<script data-pm-proxy="intercept"></script><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Manuel’s Substack]]></title><description><![CDATA[My personal Substack]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5vQS!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d036599-1f86-4dec-bfc0-d57168aaad9a_144x144.png</url><title>Manuel’s Substack</title><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2026 05:56:35 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[manuelhinds@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[manuelhinds@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[manuelhinds@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[manuelhinds@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[¿ASÍ QUE CREES QUE PUEDES GOBERNAR EL MUNDO?]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#191;PUEDES DESCUBRIR QUE ESTABAS EQUIVOCADO?]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/asi-que-crees-que-puedes-gobernar</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/asi-que-crees-que-puedes-gobernar</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2026 12:20:48 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/df525bfe-95b6-462e-9db1-98be095e0461_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>RESUMEN</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ense&#241;ar a las personas a comprender y manipular las estructuras de poder aborda solo la primera mitad del gobierno: decidir y actuar. La sociedad no es un objeto pasivo. Responde a cada intervenci&#243;n importante mientras las personas cooperan, resisten, se adaptan, evaden y explotan los incentivos que crean los programas. En consecuencia, cada programa deber&#237;a dise&#241;arse como un experimento cuyos resultados puedan ser observados, criticados y corregidos. Las elecciones, las estad&#237;sticas independientes, la libre expresi&#243;n, la competencia, los tribunales y la oposici&#243;n institucional pueden obstaculizar el ejercicio fluido del poder, pero tambi&#233;n transmiten la informaci&#243;n a trav&#233;s de la cual los gobiernos descubren sus errores. El mayor peligro surge cuando los gobernantes usan su poder para silenciar esa respuesta. Por tanto, un buen gobierno no es aquel que nunca comete errores, sino uno que permite a la sociedad revelarlos y conserva la capacidad de corregirlos.</p><p style="text-align: center;">~</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#161;Eh, Jack!&#8221; dijo Pere. &#8220;&#191;Has o&#237;do hablar de ese curso no oficial en Stanford llamado &#191;<em><span>As&#237; que crees que puedes gobernar el mundo?</span></em> &#8220;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;S&#237;. T&#237;tulo extraordinario.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Doce estudiantes estudian el poder, el dinero, los incentivos, las instituciones y las estructuras que gobiernan la sociedad. Aprenden c&#243;mo funcionan esas estructuras y c&#243;mo sarlas y cambiarlas.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie levant&#243; la vista.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; tiene de malo eso? Si la gente quiere cambiar la sociedad, deber&#237;a entender c&#243;mo funciona.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Por supuesto&#8221;, dijo Pere. &#8220;Pero entender c&#243;mo provocar cambios es solo la mitad del problema.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Cu&#225;l es la otra mitad?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack cogi&#243; una servilleta y escribi&#243;:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>ENTIENDE &#8594; DECIDE &#8594; ACT&#218;A</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Esa es la primera parte&#8221;, dijo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Debajo de ella, escribi&#243;:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>OBSERVA &#8594; APRENDE &#8594; CORRIGE</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Eso es lo segundo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie estudi&#243; las dos l&#237;neas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Y crees que lo segundo es m&#225;s importante?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Sin duda es m&#225;s dif&#237;cil&#8221;, dijo Jack. &#8220;La primera parte de la idea de que la sociedad es algo sobre lo que actuamos. La segunda reconoce que la sociedad reacciona.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;A todo lo que hacemos?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;A todo lo importante. La gente ajusta su comportamiento. Resisten, cooperan, evaden, imitan, aprovechan oportunidades y encuentran formas de sortear obst&#225;culos. Un programa cambia la sociedad en la que se bas&#243; el programa.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;As&#237; que el an&#225;lisis original queda obsoleto?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Puede volverse obsoleto en el momento en que se implemente la pol&#237;tica.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere asinti&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Puedes introducir una subvenci&#243;n para fomentar una industria y descubrir que las empresas se reorganizan para calificar para la subvenci&#243;n en lugar de volverse m&#225;s productivas. Puedes imponer una regulaci&#243;n para prevenir un abuso y crear un incentivo para otro. Puedes construir un sistema para distribuir beneficios y descubrir que las organizaciones pol&#237;ticas los capturan.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Pero eso no significa que los gobiernos no deban hacer nada.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Desde luego que no&#8221;, dijo Jack. &#8220;Los gobiernos deben decidir y actuar. El problema es creer que el trabajo termina cuando empieza el programa.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Cu&#225;ndo termina?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Nunca. Cada intervenci&#243;n tambi&#233;n es un experimento.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie frunci&#243; el ce&#241;o.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;A los gobiernos no les gusta llamar experimentos a sus programas.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Porque un experimento puede fracasar&#8221;, dijo Pere. &#8220;Un programa anunciado como soluci&#243;n debe tener &#233;xito.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Incluso cuando no lo hace?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Especialmente cuando no lo hace.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack se&#241;al&#243; la segunda l&#237;nea de la servilleta.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Por eso observar la respuesta de la sociedad no deber&#237;a ser una ocurrencia secundaria. Deber&#237;a formar parte del dise&#241;o original del programa.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; significar&#237;a eso?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Significar&#237;a decidir de antemano qu&#233; consecuencias se observar&#225;n, qu&#233; tan r&#225;pido pueden ser detectadas, qui&#233;n puede denunciarlas y qu&#233; ocurrir&#225; si contradicen nuestras expectativas.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y luego corregir el programa.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;S&#237;, pero la correcci&#243;n requiere m&#225;s que informaci&#243;n. Requiere instituciones capaces de aceptar informaci&#243;n que no quieren o&#237;r.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Elecciones?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Elecciones, estad&#237;sticas independientes, prensa libre, empresas competidoras, tribunales, partidos de oposici&#243;n, experimentos locales, cr&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas y funcionarios que no pueden suprimir resultados inc&#243;modos.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie sonri&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Otra vez los fastidios.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Especialmente las molestias. La persona que obstruye tu programa puede estar protegiendo un privilegio. Pero esa persona tambi&#233;n puede estar revelando algo que tu modelo no incluy&#243;.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;C&#243;mo sabemos cu&#225;l?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Investigamos. Comparamos. Escuchamos otras explicaciones. Observamos lo que realmente ocurre.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Eso suena ineficiente.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Es ineficiente si el objetivo es ejecutar una decisi&#243;n sin interferencias, a como d&#233; lugar. Es indispensable si el objetivo es determinar si la decisi&#243;n fue correcta o incorrecta.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere se inclin&#243; hacia adelante.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Esa puede ser la lecci&#243;n que falta en la mayor&#237;a de las discusiones sobre el poder. Ense&#241;an a la gente a superar la resistencia.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;No es eso necesario a veces?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Por supuesto. Pero la resistencia no siempre es un obst&#225;culo para el conocimiento. A veces es conocimiento.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie volvi&#243; a mirar el t&#237;tulo del campo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Entonces, si estuvieras ense&#241;ando a personas que creen que pueden gobernar el mundo, &#191;qu&#233; les dir&#237;as?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Les dir&#237;a que la inteligencia no es una protecci&#243;n segura contra el error. Tampoco lo es la educaci&#243;n. Tampoco lo es la benevolencia.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Ni poder?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;El poder es el m&#225;s peligroso de todos&#8221;, dijo Jack, &#8220;porque puede proteger un error de las pruebas que lo expondr&#237;an.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;C&#243;mo?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Si la gente se opone, sil&#233;ncialos. Si las estad&#237;sticas contradicen la pol&#237;tica, cambia las estad&#237;sticas. Si los funcionarios informan de fracaso, desest&#237;malos. Si los votantes se resisten, manipula las elecciones. Si los mercados producen un resultado no deseado, calla la prensa. Poco a poco, el gobernante elimina todos los mecanismos a trav&#233;s de los cuales la sociedad puede responder.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Y luego?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;El gobierno solo recibe la informaci&#243;n que ha autorizado.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere neg&#243; con la cabeza.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Cree que la sociedad finalmente ha aceptado el programa.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Cuando la sociedad simplemente ha perdido la capacidad de informar sobre lo que hace el programa.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nadie habl&#243; durante un momento.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie rompi&#243; el silencio.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Entonces la pregunta m&#225;s importante no es si el gobernante sabe c&#243;mo funcionan las instituciones.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;O si puede identificar sus vulnerabilidades.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;O siquiera si quiere mejorar el mundo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No&#8221;, dijo Jack. &#8220;La cuesti&#243;n crucial es si permitir&#225; que el mundo le diga que lo est&#225; empeorando.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Y si lo hace?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Debe ser capaz de cambiar de rumbo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Debe?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack sonri&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Digamos que las instituciones deben ser lo suficientemente fuertes para hacer posible la correcci&#243;n, incluso cuando el gobernante no la quiera.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere mir&#243; las dos l&#237;neas en la servilleta.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>ENTIENDE &#8594; DECIDE &#8594; ACT&#218;A</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>OBSERVA &#8594; APRENDE &#8594; CORRECTO</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;La primera l&#237;nea ense&#241;a a los estudiantes a ejercer el poder&#8221;, dijo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y la segunda les ense&#241;a c&#243;mo no convertirse en prisioneros de sus propias decisiones.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie dobl&#243; la servilleta.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Entonces quiz&#225; el curso tenga sus prioridades al rev&#233;s.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;C&#243;mo es eso?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Deber&#237;a dedicar menos tiempo a preguntarse si los estudiantes pueden gobernar el mundo y m&#225;s tiempo a preguntarse si, despu&#233;s de haberlo cambiado, seguir&#225;n siendo capaces de ver lo que han hecho.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack se levant&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Un buen gobierno no es uno que nunca comete errores. Nunca ha existido tal gobierno.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Entonces qu&#233; es?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Uno que permita a la sociedad revelar sus errores y conserve la capacidad de corregirlos.&#8221;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[SO YOU THINK YOU CAN RULE THE WORLD?]]></title><description><![CDATA[CAN YOU DISCOVER THAT YOU WERE WRONG?]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/so-you-think-you-can-rule-the-world</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/so-you-think-you-can-rule-the-world</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2026 12:16:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6cb74a91-5a39-4659-b571-0acd8f6526de_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>SUMMARY</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Teaching people how to understand and manipulate structures of power addresses only the first half of governing: deciding and acting. Society is not a passive object. It responds to every important intervention as people cooperate, resist, adapt, evade, and exploit the incentives that programs create. Consequently, every program should be designed as an experiment whose results can be observed, criticized, and corrected. Elections, independent statistics, free expression, competition, courts, and institutional opposition may obstruct the smooth exercise of power, but they also transmit the information through which governments discover their errors. The greatest danger arises when rulers use their power to silence that response. A good government is therefore not one that never makes mistakes, but one that allows society to reveal them and retains the capacity to correct them.