<script data-pm-proxy="intercept"></script><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Filosofía · Política · Geopolítica . Analisis prospectivo]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_s8B!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F038d7350-995f-4df8-80fe-9ddbe1a14cbd_375x375.png</url><title>EL RETO DE COMPRENDER </title><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2026 02:04:35 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Romer]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[es]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[henriquesalasromer@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[henriquesalasromer@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[henriquesalasromer@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[henriquesalasromer@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[DEL BAÚL DE LOS RECUERDOS]]></title><description><![CDATA[ABC de la semana, septiembre 29, 2011]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/cuando-la-burbuja-estalla</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/cuando-la-burbuja-estalla</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 20:00:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg" width="1456" height="980" 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/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Es terrible ser v&#237;ctima de una burbuja financiera. Muchos han perdido fortunas, otros su reputaci&#243;n o su vida.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>En la formaci&#243;n de burbujas influyen factores especulativos, pero con mayor frecuencia se producen por contagio. En busca de una ganancia r&#225;pida, muchos se endeudan o se desprenden de sus ahorros, alimentando con sus compras una espiral de precios que al subir m&#225;s y m&#225;s, pierde relaci&#243;n con el valor real del bien que se ha adquirido.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>En las &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, vimos estallar varias burbujas. En la segunda mitad de los a&#241;os &#8217;90, colapsaron las acciones de las empresas </span><em><strong><span>.</span></strong><span>COM</span></em><span>. En la segunda mitad del 2000, sobrevino la crisis financiera mundial con el colapso de los bonos </span><em><span>envenenados</span></em><span>. Pero fueron burbujas </span><em><span>s&#243;lo </span></em><span>cuando se produjo el estallido. Hasta que ello ocurri&#243;, eran vistos como buenas inversiones.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Tambi&#233;n en pol&#237;tica se producen burbujas, solo que ac&#225; son promovidas para generar adhesiones. Lusinchi logr&#243; transmitir una sensaci&#243;n de bienestar y optimismo, cuando al final de su mandato afirm&#243; que entregaba &#8220;la botija llena&#8221;. P&#233;rez durante su segunda campa&#241;a, gener&#243; adhesiones por el recuerdo de su primer gobierno. Pero su popularidad se vino abajo con la de su antecesor, cuando el pueblo descubri&#243; que en lugar de traer bonanza en sus alforjas, tra&#237;a consigo medidas dr&#225;sticas para corregir los entuertos, los de su primer gobierno y los del gobierno anterior.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong><span>El gobierno de Ch&#225;vez ha fabricado una gigantesca burbuja</span></strong></em><span> en un intento por garantizar su reelecci&#243;n. Ha puesto el dinero a rodar. Como consecuencia, un elevado porcentaje de la poblaci&#243;n percibe un futuro prometedor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Se trata, por supuesto, de una ficci&#243;n. Gran parte de la poblaci&#243;n laboral no tiene empleo fijo; la infraestructura del pa&#237;s est&#225; haciendo aguas; tenemos la inflaci&#243;n m&#225;s elevada del continente; los precios del petr&#243;leo vienen cayendo; y de lo que oficialmente conocemos, se desprende que para generar esa sensaci&#243;n de bienestar, el gobierno se ha endeudado al extremo de entregar a China una tercera parte de nuestras futuras exportaciones petroleras.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>M&#225;s pronto que tarde</span></strong><span>, much&#237;simos venezolanos descubrir&#225;n que han venido afincando sus sue&#241;os en expectativas irrealizables. Y entonces vendr&#225; el estallido.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cuando una burbuja pol&#237;tica estalla, es el gobernante quien recibe el impacto. Lusinchi, como vimos, pag&#243; con su popularidad. P&#233;rez tambi&#233;n, adem&#225;s de acarrearle la p&#233;rdida del favor popular, c&#225;rcel y traici&#243;n. Caldera, atrapado entre el colapso de los precios petroleros y su precaria salud, sinti&#243; el coletazo del quiebre sucesivo de tantas expectativas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>En el caso de Ch&#225;vez los excesos son in&#233;ditos y el abismo es insondable&#8230; pero Dios puede haberle sido misericordioso.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Cuando la burbuja estalle, a lo mejor no estar&#225; aqu&#237;.</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>PD. Gan&#243; su &#250;ltima campa&#241;a presidencial en octubre de 2012, y se dice que dos meses desp&#250;es  falleci&#243;..</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lp8M!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1afb7fa4-e4b6-46dd-93d5-d5d3795fd513_1168x784.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lp8M!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1afb7fa4-e4b6-46dd-93d5-d5d3795fd513_1168x784.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lp8M!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong><mark data-color="#ff9900" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span>Social media is a drug.</span></mark></strong></p><p>Not a drug in the pharmacological sense &#8212; no external chemical substance is ingested &#8212; but it hijacks the same primary circuits of reward and belonging that the human brain reserves for food, social bonding, and survival.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Digital platforms were built for exactly that purpose. Intermittent reinforcement and the fear of being left out &#8212;FOMO, <em>Fear Of Missing Out</em>&#8212; are the two mechanisms that sustain dependency patterns structurally identical to addiction, and that turn human attention into an exploitable resource at industrial scale.</p><h4><span>The Reward Circuit and Persuasive Design</span></h4><p>The pillar of digital addiction is dopamine, the neurotransmitter central to motivation and reward-based learning. Social media generates dopamine through the anticipation of what might come next, not the satisfaction of what was found. It is the same principle of operant conditioning that governs slot machines: sliding the screen, the user never knows whether they&#8217;ll receive social validation &#8212;a like, a comment, a message&#8212; or nothing of relevance. That unpredictability is what produces the dopaminergic spikes that drive repetition.</p><p><strong>The circuit activated is the same one a drug activates: </strong>the mesolimbic system that governs all reward, chemical or social. The pathway differs. A drug like cocaine acts directly on brain chemistry, blocking dopamine reuptake and producing levels no natural stimulus can reach on its own. The algorithm, by contrast, works the circuit from the inside.</p><p>It does so through the cognitive and social pathway the brain reserves for status and belonging: the surge is real, <strong>the algorithm did not invent a new vulnerability.</strong> It hijacked one evolution installed for good reason, and <em>put it to work for profit</em>.</p><p>This design has a technical name: Captology, a term coined at Stanford for the study of persuasive technology. Autoplay, infinite scroll, and recommendation algorithms are not side effects of connectivity; <strong>they are engineering decisions explicitly optimized to maximize time on platform&#8230; and business.</strong></p><p>The inventor of infinite scroll himself, Aza Raskin, has publicly stated his regret for designing it.</p><p>With sustained use, the brain develops tolerance to that flow and demands longer exposure to reach the same gratification.</p><h4><strong><span>A Clinical Pattern</span></strong></h4><p>The clinical pattern is already well documented: the inability to limit screen time even after consciously deciding to; the irritability and anxiety that surface when access is temporarily unavailable; the erosion of sleep, performance, and in-person relationships in favor of virtual interaction; the use of scrolling as an anesthetic against stress or boredom. <strong>That pattern repeats, is measured, and is documented in clinical practice.</strong></p><p><strong>The manual will catch up later.</strong></p><h4><strong><span>What Is Already Known Needs No Explanation</span></strong></h4><p>The world has already moved ahead of the diagnosis. More than twenty countries now restrict minors&#8217; access to social media. Australia -as my readers know- was the first: its ban for under-16s has been in effect since December 2025, and penalties will soon be doubled. Indonesia and Malaysia followed. The United Kingdom, France, Spain, Canada, Norway, Denmark, and several U.S. states are moving in the same direction. <strong>No government waited for a psychiatric manual to certify a category. The evidence of harm was enough.</strong></p><p>The courts confirm the same social diagnosis. Thousands of lawsuits against Meta, Google, and other platforms are consolidated in federal and state litigation across the United States. <strong>Thousands, hear well.</strong></p><p>In March 2026, a Los Angeles jury found Meta and YouTube negligent in the first verdict of its kind, following a trial in which Mark Zuckerberg testified personally and internal documents were introduced showing the company knew how heavily Instagram was used by children ages ten to twelve.</p><p>Governments, courts, and juries in different countries arrived, by independent paths, at the same conclusion. <strong>That convergence is the data point.</strong> The evidence is already enough to act on.</p><h4><strong><span>The Socio-Emotional Factor: The FOMO Paradox</span></strong></h4><p>Unlike other addictions, digital dependency exploits a deep evolutionary need: belonging to the group. FOMO operates on two levels there. Cognitively, it is the distorted perception that everyone else is living fuller, more exciting experiences than one&#8217;s own, fed by a polished catalog of highlight reels no ordinary life can match. Behaviorally, it is the engine that drives the compulsion to check the phone, to avoid missing a trend, a conversation, a shared moment. <strong>FOMO turns the use of a technology meant to inform, to learn, to connect, into a defensive act by someone unwilling to risk social exclusion.</strong></p><p><strong><span>Conclusion</span></strong></p><p>Social media captures the same reward circuit as a drug, produces the same pattern of loss of control, and triggers the same institutional response &#8212; laws, lawsuits, verdicts &#8212; that we reserve for products we know cause harm. The chemical difference is real. Governments and courts have already decided what matters.</p><p><strong>Understanding the mechanism gives the individual &#8212; and above all, children &#8212; back the clarity to reclaim control of their time and of their own lives.</strong></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/social-networks-dopamine-and-the/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/social-networks-dopamine-and-the/comments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/social-networks-dopamine-and-the?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/social-networks-dopamine-and-the?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Compartir</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Las Redes Sociales, la Dopamina y el Miedo a Quedar Fuera]]></title><description><![CDATA[El Algoritmo de la Ansiedad]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/las-redes-sociales-la-dopamina-y</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/las-redes-sociales-la-dopamina-y</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 22:12:23 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!do59!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!do59!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!do59!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!do59!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!do59!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!do59!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!do59!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg" width="1168" height="784" 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/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!do59!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong><span>Introducci&#243;n</span></strong></h4><p><strong><span>Las redes sociales son una droga. </span></strong><span>No en sentido farmacol&#243;gico &#8212;no hay una sustancia qu&#237;mica externa ingerida&#8212; pero capturan los mismos circuitos primarios de recompensa y pertenencia que el cerebro humano reserva para la comida, el v&#237;nculo social y la supervivencia.</span></p><p><span>Las plataformas digitales fueron dise&#241;adas con ese fin. El refuerzo intermitente y el miedo a quedar fuera &#8212;el FOMO, </span><em><span>Fear Of Missing Out</span></em><span>&#8212; son los dos mecanismos que sostienen esquemas de dependencia estructuralmente id&#233;nticos a los de una adicci&#243;n, y que convierten la atenci&#243;n humana en un recurso explotable a escala industrial.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><h4><strong><span>El circuito de recompensa y el dise&#241;o persuasivo</span></strong></h4><p><span>El pilar de la adicci&#243;n digital es la dopamina, el neurotransmisor central en los procesos de motivaci&#243;n y aprendizaje por recompensa. Las redes sociales generan dopamina por la expectativa de lo que se va a encontrar. Es el mismo principio del condicionamiento operante que rige las m&#225;quinas tragamonedas: al deslizar la pantalla, el usuario nunca sabe si recibir&#225; una validaci&#243;n social &#8212;un like, un comentario, un mensaje&#8212; o contenido irrelevante. Esa impredecibilidad es lo que produce los picos dopamin&#233;rgicos que impulsan la repetici&#243;n.</span></p><p><strong><span>El circuito activado es el mismo que activa una droga: </span></strong><span>el sistema mesol&#237;mbico que gobierna toda recompensa, qu&#237;mica o social. La v&#237;a de acceso es distinta. Una droga como la coca&#237;na interviene directamente sobre la qu&#237;mica cerebral, bloqueando la recaptaci&#243;n de dopamina y produciendo niveles que ning&#250;n est&#237;mulo natural alcanza por s&#237; solo. En cambio, el algoritmo explota el circuito desde adentro.</span></p><p><span>Lo hace a trav&#233;s de la v&#237;a cognitiva y social que el cerebro reserva para el estatus y la pertenencia: la descarga es real, </span><strong><span>el algoritmo no invent&#243; una vulnerabilidad nueva.</span></strong><span> Secuestr&#243; una que la evoluci&#243;n instal&#243; por buenas razones, y la instrumentaliz&#243; con fines pecuniarios.</span></p><p><span>Ese dise&#241;o tiene nombre t&#233;cnico: Captology, el t&#233;rmino acu&#241;ado en Stanford para el estudio de la tecnolog&#237;a persuasiva. La reproducci&#243;n autom&#225;tica, el desplazamiento infinito y los algoritmos de recomendaci&#243;n no son efectos secundarios de la conectividad; </span><strong><span>son decisiones de ingenier&#237;a optimizadas expl&#237;citamente para eliminar la fricci&#243;n y maximizar el tiempo de permanencia&#8230; y el negocio.</span></strong></p><p><span>El propio inventor del scroll infinito, Aza Raskin, ha declarado p&#250;blicamente su arrepentimiento por haberlo dise&#241;ado.</span></p><p><span>Con el uso sostenido, el cerebro desarrolla tolerancia a ese flujo, y exige exposiciones cada vez m&#225;s largas para alcanzar la misma gratificaci&#243;n.</span></p><h4><strong><span>Un patr&#243;n cl&#237;nico</span></strong></h4><p><span>El patr&#243;n cl&#237;nico ya est&#225; documentado: la incapacidad de limitar el tiempo de pantalla incluso cuando la persona se lo ha propuesto conscientemente; la irritabilidad y la ansiedad ante la imposibilidad temporal de acceder a la red; el deterioro del sue&#241;o, del rendimiento y de las relaciones presenciales en favor de la interacci&#243;n virtual; el uso del scroll como anestesia contra el estr&#233;s o el aburrimiento. </span><strong><span>Ese patr&#243;n se repite, se mide y se documenta en la cl&#237;nica todos los d&#237;as.</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>El manual llegar&#225; despu&#233;s.</span></strong></p><h4><span>Lo que se sabe no necesita explicaci&#243;n</span></h4><p><span>El mundo ya se adelant&#243; al diagn&#243;stico. M&#225;s de veinte pa&#237;ses restringen hoy el acceso de menores a las redes sociales. Australia fue el primero: su prohibici&#243;n para menores de 16 est&#225; en vigor desde diciembre de 2025. Le siguieron Indonesia y Malasia. Avanzan Reino Unido, Francia, Espa&#241;a, Canad&#225;, Noruega, Dinamarca y varios estados de Estados Unidos. </span><strong><span>Ning&#250;n gobierno esper&#243; a que un manual psiqui&#225;trico certificara una categor&#237;a. Bast&#243; la evidencia de da&#241;o.</span></strong></p><p><span>Los tribunales confirman el mismo diagn&#243;stico social. Miles de demandas contra Meta, Google y otras plataformas est&#225;n consolidadas en litigios federales y estatales en Estados Unidos. </span><strong><span>Miles, escucha bien.</span></strong></p><p><span>En marzo de 2026, un jurado de Los &#193;ngeles encontr&#243; a Meta y YouTube negligentes en el primer veredicto de este tipo, tras un juicio en el que Mark Zuckerberg testific&#243; personalmente y en el que se presentaron documentos internos que mostraban que la empresa conoc&#237;a el nivel de uso de Instagram entre ni&#241;os de diez a doce a&#241;os.</span></p><p><span>Gobiernos, tribunales y jurados de pa&#237;ses distintos llegaron, por caminos independientes, a la misma conclusi&#243;n. </span><strong><span>Esa convergencia es el dato.</span></strong><span> La evidencia ya alcanza para actuar, est&#233; o no codificada todav&#237;a en un manual.</span></p><h4><strong><span>El factor socioemocional: la paradoja del FOMO</span></strong></h4><p><span>A diferencia de otras adicciones, la dependencia digital explota una necesidad evolutiva profunda: la pertenencia al grupo. Ah&#237; opera el FOMO en dos planos. En el cognitivo, es la percepci&#243;n distorsionada de que los dem&#225;s viven experiencias m&#225;s plenas que las propias, alimentada por un cat&#225;logo pulido de highlight reels que ninguna vida cotidiana puede igualar. En el conductual, es el motor que empuja a revisar el tel&#233;fono para no quedar fuera de una tendencia, una conversaci&#243;n, un momento colectivo. </span><strong><span>El FOMO transforma el uso de una tecnolog&#237;a para enterarse, para aprender o conocer, en un acto defensivo de quien no quiere correr el riesgo de ser socialmente excluido.</span></strong></p><h4><strong><span>Hacia donde vamos?</span></strong></h4><p><span>Las redes sociales capturan el mismo circuito de recompensa que una droga, generan el mismo patr&#243;n de p&#233;rdida de control, y provocan la misma respuesta institucional &#8212;leyes, litigios, veredictos&#8212; que reservamos para los productos que sabemos que da&#241;an. </span>La diferencia qu&#237;mica es real. Gobiernos y tribunales ya decidieron lo que importa.</p><p><em>Entender el mecanismo devolver&#237;a al individuo, y sobre todo a los ni&#241;os, la lucidez para recuperar el control de su tiempo y de su propia existencia.</em></p><p><em><strong>Pero todo puede ser en vano.</strong> </em></p><p>META acord&#243; esta semana con los 29 estados demandantes pagar una penalidad m&#225;xima de $18 billones, distribuida durante los pr&#243;ximos diez a&#241;os. Veamos lo que esto significa: En los diez a&#241;os anteriores, los ingresos anuales de META se multiplicaron por once: pasaron de $18 <em>billones</em> en 2015 a $201 <em>billones </em>en 2025, un crecimiento superior al 1.000 %. Si durante la pr&#243;xima d&#233;cada apenas crecieran un 10 % anual, Meta acumular&#237;a ingresos cercanos a $3,2 <em>trillones </em>y la penalidad representar&#237;a apenas el 0,6 % de esa suma. M&#225;s que un castigo, parece el <em>&#8220;costo&#8221; </em>de seguir operando.  </p><p>Y los ni&#241;os? </p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/las-redes-sociales-la-dopamina-y/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/las-redes-sociales-la-dopamina-y/comments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/las-redes-sociales-la-dopamina-y?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/las-redes-sociales-la-dopamina-y?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Compartir</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[MAKE SURE YOU KNOW]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Lens and the Circumstance]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/check-their-id</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/check-their-id</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 01:37:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_5wh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b345805-8979-41b4-94b5-1698e6db6908_1712x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_5wh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b345805-8979-41b4-94b5-1698e6db6908_1712x1152.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_5wh!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b345805-8979-41b4-94b5-1698e6db6908_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_5wh!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b345805-8979-41b4-94b5-1698e6db6908_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_5wh!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b345805-8979-41b4-94b5-1698e6db6908_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_5wh!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b345805-8979-41b4-94b5-1698e6db6908_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In earlier essays we analyzed what happens when a child becomes addicted to a cellphone. He learns to live in a fishbowl &#8212; a place where the scenery keeps changing while he stays put.</p><p><em>It&#8217;s a world with no past, and no future. Only an endless present. He or she lives like a fish that has never felt the pull of the current, or the thrill of swimming against it. A creature that does not live but feels entertained; one who may not have a clear memory of his or her parents, for there are too few shared emotions to recall. An individual who will probably remember grandpa, but only because he did not allow turned on cellphones around.</em></p><p><strong>We have also seen</strong> how that Lens shows up later in life and then turned to America&#8217;s recent presidents &#8212; not to talk politics, but because they are the most visible men alive. </p><p>We have also learned this Lens holds steady throughout life.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>Today we will take a deeper dive. </strong> <strong>So let&#180;s dig in. </strong></p><p>I have split into two groups all presidents who have held power over the past fifty years and added two emblematic figures who belong to an analogous generation. Group one: Those born and raised in wartime. Group II: those born and raised when the world lived in peace.</p><p><em><strong>Those Born and Raised during Wartime</strong></em></p><p>We begin with John F. Kennedy, born in 1917, and Henry Kissinger, in 1923. Add Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush, both born in 1924, and finally Barack Obama, born in 1961. All but the last, Barack Obama, were born in the fifteen-year generational window which starts with the outbreak of World War I, in 1914, and ends with the Crash of 1929. Obama, by contrast, was born within the time bracket starting in 1959, which ends with the Arab Oil Embargo, which struck the world economy in 1974.</p><p>All of them &#8212; as children or young adolescents &#8212; either lived the war up close, or its aftermath, then came exuberance, and finally a deep economic downturn.