr. vuelve a endurecer la pol&#237;tica, esta vez llev&#225;ndola m&#225;s lejos que sus predecesores. Suspende todos los viajes entre personas y restringe los viajes familiares, permitiendo inicialmente a los cubanoamericanos visitar a sus familias una vez al a&#241;o, y reduci&#233;ndolo despu&#233;s a una vez cada tres a&#241;os durante un m&#225;ximo de 14 d&#237;as. No se permit&#237;a viajar con objetos, comida, dinero o regalos que no fueran para familiares directos.</p><p>Unos a&#241;os m&#225;s tarde, comienzan algunos cambios significativos en Cuba una vez que Ra&#250;l Castro llega a la presidencia en 2008. Ese mismo a&#241;o, permite a los cubanos poseer tel&#233;fonos m&#243;viles personales. Pone en marcha algunas reformas econ&#243;micas y pol&#237;ticas, incluida una leve apertura del sector privado. La mayor&#237;a de los negocios pertenec&#237;an al sector servicios, como restaurantes, Airbnb's, taxistas y otras actividades.</p><p>En 2011, la administraci&#243;n Obama restablece los viajes entre personas. En 2013, Cuba elimina los requisitos de visado de salida para los cubanos y, a finales de 2014, Estados Unidos y Cuba anuncian su hist&#243;rico acercamiento. Obama crea una lista de 12 categor&#237;as que los estadounidenses pueden utilizar para viajar a la isla.</p><p>Seg&#250;n estas categor&#237;as de visado, los visitantes estadounidenses deben participar en visitas significativas a la isla que apoyen al pueblo cubano, ya sea interactuando con empresas privadas, restaurantes de , estancias en casas de familia u hoteles boutique, artistas, m&#250;sicos, etc. La idea central es equilibrar el poder duro (presionar financieramente al gobierno cubano) con el poder blando (apoyar cultural y monetariamente al pueblo cubano).</p><p>En 2015, el gobierno cubano establece puntos de acceso WiFi en todo el pa&#237;s, lo que permite a los cubanos conectarse a Internet por primera vez. En 2016, Obama establece los viajes individuales de pueblo a pueblo, lo que da el pistoletazo de salida a los viajes en crucero a la isla. Esto aporta muchos ingresos al pa&#237;s. De hecho, el auge de visitantes e intereses financieros procedentes de Estados Unidos fue tan abrumador, que el gobierno cubano entr&#243; en p&#225;nico e intent&#243; dar marcha atr&#225;s. Pero parec&#237;a que no hab&#237;a forma de detener el impulso.</p><p>Hasta, por supuesto, el primer mandato de Trump. Ech&#243; atr&#225;s la mayor&#237;a de las pol&#237;ticas de Obama, empezando por cancelar los cruceros. En cuanto a las categor&#237;as de viaje, la &#250;nica que elimin&#243; fue la de persona a persona, pero los visitantes estadounidenses a&#250;n pod&#237;an viajar bajo "Apoyo al pueblo cubano" o bajo actividades educativas. Este retroceso fue en parte una respuesta al mal llamado "S&#237;ndrome de La Habana", una serie de "ataques s&#243;nicos" que afectaron a trabajadores de la embajada de La Habana, pero tambi&#233;n de todo el mundo. Marco Rubio y otros cubanoamericanos de l&#237;nea dura presionaron para que se impusieran m&#225;s sanciones, y cancelaron todos los vuelos comerciales a la isla excepto los que ten&#237;an como destino La Habana.</p><p>Ir&#243;nicamente, lo que m&#225;s ha presionado al gobierno cubano no han sido las sanciones econ&#243;micas estadounidenses, sino la pandemia del COVID-19. Para dar algo de perspectiva, empec&#233; mi trabajo en 2019, a mitad del mandato de Trump y bien entrada su llamada pol&#237;tica de "mano dura con Cuba". Los cubanos todav&#237;a estaban floreciendo y m&#225;s de medio mill&#243;n de visitantes estadounidenses viajaron a la isla ese a&#241;o, el segundo grupo m&#225;s grande detr&#225;s de los canadienses. Una vez que la pandemia golpe&#243;, la industria tur&#237;stica se paraliz&#243; globalmente y Cuba perdi&#243; la mayor parte de sus ingresos econ&#243;micos en cuesti&#243;n de meses.</p><p>La escasez de productos y alimentos se dispar&#243;, la escasez de combustible provoc&#243; apagones de varias horas y el sistema sanitario se colaps&#243;. Gracias a la conectividad de los cubanos y a la difusi&#243;n de informaci&#243;n en Internet, todas estas quejas estallaron en una protesta en toda la isla en julio de 2021. El gobierno respondi&#243; con fuerza excesiva para reprimir a su pueblo. Entre las penurias de la pandemia y la reacci&#243;n del gobierno, todos los cubanos se dieron cuenta de lo mismo a la vez: es hora de salir.</p><p>Debido a las protestas y a la "pol&#237;tica interna", es decir, <em>Florida</em>, Biden ten&#237;a menos influencia en Estados Unidos para hacer alg&#250;n trabajo significativo con Cuba. En cuanto a los viajes, Biden abri&#243; los vuelos al resto de la isla y restableci&#243; los viajes de pueblo a pueblo como una de las 12 categor&#237;as.</p><p>Por lo que he le&#237;do de la Casa Blanca y discutido con otras personas en la esfera EE.UU.-Cuba, parece que la administraci&#243;n Trump no va a implementar nada muy diferente de lo que puso en marcha durante su primer mandato. Los viajes a Cuba permanecer&#225;n en su mayor&#237;a intactos, aunque se han convertido en una calle de sentido &#250;nico despu&#233;s de que Trump impusiera una prohibici&#243;n de viaje a los cubanos, prohibi&#233;ndoles solicitar visados para entrar en el pa&#237;s.</p><p>No puedo decir con absoluta certeza que las cosas se desarrollar&#225;n de esta manera porque la administraci&#243;n de Trump es impredecible, y con Marco Rubio como Secretario de Estado, bueno, esperemos que tenga peces m&#225;s grandes que fre&#237;r. Pero es interesante notar que la mayor&#237;a de los cambios en Cuba en los &#250;ltimos 60+ a&#241;os ha sido gracias a pol&#237;ticas m&#225;s abiertas de los Estados Unidos. Si hay una lecci&#243;n que podemos aprender de la ciencia, en particular de la termodin&#225;mica (qu&#233;dense conmigo), es que un sistema cerrado puede seguir funcionando sin cambios, para siempre. Es cuando abres el sistema, que lo dejas vulnerable a los cambios.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/new-tough-policy-same-old-story?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/new-tough-policy-same-old-story?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Superior Institute of the Arts]]></title><description><![CDATA[The emblematic schools are modern day ruins despite having been (almost) finished in the 1960s.]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-superior-institute-for-the-arts</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-superior-institute-for-the-arts</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 27 Jun 2025 05:52:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c6Ax!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c786c45-adda-408d-adec-8d7fc0123221_499x436.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c6Ax!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c786c45-adda-408d-adec-8d7fc0123221_499x436.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c6Ax!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c786c45-adda-408d-adec-8d7fc0123221_499x436.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c6Ax!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c786c45-adda-408d-adec-8d7fc0123221_499x436.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c6Ax!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c786c45-adda-408d-adec-8d7fc0123221_499x436.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c6Ax!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c786c45-adda-408d-adec-8d7fc0123221_499x436.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c6Ax!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c786c45-adda-408d-adec-8d7fc0123221_499x436.jpeg" width="724" height="632.5931863727454" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8c786c45-adda-408d-adec-8d7fc0123221_499x436.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:436,&quot;width&quot;:499,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:724,&quot;bytes&quot;:70177,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/166831564?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c786c45-adda-408d-adec-8d7fc0123221_499x436.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c6Ax!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c786c45-adda-408d-adec-8d7fc0123221_499x436.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c6Ax!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c786c45-adda-408d-adec-8d7fc0123221_499x436.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c6Ax!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c786c45-adda-408d-adec-8d7fc0123221_499x436.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c6Ax!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c786c45-adda-408d-adec-8d7fc0123221_499x436.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Last week, I visited the Superior Institute of the Arts (ISA) with some friends and two German art students. The sky was gray, but the air was cool when we walked up to the ruins of the Theater school. We sat on benches made of orange, clay bricks in the open-air theater. It is octagonal in shape, with balconies on a second floor that overlook the stalls. Vines, chutes, and leaves spill out of the windows. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic" width="446" height="594.5645604395604" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:446,&quot;bytes&quot;:1480498,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/166831564?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The theater sits in the heart of the school, while hallways and staircases lead you away to other parts, resembling a sort of labyrinth. This was on purpose, as the architect believed that actors needed to lose themselves to get into character. The architecture of the school was created to enhance its students&#8217; creativity; this was true for the other schools on campus.</p><p>The Institute consists of five schools: Visual Arts, Modern Dance, Music, Theater, and Ballet (which was used by the circus&#8212;more on this later). After my visit, I hunted down the famous documentary made about the school called &#8220;Unfinished Spaces.&#8221; It&#8217;s a great deal informative and makes the legacy of ISA all the more intriguing.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> </p><p>The idea for the Institute was born in 1961 when Fidel and Che famously played golf at the Havana country club. Fidel took a look around the grounds and said, &#8220;Can you imagine this place with the greatest art school in the world?&#8221; And so it happened.</p><p>Three architects built the school&#8212;Ricardo Porro, a Cuban, and two Italians he invited to the team, Vittorio Garatti and Roberto Gottardi. They distributed the schools based on interest&#8212;Porro would do the Visual Arts and Modern Dance schools, Vittorio the Ballet and music school, and Roberto the Theater school. They had no limits on budget or imagination and were given only two months to create mockups before construction began. It's important to note that at the beginning of the Revolution, people were dreaming of what Cuba could be.