</p><p style="text-align: center;">~</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Hey, Jack!&#8221; said Pere. &#8220;Have you heard about that unofficial course at Stanford called <em><span>So You Think You Can Rule the World?</span></em>&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;I have. Extraordinary title.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Twelve students study power, money, incentives, institutions, and the structures that govern society. They learn how those structures work&#8212;and how to use and change them.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie looked up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;What is wrong with that? If people want to change society, they should understand how it works.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Of course,&#8221; said Pere. &#8220;But understanding how to produce change is only half the problem.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;What is the other half?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack took a napkin and wrote:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>UNDERSTAND &#8594; DECIDE &#8594; ACT</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;That is the first half,&#8221; he said.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Underneath it, he wrote:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>OBSERVE &#8594; LEARN &#8594; CORRECT</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;That is the second.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie studied the two lines.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And you think the second is more important?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It is certainly more difficult,&#8221; said Jack. &#8220;The first assumes that society is something we act upon. The second recognizes that society reacts.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;To everything we do?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;To everything important. People adjust their behavior. They resist, cooperate, evade, imitate, exploit opportunities, and find ways around obstacles. A program changes the society upon which the program was based.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;So the original analysis becomes obsolete?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It can become obsolete the moment the policy is implemented.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere nodded.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;You may introduce a subsidy to encourage an industry and discover that companies reorganize themselves to qualify for the subsidy rather than become more productive. You may impose a regulation to prevent one abuse and create an incentive for another. You may build a system to distribute benefits and find that political organizations capture it.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;But that does not mean that governments should do nothing.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Certainly not,&#8221; said Jack. &#8220;Governments must decide and act. The problem is believing that the work ends when the program begins.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;When does it end?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It doesn&#8217;t. Every intervention is also an experiment.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie frowned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Governments do not like calling their programs experiments.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Because an experiment can fail,&#8221; said Pere. &#8220;A program announced as the solution must succeed.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Even when it doesn&#8217;t?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Especially when it doesn&#8217;t.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack pointed to the second line on the napkin.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;That is why observing the response of society should not be an afterthought. It should be part of the program&#8217;s original design.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;What would that mean?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It would mean deciding in advance what consequences will be observed, how quickly they can be detected, who is allowed to report them, and what will happen if they contradict our expectations.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And then correcting the program.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Yes&#8212;but correction requires more than information. It requires institutions capable of accepting information they do not want to hear.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Elections?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Elections, independent statistics, a free press, competing enterprises, courts, opposition parties, local experiments, public criticism, and officials who cannot suppress inconvenient results.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie smiled.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The nuisances again.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Especially the nuisances. The person obstructing your program may be protecting a privilege. But that person may also be revealing something your model failed to include.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;How do we know which?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We investigate. We compare. We listen to other explanations. We watch what actually happens.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;That sounds inefficient.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It is inefficient if the objective is to execute a decision without interference. It is indispensable if the objective is to discover whether the decision was right or wrong.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere leaned forward.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;That may be the lesson missing from most discussions of power. They teach people how to overcome resistance.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Isn&#8217;t that sometimes necessary?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Certainly. But resistance is not always an obstacle to knowledge. Sometimes it is knowledge.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie looked again at the title of the course.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;So, if you were teaching people who thought they could rule the world, what would you tell them?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;I would tell them that intelligence is not a sure protection against error. Neither is education. Neither is benevolence.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Nor power?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Power is the most dangerous of all,&#8221; said Jack, &#8220;because it can protect an error from the evidence that would expose it.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;How?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;If people object, silence them. If statistics contradict the policy, change the statistics. If officials report failure, dismiss them. If voters resist, manipulate the elections. If markets produce an unwanted result, silence the press. Gradually, the ruler eliminates every mechanism by which society can respond.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And then?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The government receives only the information it has authorized.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere shook his head.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It thinks society has finally accepted the program.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;When society has merely lost the ability to report what the program is doing.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nobody spoke for a moment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie broke the silence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Then the most important question is not whether the ruler knows how institutions work.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Or whether he can identify their vulnerabilities.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Or even whether he wants to improve the world.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No,&#8221; said Jack. &#8220;The crucial question is whether he will allow the world to tell him that he is making it worse.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And if it does?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;He must be able to change course.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Must?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack smiled.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Let us say that the institutions must be strong enough to make correction possible&#8212;even when the ruler does not want it.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere looked at the two lines on the napkin.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>UNDERSTAND &#8594; DECIDE &#8594; ACT</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>OBSERVE &#8594; LEARN &#8594; CORRECT</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The first line teaches students how to exercise power,&#8221; he said.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And the second teaches them how not to become prisoners of their own decisions.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie folded the napkin.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Then perhaps the course has its priorities backward.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;How so?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It should spend less time asking whether students can rule the world and more time asking whether, after they have changed it, they will still be capable of seeing what they have done.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack stood up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;A good government is not one that never makes mistakes. No such government has ever existed.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;What is it, then?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;One that allows society to reveal its mistakes&#8212;and retains the capacity to correct them.&#8221;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[EL SALARIO DEL PECADO]]></title><description><![CDATA[CUANDO EL ACOSO INTERNACIONAL SE CONVIERTE EN UN ALTO COSTO]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/el-salario-del-pecado</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/el-salario-del-pecado</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 08:24:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/eb0e216f-4052-4242-81e9-d35b85c8f69e_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Resumen</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Estados Unidos obtiene un enorme poder de la dependencia voluntaria del mundo del d&#243;lar, las instituciones financieras estadounidenses, el equipo militar, la tecnolog&#237;a y los acuerdos de seguridad. Pero convertir repetidamente esas dependencias en armas cambia los c&#225;lculos de gobiernos y empresas que antes depend&#237;an de ellas. Comienzan a desarrollar monedas alternativas, canales financieros, armas, software, proveedores y alianzas, incluso cuando hacerlo resulta inicialmente m&#225;s caro. El proceso puede comenzar lentamente, pero puede volverse no lineal a medida que las alternativas se acumulan y refuerzan mutuamente. La paradoja del acoso econ&#243;mico es, por tanto, que cada uso exitoso de la dependencia como arma da al dependiente otra raz&#243;n para escapar de ella. Al convertir en armas las fuentes de su poder, Estados Unidos corre el riesgo de destruir gradualmente las mismas dependencias de las que deriva ese poder.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span>~</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#161;Eh, Jack! Las acciones tienen consecuencias. Intimidar y convertir el suministro de bienes y servicios esenciales en un arma est&#225; saliendo mal. La pol&#237;tica exterior machista de Estados Unidos se est&#225; volviendo extremadamente costosa para las empresas estadounidenses. Adem&#225;s, estas dependencias est&#225;n perdiendo su poder. Y lo peor est&#225; por venir.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; quieres decir con usar lo esencial como arma?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Te dar&#233; un ejemplo. Piensa en la amenaza de sanciones contra Ir&#225;n del secretario del Tesoro Bessent, que &#233;l llam&#243; un &#8216;D&#237;a D&#8217; econ&#243;mico. La idea era lanzar un ataque financiero contra Ir&#225;n amenazando a terceros pa&#237;ses que siguieran comerciando con &#233;l con excluirlos del sistema financiero estadounidense. En efecto: elige entre Ir&#225;n y el d&#243;lar.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y esperaba que eligieran el d&#243;lar.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Inmediatamente. Hace solo dos a&#241;os, probablemente muchos lo habr&#237;an hecho. Sin embargo, una semana despu&#233;s de su discurso, casi no hab&#237;a ocurrido nada. El domingo, Bloomberg public&#243; un art&#237;culo titulado &#8216;El mundo en su mayor&#237;a se encoge de hombros ante la amenaza de sanciones contra Ir&#225;n del &#8220;D&#237;a D&#8221; de Bessent&#8217;, culminando una semana en la que aparec&#237;an informes similares casi todos los d&#237;as. Los vuelos comerciales hacia y desde Ir&#225;n continuaron. La vida sigui&#243;.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Esa quietud en s&#237; misma transmite un mensaje.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exacto. Una amenaza como esta ya no provoca una reacci&#243;n autom&#225;tica. Por primera vez en generaciones, terceros pa&#237;ses se detienen para calcular su respuesta. En &#250;ltima instancia, la amenaza de Bessent solo funciona si otros pa&#237;ses temen la exclusi&#243;n del sistema financiero estadounidense m&#225;s que Estados Unidos teme su represalia.