</p><p>It is worth adding that Kennedy and George H. W. Bush, Bush father, both knew heroic combat missions, and that Kissinger and Carter both served on active military duty.</p><p>Now let&#8217;s see how &#8212; once in power &#8212; they acted.</p><p>Kennedy averted a nuclear disaster by negotiating with Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kissinger made negotiation &#8212; d&#233;tente, the opening to China, shuttle diplomacy &#8212; his personal trademark. Carter, in turn, presided over the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel and the Torrijos-Carter Treaties on the Panama Canal. George H. W. Bush steered, together with Gorbachev, the end of the Cold War, and Obama, nicknamed &#8220;No Drama Obama,&#8221; came to terms with Iran.</p><p>Their shared preference for diplomacy is hardly a coincidence.</p><p><em><strong>Those Born an Raised in Times of Peace</strong></em></p><p>Ronald Reagan, born in 1911, and Donald Trump, born in 1946, belong to generations shaped under a world order already in place. For that generation, order and peace were simply what Normal looks like.</p><p>Both were called to govern at a parallel late stage: Reagan at the tail end of the Cold War, Trump at the tail end of the present war &#8212; a long war, a major geopolitical conflict few call by that name, though the confrontation itself is in plain view. The reason is plain. It is a different kind of war: systemic at its core, and far from conventional. That both men have been driven to restore order &#8212; and, in Trump&#8217;s case, to assert American primacy as well &#8212; is hardly surprising.</p><p>Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, also born in 1946, faced very different situations, but they shared the same formative window. Where during Reagan&#8217;s childhood America was just emerging as a world power, for those born in 1946 their homeland had already emerged victorious &#8212; in war and in prestige &#8212; so decisively that the dollar had become the world&#8217;s reference currency, and the United Nations had made New York its seat.</p><p>In the minds of these children, the picture only grew larger.</p><p><strong>Father and Son</strong></p><p>Let&#8217;s take George H. W. Bush, from the first group, and his son George W. Bush, who belongs to the second. Same name. Same family. A similar upbringing, the same home, the same social class. And yet opposite Lenses.</p><p>The father, born in 1924 &#8212; in the exact same cohort as Carter and Kissinger &#8212; governed with caution and was careful to build coalitions, and after the Berlin Wall fell, he met Gorbachev at sea off Malta, and the two raised a toast to the end of the Cold War.</p><p>His son, by contrast, grew up inside the postwar order, after America&#8217;s triumph in WWII. When his moment to rule came &#8212; after the attack on the Twin Towers &#8212; driven by hubris, he chose not only to invade Iraq, a country that had nothing to do with bin Laden, but to go much further: to occupy that nation, ancient Babylon, one of the oldest civilizations known to man, and then tear down its army, its police, and its ruling party, to install the American system from the ground up.</p><p>His own father, Jon Meacham, his biographer, tells us, was critical of that decision, and laid the blame squarely on Donald Rumsfeld. He blamed the thief, I&#8217;d add, and not the one who left the door open. Understandable &#8212; he was his father, after all. Henry Kissinger also opposed the occupation.</p><p>But the Lens sees no boundary. Under very different circumstances, Bill Clinton, born in that same generational window, brought order to Kosovo, expanded NATO, and pressed the Washington Consensus forward without hesitation &#8212; imposing the liberal economic mold onto nations with serious imbalances, leaving trauma in the societies it claimed to help.</p><p><strong>Three men, three very different temperaments</strong> &#8212; Clinton, Bush, and Trump, in the order they came to power. All acting in radically different circumstances, yet revealing the same determination: that which leads to imposing order -following what they saw in childhood- an order aligned to the American mold.</p><p>Something else ties Clinton and Trump together, and George W. Bush also, to some degree. All three grew up as television &#8212; still black and white then &#8212; became central to daily life. That surge of the image as the dominant form left a visible mark on their generation. Reagan, curiously, arrived at the same tool by a different road &#8212; through his Hollywood origin &#8212; and also turned television into an instrument of communication and command.</p><p>Let&#8217;s recap. The age changed. The circumstances changed. But the frame of reference etched into their retina did not budge. They carried it into power as both prism and filter throughout.</p><p>One learns by reading, but writing takes us a step further. It forces us to understand. And I think we have learned something new. In fact, we have made a discovery that deserves deeper study, yet already carries every sign of being true: </p><h5><em><strong>Those born in war seek understanding; those born in peace seek order, even at the risk of war.</strong></em></h5><p><em>&#8220;I am I and my circumstance&#8221;,</em> was Ortega y Gasset&#8217;s famous apothegm, his statement. The ageless Lens is missing&#8230; and must be added.</p><p><em><strong>I am I, my Lens, and my circumstance.</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Next time you vote, first check his birthing and circumstances.</strong></em></p><p></p><p><em>P.S. You may wonder about Joe Biden. I know him personally &#8212; a warm, unassuming man. I left him out for a good reason. As we have seen, analogous generations exist, generations that live through similar circumstances. Two such types we have covered . Biden belongs to a third kind of experience, but he is the only case with that background &#8212; the only one in a hundred years, and one case does not reveal a pattern.</em><span><br></span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/check-their-id/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/check-their-id/comments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/check-their-id?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/check-their-id?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Compartir</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[VERIFICA CUANDO NACIÓ]]></title><description><![CDATA[La Lente y la circunstancia]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/a-la-hora-de-elegir-pregunta-cuando</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/a-la-hora-de-elegir-pregunta-cuando</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 23 Aug 2026 23:53:03 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:980,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:450836,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/i/212319553?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong><span>La lente y la circunstancia</span></strong></p><p><span>En ensayos anteriores exploramos lo que ocurre cuando un ni&#241;o se vuelve adicto al celular. Se acostumbra a vivir en una pecera. En un sitio en el que las escenas cambian, pero &#233;l o ella permanece all&#237;.</span></p><p><span>Es un mundo en el que no existe pasado. En el que tampoco existe futuro, solo un presente que se extiende. Es un pez que nunca sinti&#243; la sensaci&#243;n de dejarse llevar por la corriente o la emoci&#243;n de luchar en su contra. Una criatura que no vive, se entretiene; que no recuerda bien a sus padres porque tiene pocas experiencias compartidas, experiencias que les hayan dejado alguna huella emocional. Y al abuelo, ese s&#237; lo recuerda, porque no le permite en su presencia usar el celular.</span></p><p><span>Tambi&#233;n hemos visto c&#243;mo esa lente se refleja m&#225;s tarde, y al efecto hemos hablado de los &#250;ltimos presidentes de EE. UU., no por hablar de pol&#237;tica, sino porque son los m&#225;s visibles, y &#8212;al hacerlo&#8212; hemos subrayado c&#243;mo sus decisiones reflejaron el mundo que vieron cuando ni&#241;os.</span></p><p><span>Adem&#225;s hemos visto, en un contexto distinto, que esa Lente se mantiene intacta no importa la edad a la que se llegue al mando.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>Hoy vamos a ir m&#225;s al fondo.</strong></p><p><span>He dividido en dos bloques los presidentes que ejercieron el poder en los &#250;ltimos cincuenta a&#241;os, y agregado dos figuras por emblem&#225;ticas no pueden dejarse fuera.</span></p><p><strong><span>Los nacidos en tiempo de guerra</span></strong></p><p><span>Tomemos como referencia a John F. Kennedy, nacido en 1917, y a Henry Kissinger, en 1923. A ellos se suman Jimmy Carter y George H. W. Bush, ambos de 1924, y Barack Obama, de 1961. Todos, salvo Obama, nacieron en los quince a&#241;os posteriores al estallido de la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1914. Obama, en cambio, naci&#243; al inicio de la Guerra Fr&#237;a, el mismo a&#241;o en que la Uni&#243;n Sovi&#233;tica levant&#243; el Muro de Berl&#237;n.</span></p><p><span>Todos vivieron la guerra de cerca o sus consecuencis durante la infancia o temprana adolescencia, y despu&#233;s &#8212;tras pocos a&#241;os de exuberancia&#8212; los primeros enfrentaron la Gran Depresi&#243;n y Obama el Embargo Petrolero &#193;rabe.</span></p><p><span>Es interesante agregar que tanto Kennedy como George H. W. Bush cumplieron misiones heroicas en combate, y que tanto Kissinger como Carter realizaron servicio militar activo.</span></p><p><span>Veamos su comportamiento.</span></p><p><span>Kennedy evit&#243; un desastre nuclear negociando con Jruschov en medio de la Crisis de los Misiles. Kissinger convirti&#243; la negociaci&#243;n &#8212;el d&#233;tente, la apertura a China, la diplomacia itinerante&#8212; en su sello personal. Carter presidi&#243; los Acuerdos de Camp David entre Egipto e Israel y los tratados Torrijos-Carter sobre el Canal de Panam&#225;. George H. W. Bush encauz&#243; con Gorbachov el fin de la Guerra Fr&#237;a. Obama, a quien apodaban &#8220;No Drama Obama&#8221;, se entendi&#243; con Ir&#225;n.</span></p><p><span>La propensi&#243;n de todos a privilegiar lsa salidas diplom&#225;ticas, el entendimiento, no parece una coincidencia.</span></p><p><strong><span>Los nacidos en tiempo de orden y paz</span></strong></p><p><span>Ronald Reagan, nacido en 1911, y Donald Trump, nacido en 1946, pertenecen a generaciones formadas bajo un orden mundial ya establecido. Para esa generaci&#243;n el orden y la paz eran, simplemente, lo Normal.</span></p><p><span>A ambos les toc&#243; gobernar en etapas paralelas: Reagan en la etapa final de la Guerra Fr&#237;a, y Trump en la etapa final de una guerra igualmente larga &#8212;la guerra actual&#8212;, una guerra que pocos reconocen como guerra, aunque la confrontaci&#243;n sea evidente. Es una guerra distinta, fundamentalmente sist&#233;mica y poco convencional. Que hayan sentido la necesidad de poner orden y, en el caso de Trump, tambi&#233;n de imponer la primac&#237;a de Estados Unidos, no es de extra&#241;ar.</span></p><p><span>Bill Clinton y George W. Bush, nacidos tambi&#233;n en 1946, si bien actuaron en situaciones totalmente diferentes, compartieron la misma ventana formativa. Si con Reagan Estados Unidos emerg&#237;a como potencia mundial, para los nacidos en 1946 el pa&#237;s sal&#237;a adem&#225;s victorioso &#8212;en la guerra y en prestigio&#8212;, tanto que el d&#243;lar se fij&#243; como moneda de referencia y la Organizaci&#243;n de las Naciones Unidas escogi&#243; Nueva York. En la mente de esos ni&#241;os esa imagen se agigant&#243;.</span></p><p><strong><span>Padre e hijo</span></strong></p><p><span>Me refiero a George H. W. Bush, de la primera agrupaci&#243;n, y a su hijo George W. Bush, que aparece en la segunda.</span></p><p><span>El mismo nombre, la misma familia, una educaci&#243;n semejante, un mismo hogar, una misma clase social. Y, sin embargo, sus Lentes son opuestas.</span></p><p><span>El padre, nacido en 1924 &#8212;exactamente en la misma cohorte de Carter y Kissinger&#8212;, gobern&#243; con cautela y construy&#243; coaliciones. Tanto, que despu&#233;s de la ca&#237;da del Muro de Berl&#237;n se reuni&#243; con Gorbachov en alta mar, frente a Malta, y acordaron el fin de la Guerra Fr&#237;a.</span></p><p><span>El hijo, en cambio, creci&#243; en el orden de posguerra. Cuando lleg&#243; su momento &#8212;despu&#233;s del ataque a las Torres Gemelas&#8212;, impulsado por el hubris, decidi&#243; no s&#243;lo invadir Irak &#8212;pa&#237;s que nada ten&#237;a que ver con Bin Laden&#8212; sino dar un paso m&#225;s: ocupar ese territorio, la antigua Babilonia, una de las civilizaciones m&#225;s antiguas de la humanidad, y desmantelar su ej&#233;rcito, su polic&#237;a y el partido dominante para imponer, partiendo de cero, el sistema norteamericano.</span></p><p><span>Su propio padre, seg&#250;n relata Jon Meacham, fue cr&#237;tico con esa decisi&#243;n y carg&#243; especialmente contra Donald Rumsfeld. O sea que culp&#243; al ladr&#243;n y no a quien le abri&#243; la puerta. Se comprende por ser su padre. Henry Kissinger, de la misma cohorte generacional que el padre, tambi&#233;n se opuso a la ocupaci&#243;n.</span></p><p><span>En circunstancias muy distintas, Bill Clinton, nacido en la misma ventana generacional, puso orden en Kosovo, ampli&#243; la OTAN y proyect&#243; con firmeza el Consenso de Washington: el molde econ&#243;mico liberal sobre naciones con fuertes desequilibrios, generando traumas en las sociedades socorridas.</span></p><p><strong><span>Tres hombres, tres temperamentos muy distinto</span></strong><span>s &#8212;Clinton, Bush y Trump, en el orden de su llegada al poder&#8212;. Todos actuaron en circunstancias diferentes, pero reflejan una misma determinaci&#243;n: ordenar el mundo seg&#250;n el molde estadounidense. El mismo molde que reaparece en generaciones an&#225;logas: Estados Unidos emergiendo como potencia en 1899, o triunfando en 1945 y convirti&#233;ndose en 1989 en la &#250;nica gran potencia universal tras caer el Muro de Berl&#237;n.</span></p><p><span>Hay algo m&#225;s que une a Clinton y a Trump, y en cierta medida tambi&#233;n a George W. Bush. Los tres crecieron cuando la televisi&#243;n &#8212;entonces en blanco y negro&#8212; se convert&#237;a en el nuevo centro de la vida cotidiana. Esa irrupci&#243;n de la imagen como forma dominante dej&#243; una huella muy visible en su generaci&#243;n. Curiosamente, tambi&#233;n en Reagan, por su v&#237;nculo con Hollywood. Todos aprovecharon o han aprovechado la televisi&#243;n como herramienta de comunicaci&#243;n y mando.</span></p><p><span>F&#237;jense bien. Cambi&#243; la edad, cambiaron las circunstancias, pero no ese marco de referencia que se inscribi&#243; en su retina. Lo llevaron al ejercicio del poder como espejuelo y tamiz.</span></p><p><span>Al escribir se aprende, y algo nuevo hemos aprendido. Hemos hecho un nuevo hallazgo, o al menos lo hemos confirmado, uno que merece estudios m&#225;s profundos, pero tiene todos los visos de ser verdad:</span></p><p><em><strong><span>Quien nace en la guerra privilegia el entendimiento; quien nace en la paz, privilegia el orden aun cuando ello suponga guerra.</span></strong></em></p><p><span>Yo soy yo y mi circunstancia, dijo Ortega y Gasset. Un apotegma, una frase lapidaria. Hoy, sin embargo, sabiendo que la Lente no tiene edad, cabe decir: </span><em><strong><span>Yo soy yo, mi Lente y mi circunstancia</span></strong></em><span>.</span></p><p><em><strong><span>Cuando te toque votar averigua. &#161;f&#237;jate cuando naci&#243;!</span></strong></em></p><p><em><strong><span>PD.</span></strong><span> Les extra&#241;ara la omisi&#243;n de Joe Biden. Lo conozco personalmente. Es un hombre amigable y sencillo. Lo excluyo por lo siguiente. Como hemos visto, existen generaciones an&#225;logas, generaciones que viven circunstancias parecidas. Hemos recorrido dos tipos de generaci&#243;n. Biden pertenece a un tercer tipo de vivencia,pero es el &#250;nico en cien a&#241;os, y un caso no establece patr&#243;n.</span></em></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/a-la-hora-de-elegir-pregunta-cuando/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/a-la-hora-de-elegir-pregunta-cuando/comments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[NO FUTURE, NO LEGACY, NO CHILDREN]]></title><description><![CDATA[In the Infinite Present, past and future fade away]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/no-future-no-legacy-no-children</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/no-future-no-legacy-no-children</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 20 Aug 2026 20:33:06 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg" width="784" height="1168" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1168,&quot;width&quot;:784,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:285998,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/i/212057763?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>The Infinite Present: screens, fragmented attention, and affection sans legacy</em></p><p><strong>A growing number of countries </strong>have begun restricting minors&#8217; access to social media, while in the United States a coalition of 29 states is pursuing legal action against Meta and other platforms. Yet the debate remains focused almost exclusively on the immediate harms: anxiety, depression, addiction, attention disorders, and other damaging effects that can leave their mark on childhood and adolescence.</p><p>Those concerns are real. What is being done matters, and those pressing for action are right to do so. But it does not address what may prove far more consequential: the effect on the Generational Lens itself and, through it, on our capacity to imagine a future or to have children at all.</p><p>In previous essays I have argued that what becomes imprinted between the ages of 0 and 15 is not merely memory. It is context. It is the habitual way of seeing. This conclusion does not arise solely from my study of history.</p><p>Neuroscience has shown that experience shapes the architecture of the brain, and that the extraordinary plasticity of our early years gradually diminishes with age: some circuits are strengthened, others weaken or disappear, and upon that architecture much of the context &#8212;the vantage point from which we live and judge everything that follows&#8212; is built.</p><p>Thermodynamics offers a complementary description: learning means organizing information, reducing uncertainty, and creating local order through the expenditure of energy. The Generational Lens is forged during that interval and thereafter filters everything that follows.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>History allows us to see it at work.</strong> Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump were all born in 1946. They grew up under the same light: the extraordinary assertion of American power after World War II, with the dollar at the center of the monetary system, the United Nations headquartered in New York, and the pride of belonging to a victorious nation. From that environment in the midst of the TV Era, emerged their Lens &#8212;and the impulse to consolidate and expand the Pax Americana.</p><p>That same Lens expressed itself in very different ways. Clinton translated it into NATO expansion, NAFTA, a media-savvy and empathetic style of governance &#8212;&#8220;I feel your pain&#8221;&#8212; and the determined application of the Washington Consensus through the International Monetary Fund. Bush carried it into nation-building and the idea of rebuilding ancient Babylon (Iraq) from the ground up.</p><p>On his part, Trump has radicalized it by asserting American primacy head-on, this time through the language and stagecraft of reality TV. Three temperaments, three different moments, but the same optic.</p><p>Barack Obama was born in 1961, exactly fifteen years later. He belonged to another generation. His childhood landscape was formed in a different world: the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Berlin Wall, Kennedy&#8217;s assassination, the long Vietnam War &#8212;which accompanied his entire childhood until the American withdrawal in 1973&#8212; the March on Washington, the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, and finally the image of Earth seen from the Moon.</p><p>This was no longer the uncontested primacy of the postwar years, but a more fragile and conflict-ridden world. His style of power was therefore different: he avoided confrontation and preferred negotiation. Hence the nickname: &#8220;No Drama Obama.&#8221; It was not simply a matter of character. It was a different Lens.</p><p><strong>Today that Lens is under siege.</strong> The Infinite Present fostered by social media &#8212;the endless scroll, flattened time, fragmented attention&#8212; threatens to prevent that perceptual Lens from acquiring depth.</p><p>When the Lens is formed within the Infinite Present, it loses consistency. Without a sedimented past, the vision of a future begins to blur. Without a future, there is no sense of legacy; without the desire for legacy, having children no longer feels like continuity. It begins to feel like a burden, a choice that can be postponed or, simply, an effort without a why.</p><p>The Infinite Present does more than distract. It transforms our experience of time. In the permanent scroll there is no before and no after: only a now that continually renews itself without settling into experience.</p><p>In that environment, the past becomes anecdotal and the future an abstraction. The Lens formed within that landscape loses context, loses narrative depth and, with it, its capacity to awaken living emotions.</p><p>Without narrative &#8212;and without the emotion that gives ownership&#8212; there is no legacy.</p><p>Legacy is not merely material inheritance. It is the perception that something of what we are and something of what we do should continue beyond ourselves. That perception requires temporal ground beneath our feet: the sense that we come from somewhere and are going somewhere beyond ourselves.</p><p>When that ground erodes, procreation ceases to appear as a natural form of continuity and becomes a costly, risky decision, one that for many lacks sufficient depth.</p><p>Hence the question: &#8220;Why have children?&#8221; A question many now find difficult to answer. Not because people have stopped loving children, but because the temporal framework within which the answer once was self-evident &#8212;and existential&#8212; has weakened. Children are a way of being beyond one&#8217;s own life, of leaving behind something of what one has done and something of what one is.</p><p>The Infinite Present does not operate in a vacuum. It arrives after decades during which procreation gradually ceased to be the default option. The pill separated sexuality from reproduction; the massive entry of women into the workforce transformed the range of possible lives; and new cultural models &#8212;Barbie included, as a symbol&#8212; opened an ever-wider gulf between personal fulfillment and motherhood.</p><p>The smartphone therefore found a door already open and widened it.</p><p>Social media itself reinforces another type of displacement. While often presenting users with images of human cruelty and degradation, it multiplies content that attributes kind human emotions and behavior to animals: the dog or cat that comforts, the puppy that brings joy, the lion that protects, the video of an elephant stopping a vehicle to save it from a landslide. Affection thus finds a simpler, more controllable recipient &#8212;one that requires care, and no continuity.</p><p><strong>The numbers reveal the magnitude</strong>. In 1970, the average fertility rate across the OECD was about 2.8 children per woman; by 2023 it had fallen to roughly 1.4. The decline had begun long before the smartphone. But after a brief stabilization during the 2000s, fertility began falling again around 2008, precisely as smartphones began their mass diffusion. South Korea reached 0.72 in 2023.