</p><p>These architects emulated this freedom in their designs; they wanted the campus to be connected, open and flowing so students could easily interact with each other and their surroundings. The campus has rolling green hills, lush with tropical plants and towering palm trees, and a river that runs through the grounds. Their teams were made up of architecture students and they were forced to build everything with clay bricks and cement because the U.S. embargo on Cuba made it impossible to import other supplies. Since students attended classes during the schools&#8217; construction, many volunteered to help move supplies, brought the workers and builders snacks, drinks, and played music for them. Vittorio, one of the Italian architects, remembered fondly the spontaneous rumba concerts people staged while building the Ballet school.</p><p>After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Castro aligned Cuba with the Soviet Union and sentiments towards the school and its architects changed. The Soviet Union&#8217;s influence brought with it &#8220;prefabricated&#8221; building materials, ie. the uniform cement block buildings that were raised as public housing. Suddenly, the whimsical architecture of the school was labeled &#8220;elitest.&#8221; Some Cuban architects were jealous that two of the schools&#8217; main ones were foreigners. Being an art school, there was a liberal way of life amongst the students. Parties, sex, feminism, and homosexuality abounded. El Che tried to militarize the school. They expelled homosexuals.</p><p>In 1965, construction of the schools stopped. The Institute had gone from being a crown jewel to making enemies in high up places. The minister of MICONS (the country&#8217;s ministry of construction) was an architect in Fidel&#8217;s high regard. He was opposed to the art school and condemned Porro to a mundane post designing cages for animals at the national zoo. Porro, realizing he would never be able to work again in his country, fled Cuba the following year and settled in Paris.</p><p>The 1970&#8217;s were a time of heavy censorship in Cuba. People in culture and the arts were persecuted and not to be trusted, particularly if you didn&#8217;t agree with the Revolution. Alicia Alonso, Cuba&#8217;s prima ballerina and revolutionary sweetheart, said she didn&#8217;t like the Ballet school and moved it to Old Havana. The school was instead used by the circus to train. After a few years, it was rendered unusable because when it rains, the river overflows and floods the school. </p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/14b5cef4-e4fc-4722-acba-d59c3525941e_4032x3024.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ee63966e-2e7e-4df9-817f-8b0074c72d4c_4032x3024.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ec8df081-980c-437b-9e81-0a2824fa6d88_3024x4032.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/65ee5ac7-6dff-4f3d-9e97-a1a7bd3a7efa_3024x4032.heic&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/684deef3-605f-43d0-bc4c-6d3646b91560_1456x1456.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>I have yet to enter the Music school, but when seen from afar it resembles a winding caterpillar clutched to a hill. During the Special Period in the &#8216;90s, some families moved into parts of the school while students continued taking classes. Walls bear scorch marks from where the tenants would cook their food. Now a days, no matter where you are on campus, you&#8217;re going to hear the faint blare of trumpets, or maybe a saxophone.</p><p>Vittorio continued working for the city of Havana as an architect until &#8217;74 when he was accused of espionage and expelled from the country. The Ballet school is possibly the most stunning, with classrooms built into the hills, with its Catalonian Vaults and its giant, ringed auditorium, but it feels hollow and abandoned, a frustrated architectural wonder.</p><p>Roberto Gottardi tried to build the Theater school, but it was only 30% finished when they were forced to stop construction. Students today use the open-air theater for meetings but because the school is in danger of collapse, they must use the other schools&#8217; facilities for their classes. In 2009 when the documentary was filmed, Gottardi admitted that he would finish the school differently than his original plans. His ideas had grown with time and experience.</p><p>Porro, the Cuban architect, is responsible for the Visual Arts and the Modern Dance schools. The Visual Arts school is famous for its breast shaped cupulas and the papaya fountain in the courtyard. He defended his design, gushing about the divine feminine and the goddess of fertility Osh&#250;n<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>&#8212;he wanted the school to be fertile. Every breast (cupula) is given to a group of students as a workshop depending on their discipline. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic" width="504" height="671.8846153846154" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:504,&quot;bytes&quot;:1867350,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/166831564?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The Modern Dance school sits on a hill in the middle of the campus and is made of prefabricated materials, ie. lots and lots of concrete, though it looks nothing like the Soviet bloc buildings Cuba made during the same time period. It has two wings joined like a wide &#8220;V&#8221; that are the classrooms, with vertical windows all along them and a brick laid roof. At the end of one of the wings is a six-story tower that must have a 360-degree view of the campus.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/84ef4e39-ccb1-4c57-8825-93b4661b51fd_3024x4032.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8ed2f073-2cac-4351-bd5d-b1203d013b8a_4032x3024.heic&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/79e9a7db-9eaf-49e4-875a-5831225da0fc_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>In the early 2000&#8217;s, Fidel had a change of heart and praised the school, promising funds so that the schools could be restored and finally finished. From 2003-08, the government repaired and restored both the Visual Arts and Modern Dance schools, the only two schools that were closest to completion. In 2009, Ricardo Porro returned to Cuba for the first time after 40 years and visited the schools. That same year, the government cut funding yet again for the Institute due to the global recession and two hurricanes that had affected the country.</p><p>I have visited the Institute a handful of times, a few with friends and others with groups touring the Visual Arts school, the only school open for visits. The dean of the Visual Arts school is a young man in his 30s and a talented painter. When he gives tours of the school, he explains that every year the school would receive hundreds of applicants from around the country and they would only choose upwards of 10, maybe 12 students per year. The process was highly selective. Today, the school is fighting to keep enrollment, practically begging students to apply.</p><p>Despite the ruins, the overgrown vegetation, and the graffiti that crowds the walls inside the schools, when you walk around the winding paths and beneath the arches made of bricks, when you sit in the abandoned classrooms lit by skylights in the ceiling, when you admire the provocative architecture, the way it makes you feel like nature is a part of the creative process&#8230; It&#8217;s difficult to not feel both inspired and sad. ISA is an analogy of the country, an example of both Cuba&#8217;s extraordinary beauty and its tragic, neglected potential.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>La semana pasada visite el Instituto Superior de Arte (ISA) con algunos amigos y dos estudiantes de arte alemanes. El cielo estaba gris y el aire estaba fresco cuando subimos a las ruinas de La Escuela de Arte Teatral. Nos sentamos en los muros hechos de ladrillos de barro anaranjados del anfiteatro que es de forma octagonal, con balcones en el segundo piso que miran hacia las gradas. Por las ventanas se escapaban enredaderas, brotes y hojas. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic" width="446" height="594.5645604395604" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:446,&quot;bytes&quot;:1480498,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/166831564?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybP2!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd33559-ca76-478a-963d-7a16e4b22136_3024x4032.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>El anfiteatro est&#225; en el coraz&#243;n de la escuela, mientras pasillos y escaleras a su alrededor te gu&#237;an hacia otras partes, imitando un laberinto. Esto fue a prop&#243;sito, pues el arquitecto cre&#237;a que cada actor deb&#237;a perderse en s&#237; mismo para llegar a un personaje. La arquitectura de la escuela fue ideada para exaltar la creatividad de sus estudiantes; las otras escuelas del campus compart&#237;an este prop&#243;sito.</p><p>Al Instituto lo conforman cinco escuelas; Artes Pl&#225;sticas, Danza Moderna, M&#250;sica, Arte Teatral y Ballet (la cual fue usada por el Circo&#8212;pero hablaremos de eso m&#225;s tarde). Despu&#233;s de mi visita, comenc&#233; a buscar por todos lados el famoso documental hecho sobre la escuela llamado &#8216;Unfinished Spaces&#8217; (&#8216;Espacios Inacabados&#8217; es la traducci&#243;n m&#225;s literal, pero lo encontraran en YouTube por su nombre en ingl&#233;s). Es un buen material informativo y hace al legado del ISA much&#237;simo m&#225;s intrigante.</p><p>La idea para crear el Instituto surgi&#243; en 1961, cuando Fidel y el Che jugaron golf en el Country Club de la Habana. Fidel ech&#243; un vistazo por esas tierras y dijo: &#8220;&#191;Te imaginas que en este lugar estuviera la mejor escuela de arte del mundo?&#8221; Y as&#237; pas&#243;.</p><p>Tres arquitectos dise&#241;aron la escuela&#8212;Ricardo Porro, un cubano y Vittorio Garatti y Roberto Gottardi, dos italianos que invitaron al equipo. Se distribuyeron las escuelas bas&#225;ndose en el inter&#233;s de cada uno&#8212;Porro iba a hacer las Escuelas de Artes Pl&#225;sticas y Danza Moderna, Vittorio las Escuelas de Ballet y M&#250;sica, y Roberto la Escuela de Teatro. Fidel les dijo que no ten&#237;an l&#237;mites de presupuesto ni de imaginaci&#243;n y les dio solamente dos meses para terminar las maquetas y que empezara la construcci&#243;n. Es importante destacar que, al principio de la Revoluci&#243;n, la gente so&#241;aba con lo que Cuba podr&#237;a llegar a ser.</p><p>Estos arquitectos emularon esta libertad en sus dise&#241;os; quer&#237;an que el campus se conectara a todas las escuelas, un concepto abierto y fluido de modo que los estudiantes pudieran interactuar entre ellos y con sus alrededores. El campus tiene colinas verdes ondulantes, ba&#241;adas de plantas tropicales, tit&#225;nicas palmas reales y un rio que corre atravesando el instituto. Los equipos estaban compuestos de estudiantes de arquitectura y tuvieron que construir todo con ladrillos de barro y cemento porque el Bloqueo de los Estados Unidos contra Cuba hac&#237;a imposible importar otros materiales. Los estudiantes asist&#237;an a las clases mientras la construcci&#243;n de la escuela iba en marcha y muchos hicieron trabajos voluntarios, moviendo materiales, llevando merienda a los trabajadores e incluso tocaban m&#250;sica para ellos. Vittorio recuerda los conciertos espont&#225;neos de rumba durante la construcci&#243;n de la escuela de Ballet.