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y la exclusi&#243;n no suena tan aterradora como antes.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No solo eso. Tras las amenazas, reversiones, acciones y contramedidas de esta administraci&#243;n, la credibilidad de las amenazas estadounidenses se ha deteriorado.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No todo el mundo ha permanecido en silencio tampoco.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No. Pek&#237;n ha respondido con bastante claridad: Washington no tiene autoridad para decirle a China con qui&#233;n puede comerciar&#8212;y si Washington intenta imponer esa elecci&#243;n, China puede tomar represalias.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y la represalia de China es bastante diferente a la de un pa&#237;s peque&#241;o.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Muy diferente.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;El propio Bessent ha evitado hasta ahora excluir inmediatamente a los principales bancos chinos del sistema del d&#243;lar. El 30 de agosto, argument&#243; que gran parte de las compras chinas de petr&#243;leo iran&#237; ya hab&#237;an sido restringidas por el bloqueo y declar&#243;: &#8216;Problema resuelto.&#8217;&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere se ri&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Conveniente.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Especialmente porque China compra aproximadamente el 90 por ciento del petr&#243;leo iran&#237;. Todos los que ven pueden sacar la conclusi&#243;n obvia. Un mat&#243;n que amenaza al 10 por ciento mientras evita el 90 por ciento pierde credibilidad.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y eso plantea una pregunta mucho m&#225;s grande.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; pregunta?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#191;Puede Washington seguir usando el sistema del d&#243;lar como instrumento de mando sin acelerar la creaci&#243;n de acuerdos financieros que eludan al d&#243;lar?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Cuanto m&#225;s frecuentemente Estados Unidos utiliza el acceso al d&#243;lar como arma, m&#225;s fuerte ser&#225; el incentivo para que otros pa&#237;ses busquen alternativas.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Que podr&#237;a acabar amenazando al propio d&#243;lar.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No ma&#241;ana. El d&#243;lar no colapsar&#225; de repente. Pero las monedas internacionales se eligen al margen, transacci&#243;n a transacci&#243;n, decisi&#243;n de reserva a decisi&#243;n. Los gobiernos y las empresas privadas que antes eleg&#237;an el d&#243;lar autom&#225;ticamente preguntar&#225;n cada vez m&#225;s si tienen alternativas.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y los competidores se los proporcionar&#225;n.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Por supuesto. Estos procesos pueden ser no lineales. Comienzan casi de forma invisible. Luego se acumulan alternativas, se desarrollan redes, los mercados se profundizan &#8212; y de repente lo que parec&#237;a permanente ya no lo es.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;As&#237; que el arma destruye parte de la dependencia que le da su poder.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactamente.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y el sector privado estadounidense acaba pagando la cuenta.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;El d&#243;lar no es el &#250;nico ejemplo. Mira la defensa.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;El ataque a la OTAN?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;S&#237;. Env&#237;a un mensaje no solo a Europa, sino al mundo: la dependencia de Estados Unidos conlleva un riesgo pol&#237;tico. Los aliados no solo temen que Washington pueda no cumplir sus compromisos de defensa. Tambi&#233;n deben preguntarse si su dependencia del equipo militar estadounidense podr&#237;a alg&#250;n d&#237;a convertirse en un arma contra ellos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Mantenimiento?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Mantenimiento. Repuestos. Software. Mejoras. Munici&#243;n. Acceso a sistemas. Una plataforma de armas sofisticada solo es &#250;til mientras toda la cadena que la sostiene siga funcionando.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;As&#237; que los pa&#237;ses empiezan a buscar alternativas.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ya lo est&#225;n. Los pa&#237;ses industriales que antes consideraban la compra de equipo de defensa estadounidense como la opci&#243;n m&#225;s segura est&#225;n apoyando las industrias de defensa nacionales y europeas. Una vez creadas esas alternativas, gran parte de ese negocio no volver&#225; autom&#225;ticamente a las empresas estadounidenses incluso si la pol&#237;tica estadounidense cambia.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Porque la lecci&#243;n ya est&#225; aprendida.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;S&#237;. La dependencia misma se ha convertido en un riesgo que hay que gestionar.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Debe haber ejemplos fuera de las armas tradicionales.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;La inteligencia artificial es una de ellas. Pensemos en Palantir, la empresa de datos e IA de Peter Thiel que desarrolla sistemas de toma de decisiones para gobiernos, ej&#233;rcitos y corporaciones.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y Europa est&#225; desarrollando alternativas.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Un art&#237;culo reciente </span><em><span>del Financial Times</span></em><span> describe a ChapsVision, una empresa francesa de software que busca desplazar a Palantir en los mercados europeos. Ha conseguido un contrato para reemplazar a Palantir en la oficina de inteligencia francesa y para construir infraestructuras de datos para ministerios gubernamentales y decenas de agencias p&#250;blicas. Est&#225; buscando contratos en otras partes de Europa mientras los gobiernos reconsideran su dependencia de la tecnolog&#237;a estadounidense.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;As&#237; que esto va m&#225;s all&#225; de Palantir.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Mucho m&#225;s all&#225;. Palantir es un ejemplo del mecanismo.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; mecanismo?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack cogi&#243; una servilleta.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>DEPENDENCIA &#8594; MILITARIZACI&#211;N &#8594; DESCONFIANZA &#8594; ALTERNATIVAS &#8594; MENOS DEPENDENCIA &#8594; MENOS PODER</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere lo mir&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;As&#237; que cada acto exitoso de coacci&#243;n puede contener la semilla de la eventual destrucci&#243;n del arma.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exacto. Si controlas algo de lo que otros no pueden prescindir, posees un poder enorme. Pero si usas esa dependencia repetidamente para amenazarles, &#191;cu&#225;l es lo primero que har&#225;n las personas racionales?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Busca un sustituto.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Aunque el sustituto sea inicialmente m&#225;s caro.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Porque la independencia misma ahora tiene valor.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactamente. La eficiencia foment&#243; la dependencia. La militarizaci&#243;n cambia el c&#225;lculo. La resiliencia merece la pena pagar por ella.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y una vez que los competidores hayan invertido miles de millones en crear esas alternativas...&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No desaparecen porque Washington de repente decida volver a ser amable.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere se recost&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;As&#237; que Estados Unidos tiene dos posibles actitudes.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; son?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Uno es: &#8216;Nos da igual. No necesitamos a nadie m&#225;s.&#8217;&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Y el otro?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Calcular los costos con la misma precisi&#243;n que calcula los supuestos beneficios&#8212;preguntarse qu&#233; est&#225;n perdiendo las empresas estadounidenses, las instituciones financieras estadounidenses, los fabricantes de defensa estadounidenses y, en &#250;ltima instancia, el poder estadounidense porque otros pa&#237;ses han aprendido que la dependencia de Estados Unidos puede usarse en su contra.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack asinti&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Lo extra&#241;o del acoso es que parece m&#225;s fuerte en el momento en que tiene &#233;xito.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Y cu&#225;ndo es m&#225;s d&#233;bil?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Eso pasa despu&#233;s.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Por qu&#233;?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Porque cada vez que usas la dependencia como arma, ense&#241;as al dependiente lo importante que es dejar de depender de ti.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere volvi&#243; a mirar la servilleta.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;El salario del pecado?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack sonri&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Al final destruye la fuente de tu propio poder.&#8221;</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[THE WAGES OF SIN]]></title><description><![CDATA[WHEN BULLYING BECOMES A SERIOUS COST]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/the-wages-of-sin</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/the-wages-of-sin</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 08:19:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/919a46c2-d108-407c-94e3-9ddecb7b2321_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Summary</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The United States derives enormous power from the world&#8217;s voluntary dependence on the dollar, American financial institutions, military equipment, technology, and security arrangements. But repeatedly weaponizing those dependencies changes the calculations of governments and companies that once relied upon them. They begin developing alternative currencies, financial channels, weapons, software, suppliers, and alliances&#8212;even when doing so is initially more expensive. The process may begin slowly but can become nonlinear as alternatives accumulate and reinforce one another. The paradox of economic bullying is therefore that every successful use of dependence as a weapon gives the dependent another reason to escape it. By weaponizing the sources of its power, the United States risks gradually destroying the very dependencies from which that power derives.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span>~</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Hey, Jack! Actions have consequences. Bullying and weaponizing the supply of essential goods and services are backfiring. The United States&#8217; macho foreign policy is becoming extremely costly for American enterprises. Moreover, the weapons themselves are losing their power. And the worst is yet to come.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What do you mean by weaponizing essentials?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;I&#8217;ll give you an example. Think of Treasury Secretary Bessent&#8217;s Iran sanctions threat, which he called an economic &#8216;D-Day.&#8217; The idea was to launch a financial onslaught against Iran by threatening third countries that continued trading with it with exclusion from the American financial system. In effect: choose between Iran and the dollar.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And he expected them to choose the dollar.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Immediately. Just two years ago, many probably would have. Yet one week after his speech, almost nothing had happened. On Sunday, Bloomberg carried an article titled &#8216;World Mostly Shrugs Off Bessent&#8217;s &#8220;D-Day&#8221; Iran Sanctions Threat,&#8217; culminating a week in which similar reports appeared almost every day. Commercial flights to and from Iran continued. Life went on.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That quietness itself conveys a message.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactly. A threat like this no longer elicits an automatic reaction. For the first time in generations, third countries are stopping to calculate their response. Ultimately, Bessent&#8217;s threat works only if other countries fear exclusion from the American financial system more than the United States fears their retaliation.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And exclusion doesn&#8217;t sound quite as terrifying as it did.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Not only that. After the threats, reversals, actions, and counteractions of this administration, the credibility of American threats has deteriorated.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Not everybody has remained silent, either.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No. Beijing has answered quite clearly: Washington does not have the authority to tell China with whom it may trade&#8212;and if Washington tries to enforce that choice, China can retaliate.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And retaliation by China is rather different from retaliation by a small country.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Very different.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Bessent himself has so far avoided immediately cutting major Chinese banks out of the dollar system. On August 30, he argued that much Chinese purchasing of Iranian oil had already been curtailed by the blockade and declared: &#8216;Problem solved.&#8217;&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere laughed.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Convenient.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Especially because China buys roughly 90 percent of Iranian oil. Everyone watching can draw the obvious conclusion. A bully who threatens the 10 percent while avoiding the 90 percent loses credibility.