</p><p>And here a fact appears that is difficult to ignore. A 2026 study by Caitlin Myers and Ezekiel Hooper, published by the NBER, estimates that the spread of the iPhone accounts for between 33 and 52 percent of the decline in the U.S. general fertility rate since 2007. The authors also find evidence consistent with less face-to-face interaction and less frequent sexual activity.</p><p>The study provides concrete evidence that smartphones affected procreation, but does not clearly explain why this occurred. And that is where <strong>our</strong> thesis finds footing: it has also altered our relationship with time.</p><p>A Present that does not pass. The <em>Infinite Present.</em> A present that never becomes past nor opens up a future. That is the Perpetual Present, as others have called it.</p><p>Without generational succession, legacy loses its channel. Without transmission, history becomes a file. Culture loses continuity; community dissolves; experience itself loses depth; and even the idea of Nation &#8212;with a capital N&#8212; becomes an abstraction.</p><p>Procreation is not merely a biological act. It is the act through which one generation hands the world to the next and which, in doing so, recognizes itself as a link in a chain longer than itself.</p><p>When parenthood becomes exceptional or is postponed indefinitely, the chain is broken. What remains is not merely a society with fewer children. It is a society beginning to lose its ability to conceive of itself in the trajectory of time.</p><p>Perhaps this is the bloodiest war of all. In other wars, lives are lost. Here, they disappear much earlier&#8230; <strong>b</strong>efore they are ever born.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BzG8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1b7fca6-e310-4959-b31d-8c2a412172a2_784x1168.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BzG8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1b7fca6-e310-4959-b31d-8c2a412172a2_784x1168.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BzG8!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><span>El Presente Infinito: pantallas, atenci&#243;n fragmentada y un afecto que ya no exige legado.</span></em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Gracias por leer  EL RETO DE COMPRENDER Suscr&#237;bete y apoya mi trabajo </p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong><span>Un n&#250;mero creciente de pa&#237;ses</span></strong><span> ha empezado a restringir el acceso de menores a las redes sociales, y en Estados Unidos una coalici&#243;n de 29 estados mantiene una ofensiva judicial contra Meta y otras plataformas. El debate, sin embargo, sigue centrado casi exclusivamente en los da&#241;os inmediatos: en la ansiedad, la depresi&#243;n, la adicci&#243;n, los trastornos de atenci&#243;n y otros efectos nocivos que pueden marcar la infancia y la adolescencia.</span></p><p><span>Esas preocupaciones son reales. Lo que se est&#225; haciendo es importante y hacen bien quienes la propician. Pero no aborda lo que, a la larga, resulta m&#225;s decisivo: el efecto sobre la Lente generacional misma y, a trav&#233;s de &#233;sta, sobre la capacidad de imaginar un futuro y </span><em><span>de desear la procreaci&#243;n</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>En ensayos anteriores he recordado que lo que se imprime entre los 0 y los 15 a&#241;os no es solo memoria: es el contexto, es el modo habitual de mirar. No es una conclusi&#243;n nacida solamente de mi observaci&#243;n hist&#243;rica.</span></p><p><span>La neurociencia ha demostrado que la experiencia modela la arquitectura cerebral y que la plasticidad extraordinaria de los primeros a&#241;os disminuye progresivamente con la edad: algunos circuitos se fortalecen, otros se debilitan o desaparecen, y sobre esa arquitectura se construye buena parte del contexto, de la atalaya desde la cual se vive y se juzga todo lo que viene despu&#233;s.</span></p><p><span>La termodin&#225;mica de la informaci&#243;n ofrece una descripci&#243;n complementaria: aprender significa organizar informaci&#243;n, reducir incertidumbre y crear orden local mediante un gasto de energ&#237;a. La Lente generacional se forja en ese intervalo y luego filtra todo lo que viene despu&#233;s.</span></p><p><span>La historia permite observarlo. Bill Clinton, George W. Bush y Donald Trump nacieron en 1946. Crecieron bajo una misma luz: la extraordinaria afirmaci&#243;n del poder norteamericano de la posguerra con el d&#243;lar como eje del sistema monetario, las Naciones Unidas con sede en Nueva York y el orgullo de pertenecer a una naci&#243;n victoriosa. De ah&#237; naci&#243; su Lente y el impulso de consolidar y expandir la </span><em><span>Pax Americana</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>Esa misma Lente se expres&#243; de formas distintas</span></strong><span>. Clinton la tradujo en la ampliaci&#243;n de la OTAN, el NAFTA, una gobernanza medi&#225;tica y emp&#225;tica (&#8220;I feel your pain&#8221;) y la aplicaci&#243;n decidida del Consenso de Washington a trav&#233;s del Fondo Monetario Internacional. Bush la llev&#243; al </span><em><span>nation-building</span></em><span> y a la idea de reconstruir desde cero a la antigua Babilonia: Irak. Trump la ha radicalizado al imponer de manera frontal la primac&#237;a de Estados Unidos, esta vez a trav&#233;s del lenguaje y la escenograf&#237;a del </span><em><span>reality TV</span></em><span>. Tres temperamentos, tres momentos distintos, pero una misma &#243;ptica formativa.</span></p><p><span>Barack Obama naci&#243; en 1961, exactamente quince a&#241;os despu&#233;s. Es otra generaci&#243;n</span><strong><span>.</span></strong><span> Su paisaje infantil se form&#243; en un mundo distinto: la Crisis de los Misiles, el Muro de Berl&#237;n, el asesinato de Kennedy, la larga guerra de Vietnam &#8212;que acompa&#241;&#243; toda su ni&#241;ez hasta la retirada estadounidense de 1973&#8212;, la Marcha sobre Washington, los asesinatos de Martin Luther King y Robert Kennedy, y la imagen de la Tierra vista desde la Luna. Ya no era la primac&#237;a indiscutida de la posguerra, sino un mundo m&#225;s fr&#225;gil y conflictivo. Por eso su estilo de poder fue distinto: eludi&#243; el conflicto, prefiri&#243; la negociaci&#243;n. De all&#237; el remoquete: &#8220;No Drama Obama&#8221;. No fue asunto de car&#225;cter. Se trataba de una Lente distinta.</span></p><p><span>Hoy esa Lente est&#225; bajo asedio. </span><em><span>El Presente Infinito</span></em><span> que propician las redes &#8212;</span><em><span>el scroll sin fin, el tiempo aplanado, la atenci&#243;n fragmentada</span></em><span>&#8212; amenaza con impedir que esa Lente perceptiva alcance suficiente profundidad.</span></p><p><span>Cuando la Lente se forma dentro del </span><em><span>Presente Infinito</span></em><span>, pierde su profundidad temporal. Sin un pasado sedimentado, la visi&#243;n de futuro se desvanece. Sin futuro no hay sentido de legado, sin deseo de legado tener hijos no se siente como continuidad&#8230; se percibe como carga o como una opci&#243;n diferible o, simplemente, como un esfuerzo </span><em><span>sin un para qu&#233;</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>El Presente Infinito no solo distrae. Transforma la experiencia del tiempo. </span><em><span>En el scroll permanente no hay un antes ni un despu&#233;s: solo un ahora que se renueva sin acumularse.</span></em></p><p><span>En ese contexto, el pasado se vuelve anecd&#243;tico y el futuro, una abstracci&#243;n. La Lente que se forma en ese paisaje pierde contexto, pierde profundidad narrativa y, con ella, su capacidad para despertar emociones vivas.</span></p><p><span>Sin narrativa &#8212;y sin la emoci&#243;n que la convierte en propia&#8212; no hay legado.</span></p><p><strong><span>El legado no es solo la herencia material</span></strong><span>. Es la percepci&#243;n de que algo de lo que uno es y de lo que uno hace debe continuar m&#225;s all&#225; de uno mismo. Esa percepci&#243;n requiere un suelo temporal: la sensaci&#243;n de venir de alguna parte y de ir hacia m&#225;s all&#225;.</span></p><p><span>Cuando ese suelo se erosiona, la procreaci&#243;n deja de aparecer como continuidad natural y se convierte en una decisi&#243;n costosa, arriesgada y, para muchos, carente de un sentido profundo.</span></p><p><span>Por eso la pregunta &#8220;&#191;para qu&#233; tener hijos?&#8221; est&#225; cada vez m&#225;s presente y es m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de responder. No porque la gente haya dejado de amar a los ni&#241;os, sino porque se ha debilitado el marco temporal dentro del cual la respuesta era evidente e incluso existencial: los hijos constituyen la forma de vivir m&#225;s all&#225; de la propia vida, de dejar algo de lo que uno ha hecho, de lo que uno es.</span></p><p><span>El </span><em><span>Presente Infinito</span></em><span> no act&#250;a en el vac&#237;o. Llega despu&#233;s de d&#233;cadas en las que la procreaci&#243;n fue dejando de ser el horizonte por defecto. La p&#237;ldora separ&#243; sexualidad y reproducci&#243;n; la incorporaci&#243;n masiva de la mujer al mercado laboral transform&#243; las opciones de vida; y nuevos modelos culturales &#8212;Barbie incluida como s&#237;mbolo&#8212; fueron creando un abismo entre realizaci&#243;n personal y maternidad.</span></p><p><span>El tel&#233;fono inteligente encontr&#243;, por tanto, una puerta que ya estaba abierta. Y la ensanch&#243;.</span></p><p><span>Las propias redes refuerzan otro desplazamiento. Mientras presentan al usuario im&#225;genes de crueldad y degradaci&#243;n humana, multiplican contenidos que atribuyen emociones y conductas humanas a los animales: el perro o gato que consuela, el cachorro que alegra, el le&#243;n que protege, el video del elefante que detiene un veh&#237;culo para salvarlo de un deslave. El afecto encuentra as&#237; un destinatario m&#225;s simple, m&#225;s controlable, que exige cuidado, pero no continuidad.</span></p><p><strong><span>Los n&#250;meros muestran la magnitud del fen&#243;meno</span></strong><span>. En 1970 la tasa de fertilidad promedio de la OCDE rondaba los 2,8 hijos por mujer; en 2023 hab&#237;a ca&#237;do a alrededor de 1,4. La ca&#237;da ven&#237;a de mucho antes del tel&#233;fono inteligente. Pero despu&#233;s de una breve estabilizaci&#243;n durante los a&#241;os 2000 volvi&#243; a descender a partir de 2008, precisamente cuando comenz&#243; la difusi&#243;n masiva del smartphone. Corea del Sur lleg&#243; a 0,72 en 2023.</span></p><p><span>Y aqu&#237; aparece un dato dif&#237;cil de ignorar. Un estudio de 2026 de Caitlin Myers y Ezekiel Hooper, publicado por el NBER, estima que la difusi&#243;n del iPhone explica entre el 33 y el 52 % de la ca&#237;da de la tasa general de fertilidad estadounidense desde 2007. Los autores encuentran adem&#225;s indicios compatibles con menor interacci&#243;n presencial y menor frecuencia sexual.</span></p><p><span>El estudio aporta evidencia concreta de que el tel&#233;fono inteligente afect&#243; la procreaci&#243;n. No demuestra por qu&#233; ocurri&#243; todo aquello. Y es all&#237; donde aparece otra posibilidad, la que nosotros sostenemos: que tambi&#233;n ha modificado nuestra relaci&#243;n con el tiempo. El de un presente que no pasa, el </span><em><span>Presente Infinito</span></em><span>, un presente que nunca se convierte en ayer, un presente que no mira al futuro. Ese es el </span><em><span>Presente Perpetuo</span></em><span>. As&#237; tambi&#233;n lo han llamado.</span></p><p><span>Sin relevo generacional el legado pierde su cauce. Sin transmisi&#243;n, la historia se convierte en archivo. La cultura pierde continuidad; la comunidad se diluye; la experiencia misma pierde profundidad; y hasta la idea de Naci&#243;n -en may&#250;scula- se convierte en abstracci&#243;n.</span></p><p><span>La procreaci&#243;n no es solo un hecho biol&#243;gico. Es el acto mediante el cual una generaci&#243;n entrega el mundo a la siguiente y, al hacerlo, se reconoce como eslab&#243;n de una cadena m&#225;s larga que ella misma.</span></p><p><span>Cuando ese acto se vuelve excepcional o se posterga indefinidamente, la cadena se interrumpe. Lo que queda no es solo una sociedad con menos ni&#241;os: es una sociedad que empieza a perder la capacidad de pensarse a s&#237; misma en la trayectoria del tiempo.</span></p><p><span>Acaso sea &#233;sta la m&#225;s cruenta de las guerras. En otras mueren seres. Aqu&#237; desaparecen mucho antes&#8230; sin haber logrado ser.</span></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Gracias por leer  EL RETO DE COMPRENDER Suscr&#237;bete y apoya mi trabajo</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" 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comentario</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[THE WAR AGAINST THE NETWORKS]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Generational Lens and the Infinite Present]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/the-war-against-the-networks</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/the-war-against-the-networks</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2026 18:17:04 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ocXJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed15a1bd-3fbc-44c4-b5b5-da6f028942af_1168x784.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed15a1bd-3fbc-44c4-b5b5-da6f028942af_1168x784.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ocXJ!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed15a1bd-3fbc-44c4-b5b5-da6f028942af_1168x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong>REACTIONS ARE ACCELERATING</strong></h3><p>Let us remember that what is imprinted between the ages of 0 and 15 is not merely memory: it is the habitual way of seeing. The generational Lens is forged in that interval and thereafter filters everything that follows. In the previous essay we saw how that Lens, formed in the immediate postwar years, shaped the gaze of a generation of American presidents.</p><p>Today <strong>the formation of that Lens</strong> is under siege. The &#8220;infinite present&#8221; of social media &#8212; the endless scroll, the flattening of time, the fragmentation of attention &#8212; threatens to prevent it from forming with any depth. Governments have begun to intervene. <strong>Their stated concerns are addiction, mental health and child safety. Seen through the generational Lens, however, something more is at stake:</strong> the very time in which the gaze of a generation is constructed &#8212; a decisive generation. Come tomorrow, it is the generation that will shape the destiny of the Nation.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><h2><strong>THE COUNTRIES INTERVENE</strong></h2><h3>Australia</h3><p>It was the first country in the world to enforce the ban (10 December 2025): minors under 16 may not hold accounts on the major platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Snapchat and X.</p><p>More than five million accounts have been deactivated or restricted. Yet recent research found that <strong>more than 80 percent of under-16s surveyed were still accessing social media</strong>, exposing the weakness of age verification and the ease with which restrictions can be circumvented.</p><p>In June 2026 the government introduced legislation that would roughly double maximum penalties to 99 million Australian dollars and strengthen the regulator&#8217;s investigative powers. As of August 11, that legislation is still before Parliament. Investigations are under way against Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok and YouTube for possible non-compliance.</p><h3>France</h3><p>On 21 July 2026 Parliament definitively approved a bill banning social media access for those under 15, making France the first country in Europe to adopt such a measure. The bill is now under review by the Constitutional Council.</p><p>If upheld, implementation is staggered:</p><ul><li><p>1 September 2026 &#8594; no new accounts may be created.</p></li><li><p>1 January 2027 &#8594; existing accounts must be deactivated.</p></li></ul><p>The measure also extends the ban on mobile phones to high schools (lyc&#233;es). It has been a personal priority of President Macron.</p><h3>Indonesia</h3><p>Since 28 March 2026 it has restricted access by those under 16 to platforms classified as &#8220;high-risk,&#8221; including TikTok, YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, X and Roblox.</p><p>The approach is risk-based rather than a total ban of the Australian kind.</p><p>The government reports that <strong>about 4.7 million under-age TikTok and YouTube accounts had been deactivated by late June, a figure approaching five million by August.</strong></p><h3>Other countries</h3><p>Malaysia and Brazil already have restrictions in force for those under 16. <strong>Malaysia bars under-16s from registering social-media accounts; Brazil permits them but requires accounts to be linked to a parent or legal guardian and prohibits features such as infinite scroll and autoplay for minors.</strong></p><p>United Kingdom: announced a ban for under-16s, scheduled for <strong>early 2027</strong>.</p><p>Denmark, Canada, Turkey, Greece and Spain are <strong>among the countries pursuing or adopting related age restrictions and child-safety measures.</strong></p><p><strong>What began in Australia is becoming an international movement.</strong></p><h3>United States &#8212; Lawsuits against Meta and Zuckerberg</h3><p>The United States has followed a different road. Rather than a national prohibition, the principal pressure has come through the courts.</p><ul><li><p>More than 3,000 federal lawsuits involving Meta, Google, TikTok and Snap have been consolidated in multidistrict litigation; thousands of additional cases are proceeding in state courts.</p></li><li><p>Twenty-nine states are suing Meta in federal court, alleging, among other things, improper collection of children&#8217;s data and that Facebook and Instagram were designed to addict young users while their risks were concealed.</p></li><li><p>In New Mexico, on 6 August 2026, a judge ordered Meta to pay $567 million into a fund for adolescent mental-health prevention and treatment, in addition to an earlier $375-million jury award &#8212; approximately $942 million in total. The judge found that Meta had created a &#8220;public nuisance.&#8221;</p></li><li><p>In March 2026 a California jury found Meta and Google liable for harms suffered by a young woman who had used Instagram and YouTube since childhood, awarding $6 million in damages.</p></li><li><p>On 10 August 2026 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals allowed more than 3,000 federal claims to continue.</p></li><li><p>A major federal trial brought by 29 states is scheduled to begin in Oakland, California, on 12 August.</p></li></ul><h3>Summary</h3><p>The movement begun by Australia has gone global. At the same time, in the United States the judicial route has become a major front of pressure against Meta and other platforms.</p><p>Australia, France, Indonesia and a growing number of countries are not merely regulating platforms. Whether they describe it in these terms or not, they are intervening in the interval in which the Lens is inscribed.</p><p>The infinite present of social media knows neither pause nor depth. If it is allowed to colonise the formative years completely, the next generation will inherit not only a technology: it will inherit a weakened way of seeing the world.</p><p>The war against the networks is, at bottom, a war for the time of childhood &#8212; and for the quality of the Lens that childhood will be able to forge.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JYeX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77b495f7-b328-4ae7-9fd4-2af3455fee56_1168x784.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JYeX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77b495f7-b328-4ae7-9fd4-2af3455fee56_1168x784.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JYeX!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong>SE ACELERAN LAS REACCIONES</strong></h4><p>Recordemos que lo que se imprime entre los 0 y los 15 a&#241;os no es solo memoria: es el modo habitual de mirar. La Lente generacional se forja en ese tramo y luego filtra todo lo que viene despu&#233;s.   </p><p>En el ensayo anterior vimos c&#243;mo esa Lente, formada en la posguerra inmediata, configur&#243; la mirada de una generaci&#243;n de presidentes norteamericanos.</p><p>Hoy esa misma Lente est&#225; bajo asedio. El &#8220;presente infinito&#8221; de las redes &#8212;el scroll sin fin, el tiempo aplanado, la atenci&#243;n fragmentada&#8212; amenaza con impedir que se forme con profundidad. Por eso los gobiernos han empezado a intervenir. No se trata solo de proteger a los ni&#241;os de contenidos da&#241;inos. Se trata de salvaguardar el tiempo mismo en el que se construye la mirada de toda una generaci&#243;n, una generaci&#243;n decisiva. Aquella que ma&#241;ana marcar&#225; el destino de la Naci&#243;n.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><h4><strong>LOS PA&#205;SES INTERVIENEN</strong></h4><h1><sub>Australia</sub></h1><p>Fue el primer pa&#237;s del mundo en aplicar la prohibici&#243;n (10 de diciembre de 2025): menores de 16 a&#241;os no pueden tener cuentas en las principales plataformas (Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Snapchat, X, etc.).</p><p>Se han desactivado o restringido m&#225;s de 5 millones de cuentas.</p><p>Sin embargo, los estudios del regulador (eSafety) y de universidades muestran que m&#225;s del 80 % de los menores de 16 a&#241;os siguen usando redes, principalmente porque la verificaci&#243;n de edad es f&#225;cil de eludir.</p><p>En junio de 2026 el gobierno propuso al Congreso duplicar las multas m&#225;ximas a 99 millones de d&#243;lares australianos y reforz&#243; los poderes de investigaci&#243;n del regulador. Hay investigaciones abiertas contra Meta, Snap, TikTok y YouTube por incumplimiento.</p><h1><sub>Francia</sub></h1><p>El 21 de julio de 2026 el Parlamento aprob&#243; definitivamente la ley que proh&#237;be el acceso a redes sociales a menores de 15 a&#241;os. El Consejo Constticional la bloque&#243; por por afectar, de la forma que fue redactada, la libertad de expresi&#243;n. Macr&#243;n prepara una nueva versi&#243;n</p><p><strong>Ya no es que los Estados quieran proteger a los menores, ahora comienzan a tratar a las redes sociales como un espacio regulado, comparable al alcohol o el juego o la educaci&#243;n.</strong></p><p>Es el primer pa&#237;s de la Uni&#243;n Europea en hacerlo.</p><p>Entrada en vigor escalonada:</p><ul><li><p>1 de septiembre de 2026 &#8594; no se pueden crear cuentas nuevas.</p></li><li><p>1 de enero de 2027 &#8594; se desactivan las cuentas ya existentes.</p></li></ul><p>Tambi&#233;n se proh&#237;ben los m&#243;viles en los institutos (lyc&#233;es). Fue una prioridad personal de Macron.</p><h1><sub>Indonesia</sub></h1><p>Desde finales de marzo de 2026 restringe el acceso de menores de 16 a&#241;os a plataformas consideradas de &#8220;alto riesgo&#8221; (TikTok, YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, X, Roblox, etc.).</p><p>Enfoque basado en riesgo, no una prohibici&#243;n total como Australia.</p><p>El gobierno reporta que se han eliminado alrededor de 5 millones de cuentas de menores (TikTok y YouTube concentran la mayor&#237;a).</p><h1><sub>Otros pa&#237;ses</sub></h1><p>Malasia y Brasil ya tienen restricciones en vigor para menores de 16 (Brasil exige vinculaci&#243;n con un tutor).</p><p>Reino Unido: anunci&#243; prohibici&#243;n para menores de 16 a&#241;os, prevista para la primavera de 2027.</p><p>Dinamarca, Canad&#225;, Turqu&#237;a, Grecia y Espa&#241;a est&#225;n avanzando en medidas similares.</p><p>Hay m&#225;s de 25 pa&#237;ses que ya han aprobado, implementado o est&#225;n tramitando alg&#250;n tipo de restricci&#243;n de edad.</p><h1><sub>Estados Unidos &#8211; Meta y Zuckerberg</sub></h1><p>Se han abierto numerosos juicios. Es una de las mayores oleadas litigiosas contra una empresa tecnol&#243;gica:  </p><ul><li><p>Miles de demandas individuales y de distritos escolares (m&#225;s de 3.000 en el multidistrict litigation).</p></li><li><p>29 estados est&#225;n demandando a Meta por dise&#241;ar productos adictivos y ocultar los da&#241;os a la salud mental de los menores.</p></li><li><p>En Nuevo M&#233;xico (agosto 2026) un juez orden&#243; a Meta pagar 567 millones de d&#243;lares para un fondo de salud mental de adolescentes, adem&#225;s de una multa anterior de 375 millones (total aproximado 942 millones). El juez declar&#243; que Meta cre&#243; un &#8220;public nuisance&#8221; (molestia p&#250;blica).