</p><p>Despu&#233;s de la invasi&#243;n en Bah&#237;a de Cochinos, Castro ali&#243; a Cuba con la Uni&#243;n Sovi&#233;tica y los sentimientos hacia la escuela y sus arquitectos cambiaron. Al ser una escuela de arte los estudiantes ten&#237;an un estilo de vida liberal, las fiestas, el sexo, el feminismo y el homosexualismo abundaban. El Che intento militarizar la escuela y expulsaron a todos los homosexuales. La influencia de la Uni&#243;n Sovi&#233;tica tambi&#233;n trajo consigo materiales de construcci&#243;n &#8216;prefabricados&#8217; (los edificios uniformes de bloques de cemento que fueron creados para apartamentos). De repente la arquitectura imaginativa del instituto fue marcada como &#8220;elitista&#8221;.</p><p>En 1965 la construcci&#243;n de las escuelas se detuvo. El Instituto hab&#237;a pasado de ser la joya de la corona a tener enemigos en las altas esferas. Algunos arquitectos cubanos estaban celosos de que dos de los creadores de las escuelas principales fueran extranjeros. El ministro del MICONS (Ministerio de la construcci&#243;n) era un arquitecto que gozaba de la alta estima de Fidel y estaba muy opuesto a la escuela de arte por tanto degrad&#243; a Porro a un puesto mundano dise&#241;ando jaulas de animales para el zool&#243;gico. Porro d&#225;ndose cuenta de que nunca podr&#237;a volver a trabajar decentemente en su pa&#237;s, se fue de Cuba al a&#241;o siguiente y se asent&#243; en Paris.</p><p>Los a&#241;os &#8217;70 fueron tiempos de altas censuras en la isla. Los artistas eran perseguidos y poco confiables, especialmente si no estaban de acuerdo con la Revoluci&#243;n. La Prima Ballerina y muy adorada revolucionaria Alicia Alonso, dijo que no le gustaba la Escuela De Ballet del Instituto y la mud&#243; para la Habana Vieja. Entonces fue cuando el Circo comenz&#243; a usar el espacio, pero despu&#233;s de unos cuantos a&#241;os fue completamente abandonado porque cuando llov&#237;a y el rio se crec&#237;a, la escuela completa se inundaba.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1c48d28c-284d-49b5-82ad-064201f3ceb0_3024x4032.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4402416b-dd5e-48ca-9412-d1c5be14cab2_3024x4032.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d463679b-c06e-42a3-9cbd-2add9063586d_4032x3024.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6ffc3d23-dca6-47a7-bd37-76e593a94604_4032x3024.heic&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6ba556bd-7a4b-45bb-8881-9ce85a789efc_1456x1456.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>Todav&#237;a no he entrado a la Escuela de M&#250;sica, pero al verla desde la distancia parece una oruga ondulante abrazada a la ladera de una monta&#241;a. Durante el Periodo Especial en Cuba en los &#8217;90, muchas familias se mudaron a las zonas abandonadas del instituto mientras los estudiantes segu&#237;an dando clases. Las paredes a&#250;n guardan las manchas del carb&#243;n en los lugares donde las personas sol&#237;an cocinar. Hoy en d&#237;a no importa en que parte del campus est&#233;s, vas a escuchar a lo lejos a alguna trompeta sonando o quiz&#225;s un saxof&#243;n.</p><p>Vittorio contin&#250;o trabajando para la ciudad de la Habana hasta el &#8217;74 cuando fue acusado de espionaje y fue expulsado del pa&#237;s. La escuela de Ballet es probablemente la m&#225;s deslumbrante, con aulas construidas dentro de monta&#241;as, con sus b&#243;vedas catalanas y su enorme auditorio circular, pero se siente hueca y abandonada, es una maravilla arquitect&#243;nica frustrada.</p><p>Roberto Gottardi solo ten&#237;a el 30% de la Escuela de Arte Teatral construida cuando cortaron los fondos. Hoy en d&#237;a los estudiantes usan algunos de sus espacios al aire libre para reuniones, pero como la estructura est&#225; en peligro de derrumbe, para clases oficiales deben usar las aulas de otras facultades. En el 2009 cuando el documental fue filmado, Gottardi admiti&#243; que el habr&#237;a terminado la escuela de forma diferente al dise&#241;o original, sus ideas hab&#237;an evolucionado con el tiempo y la experiencia.</p><p>Porro el arquitecto cubano, fue responsable de la Escuela de Artes Visuales y la Escuela de Danza Moderna. La Escuela de Artes Visuales es famosa por sus c&#250;pulas en forma de pechos de mujer y su fuente en forma de papaya en su plaza central. El defendi&#243; su dise&#241;o, exaltando a la divinidad femenina y a la diosa de la fertilidad, Osh&#250;n&#8212;&#233;l quer&#237;a que la facultad fuese f&#233;rtil. Cada seno (c&#250;pula) est&#225; dedicado a un grupo de estudiantes como un taller dependiendo de sus especialidades.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic" width="504" height="671.8846153846154" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:504,&quot;bytes&quot;:1867350,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/166831564?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R8br!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe840bad1-86e1-40fd-808c-d2772ff8f79d_3024x4032.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>La Escuela de Danza Moderna est&#225; en la cima de una colina en medio del campus y est&#225; hecha con materiales prefabricados (much&#237;simos ladrillos de concreto, pero no tiene nada que ver con los edificios para la poblaci&#243;n que el gobierno construy&#243; cuando la Uni&#243;n Sovi&#233;tica). Tiene dos alas unidas por una &#8220;V&#8221; muy amplia que son los salones de clases, con ventanales verticales a todo lo largo de la edificaci&#243;n y una b&#243;veda de ladrillos. Al final de las alas hay una torre de seis pisos que tiene una vista 360 del campus.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bea709ab-4421-4c04-ac13-2150810f46d0_3024x4032.heic&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e6ad7605-0b91-46a8-af3a-7913ab86ecd2_4032x3024.heic&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3f5ea850-449f-4928-8239-0df28b3e28e1_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>A principios de los 2000, a Fidel se le abland&#243; el coraz&#243;n y elogi&#243; a la escuela, prometiendo fondos para que pudiese ser restaurada y finalmente terminada. Del 2003 al 2008, el gobierno repar&#243; y restaur&#243; la Escuela De Artes Visuales y de Danza Moderna las &#250;nicas dos escuelas que estaban m&#225;s cerca de ser terminadas. En 2009 Ricardo Porro regreso a Cuba por primera vez en 40 a&#241;os y visit&#243; las escuelas. Ese mismo a&#241;o el gobierno cortar&#237;a los fondos del Instituto debido a la recesi&#243;n global y a dos huracanes que afectar&#237;an a la isla.</p><p>He visitado la escuela unas cuantas veces, algunas con amigos y otras con grupos de turistas a la Escuela de Artes Visuales, la &#250;nica que permite visitas de extranjeros. El decano es un hombre joven de 30 a&#241;os y un pintor talentoso. Cuando lidera los tours, explica que cada a&#241;o la escuela recib&#237;a cientos de aplicantes de todo el pa&#237;s y ellos solo escog&#237;an a 10 o quiz&#225;s a 12. El proceso era altamente selectivo. Hoy en d&#237;a la escuela lucha por mantenerse, pr&#225;cticamente ruegan a los estudiantes a que apliquen.</p><p>A pesar de las ruinas, la creciente vegetaci&#243;n y el grafiti que abarrotan las paredes dentro de las escuelas, cuando caminas por los senderos sinuosos y pasas debajo de arcos de ladrillos, cuando te sientas en las aulas abandonadas iluminadas por tragaluces en el techo, cuando admiras la arquitectura provocativa, la forma en la que te hace sentir que la naturaleza tambi&#233;n es parte del proceso creativo &#8230;es dif&#237;cil no sentirse inspirado y a la vez triste. El ISA es una analog&#237;a del pa&#237;s, es un ejemplo de la belleza extraordinaria de Cuba y su tr&#225;gico y abandonado potencial.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-superior-institute-for-the-arts?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/the-superior-institute-for-the-arts?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>If you want to watch it, you can rent or buy it on Youtube. Or, if you have a VPN, just set it to Mexico and watch for free.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Oshun is a goddess in the Yoruba Orisha pantheon.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[What's your Block?]]></title><description><![CDATA[A question for the (dark) ages.]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/whats-your-block</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/whats-your-block</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 02:03:26 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a8fa8f1b-ebcd-47da-92c1-d5a22e0ffa88_318x292.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Szmj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77bf2a61-fb46-48f9-9baa-6783e7a9e018_318x292.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Szmj!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77bf2a61-fb46-48f9-9baa-6783e7a9e018_318x292.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Szmj!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77bf2a61-fb46-48f9-9baa-6783e7a9e018_318x292.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Szmj!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77bf2a61-fb46-48f9-9baa-6783e7a9e018_318x292.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Szmj!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77bf2a61-fb46-48f9-9baa-6783e7a9e018_318x292.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Szmj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77bf2a61-fb46-48f9-9baa-6783e7a9e018_318x292.jpeg" width="728" height="668.4779874213837" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77bf2a61-fb46-48f9-9baa-6783e7a9e018_318x292.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:292,&quot;width&quot;:318,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:13611,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/166349663?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15bc62f7-5ee9-4acc-b674-768579efa7d4_1000x292.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Szmj!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77bf2a61-fb46-48f9-9baa-6783e7a9e018_318x292.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Szmj!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77bf2a61-fb46-48f9-9baa-6783e7a9e018_318x292.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Szmj!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77bf2a61-fb46-48f9-9baa-6783e7a9e018_318x292.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Szmj!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77bf2a61-fb46-48f9-9baa-6783e7a9e018_318x292.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>At close to midnight on Tuesday, a sound came through the open window&#8212;it was our neighbor&#8217;s AC unit rumbling back to life after the programmed power outage. They cut the power at 7:00 PM, and now it was back but our apartment was still dark, which was weird. I walked out onto the balcony and looked up and down the block. Our building and the two across the street were still dark. I waited to see if any neighbors came out, but a few minutes later, a yellow truck from the electrical union pulled up next to what I assumed was the affected electrical post. Someone must have called them, probably the president of the CDR<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> who lives in one of the buildings without electricity.