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And that raises a much larger question.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What question?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Can Washington continue using the dollar system as an instrument of command without accelerating the creation of financial arrangements that bypass the dollar?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The more frequently the United States weaponizes access to the dollar, the stronger the incentive for other countries to find alternatives.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Which could eventually threaten the dollar itself.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Not tomorrow. The dollar will not suddenly collapse. But international currencies are chosen at the margin, transaction by transaction, reserve decision by reserve decision. Governments and private companies that once chose the dollar automatically will increasingly ask whether they have alternatives.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And competitors will provide them.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Of course. These processes can be nonlinear. They begin almost invisibly. Then alternatives accumulate, networks develop, markets deepen&#8212;and suddenly what seemed permanent no longer is.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So the weapon destroys some of the dependence that gives the weapon its power.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Precisely.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And the American private sector eventually pays the bill.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The dollar is not the only example. Look at defense.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The attack on NATO?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yes. It sends a message not merely to Europe but to the world that dependence on the United States carries political risk. Allies worry not only that Washington may fail to honor its defense commitments but also that their dependence on American military equipment could itself be weaponized against them someday.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Maintenance?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Maintenance. Spare parts. Software. Upgrades. Ammunition. Access to systems. A sophisticated weapons platform is useful only as long as the entire chain supporting it continues functioning.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So countries begin looking for alternatives.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;They already are. Industrial countries that once regarded buying American defense equipment as the safest choice are supporting domestic and European defense industries. Once those alternatives have been created, much of that business will not automatically return to American companies even if American policy changes.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Because the lesson has already been learned.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yes. Dependence itself has become a risk to be managed.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;There must be examples outside traditional weapons.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Artificial intelligence is one. Consider Palantir, Peter Thiel&#8217;s data-and-AI company that builds decision-making systems for governments, militaries, and corporations.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And Europe is developing alternatives.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;A recent </span><em><span>Financial Times</span></em><span> article describes ChapsVision, a French software company seeking to displace Palantir in European markets. It has won a contract to replace Palantir at France&#8217;s intelligence office and to build data infrastructure for government ministries and dozens of public agencies. It is pursuing contracts elsewhere in Europe as governments reconsider their dependence on American technology.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So this goes beyond Palantir.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Far beyond it. Palantir is an example of the mechanism.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What mechanism?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack took a napkin.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>DEPENDENCE &#8594; WEAPONIZATION &#8594; DISTRUST &#8594; ALTERNATIVES &#8594; LESS DEPENDENCE &#8594; LESS POWER</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere looked at it.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So every successful act of coercion may contain the seed of the weapon&#8217;s eventual destruction.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactly. If you control something others cannot do without, you possess enormous power. But if you repeatedly use that dependence to threaten them, what is the first thing rational people will do?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Find a substitute.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Even if the substitute is initially more expensive.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Because independence itself now has value.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Precisely. Efficiency had encouraged dependence. Weaponization changes the calculation. Resilience becomes worth paying for.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And once competitors have invested billions creating those alternatives&#8230;&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;They don&#8217;t disappear because Washington suddenly decides to be friendly again.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere sat back.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So the United States has two possible attitudes.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What are they?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;One is: &#8216;We don&#8217;t care. We don&#8217;t need anyone else.&#8217;&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And the other?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;To calculate the costs as carefully as it calculates the supposed benefits&#8212;to ask what American companies, American financial institutions, American defense manufacturers, and ultimately American power are losing because other countries have learned that dependence on the United States can be used against them.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack nodded.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The strange thing about bullying is that it looks strongest at the moment it succeeds.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And when is it weakest?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Later.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Why?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Because every time you use dependence as a weapon, you teach the dependent how important it is to stop depending on you.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere looked at the napkin again.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The wages of sin?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack smiled.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;You eventually destroy the source of your own power.&#8221;</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[ESPERANDO EL ACONTECIMIENTO QUE CAMBIARÁ EL PASADO]]></title><description><![CDATA[EL MOMENTO EN QUE SE DICE "&#191;C&#211;MO NO LO VIMOS?"]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/esperando-el-acontecimiento-que-cambiara</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/esperando-el-acontecimiento-que-cambiara</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 10:54:41 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/81fb1783-ecdd-4a44-8e69-b4a0e61c535d_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Resumen</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>En este art&#237;culo, nuestros amigos discuten c&#243;mo es posible que la gente se niegue a ver lo que es obvio para el resto de la humanidad.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span>~</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#161;Eh, Jack! &#191;Viste c&#243;mo El Pr&#237;ncipe sigue creando y profundizando conflictos en todo el mundo mientras destruye la vasta red de alianzas y lealtades que el pa&#237;s ha construido durante m&#225;s de un siglo? Ahora, en medio de la guerra que est&#225; perdiendo y el desmantelamiento de la OTAN, ha alejado a&#250;n m&#225;s a Canad&#225;, que sol&#237;a ser el aliado m&#225;s cercano durante generaciones, &#161;y est&#225; haciendo todo esto sin motivo alguno! Y est&#225; inyectando m&#225;s odio en el pa&#237;s. Est&#225; destruyendo la cohesi&#243;n social. &#191;C&#243;mo puede el pueblo estadounidense permitirle hacerlo? No parecen ver que todas sus acciones est&#225;n aumentando el peligro al que se enfrentar&#225;n ellos y sus generaciones futuras.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack dej&#243; a un lado su peri&#243;dico.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;S&#237;, a muchos les gusta lo que est&#225; haciendo. Pero incluso quienes piensan que est&#225; mal creen que el da&#241;o ser&#225; f&#225;cil de reparar, que un nuevo gobierno llegar&#225; y dir&#225;: &#8220;somos amigos de nuevo&#8221;, y eso ser&#225; todo. Estas son se&#241;ales de que algo siniestro se avecina, tanto dentro como fuera de Estados Unidos, y la gente no quiere verlo. &#191;Cu&#225;ndo despertar&#225; la gente?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Anoche rele&#237; una peque&#241;a novela aterradora que retrata esta extra&#241;a deriva hacia algo siniestro que no podemos identificar, aunque sabemos que est&#225; ah&#237;, esper&#225;ndonos. Y aun as&#237;, no somos capaces de hacer nada importante para evitar tal resultado.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; novela?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;</span><em><span>Badenheim 1939</span></em><span>, por Aharon Appelfeld.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Lo recuerdo&#8221;, dijo Laurie. &#8220;Pero lo le&#237; hace a&#241;os.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yo tambi&#233;n. Lo que me asust&#243; fue que las personas que enfrentan una amenaza existencial intentan ver cada s&#237;ntoma del peligro como algo normal.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco se sent&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; ocurre en la novela que te recuerda a nuestros tiempos?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Badenheim es una ciudad tur&#237;stica austriaca. Es 1939. La primavera ha llegado. Los visitantes acuden al festival anual de m&#250;sica. Los m&#250;sicos ensayan. La gente se sienta en caf&#233;s. Cotillean, coquetean, se quejan, hablaban de sus enfermedades, de sus carreras, de sus matrimonios. Hacen planes. Es un mundo europeo cultivado, y quienes lo habitan asumen que el ma&#241;ana tendr&#225; alguna relaci&#243;n reconocible con el ayer. Sienten que est&#225;n en la cima de la civilizaci&#243;n.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Y bien?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Entonces aparece el Departamento de Saneamiento.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;El Departamento de Saneamiento?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;S&#237;. Eso forma parte del genio de Appelfeld. El mal no se anuncia con trompetas. Llega como administraci&#243;n. Comunica a la poblaci&#243;n que su jurisdicci&#243;n ha sido ampliada y ha sido autorizada a realizar investigaciones independientes. No hay m&#225;s detalles.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; hace?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Al principio, las cosas se pueden explicar. Los funcionarios investigan, dicen a la gente que rellene formularios y se les ve inspeccionando por todas partes. Hacen listas. Entonces obligan a los jud&#237;os a registrarse. Se imponen nuevas normas y restricciones. La mayor&#237;a son jud&#237;os. Luego los inspectores toman medidas, colocan vallas, plantan banderas y descargan rollos de alambre espigado. Una preocupaci&#243;n secreta se asoma en los rostros de los habitantes. Sin embargo, se convencen a s&#237; mismos de que todo esto indica que el festival ser&#225; un gran evento este a&#241;o. Hay que controlar las multitudes.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Llegan &#243;rdenes de Berl&#237;n. Los bur&#243;cratas locales dicen que no pueden explicar las intenciones del gobierno. La poblaci&#243;n simplemente escucha y se mantiene en sus rutinas de vacaciones de verano: caminar por el bosque, observar los preparativos del festival, tumbarse al sol. Cada desarrollo es inquietante, pero ninguno parece justificar la alarma. Adem&#225;s, aunque todo el mundo nota que las regulaciones invasivas y los recintos de alambre de espino pueden se&#241;alar algo siniestro, piensan que algo realmente terrible ser&#237;a imposible. Alemania y Austria est&#225;n entre los centros de la civilizaci&#243;n europea. Este es el mundo de Goethe y Beethoven, de universidades, orquestas, ciencia y filosof&#237;a. Seguramente hay l&#237;mites a lo que puede ocurrir en una sociedad as&#237;. As&#237; que, tras unos momentos de miedo, siguen disfrutando del clima.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Se corre el rumor de que ser&#225;n llevados a Polonia. La gente descarta la idea como rid&#237;cula.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>intervino Laurie.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Puedo imaginar lo que hacen. R&#225;pidamente encuentran una justificaci&#243;n civilizada para cada avance ominoso. Se dicen a s&#237; mismos: &#8216;Quiz&#225; esto sea temporal. Deben estar introduciendo un orden m&#225;s eficiente. No exageres. As&#237; es como funcionan las burocracias.&#8217; Me imagino que esto estaba ocurriendo porque es lo que podemos ver hoy.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y la gente se queda en Badenheim en un momento en que podr&#237;an haber escapado&#8221;, intervino Jeremy.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Por supuesto que se quedan. Piensa en lo que significa irte. Para quienes viven all&#237; de forma permanente, su hogar est&#225; all&#237;. Tu profesi&#243;n. Tus ahorros. Tus amigos. Tu lenguaje. Tus recuerdos. Quiz&#225; tus padres mayores. Todo por lo que te conoces est&#225; ah&#237;. &#191;Vas a tirar todo eso por la borda porque han aparecido algunos bur&#243;cratas y el gobierno se ha comportado mal durante un tiempo? Para quienes se quedan all&#237; durante el verano, esta es la estaci&#243;n con la que han so&#241;ado todo el a&#241;o en ciudades abarrotadas y desbordantes. Todo esto pesa m&#225;s que una sentencia de muerte incierta.