</p></li><li><p>En marzo de 2026 un jurado de California ya hab&#237;a encontrado a Meta (y en menor medida a Google) responsable de da&#241;os a la salud mental de una joven.</p></li><li><p>El 10 de agosto de 2026 el Tribunal del Noveno Circuito permiti&#243; que miles de demandas sigan adelante.</p></li><li><p>Mark Zuckerberg y Meta enfrentan una presi&#243;n legal intensa. Hay un juicio multestatal importante en marcha en California.</p></li></ul><h2>Resumen</h2><p>El movimiento iniciado por Australia se ha globalizado. Al mismo tiempo, en Estados Unidos la v&#237;a judicial se ha convertido en el principal frente de presi&#243;n contra Meta.</p><p>Australia, Francia, Indonesia y veinte pa&#237;ses m&#225;s no est&#225;n simplemente regulando plataformas. Est&#225;n intentando defender el intervalo en el que se graba la Lente.</p><p>El presente infinito de las redes no conoce pausa ni profundidad. Si se lo deja colonizar por completo los a&#241;os formativos, la pr&#243;xima generaci&#243;n no heredar&#225; solo una tecnolog&#237;a: heredar&#225; una forma de mirar el mundo ya debilitada.</p><p>La guerra contra las redes es, en el fondo, una guerra por el tiempo de la infancia. Y por la calidad de la Lente que esa infancia ser&#225; capaz de forjar.</p><ul><li><p></p><p></p></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La Lente Generacional y el Presente Infinito]]></title><description><![CDATA[La humanidad en medio de la Revoluci&#243;n Digital]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/el-presente-infinito</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/el-presente-infinito</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 09 Aug 2026 13:30:22 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIPi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cb8319-1bea-4cf8-a166-c4a39c71ae64_784x1168.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIPi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cb8319-1bea-4cf8-a166-c4a39c71ae64_784x1168.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIPi!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cb8319-1bea-4cf8-a166-c4a39c71ae64_784x1168.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIPi!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cb8319-1bea-4cf8-a166-c4a39c71ae64_784x1168.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIPi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cb8319-1bea-4cf8-a166-c4a39c71ae64_784x1168.jpeg" width="784" height="1168" 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/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cb8319-1bea-4cf8-a166-c4a39c71ae64_784x1168.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIPi!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cb8319-1bea-4cf8-a166-c4a39c71ae64_784x1168.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong><span>Yo soy yo y mi circunstancia.&#8221;&#185;</span></strong></p><p>Jos&#233; Ortega y Gasset situ&#243; la ni&#241;ez entre los 0 y los 15 a&#241;os. Esa divisi&#243;n no era arbitraria. Coincide con un per&#237;odo de extraordinaria plasticidad cerebral, cuando el sistema nervioso es especialmente receptivo y se configuran de manera duradera los modos de percibir el tiempo, el valor, las relaciones y el futuro.</p><p>En mis estudios &#8212;desarrollados en el libro que estoy escribiendo&#8212; he llegado a una conclusi&#243;n que Ortega no formul&#243;: que es precisamente en esa ventana donde se forma la &#8220;Lente&#8221; de toda una generaci&#243;n.</p><p>La Lente es el cristal a trav&#233;s del cual esa generaci&#243;n ver&#225; el mundo durante el resto de su vida: su sentido del tiempo, su capacidad de heredar y de legar, su idea de familia, de comunidad y de naci&#243;n. Y la forma como actuar&#225; ma&#241;ana cuando le corresponda actuar.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong><span>La Lente y los presidentes</span></strong></p><p><span>Un ejemplo concreto se refleja en tres presidentes de Estados Unidos nacidos todos en 1946: Bill Clinton, George W. Bush y Donald Trump. </span></p><p><span>Nacieron el a&#241;o mismo en el que  Estados Unidos se consolid&#243; como la m&#225;s elevada expresi&#243;n de la nacionalidad. El d&#243;lar qued&#243; establecido como eje del sistema monetario internacional, vinculado al oro; las Naciones Unidas escogieron Nueva York como sede permanente, y el orgullo de ser norteamericano impregn&#243; la percepci&#243;n de esa generaci&#243;n.</span></p><p><span>De esa lente surgi&#243; el impulso de consolidar y expandir la </span><em><span>Pax Americana</span></em><span>. La ca&#237;da del Muro de Berl&#237;n, el colapso de la URSS y el auge de la globalizaci&#243;n confirmaron la primac&#237;a que hab&#237;an conocido durante su infancia.</span></p><p><span>En consonancia con su Lente, Clinton -quien llega al poder poco despu&#233;s- ampli&#243; y fortaleci&#243; la </span><em><span>Pax Americana</span></em><span>: impuls&#243; la aprobaci&#243;n y puesta en marcha de NAFTA, abri&#243; nuevos espacios al comercio mundial, extendi&#243; la OTAN hacia Europa Central y recurri&#243; a ella para restablecer el orden en los Balcanes frente a la ofensiva nacionalista de Milo&#353;evi&#263;.</span></p><p><span>Por otra parte, la tele-empat&#237;a adquirida en la era de la televisi&#243;n se encarn&#243; en su estilo personal </span><em><span>(&#8220;I feel your pain&#8221;)</span></em><span> y en una gobernanza seductora y medi&#225;tica.</span></p><p><span>De esa misma Lente se expres&#243; en Bush II en su empe&#241;o en </span><em><span>nation-building</span></em><span>, y la decisi&#243;n de desmantelar el Estado iraqu&#237; y la idea absurda de reconstruir desde cero a  Babilonia, una de las m&#225;s antiguas civilizaciones que conoci&#243; la humanidad.</span></p><p><span>De esa misma Lente proviene el impulso de Trump por imponer de manera frontal la primac&#237;a de Estados Unidos. Adem&#225;s, al igual que Clinton, s&#243;lo que en un registro mucho m&#225;s intenso, su marcado esfuerzo por proyectar el poder a trav&#233;s de la televisi&#243;n. </span></p><p><span>Su capacidad para producir y protagonizar Reality TV se ha hecho evidente. S&#243;lo la escenograf&#237;a ha cambiado: ahora es Mar-a-Lago, la Casa Blanca, el Air Force One&#8212;, pero el formato es el mismo</span><em><span>:</span></em><span> Trump, en el centro del conflicto, impulsando la narrativa, ganadores y perdedores claramente definidos.</span></p><p><span>Reality TV se ha convertido en realidad pol&#237;tica. Todo fruto a una poderosa Lente generacional forjada durante su ni&#241;ez.</span></p><p><strong><span>Ahora pensemos en Obama, nacido quince a&#241;os despu&#233;s.</span></strong></p><p><span>Su Lente se form&#243; en medio de la avanzada sovi&#233;tica, la Carrera Espacial, el Muro de Berl&#237;n, la crisis de los misiles en Cuba, el asesinato de Kennedy, la Marcha sobre Washington, los asesinatos de Robert Kennedy y Martin Luther King, y la imagen de la Tierra vista por primera vez desde la Luna. Despu&#233;s vendr&#237;an la entrada de China en el Consejo de Seguridad, el embargo petrolero &#225;rabe y una profunda recesi&#243;n.</span></p><p><em><span>No es la misma Lente -obviamente- de quienes nacieron en 1946.</span></em></p><p><span>Cuando naci&#243;, en 1961 y en esa d&#233;cada, Estados Unidos ya no viv&#237;a la primac&#237;a indiscutida de la posguerra. John F. Kennedy hab&#237;a fracasado al no impedir la invasi&#243;n de Bah&#237;a de Cochinos, pero se hab&#237;a hecho grande en las negociaciones con </span>Khrushchev <span>que evitaron la tragedia durante la crisis de los misiles en Cuba. Despu&#233;s emergi&#243; Henry Kissinger, el gran negociador, el que logr&#243; dividir el bloque comunista para aislar a la URSS. Eso fue lo que esa generaci&#243;n vio: un mundo que se gestionaba m&#225;s por negociaci&#243;n que por imposici&#243;n.</span></p><p><em><span>Por eso la pregunta no es ret&#243;rica</span></em><span>. &#191;</span><em><span>C&#243;mo act&#250;a alguien cuya mirada se form&#243; en ese paisaje cuando le toca ejercer el poder?</span></em></p><p><span>La respuesta se reconoce en el estilo: Obama evit&#243; imponer, prefiri&#243; negociar, eludi&#243; las situaciones de alto conflicto. En privado lo llamaban &#8220;Obama No Drama&#8221;.</span></p><p><span>No se trata de un defecto de car&#225;cter. Se trata de una &#243;ptica. De una Lente distinta, sedimentada en la ni&#241;ez, que configura una forma particular de entender el poder, el conflicto y el lugar de la naci&#243;n en el mundo.</span></p><p><strong><span>Los gobiernos comienzan a intervenir</span></strong></p><p><span>Lo que se imprime en la etapa infantil no modela solo al individuo: modela a toda una generaci&#243;n. Lo que se graba en esos a&#241;os no se borra. Se convierte en el modo habitual de mirar, de sentir el tiempo y de entender lo que merece ser transmitido.</span></p><p><em><span>Por eso la reciente decisi&#243;n de Australia adquiere un peso especial.</span></em></p><p><span>En diciembre de 2025 se convirti&#243; en el primer pa&#237;s del mundo en obligar a las principales plataformas sociales a impedir que los menores de diecis&#233;is a&#241;os puedan crear o mantener cuentas ya existentes.</span></p><p><span>No fue algo improvisado: un informe encargado por el propio gobierno hab&#237;a encontrado que cuatro de cada cinco ni&#241;os entre 8 y 16 a&#241;os ya usaban redes sociales, muchos desde los diez a&#241;os, mientras el regulador de seguridad digital reportaba un aumento agudo de denuncias por explotaci&#243;n infantil, acoso y contenido de autolesi&#243;n.</span></p><p><span>Tras la nueva ley hay un deseo de proteger a la juventud, a la familia y, en un sentido m&#225;s amplio, al sentido de Naci&#243;n.</span></p><p><span>Francia, Dinamarca, el Reino Unido, Canad&#225; y otros pa&#237;ses avanzan en la misma direcci&#243;n. M&#225;s de un centenar de sistemas educativos han restringido el uso del tel&#233;fono en las escuelas. Estas medidas responden a la convicci&#243;n de que hay una edad en la que se juega algo m&#225;s profundo: la formaci&#243;n de la Lente generacional.</span></p><p><strong><span>El tiempo desaparece y tambi&#233;n la Eternidad</span></strong></p><p><span>Cuando esa ventana, la ventana de la ni&#241;ez se llena de un presente infinito &#8212;</span><em><span>notificaciones, scrolls, contenidos de segundos</span></em><span>&#8212; el tiempo y el espacio se disuelven. El pasado se vuelve irrelevante y el futuro se hace abstracto.</span></p><p><span>Desaparece el deseo de saber de d&#243;nde se proviene: geneal&#243;gica e intelectualmente. La cultura deja de ser un legado que se recibe y transmite. Todo aquello se convierte en contenido desechable, algo que se consume y se olvida.</span></p><p><span>En el presente infinito no existe la Eternidad. Solo el ahora que se renueva sin memoria ni promesa. Sin acceso a lo que permanece, a lo que trasciende el instante, la vida se queda sin profundidad.</span></p><p><span>Sin deseo de legado, la familia se debilita. Porque la familia es el lugar donde se transmite lo recibido y se prepara lo que se dejar&#225;. Cuando ese impulso desaparece, se reduce el deseo de tener hijos y se debilita la convivencia. Menos hijos, m&#225;s mascotas, menos tiempo compartido, menos transmisi&#243;n real de memoria, de vivencias, de valores, de sentido&#8230;</span></p><p><span>Las mascotas, y &#8212;en general&#8212; el reino animal, viven en un presente continuo. El ser humano, en cambio, se distingue por la conciencia de legado. Sin embargo, las redes invierten a prop&#243;sito esa diferencia: humanizan a las mascotas mientras reducen al humano a una l&#243;gica pavloviana de est&#237;mulo y respuesta.</span></p><p><span>En cierto modo, las grandes plataformas no solo capturan atenci&#243;n: nos convierten en sus </span><em><span>pets</span></em><span>. Nos entrenan para habitar en un presente infinito sin memoria ni horizonte a alcanzar.</span></p><p><span>Vivir en un presente infinito no solo borra el pasado y el futuro. Tambi&#233;n erosiona la sensibilidad y la sociabilidad. El individualismo que produce no es el de quien elige la soledad como forma de vida, sino un individualismo est&#233;ril: una incapacidad creciente de habitar al otro, de sostener v&#237;nculos que exigen tiempo y permanencia.</span></p><p><strong><span>Aprender sin comprender</span></strong></p><p><span>Estudios longitudinales muestran que los ni&#241;os y adolescentes que usan redes reflejan puntuaciones m&#225;s bajas en lectura, vocabulario y memoria. Otros experimentos han mostrado que la </span><em><span>mera presencia del dispositivo</span></em><span> puede reducir la capacidad cognitiva disponible, aunque no se est&#233; utilizando.</span></p><p><span>En el aula, cada microinterrupci&#243;n obliga al cerebro a reconstruir el hilo de pensamiento. Con el tiempo, esa reconstrucci&#243;n se vuelve m&#225;s dif&#237;cil. El resultado es una generaci&#243;n entrenada en la superficie: capaz de reaccionar con rapidez, pero con menor profundidad para permanecer y comprender.</span></p><p><span>La vida misma pierde sentido cuando el tiempo colapsa. Sin narrativa, sin origen y sin horizonte, la existencia se vuelve un presente plano&#8230; sin prop&#243;sito. </span>Ese vac&#237;o existencial se traduce en trastornos psicol&#243;gicos profundos.</p><p><span>Los datos lo confirman. Las trayectorias de uso adictivo creciente de redes o tel&#233;fonos se asocian a un riesgo aproximadamente el doble de conductas e ideaci&#243;n suicida. El porcentaje de adolescentes que afirman que </span><em><span>&#8220;la vida a menudo parece sin sentido</span></em><span>&#8221; aument&#243; de forma marcada despu&#233;s de 2010.</span></p><p><strong><span>La distracci&#243;n que esclaviza</span></strong></p><p><span>Esta din&#225;mica no es accidental. Es algo impuesto para ganar dinero y algo m&#225;s. El sistema est&#225; dise&#241;ado para capturar la atenci&#243;n del usuario y -descaradamente- para domesticarlo.</span></p><p><span>Es la versi&#243;n contempor&#225;nea de una idea que Aldous Huxley formul&#243; en el pr&#243;logo de 1946 a su obra </span><em><span>Un mundo feliz</span></em><span>:</span></p><p><em><span>&#8220;Un Estado totalitario verdaderamente eficiente ser&#237;a aquel en el que el ejecutivo omnipotente de jefes pol&#237;ticos y su ej&#233;rcito de gestores controlan a una poblaci&#243;n de esclavos que no necesitan ser coaccionados, porque aman su servidumbre.&#8221;</span></em></p><p><span>Cuando el malestar o la pregunta existencial se disuelve al instante, el resultado es la esclavitud: personas que no necesitan ser obligadas a permanecer en la superficie porque ya han perdido el deseo de profundidad, y con &#233;l, el deseo de darle sentido a la vida.</span></p><p><span>Las restricciones de Australia y de otros pa&#237;ses no son una soluci&#243;n completa, pero s&#237; un reconocimiento necesario. Limitar el acceso temprano al presente infinito no es negar la tecnolog&#237;a. Es defender la necesidad de que, en la edad en que se forma la Lente de una generaci&#243;n, los ni&#241;os y adolescentes desarrollen la capacidad de prestar atenci&#243;n, de interactuar, de encontrar significado a su propia existencia y de adquirir conciencia plena de su memoria hist&#243;rica, y de su propio lugar.</span></p><p><em><span>Lo que est&#225; en juego es potencialmente tr&#225;gico.</span></em></p><p><span>La Revoluci&#243;n Digital ha alterado &#8212;por primera vez en la historia&#8212; el terreno mismo donde se forma la mirada humana, y con ello la supervivencia de culturas enteras, de pueblos y el sentido mismo de Naci&#243;n.</span></p><p><span>Los cuatro presidentes lo ilustran con claridad: lo que vivieron en sus primeros quince a&#241;os no qued&#243; en la infancia; se convirti&#243; -en circunstancias muy distintas- en su forma de ejercer el poder. </span><em><span>&#8220;Yo soy yo y mi circunstancia.&#8221;</span></em><span> All&#237; est&#225; el anclaje.</span></p><p><span>El presente infinito no solo amenaza a individualidades. Determina la Lente de toda una generaci&#243;n. De ah&#237; la preocupaci&#243;n de fondo que explica la decisi&#243;n de Australia. Les preocupa que, si las cosas no cambian, la Lente formada en medio de la Revoluci&#243;n Digital &#8212;una Lente sin vivencias profundas y sin una clara memoria hist&#243;rica&#8212; determine lo que suceder&#225; a la Naci&#243;n &#8212;de hecho, a cualquier Naci&#243;n&#8212; cuando esa generaci&#243;n asuma la conducci&#243;n de la historia&#8230; un momento que inevitablemente vendr&#225;.</span></p><p><span>&#185; Jos&#233; Ortega y Gasset, </span><em><span>Meditaciones del Quijote</span></em><span> (1914)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/el-presente-infinito?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/el-presente-infinito?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Compartir</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Raising a Child in the Digital Age]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Infinite Present and the Generational Lens]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/living-in-the-infinite-present</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/living-in-the-infinite-present</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 19:58:41 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u6RF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf01f321-dcc7-4523-8113-be3358337b76_784x1168.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u6RF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf01f321-dcc7-4523-8113-be3358337b76_784x1168.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u6RF!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>This essay begins with a classic philosophical insight from Jos&#233; Ortega y Gasset, grounded in well-researched empirical evidence:</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>&#8220;I am I and my circumstance.&#8221;&#185;</strong></em></p><p>Ortega y Gasset placed childhood between the ages of 0 and 15. That division was not arbitrary. It coincides with a period of extraordinary neural plasticity, when the nervous system is especially receptive and the ways of perceiving time, value, relationships, and the future take lasting shape.</p><p>In my own studies &#8212; developed in the book I am writing &#8212; I have reached a conclusion Ortega never formulated: that it is precisely within that time window that the &#8220;Lens&#8221; of an entire generation is formed.</p><p>The Lens is the glass through which that generation will see the world for the rest of its life: its sense of time, its capacity to inherit and to bequeath, its idea of family, community, and nation. And the way it will act tomorrow, when its turn comes to act.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><h3>Three Presidents and a Fourth</h3><p>A concrete example of what occurs appears in three American presidents, all born in 1946: Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump. That year the United States consolidated itself as the highest expression of nationhood.</p><p>New York was chosen as the United Nations&#8217; permanent seat; pegged to gold, the dollar became the axis of the international monetary system; and the pride of being American saturated that generation&#8217;s perception of the world.</p><p>From that Lens came the drive to consolidate and expand Pax Americana. The fall of the Berlin Wall, the collapse of the USSR, and the rise of globalization confirmed the primacy they had known in childhood.</p><p>True to his Lens, Bill Clinton broadened and strengthened Pax Americana: he pushed through NAFTA, opened new spaces for world trade, extended NATO into Central Europe, and used it to restore order in the Balkans against Milo&#353;evi&#263;&#8217;s nationalist offensive.</p><p>The tele-empathy of the television age took form in his personal style (&#8220;I feel your pain&#8221;) and in a seductive, media-driven style of governance.</p><p>From that same Lens came Bush 43&#8217;s commitment to nation-building and the decision to dismantle the Iraqi state, along with the absurd idea of rebuilding ancient Babylon from scratch.</p><p>From that same Lens comes Trump&#8217;s drive to impose American primacy head-on, while like Clinton, he has projected power through television &#8212; only in a far more intense mode: Reality TV.</p><p>Beauty pageants gave him spectacle. Professional wrestling taught the value of conflict, exaggeration, and clear winners and losers. <em>The Apprentice</em> crystallized the role: the decisive boss at the center of the boardroom who judged performance and ended every episode with &#8220;You&#8217;re fired.&#8221;</p><p>When the show ended, Trump simply enlarged the set. The boardroom became the campaign stage, the contestants became rivals and officials, the audience became the electorate. Popularity and ratings became inseparable.</p><p>The scenery grew more imposing &#8212; Trump Tower, the rallies, Mar-a-Lago, the White House, Air Force One &#8212; yet the format remained the same: Trump at the center, conflict driving the narrative, winners and losers sharply drawn.</p><p>Reality TV had become a political reality.</p><p>Now consider Obama, born fifteen years later.</p><p>As a child, his Lens was formed amid the Soviet advance, the Space Race, the Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the assassination of Kennedy, the March on Washington, the assassinations of Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King, and the image of Earth seen for the first time from the Moon. Later came China&#8217;s entry into the Security Council, the Arab oil embargo, and a deep recession.</p><p>It is not the Lens of those born in 1946. By then the United States no longer enjoyed undisputed primacy. John F. Kennedy failed to prevent the Bay of Pigs invasion yet rose to greatness in the urgent negotiations with Khrushchev that averted catastrophe during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Afterwards Henry Kissinger emerged -the great negotiator- who sought to split the communist bloc in order to isolate the USSR.</p><p>That was the world this generation saw: one managed more through balance and negotiation than through imposition.</p><p>The question is therefore not rhetorical. How does someone whose gaze was shaped by that landscape act once in power?</p><p>The answer lies in the style: The three presidents chose to confront. Obama avoided imposing, preferred to negotiate, and steered clear of high-conflict situations. In private he was dubbed &#8220;Obama No Drama .&#8221;</p><h3>Why Governments now intervene</h3><p>What is imprinted in childhood does not merely shape the individual; it shapes an entire generation. What is engraved in those years does not erase. It becomes the habitual way of seeing, of feeling time, and of understanding what deserves to be passed on.</p><p>That is why Australia&#8217;s recent decision carries so much weight.</p><p>In December 2025 it became the first country in the world to require major social platforms to prevent anyone under sixteen from creating or maintaining accounts.</p><p>The measure did not arise from abstract intuition. A government-commissioned report had found that four out of five children between 8 and 16 already used social media, many of them from the age of ten, while the digital safety regulator reported a sharp rise in complaints of child exploitation, bullying, and self-harm content.</p><p>Behind the new law lies a desire to protect youth, the family, and, in a broader sense, the very idea of Nation.</p><p>France, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Canada and other countries are moving in the same direction. More than a hundred education systems have restricted phone use in schools. These measures respond to the conviction that something deeper is at stake at that age: the formation of the generational Lens.</p><h3>Time Disappears &#8212; and with It, Eternity</h3><p>When that window is filled with an infinite present &#8212; notifications, endless scrolling, contents lasting only seconds &#8212; time and space dissolve. The past becomes irrelevant and the future turns abstract.