</p><p>The two men started working. One of them climbed up the long, metal ladder that curved like a banana under his weight. The other shined a flashlight up from the base of the ladder, holding the beam steady on his partner&#8217;s hands. He tinkered with the distribution transformer, a cylindrical container that regulates the electricity for these few buildings. There had been a storm earlier in the evening that might have finished the thing&#8212;just last week, the same transformer had survived a lightning bolt strike. We had been in a programmed outage and the room went white. </p><p>They worked on the transformer for 30 minutes. It was 1:00 AM and the night, luckily, was cooler than most. I made them some coffee and took it down to them. I asked the one that climbed the ladder if he was able to fix the transformer. He said yes, they should be turning the electricity back on soon. He didn&#8217;t accept any coffee and went to sit in the truck.  His partner helped himself to some coffee and I asked him how long they had to work that night. He told me until 7:00 AM. </p><p>When I got back to the apartment, my girlfriend was standing in the balcony door. She told me that while I walked up the stairs, the transformer had popped several times, shooting green sparks that urged her to duck inside. The truck idled at the corner of the street for a few minutes while some neighbors looked on. We were definitely not getting electricity back that night.</p><p>Around noon the following day, a bigger yellow truck with a crane parked on the street and the workers changed the transformer, installing a shiny white one. The electricity sprung on a while after, initiating a low chorus of home sounds&#8212;the whirling pedestal fan, the hum of the freezer and the refrigerator. We only had a few hours for our food to grow cold again before the next programmed outage at 3 PM. </p><p>In the city, the Cuban Electrical Union (UNE) publishes a weekly schedule to alert its residents about the outages. Each neighborhood is divided and organized within several &#8220;blocks,&#8221; ranging from Block 1 to Block 5. Below I have two examples of schedules that were published a little over two months apart:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg" width="960" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:106493,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/166349663?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg" width="725" height="543.75" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:450,&quot;width&quot;:600,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:725,&quot;bytes&quot;:45204,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/166349663?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The top schedule is from the beginning of April, just two weeks after the last nationwide blackout, and the bottom schedule is from this week. In the top schedule, each Block was subject to one or two 4-hour power outages a week, with a few extra (the row below) in case of emergency. Now compare that with the bottom schedule, where every Block is subject to a 4-hour power outage every day of the week.</p><p>These scheduled power outages started last year, but we had a small break during January and most of February. People figured this was because those are the city&#8217;s vital months for international tourism. Now, with summer&#8217;s hotter climate, there is heavier demand on the system. Unfortunately, Cuba&#8217;s electrical grid infrastructure is old and the 30-40 year old power plants aren&#8217;t properly maintained.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> Fuel shortages also affect power generation. </p><p>Most of the country&#8217;s electricity comes from a few main power plants in Havana. I remember a few years ago, a hurricane passed through the western part of the island, affecting Havana and Pinar del Rio. The hurricane was enough to leave the entire island without power for almost 48 hours despite sunny days in the central and eastern parts.</p><p>These main plants have also broken down four times in the past year, leaving the entire island without power for up to three days. These unexpected, national blackouts have made international headlines, but the day-to-day reality has much less publicity. At least in Havana they publish weekly schedules to help us plan our days and weeks around the outages. People share their Block number like it&#8217;s a sports team. Sometimes the electrical union likes to mix it up and make you part of two different Blocks in the same day.</p><p>For Cubans living outside the capital it&#8217;s a little different. In an older GUBA post, I describe my visit to Cienfuegos in February, a city about three hours from Havana where the people I met complained that their power outages were averaging from 16 to 22 hours long. A friend of mine road-tripped to the far east provinces a few weeks ago and said people are only getting 2-3 hours of electricity per day. They call them &#8220;alumbrones,&#8221; or &#8220;light-ons.&#8221;</p><p>Some private businesses or families with access to resources can afford power generators, but they must also be able to procure and afford gasoline for them to work. Those businesses that can&#8217;t afford a generator either work with half their services or close for the remainder of the day or evening. Some people talk about solar energy, including a government official on national television that urged the Cubans in the diaspora to send their loved ones solar panels. Not a bad idea considering Cuba averages 330 days of sun, but Cubans don&#8217;t have sugar-exiles in Miami willing to drop big bucks on solar panel technology. </p><p>When the electricity is out, it&#8217;s normal to see neighbors out on their balconies, porches, or out front on the sidewalk catching some fresh air. My favorite is seeing people play dominoes in the shade of a tree or building. At night, phone screens illuminate peoples&#8217; faces as they spend the outage watching videos or playing games or reading the news. And those returning to their homes or passing through a dark Block walk with their phones in hand, flashlights on, sidestepping potholes and looking over their shoulders.</p><p>While we don&#8217;t have it as good as the touristy part Old Havana, where power outages are rare, we do live in a neighborhood that is popular for tourism with lots of hotels, restaurants, and bars. We are close to a main avenue that separates one Block from the other and we can see one of the city&#8217;s newer hotels from our balcony. Its faint glow  illuminates the buildings around it during the night outages. The rest of the neighborhood blends into the dark sky. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading GUBA. Subscribe if you want to receive a new post every Thursday.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><p><em>Edited and translated by M. Angelica and Lu / Editado y traducido por M. Angelica y Lu</em></p><p>Alrededor de las 11:30 PM del martes, un sonido estremecedor en la casa de al lado llam&#243; mi atenci&#243;n. Era la unidad de aire acondicionado de nuestro vecino rugiendo de nuevo despu&#233;s del corte de electricidad programado. La cortaron a las 7:00 PM, y ahora estaba de vuelta, pero nuestro apartamento segu&#237;a oscuro, lo cual no era normal. Sal&#237; al balc&#243;n y mir&#233; a mi alrededor. Nuestro edificio y los dos de enfrente segu&#237;an sin luz. Esper&#233; a ver si alg&#250;n vecino sal&#237;a, pero unos minutos despu&#233;s, una camioneta amarilla de la empresa el&#233;ctrica se estacion&#243; junto a lo que asum&#237; era poste afectado. Alguien debi&#243; haberlos llamado, probablemente el presidente del CDR,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> quien vive en uno de los edificios que no ten&#237;a electricidad.</p><p>Los dos hombres comenzaron a trabajar. Uno de ellos subi&#243; por una larga escalera de metal que se arque&#243; como una banana bajo su peso. El otro alumbr&#243; una linterna hacia arriba, desde la base de la escalera, manteniendo el aro de luz estable sobre las manos de su compa&#241;ero. &#201;ste hizo ajustes en el transformador; un contenedor cil&#237;ndrico que regula la electricidad en algunos edificios. M&#225;s temprano esa noche, hubo una tormenta y eso podr&#237;a haberlo afectado, justo la semana pasada, este mismo transformador hab&#237;a sobrevivido al impacto de un rayo.</p><p>Los trabajadores operaron en el transformador por unos 30 minutos. Es la 1:00 a.m. y la noche, afortunadamente, est&#225; m&#225;s fresca que normalmente. Les preparo un poco de caf&#233; y se los bajo en un termo. Le pregunto al que subi&#243; la escalera si pudo arreglarlo. &#201;l dice que s&#237; y a&#241;ade que pronto deber&#237;an volver a poner la corriente. &#201;l no acepta caf&#233;, pero su compa&#241;ero si bebe un poco, le pregunto cu&#225;nto tiempo tienen que trabajar esa noche, responde que hasta las 7:00 a.m.</p><p>Cuando sub&#237; de nuevo al apartamento, mi pareja estaba parada en el balc&#243;n y me dijo que mientras yo sub&#237;a las escaleras el transformador hab&#237;a explotado varias veces y unas chispas verdes la obligaron a refugiarse dentro. La camioneta estuvo encendida en la esquina durante unos minutos mientras algunos vecinos observaban. Definitivamente no &#237;bamos a recuperar la electricidad esa noche.</p><p>Alrededor del mediod&#237;a del d&#237;a siguiente, un cami&#243;n m&#225;s grande con una gr&#250;a se parque&#243; en la calle y los trabajadores cambiaron el transformador viejo por uno blanco y brillante. La electricidad volvi&#243; al cabo de un rato, iniciando un coro muy bajito de sonidos del hogar- el ventilador de pedestal en movimiento junto al zumbido del freezer y el refrigerador. Solamente ten&#237;amos unas pocas horas para que nuestra comida se congelara nuevamente antes del pr&#243;ximo apag&#243;n programado a las 3pm.</p><p>Aqu&#237; en la ciudad, la Uni&#243;n El&#233;ctrica (UNE) publica un horario semanal para alertar a sus residentes sobre los cortes de electricidad programados. Cada barrio est&#225; dividido y organizado en varios &#8220;Bloques&#8221;, que van desde el Bloque 1 hasta el Bloque 5. A continuaci&#243;n, tengo dos ejemplos de horarios que se han publicado con poco m&#225;s de dos meses de diferencia.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg" width="960" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:106493,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/166349663?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mMdk!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2150b5cc-9283-46ae-8acf-116a01363ced_960x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg" width="725" height="543.75" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:450,&quot;width&quot;:600,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:725,&quot;bytes&quot;:45204,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/166349663?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vEyt!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F357ea5c7-9c6b-479d-ba98-3d3225e4cb5b_600x450.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>El horario superior es desde principios de abril, apenas dos semanas despu&#233;s del &#250;ltimo apag&#243;n nacional, y el horario inferior es de esta semana. En el horario superior, cada bloque ten&#237;a solo 1-2 cortes de energ&#237;a por semana, con algunos adicionales (la fila de abajo) en casos de emergencia. Ahora compara eso con el horario inferior, donde cada bloque est&#225; sujeto a un corte de electricidad de cuatro horas todos los d&#237;as de la semana.