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere continu&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pensaban que hab&#237;a l&#237;mites a toda esta tonter&#237;a.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Sabemos que no las hab&#237;a&#8221;, dijo Laurie.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Sabemos lo que pasar&#237;a despu&#233;s. Ellos no quer&#237;an saberlo.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Entonces las autoridades cierran Badenheim. La gente ya no puede marcharse libremente. Los suministros se van reduciendo gradualmente. Badenheim empieza a parecer un gueto. Finalmente, el Departamento de Saneamiento confirma el rumor: anuncia que ser&#225;n trasladados a Polonia.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Su ciudad se convierte en un gueto miserable. Ellos a&#250;n encuentran explicaciones racionales para su tortura. Eso es lo que hace que la novela sea insoportablemente triste. La tensi&#243;n que crea en los lectores proviene del hecho de que sabemos qu&#233; marcar&#237;a el final del agradable verano, cu&#225;l ser&#237;a el destino de estos siniestros trenes que finalmente llegaron... Auschwitz... Birkenau... Pero ellos siguen interpretando lo que est&#225; ocurriendo a trav&#233;s de las reglas que reg&#237;an el mundo que siempre hab&#237;an conocido pero que ya no existen. Algunos incluso imaginan Polonia como un lugar donde podr&#237;an comenzar una nueva vida. La realidad ha cambiado, pero el marco a trav&#233;s del cual interpretan la realidad no.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack, que hab&#237;a permanecido en silencio, finalmente habl&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ese es el problema con el que vivimos hoy. Los estadounidenses han perdido la capacidad de saber cu&#225;ndo la normalidad ha dejado de ser normal.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nadie habl&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Piensa en las discusiones que escuchamos cada d&#237;a. Las instituciones contendr&#225;n los excesos. Los tribunales intervendr&#225;n. El Congreso actuar&#225;. Las elecciones corregir&#225;n las cosas. La ret&#243;rica es terrible, pero debemos recordar que la ret&#243;rica no es acci&#243;n. Esta medida es temporal. Los funcionarios se pasaron de la raya y tendr&#225;n que corregir sus acciones. Tendr&#225; que retroceder. Estos eventos son excepcionales. El pa&#237;s ha sobrevivido a cosas peores.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pregunt&#243; Laurie,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Y qu&#233; podr&#237;an hacer estas personas? &#191;Qu&#233; pueden hacer los estadounidenses hoy en d&#237;a?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco contest&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Los jud&#237;os de Badenheim solo pod&#237;an intentar escapar&#8221;, dijo Nicco. &#8220;Los estadounidenses de hoy pueden hacer muchas cosas. Habla ahora, cuando hacerlo es m&#225;s seguro que esperar hasta ma&#241;ana. Defender una instituci&#243;n que antes dieron por sentada. Oponerse a su propio partido pol&#237;tico cuando cruce una l&#237;nea. Defender los derechos de las personas a las que no les gustan. Votar de forma diferente. Organizar manifestaciones contra medidas concretas. Rechazar una instrucci&#243;n ilegal. Aceptar costos profesionales o sociales porque algo que valoran est&#225; en peligro.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;La pregunta es, &#8216;&#191;Cu&#225;ndo la realidad me obliga a salir de mi zona de confort?&#8217;&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jeremy intervino.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Para aclarar si lo que est&#225; pasando es normal y decidir hacer algo al respecto, mucha gente hace una lista de comprobaci&#243;n, cuenta las casillas marcadas y piensa que actuar&#225; cuando &#233;stas alcancen cierto n&#250;mero. Pero ese no es el camino. No tienes que esperar a que ocurra algo innegablemente tir&#225;nico. Para entonces, ya ser&#225; demasiado tarde.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Entonces, &#191;cu&#225;ndo?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Cuando algo te obliga a reinterpretar el pasado. Puede que ni siquiera sea el peor evento.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Entonces por qu&#233; importa?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Es algo que te obliga a ver todo lo que pas&#243; antes de otra manera.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie se inclin&#243; hacia adelante.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Todo?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Los discursos que desestimaste.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Las instituciones que se debilitaron.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Las reglas que se doblaron.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;La gente que se sinti&#243; intimidada.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Las cosas que pensabas que estaban aisladas.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Las guerras ilegales,&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Las agresiones contra aliados.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;De repente dejan de ser eventos separados.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Se convierten en un patr&#243;n, diferente al que hab&#237;as formado hasta ese momento.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere asinti&#243; lentamente.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y esto puede ocurrir aunque nada haya cambiado.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exacto. El acontecimiento decisivo es aquel que reorganiza el pasado.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Silencio.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;En un segundo&#8221;, continu&#243;, &#8220;puede que entiendas que los acontecimientos que llevabas a&#241;os observando significaban algo diferente de lo que pensabas.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Es el momento en que te dices a ti mismo: &#8216;Es imposible explicar esta nueva cosa&#8217;. Tengo que enfrentarme a la realidad.&#8217; La fuerza de la novela radica precisamente en que, ante la interpretaci&#243;n decisiva, permanecer en la propia zona de confort puede parecer perfectamente razonable. Solo despu&#233;s, cuando tu interpretaci&#243;n del pasado ha cambiado, el patr&#243;n parece evidente.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Eso es incre&#237;ble&#8221;, dijo Laurie. &#8220;Para impulsarte a la acci&#243;n, tu percepci&#243;n de tu pasado, no de tu futuro, debe cambiar. El pasado es lo primero; El futuro es segundo en determinar tu presente.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;S&#237;, este es el momento en que entiendes que seguir viviendo con normalidad es en s&#237; mismo una mala decisi&#243;n. La gente de Badenheim podr&#237;a haberlo entendido&#8230; si no hubiera temido el enfrentamiento con la realidad.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pero su indecisi&#243;n se vio truncada. Un d&#237;a, los llevaron a la estaci&#243;n. Una locomotora acoplada a vagones sucios para llevar animales emergi&#243; de las colinas y se detuvo frente a ellos. Su aparici&#243;n fue tan repentina como si hubiera salido de un pozo en el suelo. &#8216;&#161;Sube! gritaban voces invisibles. Y la gente fue acosada. Incluso aquellos que estaban de pie con una botella de limonada en las manos, una tableta de chocolate, el jefe de camareros con su perro&#8212;todos eran absorbidos tan f&#225;cilmente como granos de trigo vertidos en un embudo. No obstante, el Dr. Pappenheim consider&#243; que &#233;ste era un buen momento para hacer la siguiente observaci&#243;n: &#8216;Si los coches est&#225;n tan sucios, debe significar que no nos queda mucho por recorrer.&#8217;&#8221;</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[WAITING FOR THE EVENT THAT WILL CHANGE THE PAST]]></title><description><![CDATA[THE &#8220;HOW DID WE NOT SEE IT?&#8221; MOMENT]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/waiting-for-the-event-that-will-change</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/waiting-for-the-event-that-will-change</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 10:50:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/13bb0424-4050-4c29-9d46-5fcd97174c69_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Summary</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In this piece, our friends discuss how is it that people refuse to see what is obvious to the rest of humankind.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span>~</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Hey, Jack! Did you see how The Prince keeps creating and deepening conflict around the world while destroying the vast network of alliances and loyalties the country built over more than a century? Now, amid the war he is losing and the dismantling of NATO, he has further alienated Canada, which used to be the closest ally for generations, and he is doing all this without any reason! And he is injecting more hatred into the country. He is destroying social cohesion. How can the American people allow him to do it? They don&#8217;t seem to see that all his actions are increasing the danger they and their subsequent generations will face.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack set aside his newspaper.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yes, many like what he is doing. But even those who think that it is wrong believe that the damage will be easy to fix, that a new government will eventually come and say, &#8220;we are friends again,&#8221; and that will be all. These are signs that something sinister is coming, both inside and outside the United States, and people do not want to see it. When will people wake up?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Last night, I reread a terrifying little novel that portrays this strange drift toward something sinister we cannot identify, though we know it is there, waiting for us. And still, we are not capable of doing anything of consequence to prevent such an outcome.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Which novel?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;</span><em><span>Badenheim 1939</span></em><span>, by Aharon Appelfeld.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;I remember it,&#8221; said Laurie. &#8220;But I read it years ago.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So did I. What frightened me was that people facing an existential threat try to see every symptom of the danger as normal.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco pulled up a chair.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What happens in the novel that reminds you of our times?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Badenheim is an Austrian resort town. It is 1939. Spring has arrived. The visitors are coming for the annual music festival. Musicians rehearse. People sit in caf&#233;s. They gossip, flirt, complain, discuss their illnesses, their careers, their marriages. They make plans. It is a cultivated European world, and the people who inhabit it assume that tomorrow will bear some recognizable relationship to yesterday. They feel they are at the peak of civilization.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Then the Sanitation Department appears.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The Sanitation Department?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yes. That is part of Appelfeld&#8217;s genius. Evil does not announce itself with trumpets. It arrives as administration. It communicates to the population that its jurisdiction has been extended and has been authorized to conduct independent investigations. No more details.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What does it do?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;At first, things can be explained. Officials investigate, tell people to fill out forms, and are seen inspecting everywhere. They make lists. Then Jews are required to register. New rules and restrictions are imposed. Most of them are Jews. Then the inspectors take measurements, put up fences, plant flags, and unload rolls of barbed wire. A secret worry creeps over the faces of the inhabitants. Yet they convince themselves that all this indicates the festival will be a big affair this year. Multitudes must be controlled.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Orders come from Berlin. The local bureaucrats say they cannot explain the government&#8217;s intentions. The population just listens and sticks to its summer vacation routines&#8212;walking into the forest, watching the preparations for the festival, lying in the sun. Each development is disturbing, but none seems to justify alarm. Moreover, though everybody notices that the encroaching regulations and the barbed-wire enclosures may signal something sinister, they think something truly terrible would be impossible. Germany and Austria are among the centers of European civilization. This is the world of Goethe and Beethoven, of universities, orchestras, science, and philosophy. Surely there are limits to what can happen in such a society. Thus, after a few moments of fear, they keep on enjoying the weather.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;A rumor spreads that they will be taken to Poland. People dismiss the idea as ridiculous.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie interjected.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;I can imagine what they do. They quickly find a civilized rationale for each ominous advance. They tell themselves: &#8216;Maybe this is temporary. They must be introducing a more efficient order. Don&#8217;t overreact. That&#8217;s the way bureaucracies work.&#8217; I can imagine this was happening because this is what we can see today.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And people stay in Badenheim at a time when they could have escaped,&#8221; Jeremy interjected.