</p><p>The desire to know where one comes from disappears, both genealogically and intellectually. Culture ceases to be a legacy that is received and transmitted. Everything becomes disposable content, something consumed and immediately forgotten.</p><p>In the infinite present there is no Eternity.</p><p>There is only the now that renews itself without memory or promise. Without access to what endures, to what transcends the instant, life is left without depth.</p><p>Pets &#8212; and the animal kingdom in general &#8212; live in a continuous present. Human beings, by contrast, are distinguished by the consciousness of legacy. Social media deliberately inverts that difference: it humanizes pets while reducing humans to a Pavlovian logic of stimulus and response.</p><p>In a sense the great platforms do not merely capture attention; they turn us into their pets. They train us to inhabit an infinite present without memory and without a horizon to reach.</p><p>Living in an infinite present does not only erase the past and the future. It also erodes sensitivity and sociability. The individualism it produces is not the individualism of someone who chooses solitude as a way of life, but a sterile individualism: a growing inability to inhabit the other, to sustain bonds that require time and permanence.</p><p>Without the desire for legacy, the family weakens. The family is the place where what has been received is transmitted and where what will be left behind is prepared. When that impulse disappears, the desire to have children diminishes and everyday togetherness erodes. Fewer children, more pets, less shared time, less real transmission of memory, of lived experience, of values, of meaning.</p><p>Without a solid family the sense of community erodes. Without community, culture fragments. And the sense of nation becomes an idea without living roots or generations to carry it forward. What begins as an individual distraction ends by affecting the institutions that sustain collective life.</p><h3>Learning Without Understanding</h3><p>Longitudinal studies show that children and adolescents who use social media with increasing intensity obtain lower scores in reading, vocabulary and memory. Other experiments have shown that the mere presence of the device can reduce available cognitive capacity even when it is not being used.</p><p>In the classroom every micro-interruption forces the brain to reconstruct the thread of thought. Over time, reconstruction becomes harder. The result is a generation trained for the surface: quick to react, but with less depth to remain and understand.</p><p>When time collapses in this way, life itself loses meaning. Without narrative, without origin and without horizon, existence becomes a flat present without purpose. That existential emptiness translates into deep psychological disorders.</p><p>The data confirms it. Trajectories of increasingly addictive use of social media or phones are associated with roughly double the risk of suicidal behavior and ideation. The percentage of adolescents who say that &#8220;life often feels meaningless&#8221; rose sharply after 2010.</p><h3>The Distraction That Enslaves</h3><p>This dynamic is not accidental. It is imposed by platforms to make money &#8212; and to capture attention and unabashedly domesticate.</p><p>It is the contemporary version of an idea Huxley formulated in the 1946 foreword to <em>Brave New World</em>:</p><p>&#8220;A really efficient totalitarian state would be one in which the all-powerful executive of political bosses and their army of managers control a population of slaves who do not have to be coerced, because they love their servitude.&#8221;</p><p>When discomfort or the existential question dissolves at once, the result is servitude: people who no longer need to be forced to remain on the surface because they have already lost the desire for depth, and with it the desire to give meaning to life.</p><p>Australia&#8217;s restrictions, and those of other countries, are not a complete solution, but they are a necessary recognition. Limiting early access to the infinite present is not a rejection of technology. It is a defense of the need for children and adolescents, at the age when a generation&#8217;s Lens is formed, to develop the capacity to pay attention, to interact, to find meaning in their own existence, and to acquire full awareness of their historical memory.</p><p>What is at stake, however, exceeds Australian childhood.</p><p>The Digital Revolution has altered &#8212; for the first time in history &#8212; the very ground on which the human gaze is formed, and with it the survival of entire cultures, of peoples, and the very meaning of Nation.</p><p>The four presidents illustrate this clearly: what they lived through in their first fifteen years did not remain in childhood; it became their way of exercising power. &#8220;I am I and my circumstance.&#8221; There lies the anchor.</p><p>The infinite present does not only threaten individuals. It shapes the Lens of an entire generation.</p><p>That is the deeper concern that Australia and other countries begin to perceive. They fear that if things do not change, the Lens formed amid the Digital Revolution &#8212; a Lens without deeply lived experiences, and no historical context to work from &#8212; will determine what happens to the Nation, indeed to any Nation, when that generation takes the helm of history&#8230; a moment that will inevitably come to pass.</p><div><hr></div><p>&#185; Jos&#233; Ortega y Gasset, <em>Meditaciones del Quijote</em> (1914)</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/living-in-the-infinite-present?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/living-in-the-infinite-present?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Compartir</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[AN OVER STRETCHED CONFLICT]]></title><description><![CDATA[Confusion and angst]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/an-over-stretched-conflict</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/an-over-stretched-conflict</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 16:53:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3nvO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcfef0191-8efe-4e96-a6c0-4cbb24636126_2728x1536.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3nvO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcfef0191-8efe-4e96-a6c0-4cbb24636126_2728x1536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3nvO!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcfef0191-8efe-4e96-a6c0-4cbb24636126_2728x1536.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3nvO!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcfef0191-8efe-4e96-a6c0-4cbb24636126_2728x1536.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3nvO!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcfef0191-8efe-4e96-a6c0-4cbb24636126_2728x1536.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3nvO!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcfef0191-8efe-4e96-a6c0-4cbb24636126_2728x1536.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3nvO!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcfef0191-8efe-4e96-a6c0-4cbb24636126_2728x1536.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3nvO!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcfef0191-8efe-4e96-a6c0-4cbb24636126_2728x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Let&#180;s start with definitions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Wars have always been fought between political entities: cities like Athens and Sparta, swarms of nations on one side and the other, or head-on between two clearly defined empires. Gaining power has been the objective.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Up to this point, nothing new.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>I have read historians who speak of wars that lasted a century and others who speak of wars lasting just days. What is certain, and can historically be proven, is that wars that truly transform the world last two generations, thirty years. Thence those who speak of longer wars often conflate, and those who reduce them to a few days, even months or a few years, don&#8217;t write history, they write tweets.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Some may disagree. I wilfully accept the debate. But what is essential here is to define wars, first, by its contenders... and, secondly, by the terrain on which they are fought.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Wars of the past were fundamentally territorial. Whether fought on land, on air or sea, they were always geared to gain control of geographical spaces and seaways. That is no longer a dominant feature. So much so that Putin&#8217;s war looks awry, more like the wake of an agonizing empire than a war in its proper place.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Today&#8217;s conflict has clear contenders, the US and China, but its essence is different. It is fought for now in a geographic space, but it&#180;s fundamentally systemic.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Hence the importance of the Strait of Hormuz.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In its vicinity -more than two decades ago- the war that sweeps across the world erupted, and where it has now returned. Not because the territory surrounding it is being disputed, but because through its waters circulates the primary nutrient of modern economies. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>An interruption in Hormuz does not need to conquer territory to make its effects ripple. Its vibrations reach every gas station and shake economies on the other side of the world.</span></p><h2><span>The world&#8217;s third economy</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The yen crisis has deep roots &#8212;interest rate differentials, ultra-loose monetary policy, demographics&#8212;but it has been magnified by inflation. The current crisis cannot be understood excluding the impact of the &#8220;tweet&#8221; war being fought in Hormuz.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Japan depends on energy imports, and most of its oil input comes from the Middle East. The interruption of traffic abruptly has raised its energy bill, and its impact on production costs, has deeply affected its balance of trade.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>A vicious circle was thus configured: higher energy costs generated inflationary pressures that were passed on to electricity, fuel, and food. The rise in the cost of living that eroded the purchasing power of households and produced growing social unrest soon became political pressure.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The government was forced to release strategic reserves, establish subsidies, and announce fiscal packages, but the increase in spending only aggravated concerns about fiscal sustainability and reinforced pressures on the yen.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Although interest rate differentials and other structural factors remain determinant factors, the energy shock in Japan was a powerful amplifier. It connected the geopolitics of oil with monetary dynamics, and these with political and social dynamics.</span></p><h2><span>The mega amplifier</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>When the increase in energy costs is passed on to daily life, another amplifier comes into play.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The media, visible prices, social networks, and electoral cycles have turned the closure of Hormuz into a permanent narrative of vulnerability. Each rise in oil, each image of detained vessels, and each report on the cost of living is reproduced with intensity, generating a climate of anxiety that exceeds economic data itself.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>At a global scale, the mechanism operates with greater reach. The narrative of major energy disruption globalizes fear of stagflation and in the political agendas in Asia, Europe, and Latin America, energy plays center stage. The same goes for the United States, much more so when an electoral contest approaches.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Governments of oil importing nations are forced to adopt short-term measures&#8212;subsidies, price controls, reserve releases&#8212;that strain their fiscal fortitude. At the same time, media amplification increases international pressure on the powers involved, especially -again- on the United States, whose capacity to guarantee traffic through Hormuz becomes a thermometer of credibility.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The crisis also accelerates strategic realignments. Asian countries intensify their search for alternative suppliers and strengthen regional energy cooperation. The discourse of energy autonomy is reinforced. And vulnerability grants a relative advantage to net exporters. The metric of power is redefined: military capacity alone no longer matters. The capacity to guarantee flows is fundamental.</span></p><h2><span>Asymmetric effects</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>There is, moreover, a technological layer that elevates still further the significance of this war.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The accelerated development of artificial intelligence has transformed energy into a first-order strategic resource. The data centers necessary to train and operate artificial intelligence models consume growing quantities of electricity. The United States and China concentrate a decisive portion of that increase. Access to abundant, cheap, and reliable energy thus becomes a fundamental factor in the technological and geopolitical competition.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In this context, the conflict in Hormuz acquires special significance. The United States, thanks to fracking, has consolidated itself as a major producer of petroleum and gas, and as a relevant exporter of liquefied natural gas. A prolonged disruption raises international energy prices and reinforces its capacity to use exports as an instrument of power. Its lower dependence on the Strait of Hormuz grants it maneuvering leeway.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>China, by contrast, is the world&#8217;s largest importer of petroleum. Nevertheless, the crisis has revealed its capacity for resistance: it holds large reserves, can temporarily reduce its imports, and has progressively diversified its sources of supply.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>At the same time, Beijing has seized the opportunity to advance in the internationalization of the yuan. Nothing new. And there are credible reports of the use of yuan or digital assets in operations linked to Iranian energy trade.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The conflict generates asymmetric effects. In the short term, it favors the United States as an oil producer and also because the dollar has gained traction as a safe-haven and as the oil-billing currency. In the medium term, however, it offers China an opportunity to demonstrate energy autonomy and promote alternative payment mechanisms that progressively erode petrodollar centrality.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The race for artificial intelligence intensifies rivalry. Whoever guarantees a stable and competitive energy supply will have a structural advantage in deploying the technological infrastructure that will define power in the twenty-first century.</span></p><h2><span>The changing terrain</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The &#8220;tweet&#8221; war, sorry for insisting, is not for territorial gain, but control of flows: the flow of oil through a Strait, the flow of inflation into domestic domains; the flow of a narrative that transforms price data points into political crisis; the flow of currency erosion in the international financial markets when growing artificial intelligence energy  pressures demand.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The contenders continue to be political powers, but their weapons and their battlefields are interconnected: energy, monetary, technological, and information gateways.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>And in the midst of this war&#8212;the global war we are in&#8212;military superiority wanes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The Strait of Hormuz is not merely the scene of a classical battle&#8212;a reminiscence, if you will&#8212;of the Peloponnesian War that Sparta won by controlling access to the Dardanelles. It is the knot where the cords of a systemic conflict are pulled taut, not one that runs not through ancient Greece, but through the entire planet.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In antiquity it was access to the fertile lands of the Black Sea, and to grain. Today it is not oil alone. In an interconnected world, there are many taut cords at once.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Hormuz is only the place where the war has become most visible, but few recognize its nature&#8230; simply because the terrain has changed.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/an-over-stretched-conflict/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/an-over-stretched-conflict/comments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/an-over-stretched-conflict?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/an-over-stretched-conflict?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Compartir</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[UN CONFLICTO QUE SE ALARGA ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Y CONFUNDE]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/un-conflicto-que-se-alarga</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/un-conflicto-que-se-alarga</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 02:09:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkoU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F049da816-ea5e-4293-b415-21e4a2f1b9e0_2728x1536.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkoU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F049da816-ea5e-4293-b415-21e4a2f1b9e0_2728x1536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkoU!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F049da816-ea5e-4293-b415-21e4a2f1b9e0_2728x1536.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkoU!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F049da816-ea5e-4293-b415-21e4a2f1b9e0_2728x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>&#191;Qu&#233; es la guerra? </span></p><p><span>Las guerras siempre se libraron entre entidades pol&#237;ticas: ciudades como Atenas y Esparta, enjambre de naciones de un lado y del otro, o dos imperios claramente definidos. Su objetivo ha sido siempre  el poder.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><span>Hasta all&#237; la uniformidad.</span></p><p><span>He leido historiadores que hablan de guerras de cien a&#241;os y otros que hablan de guerras de pocos d&#237;as. Lo cierto es que las guerras que realmente transforman duran treinta a&#241;os, dos generaciones. Quienes hablan de guerras largas a menudo juntan conflictos; quienes las reducen a d&#237;as escriben solo tweets.</span></p><p><span>Quienes me lean pueden disentir. A ese debate me expongo. Pero lo esencial aqu&#237; es definir la guerra por sus contrincantes &#8230; y adem&#225;s por el terreno en que se libra.</span></p><p><span>Las guerras del pasado fueron fundamentalmente navales o territoriales. Despu&#233;s se hicieron a&#233;reas, pero siguieron orientadas a controlar espacios en la geograf&#237;a del planeta. Ese ya no es su rasgo dominante. Tanto, que la guerra de Putin luce m&#225;s la zaga de un imperio agonizante que una pieza en su lugar.</span></p><p><span>El conflicto de hoy tiene contendientes claros, pero su esencia es distinta. Se libra en espacios geogr&#225;ficos, s&#237;, pero en lo fundamental, es sist&#233;mico.</span></p><p><span>De all&#237; la importancia del Estrecho de Ormuz.</span></p><p><span>En su vecindad la guerra que hoy recorre el mundo </span>estall&#243; hace m&#225;s de dos d&#233;cadas<span>, y all&#237; mismo ahora ha regresado. No porque se dispute el territorio que lo rodea, sino porque a trav&#233;s de sus aguas circula el nutriente primario de las econom&#237;as modernas. Una interrupci&#243;n en Ormuz no necesita conquistar territorio para hacer sentir sus efectos. Sus vibraciones llegan a cada estaci&#243;n de servicio y hacen tambalear econom&#237;as a medio mundo de distancia.</span></p><p><strong><span>Jap&#243;n, la tercera econom&#237;a mundial</span></strong></p><p><span>La crisis del yen tiene ra&#237;ces profundas &#8212;diferenciales de tipos de inter&#233;s, pol&#237;tica monetaria ultralaxa, demograf&#237;a&#8212; pero se ha agigantado con la inflaci&#243;n. La crisis actual no puede comprenderse de manera aislada del Estrecho de Ormuz.</span></p><p><span>Jap&#243;n depende de forma extrema de las importaciones de energ&#237;a: la mayor parte de su petr&#243;leo procede de Medio Oriente y una proporci&#243;n muy elevada atraviesa necesariamente ese paso. La interrupci&#243;n del tr&#225;fico elev&#243; de manera abrupta su factura energ&#233;tica, y el aumento de los costos deterior&#243; su balanza comercial.</span></p><p><span>La debilidad previa del yen amplific&#243; el impacto. Se configur&#243; as&#237; un c&#237;rculo vicioso: los mayores costos energ&#233;ticos generaron presiones inflacionarias que se trasladaron a la electricidad, los combustibles y los alimentos. El encarecimiento del costo de vida erosion&#243; el poder adquisitivo de los hogares y produjo un creciente malestar social, y ese malestar &#8212;como siempre ocurre&#8212; se tradujo pronto en presi&#243;n pol&#237;tica.</span></p><p><span>El gobierno se vio obligado a liberar reservas estrat&#233;gicas, a establecer subsidios y anunciar paquetes fiscales, pero el aumento del gasto agrav&#243; las preocupaciones sobre la sostenibilidad fiscal y reforz&#243; las presiones sobre el yen. </span></p><p><strong>El amplificador medi&#225;tico </strong></p><p><span>Aunque los diferenciales de tipos de inter&#233;s y otros factores estructurales siguen siendo determinantes, el shock energ&#233;tico fu&#233; en Jap&#243;n un poderoso amplificador. Conect&#243; la geopol&#237;tica del petr&#243;leo con la din&#225;mica monetaria, y &#233;sta con la din&#225;mica pol&#237;tica y social.</span></p><p><span>Y as&#237; en el mundo entero. Cuando el aumento del costo de la energ&#237;a se traslada a la vida cotidiana, entra en juego ese amplificador.</span></p><p><span>Los medios, precios visibles, redes sociales, ciclos electorales han convertido el cierre de Ormuz en un relato permanente de vulnerabilidad. Cada alza del petr&#243;leo, cada imagen de buques detenidos y cada informe sobre el costo de la vida se reproduce con intensidad, generando un clima de ansiedad que supera el dato econ&#243;mico mismo.</span></p><p><span>A escala mundial, el mecanismo opera con mayor alcance. La narrativa de una gran disrupci&#243;n energ&#233;tica globaliza el temor a la estanflaci&#243;n y coloca la seguridad energ&#233;tica en el centro de las agendas pol&#237;ticas de Asia, Europa y Am&#233;rica Latina. Tambi&#233;n en Estados Unidos, cuando se aproxima una contienda electoral.</span></p><p><span>Los gobiernos de los pa&#237;ses importadores se ven obligados a adoptar medidas de corto plazo &#8212;subsidios, controles de precios, liberaci&#243;n de reservas&#8212; que tensionan sus cuentas fiscales. Al mismo tiempo, la amplificaci&#243;n medi&#225;tica aumenta la presi&#243;n internacional sobre las potencias involucradas, especialmente sobre Estados Unidos, cuya capacidad para garantizar el tr&#225;fico en Ormuz se convierte en un term&#243;metro de credibilidad.</span></p><p><span>La crisis acelera tambi&#233;n realineamientos estrat&#233;gicos. Los pa&#237;ses asi&#225;ticos intensifican la b&#250;squeda de proveedores alternativos y refuerzan la cooperaci&#243;n energ&#233;tica regional. Se fortalece el discurso de autonom&#237;a energ&#233;tica. Y la vulnerabilidad otorga una ventaja relativa a los exportadores netos. La m&#233;trica del poder se redefine: ya no solo importa la capacidad militar. La capacidad de garantizar flujos es fundamental.