</p><p>Estos cortes el&#233;ctricos programados comenzaron el a&#241;o pasado, pero tuvimos una peque&#241;a pausa durante enero y la mayor parte de febrero. Muchos pensaron que esto se deb&#237;a a que esos son los meses m&#225;s populares de la ciudad para el turismo internacional. Pero con la llegada del verano y el clima m&#225;s caluroso, hay una mayor demanda en el sistema. Desafortunadamente la red el&#233;ctrica de Cuba cuenta con infraestructura envejecida, con plantas de energ&#237;a que se han utilizado durante 30 a 40 a&#241;os sin el mantenimiento adecuado.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> La escasez de combustible tambi&#233;n contribuye a la falta de generaci&#243;n de energ&#237;a.</p><p>La mayor parte de la energ&#237;a del pa&#237;s proviene de unas pocas plantas el&#233;ctricas principales aqu&#237; en la capital. Recuerdo que hace unos a&#241;os, un hurac&#225;n pas&#243; por la parte occidental de la isla, afectando zonas de La Habana y Pinar del Rio y fue suficiente para dejar a toda la isla sin electricidad durante casi 48 horas, a pesar de los d&#237;as soleados en las partes centrales y orientales.</p><p>Estas plantas principales se rompieron tambi&#233;n cuatro veces el a&#241;o pasado, dejando a la isla completa sin electricidad por alrededor de tres d&#237;as. Estos apagones nacionales inesperados han encabezado noticias internacionales, pero la cotidianidad ha estado lejos del espect&#225;culo que se ha difundido. Al menos en La Habana publican estos horarios para ayudarnos a planificar nuestros d&#237;as y semanas alrededor de los apagones, los ciudadanos hablan de los bloques en los que est&#225;n como si fueran fan&#225;ticos de un equipo deportivo, y a veces la UNE le gusta mezclar las cosas y te hace parte de dos bloques diferentes el mismo d&#237;a.</p><p>Para los cubanos que viven fuera de la capital es muy diferente. En un post anterior de GUBA, describo mi visita a Cienfuegos en febrero, una ciudad que queda a tres horas de La Habana, y las personas que conoc&#237; se quejaban de que los apagones oscilaban desde las 16 a las 22 horas. Un amigo m&#237;o hizo un viaje por carretera a las provincias de oriente hace una semanas y dijo que los pueblos all&#225; solo tienen de 2 a 3 horas de electricidad al dia. Ellos los llaman &#8216;alumbrones&#8217;&#8217;.</p><p>Algunos negocios privados o familias con recursos pueden permitirse tener generadores de energ&#237;a, pero tambi&#233;n deben poder conseguir y pagar la gasolina para que funcionen. Los negocios que no pueden permitirse plantas trabajan con la mitad de sus servicios o cierran durante el resto del apag&#243;n. Se han difundido conversaciones sobre la energ&#237;a solar, incluso un funcionario del gobierno dijo por televisi&#243;n nacional que los cubanos en la di&#225;spora deber&#237;an enviar paneles solares a sus familiares en la isla. No es una mala idea considerando los 330 d&#237;as en promedio de sol en Cuba, pero se cree que los cubanos de la isla tienen sugar-exiliados en Miami.</p><p>Cuando se va la electricidad, es normal ver a los vecinos en sus balcones, portales o en la acera del frente, tomando aire fresco. Mi parte favorita de los apagones es ver a la gente jugando domino en la calle. Por la noche, las pantallas de los tel&#233;fonos iluminan los rostros de las personas viendo videos, jugando o leyendo las noticias. Y quienes regresan a sus hogares o pasan cerca de bloques en apag&#243;n, caminan con sus tel&#233;fonos en mano, linternas encendidas, esquivando los baches de la calle y mirando por encima de sus hombros.</p><p>Mientras nosotros no somos tan afortunados como las partes tur&#237;sticas de La Habana Vieja, en donde los apagones son raros, vivimos en un vecindario que es popular entre los turistas por los hoteles, restaurantes y bares. Tambi&#233;n estamos cerca de una avenida principal que divide una cuadra de la otra y desde donde podemos ver uno de los hoteles m&#225;s nuevos de La Habana que siempre es un contraste marcado ver sus torres iluminadas mientras los edificios y casas cercanas desaparecen en el cielo negro.</p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/whats-your-block?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Gracias por leer GUBA. Si te gust&#243;, comparte.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/whats-your-block?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/whats-your-block?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>The CDR stands for the &#8220;Comit&#233; de Defensa de la Revoluci&#243;n,&#8221; or the &#8220;Defense Committee of the Revolution.&#8221; It&#8217;s like a Neighborhood Watch; they&#8217;re the eyes and ears of the Revolution, but they also supervise, organize, and take care of the neighborhood. </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/electric-grid-failure-in-cuba-leaves-millions-without-power-for-4th-time-in-6-months">Electrical grid failure in Cuba leaves millions without power for the 4th time in 6 months</a> (PBS, March 15, 2025) </p><div><hr></div></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>The CDR stands for the &#8220;Comit&#233; de Defensa de la Revoluci&#243;n,&#8221; or the &#8220;Defense Committee of the Revolution.&#8221; It&#8217;s like a Neighborhood Watch; they&#8217;re the eyes and ears of the Revolution, but they also supervise, organize, and take care of the neighborhood. CDR significa Comit&#233; de Defensa de la Revoluci&#243;n. Son como los vigilantes del vecindario, son los ojos y o&#237;dos de la Revoluci&#243;n, pero tambi&#233;n supervisan, organizan y cuidan el vecindario.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/electric-grid-failure-in-cuba-leaves-millions-without-power-for-4th-time-in-6-months">La red electrica de Cuba falla dejando a millones sin energia por cuarta vez en seis meses</a> (PBS, 15 de Marzo 2025)</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The end of Cuban migration privilege]]></title><description><![CDATA[Cubans, once mostly exempt from detentions and deportations by the U.S. government, are being rounded up like other undocumented immigrants.]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-end-of-cuban-migration-privilege</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-end-of-cuban-migration-privilege</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 12 Jun 2025 21:02:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tvij!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35571b87-a3e4-4538-b0cb-70d952cc0317_640x480.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tvij!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35571b87-a3e4-4538-b0cb-70d952cc0317_640x480.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tvij!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35571b87-a3e4-4538-b0cb-70d952cc0317_640x480.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tvij!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35571b87-a3e4-4538-b0cb-70d952cc0317_640x480.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tvij!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35571b87-a3e4-4538-b0cb-70d952cc0317_640x480.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tvij!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35571b87-a3e4-4538-b0cb-70d952cc0317_640x480.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tvij!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35571b87-a3e4-4538-b0cb-70d952cc0317_640x480.png" width="724" height="543" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/35571b87-a3e4-4538-b0cb-70d952cc0317_640x480.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:724,&quot;bytes&quot;:210049,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/165663788?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35571b87-a3e4-4538-b0cb-70d952cc0317_640x480.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tvij!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35571b87-a3e4-4538-b0cb-70d952cc0317_640x480.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tvij!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35571b87-a3e4-4538-b0cb-70d952cc0317_640x480.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tvij!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35571b87-a3e4-4538-b0cb-70d952cc0317_640x480.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tvij!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35571b87-a3e4-4538-b0cb-70d952cc0317_640x480.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The last few weeks have been impossible to stomach as we continue to watch innocent migrants rounded up and sent to detention centers with deplorable conditions, witness families ripped apart by ruthless deportations, and see the partial and full bans of citizens from countries overrun by violence or authoritarian regimes in the name of &#8220;national security.&#8221; Cuban migrants have been no exception. </p><p>Since the 1960s, Cubans have enjoyed unparalleled migration privileges compared to any other immigrant in the United States. The U.S. government passed the Cuban Adjustment Act in 1966 which allows Cubans who have been in the United States for a year and a day to apply for a green card. Millions of undocumented immigrants spend decades in the United States working, paying taxes, and contributing to their communities without ever having a clear path to residency or citizenship. </p><p>But that time seems to be coming to an end. On May 30th, the Supreme Court decided the Trump administration could strip over <a href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/immigration/article307688550.html">500,000 migrants of their protected status under the Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua and Venezuela (CHNV) parole program</a>. Among these are almost 110,970 Cubans that made their way to the U.S. after going through a process of legal screenings during the Biden administration. More than 400,000 Cubans with I-220A<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> legal status face uncertainty after it was decided in 2023 that the status did not count as humanitarian parole and <a href="https://oncubanews.com/en/opinion/columns/rolled-up-sleeves/cubans-with-i-220a-what-paths-remain/">therefore barring these Cubans from applying for residency</a> through the Cuban Adjustment Act. They can still apply for political asylum but must be ready to present a case.</p><p>Until recently, these Cubans continued living undocumented without much fear, but now they are just as vulnerable to detention and deportation. Last week, Cubans at the Krome detention center in Miami were seen spelling out &#8220;SOS&#8221; with their bodies in the prison&#8217;s courtyard. Their protest comes after months of legal limbo because Cuba won&#8217;t take them back and the U.S. won&#8217;t let them go. There have been reports of abuse, inadequate food and medical supplies, and overcrowding to the point where people have been forced to sleep on their feet. <a href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/immigration/article307457731.html">Two men have died</a> this year at Krome.