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Of course they stay. Think about what leaving means. For those living there permanently, their home is there. Your profession. Your savings. Your friends. Your language. Your memories. Perhaps your elderly parents. Everything by which you know yourself is there. Are you going to throw all of that away because some bureaucrats have appeared and the government is behaving badly for a while? For those staying there for the summer, this is the season they have dreamed of all year in crowded, hysterical cities. All this weighs more than an uncertain death sentence.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere continued.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;They thought there were limits to all this nonsense.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;We know there weren&#8217;t,&#8221; Laurie said.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;We knew what would happen later. They didn&#8217;t want to know it.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Then the authorities close Badenheim. The people can no longer leave freely. Supplies are gradually reduced. Badenheim begins to look like a ghetto. Eventually, the Sanitation Department confirms the rumor: it announces that they will be transported to Poland.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;By the time their city had been turned into a miserable ghetto, they still found rational explanations for their torture. That is what makes the novel unbearably sad. The tension it creates in readers comes from the fact that we know what would mark the end of the pleasant summer, what would be the destiny of these sinister trains that finally arrived...Auschwitz&#8230;Birkenau&#8230;They continue interpreting what is happening through the rules that governed the world they have always known but no longer exist. Some even imagined Poland as a place where a new life might begin. Reality has changed, but the framework through which they interpret reality has not.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack, who had remained silent, finally spoke.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That&#8217;s the problem we are living with today. Americans have lost the ability to tell when normality has ceased to be normal.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nobody spoke.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Think about the arguments we hear every day. Institutions will restrain excesses. The courts will intervene. Congress will act. Elections will correct things. The rhetoric is terrible, but we should remember that rhetoric isn&#8217;t action. This measure is temporary. Officials went too far, and they will have to correct their actions. He will have to backtrack. These events are exceptional. The country has survived worse.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie asked,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And what could these people do? What can Americans do today?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco answered.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The Jews in Badenheim could only escape,&#8221; said Nicco. &#8220;Americans today can do many things. Speak now, when doing so is safer than waiting until tomorrow. Defend an institution you once took for granted. Oppose your own political party when it crosses a line. Defend the rights of people you dislike. Vote differently. Organize. Demonstrate against specific measures. Refuse an unlawful instruction. Accept professional or social costs because something you value is in danger.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The question is, &#8216;When does reality require me to leave my comfort zone?&#8217;&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jeremy intervened.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;To elucidate if what is happening is normal, and decide to do something about, many people make a checklist, count the checked boxes, and think they will act when they reach a certain number. But that is not the way. You don&#8217;t have to wait until something undeniably tyrannical happens. By that time, it&#8217;s too late.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Then, when?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;When something forces you to reinterpret the past. It may not even be the worst event.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Then why does it matter?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It is something that forces you to see everything that happened before differently.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie leaned forward.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Everything?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The speeches you dismissed.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The institutions that weakened.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The rules that were bent.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The people who were intimidated.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The things you thought were isolated.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The illegal wars,&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The aggressions against allies.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Suddenly they cease to be separate events.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;They become a pattern, different from the one you had formed up to that point.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere nodded slowly.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And this may happen even if nothing has changed.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactly. The decisive event is the one that reorganizes the past.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Silence.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;In one second,&#8221; he continued, &#8220;you may understand that events you had been observing for years meant something different from what you thought they meant.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It is the moment when you tell yourself: &#8216;It is impossible to explain this new thing away. I have to face reality.&#8217; The power of the novel is precisely that before the decisive interpretation, remaining in one&#8217;s comfort zone can appear perfectly reasonable. Only afterward, when your interpretation of the past has changed, does the pattern seem obvious.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That is amazing,&#8221; said Laurie. &#8220;To prompt you to action, your perception of your past, not of your future, must change. The past comes first; the future is second in determining your present.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yes, this is the moment when you realize that continuing to live normally is a bad decision. The people in Badenheim could have understood too&#8230;if they had not feared facing reality.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;But their indecision was cut short. One day, they were taken to the station. A locomotive coupled to filthy freight cars emerged from the hills and stopped at the station. Its appearance was as sudden as if it had risen from a pit on the ground. &#8216;Get in! yelled invisible voices. And the people were suked in. Even those who were standing with a bottle of lemonade in their hands, a bar of chocolate, the headwaiter with his dog&#8212;they were all sucked in as easily as grains of wheat poured into a funnel. Nevertheless, Dr, Pappenheim found it a good moment to make the following remark: &#8216;If the coaches are so dirty it must mean that we have not far to go.&#8217;&#8221;</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[¿QUIÉN CONTROLA LA MONEDA? ]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#191;Qui&#233;n fija los tipos de inter&#233;s?]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/quien-controla-la-moneda</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/quien-controla-la-moneda</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2026 10:10:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0d3893c1-c3dd-49c9-80ac-c516b223403b_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;&#161;Eh, Jack! Hay un momento en que los remedios temporales ya no funcionan. Hay un momento en que una hemorragia creciente supera la capacidad de contenci&#243;n de las vendas. Si llegas a ese punto, debes abordar la causa de la hemorragia y dejar de creer que puedes detener el Misisipi con el dedo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Werner von Bankrupt hablaba desde su esquina. Continu&#243;,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Recuerdas que hablamos de la intervenci&#243;n del Tesoro de Estados Unidos para defender el yen japon&#233;s como se&#241;al de miedo por parte del Tesoro y tambi&#233;n como una intervenci&#243;n absurda? El Tesoro de EE.UU. intervino para evitar que Jap&#243;n vendiera una parte del bill&#243;n de bonos estadounidenses que posee para defender el yen, lo que bajar&#237;a el precio de esos bonos y aumentar&#237;a autom&#225;ticamente sus rendimientos. Si un bono paga 5 d&#243;lares al a&#241;o y se vende por 100 d&#243;lares, su rendimiento es del 5% (5 d&#243;lares dividido entre 100 d&#243;lares); si se vende por 50 d&#243;lares, el rendimiento es del 10% (5 d&#243;lares dividido entre 50 d&#243;lares). Si hay bonos estadounidenses pagando un 10%, el Tesoro se ver&#237;a obligado a pagar ese tipo de inter&#233;s para vender cualquier bono adicional que financie sus propios futuros d&#233;ficits de efectivo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Veo el miedo, pero &#191;por qu&#233; dices que fue una tonter&#237;a hacer lo que hicieron?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Primero, intentar detener la depreciaci&#243;n de una moneda sin abordar las razones es un desperdicio de dinero. Segundo, Estados Unidos est&#225; debilitando su propia posici&#243;n mostrando miedo y, como veremos en un instante, aumentando sus gastos financieros. La reacci&#243;n de los mercados no fue la que el Tesoro esperaba. Los tipos de inter&#233;s que Estados Unidos pagar&#225; en los bonos a largo plazo aumentaron en los d&#237;as siguientes.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Y entonces, el Tesoro cometi&#243; otro error. Para evitar que los tipos de inter&#233;s de esos bonos siguieran subiendo, anunci&#243; un programa para comprarlos en el mercado secundario, esperando que sus precios subieran como resultado del aumento de la demanda. As&#237; que el Tesoro vender&#237;a algunos bonos nuevos para financiar sus d&#233;ficits, pero comprar&#237;a otros bonos viejos al mismo tiempo. Ser&#237;a sustituir una deuda por otra, algo que tiene sentido cuando, al hacerlo, reduces tus costes o riesgos. Por ejemplo, lo haces cuando los tipos de inter&#233;s bajan, para adquirir deudas a tipos de inter&#233;s m&#225;s bajos y comprar deudas a tipos m&#225;s altos.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Veo&#8221;, dijo Laurie, &#8220;que est&#225;s reduciendo tus gastos por intereses al hacer la sustituci&#243;n.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#161;Exacto!&#8221; dijo Werner. &#8220;Pero ahora est&#225;s haciendo lo contrario. Est&#225;s comprando bonos que pagan los tipos de inter&#233;s m&#225;s bajos del pasado, pag&#225;ndolos con bonos que pagan los tipos m&#225;s altos del presente. Adem&#225;s, est&#225;is aumentando la dependencia del Tesoro de la deuda a corto plazo, lo cual es arriesgado precisamente porque cualquier aumento de los tipos de inter&#233;s afecta directamente al gobierno.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Wener continu&#243; entonces,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;En cualquier caso&#8221;, a&#241;adi&#243;, &#8220;los tipos de inter&#233;s de los bonos a largo plazo del Tesoro siguieron subiendo, mostrando algo que muchos economistas y expertos financieros han olvidado bajo su propio riesgo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; es eso?&#8221; pregunt&#243; Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Han olvidado qui&#233;n fija los tipos de inter&#233;s. Creen que es la Reserva Federal. Es el mercado. La Reserva Federal puede fijar tipos dentro de un rango establecido por los mercados monetarios y financieros. Si, por ejemplo, la Fed intentara vender bonos a 30 a&#241;os al 2%, no podr&#237;a vender ni siquiera uno. Para venderlos, tendr&#237;a que subir los tipos hasta que alcancen el nivel que los mercados consideren razonable. Pero los gestores de los intermediarios que compran los bonos no son los amos del universo que fijan los tipos de inter&#233;s. Est&#225;n limitados por las demandas de sus propios clientes, que a su vez dependen de las demandas de sus clientes, y as&#237; sucesivamente. Esta experiencia es un mensaje de humildad que la Fed est&#225; recibiendo de su amo, el agregado impersonal que domina una econom&#237;a de mercado.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Entonces, si el gobierno quiere reducir los tipos de inter&#233;s, &#191;tendr&#225; que reequilibrar las cuentas fiscales?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;S&#237;, as&#237; de simple.&#8221;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[WHO CONTROLS THE CURRENCY? ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Who Sets the Interest Rates?]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/who-controls-the-currency</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/who-controls-the-currency</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2026 10:02:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a4e6f8f3-61c3-479a-aeed-fac136fa13c0_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;Hey, Jack! There is a moment when stopgaps no longer work. There is a moment when a growing hemorrhage overwhelms the containment of bandages. If you reach that point, you must address the cause of the hemorrhage and stop believing you can stop the Mississippi with your finger.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Werner von Bankrupt was speaking from his corner. He continued,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Do you remember that we discussed the United States Treasury&#8217;s intervention to defend the Japanese yen as a sign of fear on the Treasury&#8217;s part and as a silly intervention as well? The US Treasury intervened to prevent Japan from selling a portion of the one trillion American bonds it holds to defend the yen, which would lower the price of those bonds and automatically increase their yields. If a bond pays $5 per year and is sold for $100, its yield is 5% ($5 divided by $100); if it is sold for $50, the yield is 10% ($5 divided by $50). If there are US bonds paying 10%, the Treasury would be forced to pay that rate to sell any additional bonds to finance its own cash deficits.