</span></p><p><strong><span>Los efectos asim&#233;tricos</span></strong></p><p><span>Hay, adem&#225;s, una capa tecnol&#243;gica que eleva todav&#237;a m&#225;s la significaci&#243;n de esta guerra. El desarrollo acelerado de la inteligencia artificial ha transformado la energ&#237;a en un recurso estrat&#233;gico de primer orden. Los centros de datos necesarios para entrenar y operar modelos de inteligencia artificial consumen cantidades crecientes de electricidad. Estados Unidos y China concentran una parte decisiva de ese incremento. El acceso a energ&#237;a abundante, barata y confiable se convierte as&#237; en un factor fundamental de la competencia tecnol&#243;gica y geopol&#237;tica entre ambas potencias.</span></p><p><span>En este contexto, el conflicto en Ormuz adquiere un significado particular. Estados Unidos, gracias al </span><em><span>fracking</span></em><span>, se ha consolidado como gran productor de petr&#243;leo y gas y como exportador relevante de gas natural licuado. Una disrupci&#243;n prolongada eleva los precios internacionales de la energ&#237;a y refuerza su capacidad para utilizar las exportaciones como instrumento de influencia. Su menor dependencia directa del estrecho le otorga un mayor margen de maniobra.</span></p><p><span>China, por el contrario, es el mayor importador mundial de petr&#243;leo. Sin embargo, la crisis tambi&#233;n ha revelado su capacidad de resistencia: cuenta con grandes reservas, puede reducir temporalmente sus importaciones y ha diversificado progresivamente sus fuentes de suministro. Al mismo tiempo, Pek&#237;n ha aprovechado la coyuntura para avanzar en la internacionalizaci&#243;n del yuan. No es nada nuevo. Existen reportes cre&#237;bles sobre el uso de yuanes o activos digitales en operaciones vinculadas al comercio energ&#233;tico iran&#237;.</span></p><p><span>El conflicto genera efectos asim&#233;tricos. En el corto plazo, favorece relativamente a Estados Unidos por su posici&#243;n de productor y por el fortalecimiento del d&#243;lar como moneda de refugio y de facturaci&#243;n petrolera. En el mediano plazo, sin embargo, ofrece a China una oportunidad para demostrar autonom&#237;a energ&#233;tica e impulsar mecanismos alternativos de pago que erosionen progresivamente la centralidad del petrod&#243;lar.</span></p><p><span>La carrera por la inteligencia artificial intensifica esta rivalidad. Quien garantice un suministro energ&#233;tico estable y competitivo tendr&#225; una ventaja estructural en el despliegue de la infraestructura tecnol&#243;gica que definir&#225; buena parte del poder en el siglo XXI.</span></p><p><strong><span>Lo que ha cambiado es el terreno</span></strong></p><p><span>No se disputa un territorio delimitado en el mapa, sino el control de los flujos: el flujo del petr&#243;leo a trav&#233;s de un estrecho; el de la inflaci&#243;n hacia las econom&#237;as dom&#233;sticas; el de la informaci&#243;n que convierte un dato de precios en crisis pol&#237;tica; el de la moneda que sostiene o erosiona el orden financiero internacional; y ahora tambi&#233;n el de la energ&#237;a que alimenta la inteligencia artificial.</span></p><p><span>Los contendientes contin&#250;an siendo potencias pol&#237;ticas, pero sus armas y sus campos de batalla son sistemas interconectados: energ&#233;ticos, monetarios, tecnol&#243;gicos y medi&#225;ticos.</span></p><p><span>Y, en medio de esta guerra, la guerra grande &#8212;no la guerra </span><em><span>twit</span></em><span>&#8212;, se diluye la ventaja de tener mayor fuerza militar.</span></p><p><span>El Estrecho de Ormuz no es solamente el escenario de una batalla cl&#225;sica -una remembranza, si se quiere&#8212; de la Guerra del Peloponeso que gan&#243; Esparta tras 27 a&#241;os de lucha al controlar el acceso a los Dardanelos. Es el nudo donde se tensan las cuerdas de un conflicto sist&#233;mico que recorre, no la antigua Grecia, sino el planeta entero.</span></p><p><span>En la antig&#252;edad fue el acceso a las tierras f&#233;rtiles del Mar Negro, y a los granos. Hoy no es el petr&#243;leo solamente. En un mundo interconectado, son muchas cuerdas a la vez.</span></p><p><span>Ormuz es solo el lugar donde la guerra se ha hecho m&#225;s visible, y pocos la reconocen.</span></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/un-conflicto-que-se-alarga/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/un-conflicto-que-se-alarga/comments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" 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url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAoE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde5ca6ca-ab04-461a-97f0-62b353588512_1024x559.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAoE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde5ca6ca-ab04-461a-97f0-62b353588512_1024x559.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAoE!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde5ca6ca-ab04-461a-97f0-62b353588512_1024x559.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAoE!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde5ca6ca-ab04-461a-97f0-62b353588512_1024x559.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAoE!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde5ca6ca-ab04-461a-97f0-62b353588512_1024x559.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TAoE!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde5ca6ca-ab04-461a-97f0-62b353588512_1024x559.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Un mes basta. Lo he vivido. </span></p><p><span>Ofrezco este relato para que el lector lo recuerde.</span></p><p><span>Cuando me enfrent&#233; a Hugo Ch&#225;vez en la elecci&#243;n presidencial venezolana de 1998, nunca hab&#237;a perdido una contienda pol&#237;tica. Tampoco mi hijo, que me sucedi&#243; como  gobernador. S&#233; leer al adversario. S&#233; venir de atr&#225;s y sorprenderlo, o mantenerme adelante cuando lo estoy. </span></p><p><span>Pero 1998 fue distinto. Venezuela era un Estado rico y, para ciertos factores nacionales e internacionales, la presidencia era un bot&#237;n. Las candidaturas de los partidos tradicionales se hab&#237;an derrumbado y en el &#250;ltimo mes solo qued&#225;bamos dos &#8212;ambos </span><em><span>outsiders</span></em><span>&#8212; como contendientes serios: Ch&#225;vez y yo.</span></p><p><strong><span>Fue entonces cuando entraron en juego los intereses.</span></strong></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><span>Chavez -tras el colapso de Irene, iba adelante, pero ya el 31 de octubre, a cinco semanas de las elecciones, ya lo hab&#237;a igualado.</span></p><p><span>Datos &#8212;una encuestadora privada de gran prestigio&#8212; report&#243; lo que yo ya sab&#237;a: un empate t&#233;cnico, 40-40. Mi propia encuesta de seguimiento, </span><em><span>rolling average poll</span></em><span>, revelaba adem&#225;s que mi candidatura ascend&#237;a r&#225;pidamente, como habiamos previsto, mientras  Ch&#225;vez comenzaba a caer. Todo apuntaba a un resultado final 60-40.</span></p><p><span>Fue all&#237; cuando se produjo el giro. Los medios &#8212;todos los medios&#8212; dejaron de cubrirme de manera abrupta. Incluso canales que ve&#237;an mi candidatura con simpat&#237;a hicieron mutis. Fuerzas muy poderosas debieron haber actuado. Los reporteros que segu&#237;an mi campa&#241;a desaparecieron, y en un canal de amplio alcance, el de mayor audiencia, la publicidad negativa en mi contra triplic&#243; el esfuerzo medi&#225;tico que legalmente me era permitido.  </span></p><p><strong><span>De la noche a la ma&#241;ana mi imagen fue desdibujada</span></strong><span>. </span></p><p><span>Dej&#233; de ser, a los ojos del elector, el gobernador exitoso que devolv&#237;a ox&#237;geno a una democracia tambaleante y me convert&#237; -o me convirtieron- en la reencarnaci&#243;n de los cogollos partidistas que el pueblo entonces repudiaba y que yo mismo hab&#237;a adversado. Mientras tanto, Ch&#225;vez era promovido profusamente como un &#225;ngel vengador.</span></p><p><span>A mediados de noviembre mis encuestas diarias acusaron el da&#241;o: yo hab&#237;a perdido doce puntos y los n&#250;meros ahora se situaban en 52-28 a favor de mi adversario. Con menos de tres semanas de respiro, el resultado era irreversible. No ten&#237;a a d&#243;nde ir.</span></p><p><span>A exigencia de los gobernadores, los partidos que antes me hab&#237;an adversado decidieron respaldarme. De poco sirvi&#243;. El da&#241;o ya estaba hecho. Ch&#225;vez gan&#243; 56-40.</span></p><p><span>El bloqueo medi&#225;tico; la campa&#241;a negativa; el cambio de la narrativa de progreso y esperanza que de mi gesti&#243;n emanaba a otra que privilegiaba la revancha </span>que <span>contra el </span><em><span>establishment</span></em><span> Hugo Ch&#225;vez encarnaba. Todo ello cambi&#243; las prioridades del elector y defini&#243; el resultado.</span></p><p><span>Todo aquello en solo 30 d&#237;as. </span></p><p><strong><span>El caso de George W. Bush, 2002</span></strong></p><p><span>George W. Bush, el presidente republicano, enfrent&#243; su primera elecci&#243;n de medio t&#233;rmino en noviembre de 2002.</span></p><p><span>Hist&#243;ricamente, el partido del presidente pierde esca&#241;os en el Congreso. Los datos de Gallup de aquel a&#241;o mostraban que el temor al terrorismo hab&#237;a perdido fuerza y el costo de la vida y la econom&#237;a en general eran las preocupaciones principales del elector.</span></p><p><span>El reto era considerable. Sin embargo, en las semanas que precedieron la autorizaci&#243;n del uso de la fuerza contra Irak, la fuerza medi&#225;tica del debate cambi&#243; el orden de prioridades. La seguridad nacional recuper&#243; su intensidad y si bien no desplaz&#243; totalmente la econom&#237;a como prioridad ciudadana, modific&#243; su peso relativo lo suficiente para alterar el resultado.</span></p><p><span>A consecuencia, el partido del presidente gan&#243; esca&#241;os en ambas c&#225;maras, algo que -en elecciones de medio t&#233;rmino- es algo excepcional.</span></p><p><strong><span>Tomemos perspectiva.</span></strong></p><p><span>En 1998 mi candidatura vivi&#243; una alteraci&#243;n radical de trayectoria ante el bloqueo medi&#225;tico, una campa&#241;a negativa abrumadora y un cambio de narrativa. En 2002 Bush logr&#243; algo m&#225;s sutil, pero igualmente decisivo: la narrativa alterada por el intenso debate en el Congreso reequilibr&#243; en seis semanas su peso relativo en la mente del elector. </span></p><p><span>Esa parece ser la ventana real: cuatro a seis semanas.</span></p><p><strong><span>La prueba de 2026</span></strong></p><p><span>El mismo patr&#243;n se pone ahora a prueba en condiciones m&#225;s dif&#237;ciles.</span></p><p><span>La inflaci&#243;n y las presiones sobre el presupuesto familiar, no es un invento. Se siente en cada factura, en cada estaci&#243;n de servicio y en cada visita al supermercado.</span></p><p><span>En el mes de julio, las encuestas muestran esa preocupaci&#243;n instalada en la mente del elector. La cobertura medi&#225;tica hostil sobre el costo de la vida es contin&#250;a y la &#8220;guerra&#8221; prolongada, la de Ir&#225;n, erosiona la paciencia del votante independiente. </span></p><p><span>Estas son limitaciones reales. La pregunta es si ser&#225;n decisivas o pueden ser relativizadas, y si un cambio de narrativa que afecte al adversario puede alterar la ecuaci&#243;n.</span></p><p><span>El entorno medi&#225;tico estadounidense difiere radicalmente del que yo enfrent&#233; en 1998. Ning&#250;n bloqueo puede silenciar a un candidato. De otra parte, esa fragmentaci&#243;n hace dif&#237;cil sostener coherencia narrativa.</span></p><p><span>En este escenario, Donald Trump aporta una capacidad singular que conocemos: ha operado durante d&#233;cadas como director y protagonista de una narrativa p&#250;blica que maximiza sus virtudes y caricaturiza al adversario. Esa larga experiencia en moldear y sostener una historia en tiempo real es algo  que ni Bush ni yo pose&#237;mos en grado alguno.</span></p><p><strong><span>Resumamos</span></strong></p><p><span>La experiencia reciente arroja dos lecciones claras. Primero: que lo que los electores clasifican como m&#225;s importante puede cambiar en corto plazo. Segundo: que aquel que controla la intensidad y la coherencia del relato puede alterar los resultados.</span></p><p><span>El entorno de 2026 presenta una prueba m&#225;s exigente que la de 2002. El dolor econ&#243;mico concreto y la preocupaci&#243;n por una guerra que tiende a prolongarse no es algo que se evapora. Sin embargo, el mecanismo subyacente &#8212;la capacidad de reordenar prioridades mediante una narrativa direccionada&#8212; es algo absolutamente factible.</span></p><p><span>La variable decisiva ser&#225; la capacidad de transmitir con suficiente fuerza una narrativa coherente, emocionalmente capaz de competir con realidades que en esta coyuntura el elector percibe y siente.</span></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/el-eje-que-define-elecciones/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/el-eje-que-define-elecciones/comments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/el-eje-que-define-elecciones?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/el-eje-que-define-elecciones?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Compartir</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[HOW NARRATIVES SWAY ELECTIONS]]></title><description><![CDATA[Trump's next challenge]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/how-narratives-sway-elections</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/how-narratives-sway-elections</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 25 Jul 2026 03:04:35 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7WMT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecbc906-e041-41e7-b605-e8525ee2ea5f_1024x559.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7WMT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecbc906-e041-41e7-b605-e8525ee2ea5f_1024x559.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7WMT!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecbc906-e041-41e7-b605-e8525ee2ea5f_1024x559.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7WMT!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecbc906-e041-41e7-b605-e8525ee2ea5f_1024x559.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7WMT!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecbc906-e041-41e7-b605-e8525ee2ea5f_1024x559.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7WMT!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecbc906-e041-41e7-b605-e8525ee2ea5f_1024x559.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7WMT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecbc906-e041-41e7-b605-e8525ee2ea5f_1024x559.jpeg" width="1024" height="559" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7ecbc906-e041-41e7-b605-e8525ee2ea5f_1024x559.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:559,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:205228,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/i/208408678?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecbc906-e041-41e7-b605-e8525ee2ea5f_1024x559.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7WMT!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecbc906-e041-41e7-b605-e8525ee2ea5f_1024x559.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7WMT!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecbc906-e041-41e7-b605-e8525ee2ea5f_1024x559.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7WMT!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecbc906-e041-41e7-b605-e8525ee2ea5f_1024x559.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7WMT!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecbc906-e041-41e7-b605-e8525ee2ea5f_1024x559.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>One month is enough. I have lived it. </strong></p><p>I offer this account, so readers remember that I have been there.</p><p>When I faced Hugo Ch&#225;vez in the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, I had never lost a political contest. Neither had my son, who succeeded me as governor. I know how to read an opponent. I know how to come from behind and surprise him or stay ahead when I am ahead.</p><p>But 1998 was different. Venezuela was a rich state, and for certain national and international interests the presidency was the spoils of war. </p><p>The major-party candidates had collapsed so party anchoring had been lost, and in the final month only two of us&#8212;both outsiders&#8212;remained as serious contenders: Hugo Ch&#225;vez and myself.</p><p><strong>That&#180;s when major players moved in.</strong></p><p>The election was set for the first week of December. </p><p>By October 31, coming from behind, I had drawn even with Hugo Ch&#225;vez. Datos&#8212;a highly respected private polling firm&#8212;publicly released what I already knew: a technical tie, 40-40. According to my own daily tracking rolling-average poll, my candidacy was rising while Chavez's was declining. Every measure pointed to a 60-40 victory by election day.</p><p>Then the shift occurred. </p><p>The media -all media- abruptly stopped covering me. Even sympathetic TV channels turned me off. Very powerful actors had come in. It wa evident. Reporters who had been following my campaign disappeared. And in a major TV channel negative television adds against me tripled the legal airtime allowed to me.</p><p><strong>Overnight my public image was rewritten</strong></p><p>I ceased to be, in the eyes of the voters, the successful governor restoring oxygen to a faltering democracy and became instead the reincarnation of the party bosses people deeply despised, and I had fought against. Meanwhile Chavez - now deeply funded- was promoted as an avenging angel.</p><p>By mid-November my daily polls confirmed what we feared: I had lost twelve points. The numbers now stood at 52 to 28 in favour of my opponent. With less than three weeks remaining, the outcome was irreversible. I had nowhere to go. Then, at the request of the country&#8217;s governors, the old parties that had previously opposed me, opted to endorse me. It was of little help. The damage had already been done. Chavez won 56-40.</p><p>The media blackout. The negative campaign. The change of narrative from the hope my tenure evoked to revenge against those blamed for the economic distress. Voter sentiment shifted. voters opted for revenge, and that sentiment decided the election. One month sufficed.</p><p><strong>The Case of George W. Bush, 2002</strong></p><p>George W. Bush, the Republican president in his first term faced his first midterm election in November 2002.</p><p>Historically the president&#8217;s party loses seats in Congress in almost every midterm. Gallup data that year showed that the cost of living and the economy in general were the leading concerns named by Americans. Terrorism had lost relative weight since its peak at the end of 2001.</p><p>The challenge was substantial. In the weeks that preceded and accompanied the congressional debate and vote authorizing the use of force against Iraq, the ranking of problems in the public mind was reordered. National security regained intensity and centrality. It did not completely displace the economy as a concern, but it changed the relative weight of the security issue enough to alter the outcome.</p><p>In November 2002 the president&#8217;s party gained seats in both chambers, something that seldom happens. What voters considered most urgent had shifted, now national security was paramount, and the Republicans gained ground.</p><p>In 1998, I suffered a complete reversal of trajectory under a concentrated media blackout, an overarching negative campaign, and a decisive change of narrative. In 2002, Bush achieved something more subtle but equally decisive: he re-balanced within a few weeks the weight of the issues in the voter&#8217;s mind.</p><p>That remains the real window: four weeks&#8230; six weeks at the most.</p><p><strong>The 2026 Test</strong></p><p>The same pattern is now being tested under trying conditions.</p><p>Inflation and the affordability problem are no longer abstract. They are felt in every bill, at every gas station, and on every trip to the supermarket. July 2026 already shows that pain is installed in the voter&#8217;s mind. Hostile coverage of the cost of living continues without interruption. A prolonged war further erodes the patience of independent voters.</p><p>These are real constraints. They cannot be dismissed. The question is whether they are decisive.</p><p>The American media environment differs sharply from the one I faced in 1998. It is fragmented rather than captured. No single blackout can silence a candidate. At the same time, that fragmentation makes sustained narrative coherence more difficult.</p><p>History suggests that the ranking of problems in the public mind can still be altered in a short window, even when economic pressure is genuine. Structural issues such as industrial capacity, supply-chain fragility, or institutional performance remain available candidates. Whether any of them can gain enough intensity and coherence to compete with the cost of living already felt by voters is an open question of execution and timing.</p><p>In this setting, Donald Trump brings a distinctive capacity: he has spent decades operating simultaneously as director and protagonist of a continuous public narrative. That long experience in shaping and sustaining a story in real time is an instrument neither I nor Bush possessed to the same degree.</p><p><strong>The Pattern</strong></p><p>Recent experience yields two clear lessons. First, what voters rank as most important can be moved in four to six weeks. Second, the side that controls the intensity and coherence of the narrative during that window can alter outcomes even when starting at a disadvantage and even when economic problems do not disappear.</p><p>The 2026 environment presents a stricter test than 2002. Concrete economic pain and a war that continues do not evaporate through narrative alone. Yet the underlying mechanism, the capacity of a focused story to reorder voter priorities in a compressed period&#8212;has not been repealed.</p><p>The decisive variable is not whether conditions are ideal. It is whether any alternative issue can be made sufficiently vivid and coherent, in the time remaining, to compete with the cost of living already being felt by voters or if the whole narrative can be changed.<span>                                                                                                                                                 </span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/how-narratives-sway-elections/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/how-narratives-sway-elections/comments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/how-narratives-sway-elections?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/how-narratives-sway-elections?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Compartir</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[THE THEORY OF GENERATIONS]]></title><description><![CDATA[An excerpt of my yet unpublished book]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/the-theory-of-generations</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/the-theory-of-generations</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2026 01:04:54 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TBYZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb4b3306-234c-4b05-80d5-09eb4421c95f_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TBYZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb4b3306-234c-4b05-80d5-09eb4421c95f_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TBYZ!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/db4b3306-234c-4b05-80d5-09eb4421c95f_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3745022,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/i/205978807?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb4b3306-234c-4b05-80d5-09eb4421c95f_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TBYZ!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb4b3306-234c-4b05-80d5-09eb4421c95f_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TBYZ!