</p><p>All of this is a result of the Trump administration&#8217;s cruel immigration crackdown, which seeks to make 3,000 immigration arrests a day. Federal ICE agents are luring people out of their homes to arrest them, raiding workplaces, schools, and arresting migrants that have shown up for their immigration hearings. Even Florida State Senator Ileana Garcia, a staunch Trump supporter and cofounder of the group <em>Latinas for Trump</em>, has <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/06/09/latinas-for-trump-immigration-arrests/84115411007/">criticized this push as &#8220;unacceptable and inhumane</a>.&#8221; She focused most of her criticisms on Stephen Miller, one of Trump&#8217;s top aides and the architect behind the crackdown, but was quick to reassure her ongoing support for Trump. </p><p>Trump made promises to remove &#8220;criminals&#8221; during his presidential campaign, but that has translated to the arbitrary arrest and deportation of innocent migrants without due process. This comes as no surprise after months of erroneously identifying innocent Venezuelan migrants as gang members and sending them to the Guantanamo Bay naval base and to El Salvador&#8217;s mega-prison, CECOT. It has been reported this week that Trump wants send up to <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2025/06/10/trump-plans-migrants-guantanamo-bay-00396673">9,000 undocumented migrants</a> to the prison in Guantanamo Bay to be processed for deportation.</p><p>To be honest, I&#8217;m not sure how Trump supporters didn&#8217;t see this coming considering that Stephen Miller was behind Trump&#8217;s infamous policy to separate children from their parents and detain families along the Mexico-U.S. border. Furthermore, mass deportation was part of the Heritage Foundation&#8217;s infamous <a href="https://immigrationimpact.com/2024/08/23/what-project-2025-says-about-immigration/">Project 2025 policy book</a>, specifically detailing that &#8220;Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officials should be directed to take all unauthorized immigrants with criminal records, prior deportation orders, or who have been identified by local police under 287(g) agreements into custody.&#8221; But we know now that this isn&#8217;t necessarily the case. </p><p>The crackdown is so indiscriminate that even &#8220;El Funky,&#8221; a Cuban rapper and Trump supporter praised by Cuban-American politicians for appearing in the song &#8220;Patria y Vida,&#8221;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> was given a 30-day deportation notice. With enough social pressure he was able to <a href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article307324851.html">re-open his immigration case and avoid deportation</a>, but what about Cubans without a social following? Just last month, the <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/05/americas/heidy-sanchez-cuba-mom-deported-us-daughter-intl-latam">mother to a 17 month old was deported back to Cuba</a> because she missed one immigration hearing during the pandemic and was placed on a deportation list. She is now in Cuba and doesn&#8217;t know when she&#8217;ll be able to see her daughter again. </p><p>And as if all of this wasn&#8217;t enough news to keep your blood boiling, Trump last week announced a new travel ban and partial ban for 19 countries, including Cuba. The <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/06/restricting-the-entry-of-foreign-nationals-to-protect-the-united-states-from-foreign-terrorists-and-other-national-security-and-public-safety-threats/">proclamation cites</a> the country&#8217;s position on the state sponsor of terrorism list, its unwillingness to take back deported nationals, and the percentage of nationals that overstay their visas. As of Monday, Cubans are no longer allowed to get B-1, B&#8209;2, B-1/B-2, F, M, and J visas. These visas include &#8220;professors, scholars, and teachers, students, exchange program visitors, business visitors, tourists, and domestic employees, among others.&#8221;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a></p><p>As of now, family reunification programs are not affected, but taking away these visa categories cuts off an important exchange between the two countries. Just a few weeks ago, I traveled with a young, Cuban band to Utah because they were invited to a small music festival where they were able to learn from other musicians as well as share their own music and expertise. They fit into one of these visa categories. Other musicians, artists, entrepreneurs, and students used these visas to learn, grow, and reinvigorate their passions to continue doing important work here in their home country. This type of isolation will only further distance both cultures from each other, resorting back to a time of a barrier vs bridge building. </p><p>As far as general support goes, the <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/trump-latino-voters-south-florida-immigration-policy-deportations-rcna211874">Cuban-American community has not backed down from its support for Trump&#8217;s presidency</a>, even if they disagree with how he&#8217;s handling the migrant crackdown. Cuban-American politicians in South Florida, specifically Republican Representatives Mario D&#237;az-Balart, Carlos Gim&#233;nez and Maria Elvira Salazar, have mostly shied away from criticizing Trump and his policies. They are said to be meeting this week with the Secretary of Homeland Security Kristi Noem to talk about how these harsh policies are affecting their constituents in their districts. I&#8217;m not optimistic they&#8217;ll resolve anything, but for the sake of families in South Florida, I hope I&#8217;m wrong. </p><p><em>Thanks to Lu for the edits &lt;3</em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading GUBA. Subscribe below to read a new post every Thursday.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><p><em>Traducido por M. Angelica / Translated by M. Angelica</em></p><p>Las &#250;ltimas semanas han sido imposibles de soportar mientras seguimos viendo a migrantes inocentes siendo capturados y enviados a centros de detenci&#243;n con condiciones deplorables, presenciando familias desgarradas por deportaciones despiadadas, y observando las prohibiciones parciales y totales de ciudadanos de pa&#237;ses dominados por la violencia o reg&#237;menes autoritarios en nombre de la &#8220;seguridad nacional&#8221;. Los migrantes cubanos no han sido la excepci&#243;n.</p><p>Desde 1960, los cubanos han disfrutado de privilegios migratorios sin igual en comparaci&#243;n con cualquier otro inmigrante en Estados Unidos. El gobierno estadounidense aprob&#243; la Ley de Ajuste Cubano en 1966, que permite a los cubanos que han estado en Estados Unidos durante un a&#241;o y un d&#237;a solicitar la residencia permanente (green card). Millones de inmigrantes indocumentados pasan d&#233;cadas en Estados Unidos trabajando, pagando impuestos y contribuyendo a sus comunidades sin tener nunca un camino claro hacia la residencia o la ciudadan&#237;a.</p><p>Pero ese tiempo parece estar llegando a su fin. El 30 de mayo, la Corte Suprema decidi&#243; que la administraci&#243;n Trump pod&#237;a revocar el estatus protegido de m&#225;s de <a href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/immigration/article307688550.html">500,000 migrantes bajo el programa de permiso para Cuba, Hait&#237;, Nicaragua y Venezuela (CHNV)</a>. Entre ellos se encuentran casi 110,970 cubanos que llegaron a Estados Unidos tras pasar por un proceso de revisi&#243;n legal durante la administraci&#243;n Biden. M&#225;s de 400,000 cubanos con estatus legal I-220A<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> enfrentan incertidumbre despu&#233;s de que en 2023 se determinara que dicho estatus no cuenta como parole humanitario, lo que <a href="https://oncubanews.com/en/opinion/columns/rolled-up-sleeves/cubans-with-i-220a-what-paths-remain/">les impide solicitar la residencia</a>. A&#250;n pueden solicitar asilo pol&#237;tico, pero deben estar preparados para presentar un caso.</p><p>Hasta hace poco, estos cubanos segu&#237;an viviendo indocumentados y sin mucho temor, pero ahora son igual de vulnerables a la detenci&#243;n y deportaci&#243;n. La semana pasada, cubanos en el centro de detenci&#243;n Krome en Miami fueron vistos formando con sus cuerpos las letras &#8220;SOS&#8221; en el patio de la prisi&#243;n. Su protesta ocurre despu&#233;s de meses en un limbo legal porque Cuba no los acepta de vuelta y Estados Unidos no los deja salir. Se han reportado abusos, alimentos y suministros m&#233;dicos insuficientes, y hacinamiento al punto de que las personas se han visto obligadas a dormir de pie. <a href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/immigration/article307457731.html">Dos hombres han muerto este a&#241;o en Krome</a>.</p><p>Todo esto es resultado de la dura pol&#237;tica migratoria de la administraci&#243;n Trump, que busca realizar 3,000 arrestos migratorios diarios. Los agentes federales de ICE est&#225;n atrayendo a las personas fuera de sus hogares para arrestarlas, allanando lugares de trabajo, escuelas y deteniendo a migrantes que se han presentado a sus audiencias de inmigraci&#243;n. Incluso la senadora estatal de Florida Ileana Garc&#237;a, una firme partidaria de Trump y cofundadora del grupo <em>Latinas for Trump</em>, ha <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/06/09/latinas-for-trump-immigration-arrests/84115411007/">criticado esta medida como &#8220;inaceptable e inhumana&#8221;</a>. Ella centr&#243; la mayor parte de sus cr&#237;ticas en Stephen Miller, uno de los principales asesores de Trump y arquitecto de esta pol&#237;tica, pero se apresur&#243; a asegurar su apoyo continuo al actual presidente.</p><p>Trump hizo promesas de expulsar a &#8220;criminales&#8221; durante su campa&#241;a presidencial, pero eso se ha traducido en arrestos y deportaciones arbitrarias de migrantes inocentes sin el debido proceso. Esto no sorprende despu&#233;s de meses de identificar err&#243;neamente a migrantes venezolanos inocentes como miembros de pandillas y enviarlos a la base naval de Guant&#225;namo y a la mega-prisi&#243;n CECOT en El Salvador. Esta semana se ha informado que Trump quiere enviar hasta <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2025/06/10/trump-plans-migrants-guantanamo-bay-00396673">9,000 migrantes indocumentados</a> a la prisi&#243;n en Guant&#225;namo a ser procesados para su deportaci&#243;n.</p><p>Para ser honesta, no estoy segura de c&#243;mo los seguidores de Trump no vieron esto venir, considerando que Stephen Miller estuvo detr&#225;s de la pol&#237;tica de separar a los ni&#241;os de sus padres y detener a las familias en la frontera entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos. Adem&#225;s, la deportaci&#243;n masiva formaba parte del infame <a href="https://immigrationimpact.com/2024/08/23/what-project-2025-says-about-immigration/">libro de pol&#237;ticas Proyecto 2025</a> de la Heritage Foundation, que detallaba espec&#237;ficamente que &#8220;los oficiales de Inmigraci&#243;n y Control de Aduanas (ICE) deber&#237;an ser dirigidos a detener a todos los inmigrantes no autorizados con antecedentes penales, &#243;rdenes previas de deportaci&#243;n o que hayan sido identificados por la polic&#237;a local bajo acuerdos 287(g)&#8221;. Pero ahora sabemos que esto no es necesariamente as&#237;.