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;I can see the fear, but why do you say it was silly to do what they did?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;First, trying to stop a currency&#8217;s depreciation without addressing the reasons for it is a waste of money. Second, the United States is weakening its position by showing fear and, as we will see in a few seconds, by increasing its financial costs. The market reaction was not what the Treasury expected. The interest rates the United States had to pay on long-term bonds increased in the days that followed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">And then, the Treasury made another mistake. To prevent interest rates on those bonds from continuing to rise, it announced a program to buy them in the secondary market, expecting their prices to rise as a result of increased demand. So, the Treasury would be selling some (new) bonds to finance its deficits but would be buying some other (old) bonds at the same time. It would be substituting one debt for the other, something that makes sense when, by doing it, you reduce your costs or your risks. For example, you do it when interest rates are going down, so that you acquire debts at lower interest rates to purchase debts at higher interest rates.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;I can see,&#8221; said Laurie, &#8220;you are reducing your interest expenses when doing the substitution.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Exactly!&#8221; said Werner. &#8220;But now you are doing the opposite. You are buying bonds that pay the lower interest rates of the past, paying for them with bonds that pay the higher rates of the present. Besides, you are increasing the Treasury&#8217;s dependence on short-term debt, which is risky precisely because any increase in interest rates hits the government directly.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Wener then continued,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;In any case,&#8221; he added, &#8220;the interest rates on the Treasury&#8217;s long-term bonds kept rising, showing something that many economists and financial experts have forgotten at their peril.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;What is that?&#8221; asked Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;They have forgotten who sets interest rates. They think it is the Federal Reserve. It is the market. The Federal Reserve can set rates within a range established by the monetary and financial markets. If, for example, the Fed tried to sell 30-year bonds at 2%, it would be unable to sell even one. To sell them, it would have to raise rates until they reach the level the markets find reasonable. But the managers of the intermediaries that buy the bonds are not the masters of the universe who set interest rates. They are constrained by the demands of their own clients, who in turn depend on the demands of their clients, and so on. This experience is a message of humility that the Fed is receiving from its master, the impersonal aggregate that commands a market economy.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;So, if the government wants to reduce the interest rates, it will have to rebalance the fiscal accounts?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Yes, as simple as that.&#8221;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[EL CERILLO ESTÁ ENCENDIDO Y CERCA DEL BOSQUE SECO ]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#191;EST&#193; LA ECONOM&#205;A ESTADOUNIDENSE A PUNTO DE ENTRAR EN CRISIS?]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/el-cerillo-esta-encendido-y-cerca</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/el-cerillo-esta-encendido-y-cerca</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 10:05:04 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/46baadd0-f542-4001-84a6-cc9b600ee660_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Resumen</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Los amigos discuten por qu&#233; la deuda p&#250;blica en r&#225;pido crecimiento puede volverse peligrosa incluso cuando los mercados financieros parecen estables al principio. La reciente intervenci&#243;n para apoyar el yen japon&#233;s ilustra una vulnerabilidad inesperada: Jap&#243;n posee m&#225;s de 1 bill&#243;n de d&#243;lares en valores del Tesoro estadounidense, y las grandes ventas japonesas para obtener d&#243;lares podr&#237;an impulsar los rendimientos del Tesoro precisamente cuando Washington debe refinanciar enormes cantidades de deuda existente y endeudarse a&#250;n m&#225;s para cubrir grandes d&#233;ficits fiscales. El peligro no surge de un solo factor. La guerra, la inflaci&#243;n, los aranceles, las cadenas de suministro alteradas, la inestabilidad cambiaria, el aumento de los tipos de inter&#233;s, los fuertes requisitos de refinanciaci&#243;n y la dependencia de acreedores extranjeros pueden ser gestionables por separado. Una crisis financiera se vuelve posible cuando estas vulnerabilidades empiezan a reforzarse mutuamente. Por tanto, la advertencia no es que una crisis sea inevitable, sino que las condiciones bajo las cuales un choque puede propagarse por todo el sistema se est&#225;n volviendo cada vez m&#225;s peligrosas. No dejes que el cerillo se acerque al bosque.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span>~</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#161;Eh, Jack!&#8221; dijo Pere, dejando a un lado su peri&#243;dico. &#8220;Muchos de mis amigos me han preguntado por qu&#233; algunos economistas se preocupan tanto por el crecimiento del endeudamiento p&#250;blico. Dicen que es un vestigio del pasado, cuando la gente no entend&#237;a la econom&#237;a moderna. Ahora la realidad est&#225; dando un ejemplo claro de por qu&#233; pedir prestado sin l&#237;mites es muy peligroso. Reduce tu espacio para maniobrar, hasta el punto de la asfixia. Es una pena que el ejemplo pueda resultar demasiado caro. Incluso podr&#237;a crear una crisis mundial, o al menos un cambio dram&#225;tico en la distribuci&#243;n global del poder econ&#243;mico y pol&#237;tico.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack le mir&#243; con expresi&#243;n vac&#237;a.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Por qu&#233; dices eso? &#191;Qu&#233; crisis?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Estoy preocupado. Las crisis nunca ocurren por una sola causa. Ocurren cuando varias vulnerabilidades comienzan a interactuar, especialmente cuando coinciden con una debilidad en el sistema financiero y econ&#243;mico.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Hay muchos factores ominosos en juego en este momento. Demasiadas para enumerarlas. Entre ellas se encuentran la Guerra de Ir&#225;n y su impacto en la inflaci&#243;n y los costos de los insumos; la adaptaci&#243;n mundial a los reg&#237;menes arancelarios en constante cambio en Estados Unidos; el corte y reorganizaci&#243;n de las l&#237;neas de suministro; el debilitamiento del d&#243;lar; la incertidumbre que desanima la inversi&#243;n a largo plazo; la inestabilidad natural de bitcoin y otros activos cripto similares no asociados a una moneda estable; la enorme y r&#225;pidamente creciente deuda p&#250;blica de Estados Unidos; y as&#237; sucesivamente.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Sin embargo, a pesar de todo esto, los mercados monetarios y financieros han parecido sorprendentemente estables.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Hasta ahora?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ahora empiezan a mostrar algunos s&#237;ntomas preocupantes.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;C&#243;mo?&#8221; pregunt&#243; Jack.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Te diste cuenta de lo que ocurri&#243; cuando la especulaci&#243;n contra el yen japon&#233;s se pas&#243; de la raya? Estados Unidos se uni&#243; a Jap&#243;n en el apoyo a la moneda proveyendo fondos para comprar yenes y as&#237; ayudar a mantener su precio estable. El secretario del Tesoro Bessent indic&#243; que la intervenci&#243;n estadounidense alcanzaba entre 5 y 10.000 millones de d&#243;lares. M&#225;s importante a&#250;n, Estados Unidos indic&#243; que Jap&#243;n puede utilizar una facilidad de recuperaci&#243;n llamada FIMA de la Reserva Federal, que actualmente tiene un tope de 60.000 millones de d&#243;lares. Estados Unidos us&#243; euros, no d&#243;lares, para hacer estas transacciones.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pero, Pere, no lo entiendo. &#191;No demuestra eso que el sistema est&#225; respondiendo? Jap&#243;n tiene un problema, Estados Unidos ayuda y se restaura la estabilidad.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Solo temporalmente. Muchos autores han se&#241;alado que financiar la defensa de una moneda cuando la causa subyacente de su depreciaci&#243;n no se ha corregido es como bombear aire en un neum&#225;tico sin cerrar el agujero.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;El problema de Jap&#243;n es que sus pol&#237;ticas monetarias y fiscales han mantenido los tipos de inter&#233;s demasiado bajos en comparaci&#243;n con los del extranjero, mientras persisten las presiones inflacionarias y fiscales. Por tanto, el capital tiene fuertes incentivos para buscar mayores rendimientos en otros lugares, ejerciendo presi&#243;n a la baja sobre el yen. Jap&#243;n puede intervenir vendiendo activos extranjeros y comprando yenes, pero la intervenci&#243;n no puede compensar de forma permanente las fuerzas subyacentes que empujan la moneda a la baja.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;As&#237; que Jap&#243;n tiene que cambiar las condiciones que producen la debilidad. De lo contrario, la intervenci&#243;n es una soluci&#243;n temporal.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Y qu&#233; est&#225; haciendo Estados Unidos?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ayudando a financiar esa soluci&#243;n temporal.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Entonces es un desperdicio de dinero. Aun as&#237;, es una muestra de solidaridad por parte de Estados Unidos. &#191;Qu&#233; te preocupa de eso?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere neg&#243; con la cabeza.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No es solo solidaridad. Tambi&#233;n es un signo de miedo.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Miedo a qu&#233;?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;De Jap&#243;n vendiendo valores del Tesoro americanos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack le mir&#243; fijamente.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Jap&#243;n posee m&#225;s de un bill&#243;n de d&#243;lares de ellas. Si los japoneses necesitan d&#243;lares para defender el yen, una forma obvia de obtenerlos es vender algunas de sus enormes participaciones en valores del gobierno estadounidense.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pero piensa en lo que pasar&#225; entonces.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Si Jap&#243;n vende grandes cantidades de bonos del Tesoro en el mercado secundario, sus precios bajan. Y cuando los precios de los bonos bajan, sus rendimientos suben.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;S&#237;.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ahora el Tesoro de los Estados Unidos sale al mercado para vender nuevos bonos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack lo entendi&#243; de repente.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y los inversores podr&#237;an comprar los bonos estadounidenses vendidos por Jap&#243;n con un rendimiento m&#225;s alto.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exacto. &#191;Por qu&#233; iban a prestar dinero nuevo a Washington a un precio m&#225;s bajo?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No lo har&#237;an.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Por lo tanto, el Tesoro debe ofrecer un rendimiento competitivo sobre la nueva deuda.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack se recost&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ahora lo entiendo. Al ayudar a Jap&#243;n a obtener liquidez en d&#243;lares sin deshacerse de los bonos del Tesoro, Estados Unidos est&#225; protegiendo a Jap&#243;n, pero tambi&#233;n se protege a s&#237; mismo de mayores costos de endeudamiento porque su moneda est&#225; en peligro por la misma raz&#243;n que el yen.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ah, tambi&#233;n entiendo por qu&#233; usaron euros en vez de d&#243;lares. La moneda que va a sentir el golpe en su precio cuando los recursos sean usados para comprar yens es el euro, no el d&#243;lar.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pero incluso entonces&#8221;, dijo Jack, &#8220;el efecto deber&#237;a aplicarse principalmente a nuevas deudas. La deuda antigua se emiti&#243; a los antiguos tipos de inter&#233;s. No aumenta el costo de su deuda existente.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere sonri&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ser&#237;a reconfortante que Estados Unidos se financiara con deuda fija a largo plazo y esperara d&#233;cadas para refinanciarla.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;No lo tiene?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ni de lejos lo suficiente.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere cogi&#243; el peri&#243;dico.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ambrose Evans-Pritchard del Financial Times se&#241;ala que el Tesoro depende en gran medida de la financiaci&#243;n a corto plazo. Est&#225; financiando obligaciones que s&#243;lo puede pagar a largo plazo con deuda que vence cada tres meses. Por tanto, una parte muy grande de la deuda federal debe refinanciarse continuamente. Es como financiar tu casa con un cr&#233;dito de tres meses y renovar el pr&#233;stamo una y otra vez. Estos refinanciamientos reflejan de inmediato los cambios en las tasas de inter&#233;s.&#8221;</span><sup><span>[1]</span></sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Eso suena peligroso cuando suben las tasas de inter&#233;s.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exacto. La tarifa baja es temporal. La deuda no lo es.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere golpe&#243; el peri&#243;dico.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Seg&#250;n Evans-Pritchard, el Tesoro debe renovar aproximadamente 6 billones de d&#243;lares de deuda antigua cada tres meses, mientras se endeuda alrededor de otros 2 billones anuales para financiar el d&#233;ficit fiscal. Las necesidades brutas de financiaci&#243;n federal han aumentado enormemente en relaci&#243;n con el tama&#241;o de la econom&#237;a y, sin correcci&#243;n fiscal, podr&#237;an aumentar mucho m&#225;s.