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb4b3306-234c-4b05-80d5-09eb4421c95f_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>It was during my university years that, under the guidance of an unforgettable professor, I first learned to appreciate the importance of context.</p><p>I still remember him insisting that, in studying the evolution of human thought and creativity, we should think in terms of <strong>schools</strong>. Regardless of individual genius, he argued, every school embodied a distinct way of seeing the world and revealed a new dimension of reality.</p><p>I can still imagine one of his lectures. Romanticism, I would muse, did not emerge out of nowhere, nor did Impressionism or Existentialism. Notice how, in a single sentence, I have crossed several frontiers&#8212;frontiers of time as well as discipline. There stands Goethe, in the eighteenth century, whose <em>The Sorrows of Young Werther</em> nourished the Romantic spirit; Van Gogh, whose nineteenth-century brush transformed Post-Impressionism; and, in the twentieth century, Sartre, the philosopher of Existentialism.</p><p>I could just as easily have confined myself to literature: Jos&#233; Zorrilla and the Romanticism of <em>Don Juan Tenorio</em>; Rub&#233;n Dar&#237;o and the musicality of Modernismo; or Gabriel Garc&#237;a M&#225;rquez and the magical realism of <em>One Hundred Years of Solitude</em>. Or I might have turned to the visual arts&#8212;from Rembrandt to Picasso and Warhol&#8212;or to philosophy, from Hegel&#8217;s dialectical idealism to Marx&#8217;s materialism and Derrida&#8217;s deconstruction.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>His central argument was this:</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;Literature, the visual arts, and philosophy intersect because ideas recognize no boundaries. They all spring from the same human impulse: to make sense of chaos, to rebel against what is given, and to create beauty or express a truth born in the depths of the human spirit.&#8221;</p></blockquote><p>It was while trying to grasp the full meaning of all this that I first encountered Jos&#233; Ortega y Gasset.</p><p>Not through <em>The Revolt of the Masses</em>, his most celebrated work, but by a side path. While studying the philosophy of history, I came upon his <strong>Theory of Generations</strong>. Suddenly, everything began to fall into place.</p><p>Ortega had given the idea philosophical rigor. Schools, he argued, are not born from isolated individuals but from generations: groups of men and women who share a common sensibility, forged by the same historical circumstances, who see the world through the same lens and who, upon reaching a certain age, assume command of their era, speaking with a collective voice that none of them could ever have raised alone.</p><p>Yet the most original aspect of Ortega&#8217;s thought lay elsewhere. It was his insight into the coexistence of generations. He expressed it with remarkable precision:</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;We see that the fullest historical reality is carried by men who stand at two different stages of life, each lasting fifteen years: one from thirty to forty-five, the stage of gestation, creation, and controversy; the other from forty-five to sixty, the stage of predominance and command. The latter live settled within the world they have made; the former are making their own. No two vital tasks, no two structures of life, could be more different. They are therefore two generations, and&#8212;paradoxically, according to earlier theories&#8212;the essential point is that both have their hands upon historical reality at the same time&#8230; What matters, therefore, is not that they succeed one another, but, on the contrary, that they coexist and are contemporaries&#8230; The decisive fact in the idea of generations is not succession but overlap.&#8221;&#8309;</p></blockquote><p>This was Ortega&#8217;s great correction to all previous thinking about generations. What matters is not succession but coexistence&#8212;coexistence that is rarely free of confrontation. At every historical moment, two generations act simultaneously: one arriving, creating, and challenging; the other governing and consolidating. Between them there is always a tension, and that tension is the true engine of historical change.</p><p>And, Ortega observed, that tension renews itself every fifteen years.</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;I am myself and my circumstance, and if I do not save it, I do not save myself.&#8221;&#185;</p></blockquote><p>This is more than a philosophical aphorism. It is a description of the mechanism through which every generation interprets reality&#8212;not from some universal and timeless standpoint, but from the particular vantage point assigned to it by history. Years later, Ortega would describe each generation as &#8220;an irreplaceable instrument of knowledge.&#8221;&#178;</p><p>Years later, while directing a strategic analysis center&#8212;a think tank&#8212;the question returned with renewed urgency.</p><p>It was no longer merely an intellectual curiosity. It had become a practical necessity. I needed a tool for anticipation. Could one predict, with a reasonable degree of confidence, when great historical shifts would occur, and in what direction they would unfold?</p><p>I returned to Ortega, this time with a specific purpose: to determine whether ideas conceived in the realm of philosophical abstraction might reveal an underlying rhythm and architecture of historical change&#8212;a cadence capable not only of illuminating the past and making better sense of the present, but also of anticipating what does not yet exist, yet tomorrow will.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/the-theory-of-generations/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/the-theory-of-generations/comments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/the-theory-of-generations?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/the-theory-of-generations?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Compartir</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[LA TEORÍA DE LAS GENERACIONES]]></title><description><![CDATA[Un Extracto de mi Pr&#243;ximo Libro]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/la-teoria-de-las-generaciones</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/la-teoria-de-las-generaciones</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 07 Jul 2026 23:27:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTwl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9577ee-1632-4137-94a0-534a9a6ca85b_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTwl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9577ee-1632-4137-94a0-534a9a6ca85b_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTwl!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9577ee-1632-4137-94a0-534a9a6ca85b_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTwl!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9577ee-1632-4137-94a0-534a9a6ca85b_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTwl!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9577ee-1632-4137-94a0-534a9a6ca85b_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTwl!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9577ee-1632-4137-94a0-534a9a6ca85b_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTwl!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9577ee-1632-4137-94a0-534a9a6ca85b_1536x1024.png" width="1200" height="800.2747252747253" 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/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9577ee-1632-4137-94a0-534a9a6ca85b_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTwl!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9577ee-1632-4137-94a0-534a9a6ca85b_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Fue en<span> mis a&#241;os universitarios cuando  -</span>de la mano de un inolvidable profesor- <span>comenc&#233; a valorar el contexto.  </span></p><p><span>Se&#241;alaba, lo recuerdo vivamente, que al estudiar la evoluci&#243;n del pensamiento y de la creatividad humana deb&#237;amos pensar en Escuelas. Insist&#237;a en que independientemente de los m&#233;ritos individuales, cada Escuela revelaba una forma distinta de ver al mundo y descubr&#237;a una nueva realidad.</span></p><p><span>Imagin&#233;monos por un minuto escuchar una clase magistral: El romanticismo &#8212;fantaseo&#8212; no surgi&#243; de la nada, tampoco el impresionismo o el existencialismo. F&#237;jense c&#243;mo en una sola frase cruzo varias fronteras &#8212; fronteras temporales y tambi&#233;n disciplinarias: all&#237; est&#225;n, en un plumazo, Goethe, en el siglo XVIII, el escritor que con su Werther aliment&#243; el esp&#237;ritu rom&#225;ntico; Van Gogh, quien en el siglo XIX deslumbrar&#237;a al mundo con su pincel postimpresionista; y en el Siglo XX, Sartre, el fil&#243;sofo del existencialismo.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><span>Podr&#237;a haber hablado solo de literatura, del romanticismo en Jos&#233; Zorrilla y su Juan Tenorio, del modernismo y la musicalidad en Rub&#233;n Dar&#237;o o del realismo m&#225;gico de Garc&#237;a M&#225;rquez en Cien A&#241;os de Soledad. Tambi&#233;n de las artes pl&#225;sticas en Rembrandt, Picasso, o Warhol, o de las corrientes filos&#243;ficas, desde Hegel y su idealismo dial&#233;ctico, pasando por Marx al materialismo y con Derrida al Deconstructivismo.</span></p><p><span>Su argumento central era este:</span></p><p><span>&#171;La literatura, las artes pl&#225;sticas, la filosof&#237;a se entrecruzan porque las ideas no respetan linderos: todas brotan del mismo impulso humano por dar sentido al caos, por rebelarse contra lo dado y por crear belleza o por transmitir una verdad propia desde el fondo de cada ser.&#187;</span></p><p><span>Fue en la b&#250;squeda de comprender cabalmente todo aquello que me top&#233; con Jos&#233; Ortega y Gasset.</span></p><p><span>No fue a trav&#233;s de </span><em><span>La rebeli&#243;n de las masas</span></em><span>, que es su obra m&#225;s conocida sino por camino lateral; Estudiando la filosof&#237;a de la historia. Fue as&#237; que llegu&#233; a su Teor&#237;a de las Generaciones. Y al internarme en la linea de razonamiento de Ortega, todo aquello comenz&#243; a encajar.</span></p><p><span>Ortega y Gasset lo hab&#237;a formulado con rigor filos&#243;fico. Las escuelas no nacen de individuos aislados &#8212;sosten&#237;a&#8212; sino de generaciones: grupos de hombres y mujeres que comparten una misma sensibilidad, forjada en id&#233;nticas circunstancias hist&#243;ricas, que miran el mundo a trav&#233;s del mismo prisma y que, al alcanzar determinada edad, toman el mando de su &#233;poca y lo ejercen con una voz colectiva que ninguno de ellos, por s&#237; solo, habr&#237;a podido alzar.</span></p><p><span>Pero lo m&#225;s original de su pensamiento fue lo que observ&#243; sobre la convivencia entre generaciones. Vale la pena citarlo:</span></p><p><span>*&#171;Vemos que la m&#225;s plena realidad hist&#243;rica es llevada por hombres que est&#225;n en dos etapas distintas de la vida, cada una de quince a&#241;os: (una) de treinta a cuarenta y cinco, etapa de gestaci&#243;n o creaci&#243;n y pol&#233;mica; (otra) de cuarenta y cinco a sesenta, etapa de predominio y mando. Estos &#250;ltimos viven instalados en el mundo que se han hecho; aqu&#233;llos est&#225;n haciendo su mundo. No caben (juntas) dos tareas vitales, dos estructuras de la vida m&#225;s diferentes. Son, pues, dos generaciones y &#161;cosa parad&#243;jica para las antiguas ideas sobre nuestro asunto!, lo esencial en esas dos generaciones es que ambas tienen puestas sus manos en la realidad hist&#243;rica al mismo tiempo... Por tanto, lo esencial es, no que se suceden, sino, al rev&#233;s, que conviven y son contempor&#225;neas... lo decisivo en la idea de las generaciones no es que se suceden, sino que se solapan o empalman.&#187;*&#8309;</span></p><p><span>Esta es la gran correcci&#243;n de Ortega a todo el pensamiento anterior sobre las generaciones. </span><em><span>No es el relevo lo que importa</span></em><span>. Es la convivencia &#8212; a veces fecunda, a veces conflictiva &#8212; entre aquellos que conducen la historia. En todo momento hist&#243;rico hay dos generaciones actuando simult&#225;neamente: una que llega, que crea y pugna; otra que manda y consolida. Entre ellas existe, siempre, una tensi&#243;n que es el verdadero motor del cambio.</span></p><p><span>Y esa tensi&#243;n, observ&#243; Ortega, se renueva cada quince a&#241;os.</span></p><p><span>*&#171;Yo soy yo y mi circunstancia, y si no la salvo a ella no me salvo yo.&#187;*&#185; No es solo una frase filos&#243;fica. Es una descripci&#243;n del mecanismo por el cual cada generaci&#243;n lee la realidad &#8212; no desde un punto de vista universal y eterno, sino desde el mirador espec&#237;fico que le asign&#243; su tiempo. Cada generaci&#243;n, escribir&#237;a Ortega a&#241;os despu&#233;s, es *&#171;un aparato de conocimiento insustituible&#187;.*&#178;</span></p><div><hr></div><p><span>A&#241;os m&#225;s tarde, al frente de un </span><em><span>Centro de An&#225;lisis Estrat&#233;gico</span></em><span>, un </span><em><span>think tank</span></em><span>, la pregunta volvi&#243; a m&#237; con urgencia. </span><em><span>Ya no era solo</span></em><span> una inquietud intelectual. Atrapado por el impacto del embargo petrolero &#225;rabe, sent&#237; una necesidad imperiosa, me hacia falta una herramienta de predicci&#243;n.  </span><em><span>&#191;Ser&#225; posible, me dije, anticipar, con alg&#250;n grado de certeza, </span><strong><span>cu&#225;ndo </span></strong><span>y en qu&#233; direcci&#243;</span><strong><span>n</span></strong><span> se producen hitos de impacto universal?</span></em></p><p>Decid&#237; volver a Ortega. Esta vez con una intenci&#243;n concreta: estudiar si sus ideas pod&#237;an develar un ritmo y una arquitectura <strong>comprobable </strong>del devenir humano, una vara de medir que ayudara, no solo a entender mejor el pasado y el presente sino tambi&#233;n a anticipar aquello que a&#250;n no es, pero ma&#241;ana ser&#225;.</p><p><em><span>Extracto de mi pr&#243;ximo libro</span></em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/la-teoria-de-las-generaciones/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/la-teoria-de-las-generaciones/comments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/la-teoria-de-las-generaciones?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/la-teoria-de-las-generaciones?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Compartir</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Venezuela After the Earthqwakes]]></title><description><![CDATA[A deep crisis and a new reality]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/venezuela-after-the-earthquakes</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/venezuela-after-the-earthquakes</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 22:28:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lqkm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fceaebc78-7c8f-4275-abce-7c0989a3269d_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lqkm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fceaebc78-7c8f-4275-abce-7c0989a3269d_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lqkm!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong><span data-color="#ff0000" style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">A live account and the Zoom debate that followed. A summary. </span></strong></em></p><h2><span>THE CATASTROPHE AND ITS REVELATIONS</span></h2><p><span>**The earthquake as detonator:** The seismic event of late June 2026 was not merely a natural disaster. It was a catalyst that exposed deep layers of moral and institutional deterioration in the country. The physical destruction&#8212;collapsed buildings, critical infrastructure damaged&#8212;revealed not only administrative inefficiency, but what was characterized as a &#8220;malice&#8221; in the structures of power. The deaths of civilians, the loss of homes and belongings, and the slowness of rescue operations revealed a governance that has prioritized repression and control over the capacity for humanitarian response.</span></p><p><span>**The contradictions of power:** While international actors (El Salvador, Mexico, the USA) arrived before national security apparatuses, simultaneous acts of corruption were documented&#8212;functionaries looting humanitarian aid&#8212;which exemplified systemic decomposition. These facts were not perceived as isolated, but as expressions of a logic of government that has lost operational legitimacy.</span></p><h2><span>STABILITY VS REPRESSION: A CRITICAL CONCEPTUAL DISTINCTION</span></h2><p><span>**The American confusion:** A central argument held that the Trump administration confuses stability with repression. The absence of massive street demonstrations does not reflect conformity, but coercive control. Repression remains the instrument of governance: political prisoners remain jailed, precautionary measures restrict movement, and the repressive apparatus (Disip, Sebin, police) maintains population control through fear. This stability is illusory, a &#8220;moral veneer&#8221; over pure repression.</span></p><p><span>**The inversion of concepts:** Simultaneously, the position of Mar&#237;a Corina Machado (the principal opposition figure) has been characterized as &#8220;unstable&#8221; due to the risk of provoking democratic mobilization. Yet that mobilization would not be chaos, but legitimate democratic expression. The true confusion lies in equating &#8220;repressive order&#8221; with &#8220;political stability,&#8221; when they are opposite phenomena.</span></p><h2><span>THE RETURN OF MARIA CORINA</span></h2><p><strong><span>Position of those advising caution:</span></strong></p><p><span>&#183; It is not the right moment for her physical return</span></p><p><span>&#183; She could become a convenient &#8220;scapegoat&#8221;&#8212;giving the regime a chance to blame her for the critical aftermath.</span></p><p><span>&#183; In context of acute humanitarian crisis, she has no executive power to solve anything.</span></p><p><span>&#183; She could become an escape goat. Uncontrollable social upheaval could be attributed to her</span></p><p><span>&#183; She may be more effective in absence, through strategic messages that channel indignation without becoming a target of repression</span></p><p><strong><span>Position of advising urgency:</span></strong></p><p><span>&#183; Evaluate the risks of omission, not only of action</span></p><p><span>&#183; Without direct leadership, other figures may capitalise on the crisis</span></p><p><span>&#183; The power vacuum could be exploited by unpredictable actors </span></p><p><span>&#183; Waiting carries risks as grave as acting</span></p><p><span>**S</span><strong><span>ynthesis of the dilemm</span></strong><span>a:** The contradiction reflects a political reality without precedent: a democratically legitimated leader, with 80 % popular support, but without institutional legitimacy and under mortal risk.</span></p><h2><span>THE THREAT OF SOCIAL UPHEAVAL</span></h2><p><span>**Indicators of pressure:** Multiple signs of civil order breakdown were documented:</span></p><p><span>&#183; Citizens confronting officials over theft of aid</span></p><p><span>&#183; Organized groups rejecting state authority</span></p><p><span>&#183; Acts of extreme violence (children being abused in temporary shelters)</span></p><p><span>&#183; Generalized civil disobedience, with people organizing without the State</span></p><p><span>**The emotional dimension:** The population is in a state of acute emotional crisis. The trauma of the earthquake, combined with years of deterioration, has led to feelings being &#8220;at the surface.&#8221; In this context, indignation (&#8221;arrechera&#8221;) is potential political energy, but also potential for uncontrollable violence.</span></p><p><span>**The lack of channels:** There are no institutions capable of channeling this energy. The logic of popular resentment is directed against the government, but without institutionalized channels of expression, it can devolve into chaos.</span></p><h2><span>THE AMERICAN ROLE AND ITS CONTRADICTIONS</span></h2><p><span>**Trump under pressure:** The Trump administration is compromised on multiple fronts:</span></p><p><span>&#183; Operation in Iran without clear results (Strait of Hormuz blockade as failed alternative)</span></p><p><span>&#183; Venezuela without advances in political control</span></p><p><span>&#183; Congress internally fragmented (far-left that won&#8217;t cooperate)</span></p><p><span>&#183; Mid-term elections (November 2026) with grim prospects</span></p><p><span>&#183; Internal political crisis related to voter identification</span></p><p><span>**Disconnected language:** American statements about Venezuela (&#8221;dancing in the streets,&#8221; recovery of costs) are perceived as disconnected from reality. The theory is that they are directed at domestic American audiences, not Venezuelans. This disconnect generates mutual distrust.</span></p><p><span>**Bifurcated strategy:** The USA appears to be seeking stabilisation without political commitment; a transitional government that avoids the costs of another Afghanistan or Iraq. But this clashes with internal democratic urgency and expectations of rapid change.</span></p><h2><span>THE COLLAPSE OF THE ARMED FORCES</span></h2><p><span>**Documented inoperance:** The Venezuelan Armed Forces, far from being a consolidated power, are decomposed:</span></p><p><span>&#183; Lack of gasoline for heavy machinery</span></p><p><span>&#183; Soldiers without food, sent home without pay</span></p><p><span>&#183; Corrupt repressive apparatus (gasoline trafficking, bribes)</span></p><p><span>&#183; Demoralized and divided hierarchy</span></p><p><span>&#183; Without capacity for humanitarian response or defense</span></p><p><span>**The paradox:** While the regime sustains itself on repression, the repressive forces are increasingly unreliable. They cannot control a massive social upheaval if it occurs. This shifts the critical variable toward external actors (the USA) or toward the capacity for spontaneous mobilization of the population.</span></p><h2><span>THE MORAL DIMENSION: EMPATHY VERSUS INDIGNATION</span></h2><p><span>**The call for emotional intelligence:** It was argued that in crises of this magnitude, the emotional factor is determinant. Leaders who ignore empathy lose legitimacy. Delcy Rodr&#237;guez visiting disaster zones in winter coats was perceived as lack of attunement, not competence.</span></p><p><span>**The false dichotomy:** It is not a matter of choosing between &#8220;love and peace&#8221; versus &#8220;indignation,&#8221; but of integrating them. The communication strategy should:</span></p><p><span>&#183; Recognize legitimate pain (empathy)</span></p><p><span>&#183; Name responsibility (channeled indignation)</span></p><p><span>&#183; Offer direction (leadership)</span></p><p><span>&#183; Avoid becoming fuel for uncontrolled violence</span></p><p><span>**The pending message:** Mar&#237;a Corina needs to communicate that she accompanies the suffering and the rage, but directing that rage against the truly responsible parties, not toward internal chaos.</span></p><h2><span>PAST ERRORS: THE OATH THAT NEVER WAS</span></h2><p><span>**Retrospective analysis:** The decision by Edmundo Gonz&#225;lez Urrutia not to take the oath was unanimously criticized by participants as a grave strategic error. The arguments:</span></p><p><span>&#183; He could have been sworn in on La Orchila or in Venezuelan territorial waters or airspace. It would not have been the first time.</span></p><p><span>&#183; He lost the opportunity to transfer electoral legitimacy to Mar&#237;a Corina as vice president</span></p><p><span>&#183; He avoided the risks of regime decapitation, but also prevented the gain of institutionality</span></p><p><span>&#183; It was due to influence from external know-it-alls, not an organic decision</span></p><p><span>&#183; Corina Yoris would have taken the oath</span></p><p><span>&#183; The people give and take away; political gratitude has its limits</span></p><h2><span>CONSENSUS VERSUS DISSENT</span></h2><p><span>**The democratic framework:** It was emphasized that democracy is based more on dissent than on consensus. The value lies in processing disagreements toward synthesis, not in erasing them. Participants genuinely represented divergent positions (urgency vs. caution), but the exchange was respectful and oriented toward greater clarity, not toward defeating the other.