</p><p>La represi&#243;n es tan indiscriminada que incluso &#8220;El Funky,&#8221; un rapero cubano y simpatizante de Trump, alabado por pol&#237;ticos cubanoamericanos por aparecer en la canci&#243;n &#8220;Patria y Vida&#8221;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a>, recibi&#243; una notificaci&#243;n de deportaci&#243;n de 30 d&#237;as. Con suficiente presi&#243;n social, <a href="https://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/florida/sur-de-la-florida/article307179236.html">pudo reabrir su caso de inmigraci&#243;n y evitar la deportaci&#243;n</a>, pero &#191;qu&#233; pasa con los cubanos que no tienen un seguimiento social? Apenas el mes pasado, la <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/05/americas/heidy-sanchez-cuba-mom-deported-us-daughter-intl-latam">madre de un ni&#241;o de 17 meses fue deportada de regreso a Cuba</a> porque no asisti&#243; a una audiencia de inmigraci&#243;n durante la pandemia y fue incluida en una lista de deportaci&#243;n. Ahora est&#225; en Cuba y no sabe cu&#225;ndo podr&#225; volver a ver a su hija.</p><p>Y como si todas estas noticias no fueran suficientes para mantener la sangre hirviendo, Trump anunci&#243; la semana pasada una nueva prohibici&#243;n de viaje y una prohibici&#243;n parcial para 19 pa&#237;ses, incluyendo Cuba. La proclamaci&#243;n cita la posici&#243;n del pa&#237;s en la lista de patrocinadores del terrorismo, su negativa a aceptar de vuelta a nacionales deportados y el porcentaje de nacionales que exceden el tiempo permitido de sus visas. Desde el lunes, a los cubanos ya no se les permite obtener visas B-1, B-2, B-1/B-2, F, M y J. Estas visas incluyen a &#8220;profesores, acad&#233;micos y maestros, estudiantes, visitantes de programas de intercambio, visitantes de negocios, turistas y empleados dom&#233;sticos, entre otros&#8221;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a>.</p><p>Por ahora, los programas de reunificaci&#243;n familiar no se ven afectados, pero eliminar estas categor&#237;as de visa corta un importante intercambio entre ambos pa&#237;ses. Hace apenas unas semanas, viaj&#233; con una joven banda cubana a Utah porque fueron invitados a un peque&#241;o festival de m&#250;sica, donde pudieron aprender de otros m&#250;sicos, as&#237; como compartir su propia m&#250;sica y experiencia. Ellos encajaban en una de estas categor&#237;as de visa. Otros m&#250;sicos, artistas, emprendedores y estudiantes usaban estas visas para aprender, crecer y reavivar sus pasiones y as&#237; continuar haciendo un trabajo importante aqu&#237;, en su pa&#237;s de origen. Este tipo de aislamiento solo distanciar&#225; a&#250;n m&#225;s a ambas culturas, volviendo a una &#233;poca de construcci&#243;n de barreras en lugar de puentes.</p><p>En cuanto al apoyo general, <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/trump-latino-voters-south-florida-immigration-policy-deportations-rcna211874">la comunidad cubanoamericana no ha retrocedido en su respaldo a la presidencia de Trump</a>, aunque no est&#233;n de acuerdo con la forma en que est&#225; manejando la represi&#243;n contra los migrantes. Los pol&#237;ticos cubanoamericanos en el sur de Florida, espec&#237;ficamente los representantes republicanos Mario D&#237;az-Balart, Carlos Gim&#233;nez y Mar&#237;a Elvira Salazar, en su mayor&#237;a han evitado criticar a Trump y sus pol&#237;ticas. Se dice que esta semana se reunir&#225;n con la Secretaria de Seguridad Nacional, Kristi Noem, para hablar sobre c&#243;mo estas pol&#237;ticas estrictas est&#225;n afectando a los electores de sus distritos. No soy optimista de que vayan a resolver algo, pero por el bien de las familias en el sur de Florida, espero estar equivocada.</p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-end-of-cuban-migration-privilege?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Gracias por leer GUBA. Si te gusto la publicaci&#243;n, comparte.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-end-of-cuban-migration-privilege?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/guba17.substack.com/p/the-end-of-cuban-migration-privilege?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>This form is an &#8220;Order of Release on Recognizance,&#8221; meaning it is given to migrants when they cross the Mexican-U.S. border. It allows them to be released from custody under certain conditions, like attending all of their immigration hearings or wearing an ankle beeper. </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Patria y Vida is a protest anthem written by Cuban musicians in the summer of 2021, right before Cuba had one of its largest protests in decades.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>If you want to have access to a great and informative U.S.-Cuba news brief,  sign up for <a href="https://www.weareceda.org/en/us-cuba-news-brief/june6-travelban">CEDA&#8217;s newsletter</a>.</p><div><hr></div></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Este formulario es una &#8220;Orden de Libertad Bajo Palabra,&#8221; lo que significa que se entrega a los migrantes cuando cruzan la frontera entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos. Les permite ser liberados de la custodia bajo ciertas condiciones, como asistir a todas sus audiencias de inmigraci&#243;n o usar un dispositivo electr&#243;nico en el tobillo.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Patria y Vida es un himno de protesta escrito por m&#250;sicos cubanos en el verano de 2021, justo antes de que Cuba tuviera una de sus mayores protestas en d&#233;cadas.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Si quieres tener acceso a un bolet&#237;n informativo excelente y lleno de informaci&#243;n sobre noticias entre Estados Unidos y Cuba, suscr&#237;bete al <a href="https://www.weareceda.org/en/us-cuba-news-brief/june6-travelban">bolet&#237;n de CEDA.</a></p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The ETECSA price hikes]]></title><description><![CDATA[Recent internet price hikes have Cubans groaning and moaning and protesting, oh my!]]></description><link>https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-etecsa-price-hikes</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://guba17.substack.com/p/the-etecsa-price-hikes</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[GUBA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 06 Jun 2025 03:08:03 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OhUR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcc3f94b-0f9f-4eae-ae93-34322d5a8c86_736x675.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OhUR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcc3f94b-0f9f-4eae-ae93-34322d5a8c86_736x675.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OhUR!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcc3f94b-0f9f-4eae-ae93-34322d5a8c86_736x675.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OhUR!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcc3f94b-0f9f-4eae-ae93-34322d5a8c86_736x675.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OhUR!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcc3f94b-0f9f-4eae-ae93-34322d5a8c86_736x675.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OhUR!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcc3f94b-0f9f-4eae-ae93-34322d5a8c86_736x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OhUR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcc3f94b-0f9f-4eae-ae93-34322d5a8c86_736x675.jpeg" width="546" height="500.7472826086956" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fcc3f94b-0f9f-4eae-ae93-34322d5a8c86_736x675.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:675,&quot;width&quot;:736,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:546,&quot;bytes&quot;:96772,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/i/165107777?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73e2b71b-0b0e-4dd3-abdf-7931a6fd8942_736x920.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OhUR!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_424, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcc3f94b-0f9f-4eae-ae93-34322d5a8c86_736x675.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OhUR!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_848, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcc3f94b-0f9f-4eae-ae93-34322d5a8c86_736x675.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OhUR!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcc3f94b-0f9f-4eae-ae93-34322d5a8c86_736x675.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OhUR!, /__u/guba17.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/guba17.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/guba17.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/guba17.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/guba17.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcc3f94b-0f9f-4eae-ae93-34322d5a8c86_736x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Last week, ETECSA, Cuba&#8217;s sole telecommunications provider, raised its data package prices because it is sorely in debt and in need of foreign currency to maintain the current system, let alone update its machinery, services, and more. But the new price hikes are outrageous&#8212;Cuban nationals are limited to a one time monthly purchase of a max package of 6 GB of internet use (with 60 minutes and 70 SMS texts) that costs 360 Cuban pesos (CUP) (about the equivalent of $1 dollar in the informal market); the next available package jumps to over 3300 CUP for only 3GB extra&#8212;mind you, that&#8217;s more than the minimum monthly salary. The most expensive package costs a whopping 11,000 CUP, or its equivalent in dollars, around $35. </p><p>Cubans from all sectors of society have shared their disapproval of the price hikes. Many say they are leaning on Cubans abroad to purchase data packages in foreign currency for their loved ones on the island, but the criticism is clear: the telecommunications sector cannot subsist off of the charity of those abroad. While many Cubans receive remittances, many others don&#8217;t receive them at all, or they do so inconsistently. This means that less of the population will have access to internet, further disenfranchising already marginalized parts of the population. Some Cubans abroad have called for a complete boycott of ETECSA services, refusing to send remittances to the island. </p><p>I&#8217;ve heard a lot of complaints from friends, from random taxi drivers, heck, it even came up during a movie screening. But more significant have been the state controlled institutions that have come out in protest, most notably several universities. The national arts university, several faculties and departments from the University of Havana, and the Federation for University Students all <a href="https://www.facebook.com/fcomUH/posts/comunicado-de-la-feu-de-5-facultades-de-la-universidad-de-la-habana-luego-del-di/1212124000944966/">published letters online criticizing the new prices</a>, especially for students as they are a sector of the population that makes little money, and the internet is an indispensable tool for their studies in today&#8217;s digital age. </p><p>The protests have garnered so much attention that higher up officials, including the president, have <a href="http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2025/06/02/etecsa-anuncia-adecuaciones-comerciales-y-estudio-de-paquetes-intermedios/">promised to provide certain sectors of the population with a better deal</a>, but there has been no indication that they will go back on the policy. Some student groups have called for a strike, refusing to go to classes until the new prices are lowered again. These formal criticisms are rare and come as a direct challenge to the government&#8217;s policies. Many people have felt encouraged by it, even though it is a small step. </p><p>But looking back, internet in Cuba hasn&#8217;t necessarily been accessible to Cubans over the years. In fact, it started to become more widely available in 2015 after the Cuban government hooked up 35 wifi hotspots in parks.