</span></p><p><span>**Trust in Mar&#237;a Corina:** Despite the differences, there was implicit agreement that Mar&#237;a Corina has &#8220;high-caliber people&#8221; at her side and the capacity for discernment to make difficult decisions. The group would see its function as offering &#8220;conceptual distinctions&#8221; and risk analysis, not dictating her course of action.</span></p><h2><span>CONCLUSION: A PARENTHESIS</span></h2><p><span>**The nature of this moment:** Venezuela is in a temporal parenthesis. The earthquake revealed structural cracks that cannot be closed with rhetoric. Repression maintains an order, but that order is fragile. The potential for rupture exists. Decisions about leadership, communication, and timing are critical, but not entirely under the control of any single actor.</span></p><p><span>**The open question:** It is not whether Mar&#237;a Corina will return, but when and how the timing will be right. The group recognized that this a question &#8220;feeling&#8221;&#8212; of political intuition fine tuned by rigorous analysis. Meanwhile, her contribution from afar&#8212;messages that channel empathy and indignation without falling into demagoguery&#8212;is what responsibly can be done.</span></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/venezuela-after-the-earthquakes?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/venezuela-after-the-earthquakes?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Compartir</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Venezuela Después del Terremoto]]></title><description><![CDATA[Una crisis y una nueva realidad]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/venezuela-despues-del-terremoto</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/venezuela-despues-del-terremoto</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 18:21:02 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yaVS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28e65fb8-7bc9-451f-b5b3-5b7076158aac_1537x1023.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yaVS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28e65fb8-7bc9-451f-b5b3-5b7076158aac_1537x1023.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yaVS!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><em><sub><span data-color="#ff0000" style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Resumen de un relato en vivo y de un DEBATE via Zoom </span></sub></em></h3><h3>LA CAT&#193;STROFE Y SUS REVELACIONES</h3><p><strong><span>El terremoto como detonador:</span></strong><span> El evento s&#237;smico de finales de junio 2026 no fue s&#243;lo un desastre natural. Fue un catalizador que expuso capas profundas del deterioro moral e institucional del pa&#237;s. La destrucci&#243;n f&#237;sica &#8212;edificios colapsados, infraestructura cr&#237;tica da&#241;ada&#8212; todo ello puso al descubierto no solo la ineficiencia administrativa, sino lo que fue caracterizado como una &#8220;maldad&#8221; de las estructuras de poder. La muerte de civiles, la p&#233;rdida de viviendas y pertenencias, y la lentitud del rescate revelaron una gobernanza que ha priorizado la represi&#243;n y el control sobre la capacidad de respuesta humanitaria.</span></p><p><strong><span>Las contradicciones del poder:</span></strong><span> Mientras actores internacionales (El Salvador, M&#233;xico, EEUU) llegaban antes que los aparatos de seguridad nacionales, se documentaron actos simult&#225;neos de corrupci&#243;n &#8212;funcionarios saqueando ayuda humanitaria&#8212; que ejemplificaban la descomposici&#243;n sist&#233;mica. Estos hechos no fueron percibidos como aislados, sino como expresi&#243;n de una l&#243;gica de gobierno que ha perdido legitimidad operativa.</span></p><p><strong><span>ESTABILIDAD VERSUS REPRESI&#211;N: UN DESLIND</span>&#1045;<span> CR&#205;TICO CONCEPTUAL</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>La confusi&#243;n estadounidense:</span></strong><span> Un argumento central sostuvo que la administraci&#243;n estadounidense confunde la </span><em><span>estabilidad</span></em><span> con la </span><em><span>represi&#243;n</span></em><span>. La ausencia de manifestaciones masivas en las calles no refleja conformidad, sino control coercitivo. La represi&#243;n sigue siendo el instrumento de gobernanza: presos pol&#237;ticos permanecen encarcelados, medidas cautelares restringen el movimiento, y el aparato represivo (Disip, Sebin, polic&#237;as) mantiene la poblaci&#243;n controlada mediante el miedo. Esta estabilidad es ilusoria, un &#8220;barniz moral&#8221; sobre represi&#243;n pura.</span></p><p><strong><span>La inversi&#243;n de conceptos:</span></strong><span> Paralelamente, la posici&#243;n de Mar&#237;a Corina Machado (la principal figura opositora) ha sido caracterizada como &#8220;inestable&#8221; por el riesgo de provocar movilizaci&#243;n democr&#225;tica. Sin embargo, esa movilizaci&#243;n no ser&#237;a caos, sino expresi&#243;n democr&#225;tica leg&#237;tima. La verdadera confusi&#243;n radica en equiparar &#8220;orden represivo&#8221; con &#8220;estabilidad pol&#237;tica&#8221;, cuando son fen&#243;menos opuestos.</span></p><p><strong><span>SOBRE EL RETORNO DE MAR&#205;A CORINA</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>Posici&#243;n de cautela:</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><span>No es el momento oportuno para su regreso f&#237;sico</span></p></li><li><p><span>Su presencia ser&#237;a utilizada por el gobierno como &#8220;pagapeo&#8221; &#8212;chivo expiatorio para echarle la culpa de los problemas actuales</span></p></li><li><p><span>En contexto de crisis humanitaria aguda, ella no tiene poder ejecutivo para resolver nada, solo podr&#237;a movilizar masas</span></p></li><li><p><span>El riesgo de un estallido social incontrolable ser&#237;a atribuido a su liderazgo</span></p></li><li><p><span>Puede ser m&#225;s efectiva en ausencia, mediante mensajes estrat&#233;gicos que canalicen indignaci&#243;n sin convertirse en blanco de represi&#243;n</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>Posici&#243;n de urgencia:</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><span>Evaluar los </span><em><span>riesgos de la omisi&#243;n</span></em><span>, no solo los de la acci&#243;n</span></p></li><li><p><span>Mientras no haya liderazgo directo, otras figuras pueden capitalizar la crisis</span></p></li><li><p><span>El vac&#237;o de poder puede ser aprovechado por actores impredecibles o reg&#237;menes adicionales</span></p></li><li><p><span>La legitimidad de Mar&#237;a Corina (ganada en elecciones) no fue transferida cuando Edmundo no se jurament&#243;</span></p></li><li><p><span>Esperar implica riesgos tan graves como actuar</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>S&#237;ntesis del dilema:</span></strong><span> La indefinici&#243;n refleja una realidad pol&#237;tica sin precedentes: una l&#237;der democr&#225;ticamente legitimada, con 80-90% de apoyo popular, sin poder institucional y bajo riesgo mortal.</span></p><p><strong><span>LA AMENAZA DEL ESTALLIDO SOCIAL</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>Indicadores de presi&#243;n:</span></strong><span> Se documentaron m&#250;ltiples signos de ruptura del orden civil:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Ciudadanos enfrentando a funcionarios por robo de ayuda</span></p></li><li><p>Grupos organizados rechazando autoridad estatal</p></li><li><p><span>Actos de violencia extrema (ni&#241;os siendo abusados en refugios temporales)</span></p></li><li><p><span>Desobediencia civil generalizada, con gente organiz&#225;ndose sin Estado</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>La cuesti&#243;n emocional:</span></strong><span> La poblaci&#243;n est&#225; en estado de crisis emocional aguda. Las traumas del terremoto, combinado con a&#241;os de deterioro, ha llevado a que los sentimientos est&#233;n &#8220;a flor de piel&#8221;. En este contexto, la indignaci&#243;n (&#8221;arrechera&#8221;) es potencial energ&#237;a pol&#237;tica, pero tambi&#233;n potencial para violencia incontrolable.</span></p><p><strong><span>La falta de canales:</span></strong><span> No hay instituciones capaces de canalizar esta energ&#237;a. La l&#243;gica del resentimiento popular est&#225; dirigida contra el gobierno, pero sin canales de expresi&#243;n institucionalizados, puede derivar en caos.</span></p><p><strong><span>EL ROL ESTADOUNIDENSE Y SUS CONTRADICCIONES</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>Trump bajo presi&#243;n:</span></strong><span> La administraci&#243;n Trump est&#225; comprometida en m&#250;ltiples frentes:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Operaci&#243;n en Ir&#225;n sin resultados claros (bloqueo de Ormuz como alternativa fallida)</span></p></li><li><p><span>Venezuela sin avances de control pol&#237;tico</span></p></li><li><p><span>Congreso fragmentado internamente (ultraizquierda que no coopera)</span></p></li><li><p><span>Elecciones de medio t&#233;rmino (noviembre 2026) con perspectivas negras</span></p></li><li><p><span>Crisis pol&#237;tica interna relacionada con identificaci&#243;n electoral</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>El lenguaje desconectado:</span></strong><span> Los comunicados estadounidenses sobre Venezuela (&#8221;bailando en las calles&#8221;, recuperaci&#243;n de costos) son percibidos como desconectados de la realidad. La teor&#237;a es que est&#225;n dirigidos a p&#250;blicos dom&#233;sticos estadounidenses, no a venezolanos. Esta desconexi&#243;n genera desconfianza mutua.</span></p><p><strong><span>La estrategia bifurcada:</span></strong><span> EEUU parece buscar estabilizaci&#243;n sin encarecimiento pol&#237;tico; un gobierno transitorio que evite los costos de un Afganist&#225;n o Irak. Pero esto choca con la urgencia democr&#225;tica interna y la expectativa de cambio r&#225;pido.</span></p><p><strong><span>EL COLAPSO DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>Inoperancia documentada:</span></strong><span> Las Fuerzas Armadas venezolanas, lejos de ser un poder consolidado, est&#225;n descompuestas:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Falta de gasolina para maquinaria pesada</span></p></li><li><p><span>Soldados sin comida, enviados a casa sin sueldo</span></p></li><li><p><span>Aparato represivo corrupto (tr&#225;fico de gasolina, sobornos)</span></p></li><li><p>Jerarqu&#237;a desmoralizada y divida</p></li><li><p><span>Sin capacidad de respuesta humanitaria o de defensa</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>La paradoja:</span></strong><span> Mientras el r&#233;gimen se sostiene sobre represi&#243;n, las fuerzas represivas son cada vez menos confiables. No pueden controlar un estallido social masivo si ocurriera. Esto desplaza la variable cr&#237;tica hacia actores externos (EEUU) o hacia la capacidad de movilizaci&#243;n espont&#225;nea de la poblaci&#243;n.</span></p><p><strong><span>LA DIMENSI&#211;N MORAL: EMPAT&#205;A VERSUS INDIGNACI&#211;N</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>El llamado a la inteligencia emocional:</span></strong><span> Se plante&#243; que en crisis de esta magnitud, el factor emocional es determinante. Los l&#237;deres que ignoren la empat&#237;a pierden legitimidad. Delcy Rodr&#237;guez visitando zonas de desastre con abrigos de invierno fue percibida como falta de sinton&#237;a, no de competencia.</span></p><p><strong><span>La falsa dicotom&#237;a:</span></strong><span> No se trata de elegir entre &#8220;amor y paz&#8221; versus &#8220;indignaci&#243;n&#8221;, sino de integrarlas. </span>La estrategia de comunicaci&#243;n deber&#237;a:</p><ul><li><p><span>Reconocer el dolor leg&#237;timo (empat&#237;a)</span></p></li><li><p><span>Nombrar la responsabilidad (indignaci&#243;n canalizada)</span></p></li><li><p>Ofrecer direcci&#243;n (liderazgo)</p></li><li><p><span>Evitar convertirse en combustible para violencia incontrolada</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>El mensaje pendiente:</span></strong><span> Mar&#237;a Corina necesita comunicar que acompa&#241;a el sufrimiento </span><em><span>y</span></em><span> la rabia, pero dirigiendo esa rabia contra los responsables reales, no hacia caos interno.</span></p><p><strong><span>ERRORES PASADOS: LA JURAMENTACI&#211;N QUE NO FUE</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>El an&#225;lisis retrospectivo:</span></strong><span> La decisi&#243;n de Edmundo Gonz&#225;lez Urrutia de no juramentarse fue un&#225;nimemente criticada por los participantes como error estrat&#233;gico grave. </span>Los argumentos:</p><ul><li><p><span>Pudo haber sido juramentado en La Orchila o en mares territoriales o en el espacio a&#233;reo venezolano. No habr&#237;a sido la primera vez.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Perdi&#243; la oportunidad de transferir legitimidad electoral a Mar&#237;a Corina como vicepresidenta</span></p></li><li><p><span>Evit&#243; los riesgos de una decapitaci&#243;n del r&#233;gimen, pero tambi&#233;n impidi&#243; la ganancia de institucionalidad</span></p></li><li><p><span>Fue por influencia de los sabelotodo externos, no una decisi&#243;n org&#225;nica</span></p></li><li><p>Corina Yoris se habr&#237;a juramentado. </p></li><li><p><span>El pueblo da y quita,  la gratitud en pol&#237;tica tiene sus l&#237;mites</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>CONSENSO VS DISENSO</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>El marco democr&#225;tico:</span></strong><span> Se enfatiz&#243; que la democracia se basa m&#225;s en el </span><em><span>disenso</span></em><span> que en el consenso. El valor est&#225; en procesar desacuerdos hacia s&#237;ntesis, no en borrarlos. Los participantes representaban genuinamente posiciones divergentes (urgencia vs. cautela), pero el intercambio fue respetuoso y orientado a mayor claridad, no a vencer al otro.</span></p><p><strong><span>La confianza en Mar&#237;a Corina:</span></strong><span> A pesar de las diferencias, hubo acuerdo impl&#237;cito en que Mar&#237;a Corina tiene &#8220;gente de alto calibre&#8221; a su lado y capacidad de discernimiento para tomar decisiones dif&#237;ciles. El grupo ver&#237;a como funci&#243;n suya ofrecer &#8220;deslindes conceptuales&#8221; y an&#225;lisis de riesgos, no dictaminar sobre su movimiento.</span></p><p><strong><span>CONCLUSI&#211;N: UN PAR&#201;NTESIS</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>La naturaleza de este momento:</span></strong><span> Venezuela est&#225; en un par&#233;ntesis temporal. El terremoto revel&#243; grietas estructurales que no pueden ser cerradas con ret&#243;rica. La represi&#243;n mantiene un orden, pero ese orden es fr&#225;gil. El potencial de ruptura existe. Las decisiones sobre liderazgo, comunicaci&#243;n y </span><em><span>timing</span></em><span> son cr&#237;ticas, pero no est&#225;n totalmente bajo control de ning&#250;n actor.</span></p><p><strong><span>La pregunta abierta:</span></strong><span> No es si Mar&#237;a Corina regresar&#225;, sino el cu&#225;ndo y el c&#243;mo ser&#225; el correcto. El grupo reconoci&#243; que eso requiere &#8220;</span><em><span>feeling</span></em><span>&#8220;, intuici&#243;n pol&#237;tica educada por an&#225;lisis riguroso. Mientras tanto, la contribuci&#243;n desde lejos &#8212;mensajes que canalicen empat&#237;a e indignaci&#243;n sin caer en demagogia&#8212; es lo que responsablemente puede hacer.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/venezuela-despues-del-terremoto?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/venezuela-despues-del-terremoto?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Compartir</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Donald Trump Looks Weary]]></title><description><![CDATA[And It's Not About Age]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/donald-trump-looks-weary</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/donald-trump-looks-weary</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:44:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DnBI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F041de45f-3a10-40bb-afcd-2f92ec5f51ca_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DnBI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F041de45f-3a10-40bb-afcd-2f92ec5f51ca_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DnBI!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_424, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F041de45f-3a10-40bb-afcd-2f92ec5f51ca_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DnBI!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_848, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F041de45f-3a10-40bb-afcd-2f92ec5f51ca_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DnBI!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F041de45f-3a10-40bb-afcd-2f92ec5f51ca_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DnBI!, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/henriquesalasromer.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F041de45f-3a10-40bb-afcd-2f92ec5f51ca_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The president looks weary. That&#8217;s my impression.</p><p>His stride seems slower. His shoulders seem slumped. His voice has lost its familiar force. It&#8217;s a recent impression&#8212;one that has taken shape over the past couple of months. I don&#180;t think it has anything to do with age or physical health. It rather seems to reflect the weight of expectations colliding with reality, just as the United States prepares to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.</p><p>Trump returned to office with ambitions that went far beyond winning an election. He wanted to leave a lasting mark&#8212;to be remembered as a transformational president, one whose place in history would be measured not in election cycles, but in decades.</p><p>The moment appeared tailor-made for such an ambition. The postwar international order was fraying. Multilateral institutions had lost much of their authority. To many around the world, the United States was a great power in decline: economically uncertain, strategically adrift, and showing signs of moral exhaustion.</p><p>Initially, Trump&#8217;s wager appeared to be paying off.</p><p><strong>Where the Strategy Worked</strong></p><p>In the Middle East, his approach proved remarkably effective. He brought the region&#8217;s principal leaders back toward Washington just as China was courting them with growing determination. He strengthened ties with the Gulf states, encouraged Israel to assume a more stabilizing regional role, and, for a time, projected the image of a president capable of promoting order in a region where his predecessors had settled for managing chaos.</p><p>Europe was a more complicated story, but here too his strategy produced results. By bruising European pride&#8212;with tariff threats, suggestions of reducing the American military presence, public doubts about NATO&#8217;s Article 5 commitments, and even provocative remarks about Greenland&#8212;he forced Europe to confront realities it had postponed for years.</p><p>That pressure bought Ukraine something invaluable: time.</p><p>Time for Europe to develop its own capacity to sustain Kyiv. Time for Ukrainian ingenuity to mature. Time for Russia&#8217;s mounting casualties to accumulate. Time for Vladimir Putin to begin showing the first signs of strategic fatigue.</p><p>At home, the balance also leaned in Trump&#8217;s favor. The southern border, long the symbol of federal dysfunction, was effectively sealed. The cultural backlash against progressive excesses largely subsided. Meanwhile, the effort to rebuild America&#8217;s manufacturing base through reshoring continued to gain momentum, offering early evidence that part of his industrial strategy could prove durable.</p><p><strong>Where the Wheels Began to Come Off</strong></p><p>But history is rarely decided by grand strategy alone. More often, it turns on execution. And 2026 has been unforgiving.</p><p>The operation in Venezuela was, from a military standpoint, nearly flawless. A swift, surgical mission captured Nicol&#225;s Maduro within hours and delivered him to federal prosecutors in New York. It was bold, efficient, and, for a brief moment, looked like exactly the kind of clean success from which political legends are made.</p><p>Yet tactical brilliance did not translate into strategic wisdom.</p><p>Nearly six months later, the promised transformation has failed to materialize. Instead, the country increasingly resembles an American protectorate without a clear political destination. The rush for Venezuelan oil increasingly appears driven by opportunistic deal makers rather than established energy companies.</p><p>Meanwhile, ordinary Venezuelans endure growing hardship. And now, to make matters worse, two devastating earthquakes have left tens of thousands dead or missing, according to unofficial estimates, exposing just how fragile the entire enterprise has become.</p><p>Iran has proven even more consequential.</p><p>The February strikes that eliminated the Supreme Leader and much of the regime&#8217;s senior leadership failed to produce the political collapse anticipated. Nor did the temporary closure of the Strait of Hormuz deliver a decisive outcome. Time simply ran out. With the Independence Day anniversary approaching, Washington settled for a temporary arrangement that reopened the waterway through which roughly one-fifth of the world&#8217;s oil supply passes.</p><p>Then came Congress.</p><p>The Save America Act&#8212;the legislative centerpiece of Trump&#8217;s second term, requiring proof of citizenship to vote&#8212;remains stalled. The initiative is legitimate, yet political inertia has set in, now holding hostage much of the president&#8217;s broader legislative agenda.</p><p><strong>When Confidence Begins to Waver</strong></p><p>All of this arrives at a particularly symbolic moment.</p><p>This weekend should have offered the perfect stage for a president who sees himself as a historical figure to showcase enduring achievements. Instead, he increasingly appears to be improvising.</p><p>His remarks in the Rose Garden, delivered before a group of farmers only hours after the Venezuelan earthquakes had presumably claimed tens of thousands of lives and triggered an extraordinary international humanitarian response, were striking. Trump declared that Venezuela was flourishing under American stewardship, that investors were pouring into the country, and that people were practically &#8220;dancing in the streets.&#8221;</p><p>The words landed awkwardly.</p><p>They seemed cruelly detached from the images emerging from La Guaira&#8217;s collapsed buildings and the mounting death toll. Even media outlets generally sympathetic to the administration found themselves compelled to push back.</p><p>That, perhaps, is the real signal.</p><p>Not the statement itself. Hyperbole has always been part of Trump&#8217;s political vocabulary.</p><p>The signal lies in its timing.</p><p>Leaders who feel secure in their accomplishments never resort to triumphalist rhetoric in the midst of overwhelming tragedy. They do so when they sense that the story they hoped to tell is slipping away.</p><p>Venezuela has not stabilized as expected. Iran has not produced the desired strategic breakthrough. The signature legislative initiative of his second term remains trapped in a Congress controlled by his own party.</p><p>None of these setbacks, taken individually, would be enough to break a president.</p><p>Together, however, they carry weight.</p><p>And burdens of that kind rarely remain confined to briefings, polling data, or newspaper headlines.</p><p>Perhaps that is what we are beginning to perceive through the president&#8217;s demeanor. The slower walk. The lowered shoulders. The voice that no longer carries&#8230;</p><p>Perhaps they reflect the statesman confronting the widening distance between what he hoped to have achieved, and the challenges ahead.</p><p>And it all comes just as America prepares to celebrate 250 years of independence -the very moment when Donald Trump had hoped his brightest moment would arrive.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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