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> Cubans were suddenly allowed to buy 1 hour or 5 hour internet cards, for $1 or $5 respectively, and connect at public parks with their mobile devices or laptops. Before 2015, most wifi access was reserved for hotels&#8212;prioritizing foreigners&#8212;and sparse government &#8220;computer palaces&#8221; with slow connection.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a></p><p>At the end of 2018, Cubans gained access to mobile data, and everything changed. Cubans were allowed to connect from the privacy of their homes and call their loved ones on WhatsApp halfway around the world whenever they wanted. They could now work remotely, study, create, design. Though they had a late start to meme culture, they might be their most prolific creators (Cubans have a notorious sense of humor and a knack for making fun of almost anything). All this time, ETECSA adjusted rates and pricing, but regularly granted bonuses, like extra money to buy data packages, or free internet access from midnight to 7 AM. </p><p>The other day, my taxi driver was complaining about the price hikes but said that he had stable and fast wifi at home, at least, through Starlink. I perked up; I had heard of some people being connected to Starlink in Cuba, but hadn&#8217;t met anyone. He explained that Starlink wasn&#8217;t available in the country, but you can skirt around it with a VPN<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> that places you in Mexico. It&#8217;s difficult and expensive to sneak in the Starlink routers but people have managed. He gets over 200mb per second of bandwidth for $60 a month, which he then offsets the cost by sharing his connection with 100 other people and charging them 1500 CUP. I&#8217;m always fascinated by Cubans&#8217; ability to find solutions to problems here, and while I&#8217;m not a fan of Elon Musk, I&#8217;m grateful that Starlink is a solution for some, even if just a few.</p><p>Being realistic, ETECSA won&#8217;t resolve its issues with these new measures, nor will it satisfy Cubans on the island. The Cuban economy is bogged down by multiple inefficiencies, one of its greatest challenges being the informal market and the changing rate of the Cuban peso as tied to the dollar. The official, government rate does not reflect the CUP&#8217;s true value on the black market, and until the government makes some type of substantial reform, I can&#8217;t see this working out for them.  </p><p><em>*Thank you to Lu for editing &lt;3</em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading GUBA. If you&#8217;d like to read more, make sure to subscribe.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Traducido por M. Angelica / Translated by M. Angelica</em></p><p>La semana pasada, ETECSA, el &#250;nico proveedor de telecomunicaciones de Cuba, aument&#243; los precios de sus paquetes de datos porque est&#225; profundamente endeudado y necesita divisas extranjeras para mantener el sistema actual, sin mencionar actualizar su maquinaria, servicios y m&#225;s. Pero los nuevos aumentos de precios son escandalosos &#8212; los ciudadanos cubanos est&#225;n limitados a una compra mensual &#250;nica de un paquete m&#225;ximo de 6 GB de uso de internet (con 60 minutos y 70 SMS) que cuesta 360 CUP (aproximadamente el equivalente a 1 d&#243;lar en el mercado informal); el siguiente paquete disponible salta a m&#225;s de 3300 CUP por solo 3 GB adicionales &#8212; cabe destacar que eso es m&#225;s que el salario m&#237;nimo mensual. El paquete m&#225;s caro cuesta la asombrosa cifra de 11,000 CUP, o el equivalente a 35 d&#243;lares aproximadamente.</p><p>Cubanos de todos los sectores de la sociedad han expresado su desaprobaci&#243;n ante los aumentos de precios. Muchos dicen que est&#225;n recurriendo a los que est&#225;n fuera del pa&#237;s, que de esta manera compran paquetes de datos en moneda extranjera para sus seres queridos en la isla, pero la cr&#237;tica es clara: el sector de las telecomunicaciones no puede subsistir gracias a la caridad de quienes est&#225;n fuera. Aunque muchos cubanos reciben remesas, muchos otros no las reciben en absoluto, o lo hacen de manera inconsistente. Esto significa que una menor parte de la poblaci&#243;n tendr&#225; acceso a internet, lo que marginar&#225; a&#250;n m&#225;s a sectores ya vulnerables. Algunos cubanos en el extranjero han llamado a un boicot total a los servicios de ETECSA, neg&#225;ndose a enviar remesas a la isla.</p><p>He escuchado muchas quejas de amigos, de taxistas al azar, incluso sali&#243; el tema durante la proyecci&#243;n de una pel&#237;cula. Pero lo m&#225;s significativo han sido las instituciones controladas por el estado que han salido a protestar, sobre todo varias universidades. La Universidad Nacional de Artes, varias facultades y departamentos de la Universidad de La Habana, y la Federaci&#243;n Estudiantil Universitaria publicaron <a href="https://www.facebook.com/100064421330717/posts/pfbid0MA1iyDvc27agzkjz3D59mMATNdtKQUea9W4wT8tsjFByJsPEnCxE5ob78iGt91Q9l/?app=fbl">cartas en l&#237;nea criticando los nuevos precios</a>, especialmente para los estudiantes, ya que son un sector de la poblaci&#243;n que gana poco dinero, y el internet es una herramienta indispensable para sus estudios en la era digital actual.</p><p>Las protestas han atra&#237;do tanta atenci&#243;n que funcionarios de alto rango, incluido el presidente,<a href="http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2025/06/02/etecsa-anuncia-adecuaciones-comerciales-y-estudio-de-paquetes-intermedios/"> han prometido ofrecer a ciertos sectores de la poblaci&#243;n un trato mejor</a>, pero no ha habido indicios de que vayan a revertir la pol&#237;tica. Algunos grupos estudiantiles han convocado a una huelga, neg&#225;ndose a asistir a clases hasta que los nuevos precios se reduzcan. Estas cr&#237;ticas formales son poco comunes y representan un desaf&#237;o directo a las pol&#237;ticas del gobierno. Muchas personas se han sentido alentadas por ello, aunque sea un peque&#241;o paso.</p><p>Pero mirando hacia atr&#225;s, el internet en Cuba no ha sido necesariamente accesible a lo largo de los a&#241;os. De hecho, comenz&#243; a estar m&#225;s disponible en 2015 despu&#233;s de que el gobierno instalara 35 puntos de acceso wifi en parques.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> Los cubanos de repente pudieron comprar tarjetas de internet de 1 hora o 5 horas, por $1 o $5 respectivamente, y conectarse en parques p&#250;blicos con sus dispositivos m&#243;viles o laptops. Antes de 2015, la mayor&#237;a del acceso wifi estaba reservado para hoteles &#8212;priorizando a los extranjeros&#8212; y escasos &#8220;palacios de computaci&#243;n&#8221; controlados por el gobierno con conexi&#243;n lenta.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a></p><p>Al final de 2018, obtuvieron acceso a datos m&#243;viles, y todo cambi&#243;. Se les permiti&#243; conectarse desde la privacidad de sus hogares y llamar a sus seres queridos por WhatsApp al otro lado del mundo cuando quisieran. Ahora pod&#237;an trabajar de forma remota, estudiar, crear, dise&#241;ar. Aunque comenzaron tarde con la cultura de los memes, podr&#237;an ser sus creadores m&#225;s prol&#237;ficos (los cubanos tienen un sentido del humor notorio y una habilidad para burlarse de casi cualquier cosa). Durante todo este tiempo, ETECSA ajust&#243; tarifas y precios, pero regularmente otorgaba bonos, como dinero extra para comprar paquetes de datos o acceso gratuito a internet desde la medianoche hasta las 7 de la ma&#241;ana.</p><p>El otro d&#237;a, mi taxista se estaba quejando de los aumentos de precios, pero dijo que ten&#237;a wifi estable y r&#225;pido en casa, al menos, a trav&#233;s de Starlink. Me anim&#233;; hab&#237;a o&#237;do que algunas personas estaban conectadas a Starlink en Cuba, pero no hab&#237;a conocido a nadie. &#201;l explic&#243; que Starlink no est&#225; disponible en el pa&#237;s, pero se puede sortear eso con una VPN<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a> que te coloca en M&#233;xico. Es dif&#237;cil y caro meter los routers de Starlink, pero la gente lo ha logrado. &#201;l obten&#237;a m&#225;s de 200 mb por segundo de ancho de banda por 60 d&#243;lares al mes, y compensaba el costo compartiendo su conexi&#243;n con otras 100 personas y cobrando 1500 CUP. Siempre me fascina la capacidad de los cubanos para encontrar soluciones a los problemas aqu&#237;, y aunque no soy fan de Elon Musk, estoy agradecida de que Starlink sea una soluci&#243;n para algunas personas.</p><p>Siendo realistas, ETECSA no resolver&#225; sus problemas con estas nuevas medidas, ni va a satisfacer a los cubanos en la isla. La econom&#237;a cubana est&#225; lastrada por m&#250;ltiples ineficiencias, siendo uno de sus mayores desaf&#237;os el mercado informal y la tasa cambiante del peso cubano en relaci&#243;n con el d&#243;lar. La tasa oficial del gobierno no refleja el valor real del CUP en el mercado negro, y hasta que el gobierno realice alg&#250;n tipo de reforma sustancial, no veo que esto les funcione.</p><p><em>*Gracias a Lu por editar &lt;3</em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://guba17.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Gracias por leer GUBA. Si quieres leer m&#225;s, subscribete abajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Having wider, more accessible internet was part of the deal agreed upon during the Obama Administrations&#8217; rapprochement with the island. </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Even then, Cubans found ways to have an online, global presence, with independent Cuban blogs that covered a myriad of topics starting to pop up as early as 2007.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>A VPN is a &#8220;virtual private network,&#8221; which creates a secure connection between your device and whichever server. This can protect your browsing and you can set it up from several countries, ie. this guy uses a VPN to connect through Mexico so that the Starlink satellites think he&#8217;s connected there. </p><div><hr></div></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Tener un internet m&#225;s amplio y accesible fue parte del acuerdo pactado durante el acercamiento de la administraci&#243;n de Obama con la isla.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Incluso entonces, los cubanos encontraron maneras de tener una presencia en l&#237;nea y global, con blogs cubanos independientes que cubr&#237;an una gran variedad de temas empezando a aparecer desde tan temprano como 2007.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Una VPN es una &#8220;red privada virtual&#8221;, que crea una conexi&#243;n segura entre tu dispositivo y cualquier servidor. Esto puede proteger tu navegaci&#243;n y puedes configurarla desde varios pa&#237;ses, es decir, esta persona usa una VPN para conectarse a trav&#233;s de M&#233;xico, de modo que los sat&#233;lites Starlink piensen que est&#225; conectado all&#237;.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>