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;As&#237; que los tipos de inter&#233;s m&#225;s altos no solo aumentan el coste del pr&#233;stamo de ma&#241;ana.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No. Migran r&#225;pidamente al rendimiento de la deuda vendida por los japoneses a medida que esta vence y se refinancia.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y la deuda es enorme.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y creciendo.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere hizo una pausa.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Los intereses de la deuda nacional ya superan el presupuesto de defensa. Eso indica lo sensible que se ha vuelto la situaci&#243;n fiscal al coste del dinero.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack parec&#237;a preocupado ahora.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;As&#237; que Estados Unidos se encuentra en una posici&#243;n extra&#241;a. Tiene que ayudar a Jap&#243;n a evitar vender deuda del gobierno estadounidense porque el propio gobierno estadounidense necesita vender enormes cantidades adicionales de deuda.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exacto.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y cuanto m&#225;s toma prestado...&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#8230; m&#225;s vulnerable se vuelve a los tipos de inter&#233;s.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y cuanto m&#225;s vulnerable se vuelve a los tipos de inter&#233;s...&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#8230; m&#225;s vulnerable se vuelve a las decisiones tomadas por los gobiernos extranjeros y los inversores que poseen sus bonos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack guard&#243; silencio un momento.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Eso no suena a la posici&#243;n financiera de un hegem&#243;n omnipotente.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No. Parece interdependencia.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie, que hab&#237;a estado escuchando desde la mesa de al lado, se gir&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y hay otra advertencia.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233;?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Acabo de terminar de leer un informe de Bloomberg. La semana pasada, el Tesoro vendi&#243; bonos a treinta a&#241;os con el tipo de inter&#233;s m&#225;s alto desde 2001. El d&#237;a anterior, vendi&#243; bonos a diez a&#241;os al ritmo m&#225;s alto desde 2007.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nadie habl&#243; durante un momento.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere finalmente dijo:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Eso no significa que una crisis sea inevitable.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;No?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No. Las crisis financieras nunca son inevitables hasta que ocurren. Los gobiernos pueden cambiar pol&#237;ticas. Los bancos centrales pueden actuar. Los mercados pueden estabilizarse. Las guerras pueden terminar. La confianza puede volver.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Entonces por qu&#233; est&#225;s tan preocupado?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Porque surgen crisis cuando problemas que parec&#237;an independientes de repente se descubren unos a otros.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>En la mesa contigua, Werner von Bankrupt baj&#243; el peri&#243;dico detr&#225;s del cual aparentemente se hab&#237;a estado escondiendo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Hab&#237;a estado escuchando en silencio, con una sonrisa enigm&#225;tica.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;La Guerra de Ir&#225;n.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Dobl&#243; una esquina del peri&#243;dico.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Inflaci&#243;n.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Otro pliegue.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Aranceles.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Otro.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Cadenas de suministro interrumpidas.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Otro.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Un d&#243;lar cayendo.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Otro.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Un d&#233;ficit fiscal enorme.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Otro.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Aumento de los costos de refinanciaci&#243;n.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Otro.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Acreedores extranjeros que puedan necesitar su dinero.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Coloc&#243; el peri&#243;dico doblado sobre la mesa.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Quiz&#225; cada uno pueda gestionarse.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Mir&#243; a los dem&#225;s.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;El momento interesante llega cuando empiezan a interactuar.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack le mir&#243; fijamente.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Y qu&#233; pasa entonces?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Werner sonri&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Una crisis en esta maquinaria podr&#237;a provocar un verdadero terremoto financiero.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Se levant&#243;, se puso el abrigo y se dirigi&#243; hacia la puerta.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Luego se gir&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;La cuesti&#243;n no es si hay una sola coincidencia.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Mir&#243; de nuevo hacia la mesa.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Siempre hay cerillas.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;La cuesti&#243;n es si el bosque se est&#225; secando.&#8221;</span></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span>[1]</span></sup> Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, Los ingredientes se est&#225;n uniendo para una crisis financiera en EE. UU., The Telegraph, 11 de agosto de 2026.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[THE MATCH IS ALIGHT AND THE FOREST IS DRY ]]></title><description><![CDATA[IS THE AMERICAN ECONOMY ABOUT TO HAVE A CRISIS?]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/the-match-is-alight-and-the-forest</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/the-match-is-alight-and-the-forest</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 09:58:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/aac02bb1-8486-49fb-9ae1-954ead7a2c22_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Summary</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The friends discuss why rapidly growing government debt can become dangerous even when financial markets initially appear stable. The recent intervention to support the Japanese yen illustrates an unexpected vulnerability: Japan holds more than $1 trillion of U.S. Treasury securities, and large Japanese sales to obtain dollars could push Treasury yields higher precisely when Washington must refinance enormous quantities of existing debt and borrow still more to cover large fiscal deficits. The danger does not arise from any single factor. War, inflation, tariffs, disrupted supply chains, currency instability, rising interest rates, heavy refinancing requirements, and dependence on foreign creditors may each be manageable separately. A financial crisis becomes possible when these vulnerabilities begin reinforcing one another. The warning is therefore not that a crisis is inevitable, but that the conditions under which one shock can propagate through the entire system are becoming increasingly dangerous. Don&#8217;t let the match to come close to the forest.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span>~</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Hey, Jack!&#8221; said Pere, setting aside his newspaper. &#8220;Many of my friends have asked me why some economists become so worried about the growth of government borrowing. They say it is a relic of the past, when people did not understand modern economics. Now reality is providing a clear example of why borrowing without limits is very dangerous. It reduces your room to maneuver, sometimes to the point of suffocating you. It&#8217;s a pity the example may prove too expensive. It could even create a worldwide crisis, or at least a dramatic shift in the global distribution of economic and political power.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack gazed at him with a blank expression.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Why do you say that? What crisis?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;I am worried. Crises never happen because of a single cause. They occur when several vulnerabilities begin interacting, particularly when they coincide with a debility in the monetary and financial system.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;There are many ominous factors at work at this moment. Too many to list. They include the Iran War and its impact on inflation and input costs; the worldwide adaptation to the ever-changing tariff regimes in the United States; the severing and reorganization of supply lines; the weakening of the dollar; the uncertainty that discourages long-term investment; the natural instability of bitcoin and similar crypto assets not associated with a stable currency; the enormous and rapidly growing United States public debt; and so on.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yet, despite all this, the monetary and financial markets have seemed surprisingly stable.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Until now?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Now they are beginning to show some worrying symptoms.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Like?&#8221; asked Jack.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Did you notice what happened when speculation against the Japanese yen went too far? The United States joined Japan in supporting the currency by providing funds to buy yens, thus helping to keep their price stable. Treasury Secretary Bessent indicated that the American intervention amounted to $5&#8211;10 billion. More importantly, the United States encouraged Japan to use the Federal Reserve&#8217;s FIMA Repo Facility, which currently has a $60 billion cap. To help Japan, the United States used euros, not dollars.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;But, Pere, I don&#8217;t get it. Doesn&#8217;t that show that the system is responding? Japan has a problem, the United States helps, and stability is restored.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Only temporarily. Many writers have pointed out that financing the defense of a currency when the underlying cause of its depreciation has not been corrected is like pumping air into a tire without closing the hole.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Japan&#8217;s problem is that its monetary and fiscal policies have kept interest rates too low relative to those abroad while inflationary and fiscal pressures persist. Capital therefore has strong incentives to seek higher returns elsewhere, putting downward pressure on the yen. Japan can intervene by selling foreign assets and buying yen, but intervention cannot permanently offset the underlying forces pushing the currency downward.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So Japan has to change the conditions producing the weakness. Otherwise, intervention is a stopgap.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And what is the United States doing?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Helping finance the stopgap.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It is a waste of money, then. Still, it is a show of solidarity by the United States. What worries you about that?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere shook his head.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It is not just solidarity. It is also a sign of fear.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Fear of what?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Of Japan selling American Treasury securities.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack stared at him.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Japan owns more than one trillion dollars of them. If the Japanese need dollars to defend the yen, one obvious way to obtain them is to sell some of their enormous holdings of U.S. government securities.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;But think about what happens then.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;If Japan sells large quantities of Treasuries in the secondary market, their prices fall. And when bond prices fall, their yields rise.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yes.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Now the United States Treasury comes to the market to sell new bonds.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack suddenly understood.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And investors can buy the old American bonds from Japan at the higher yield.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactly. So why would they lend new money to Washington at a lower one?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;They wouldn&#8217;t.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Therefore the Treasury has to offer a competitive yield on the new debt.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack leaned back.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Now I understand. By helping Japan obtain dollar liquidity without dumping Treasuries, the United States is protecting Japan&#8212;but it is also protecting itself from higher borrowing costs because its currency is in danger for the same reason the yen is.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ah, I also understand why they used euros instead of dollars, so that the currency that will feel the price blow when the resources are used to buy yens is the euro, not the dollar.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Precisely. The FIMA facility allows Japan to obtain dollars against its Treasury securities rather than selling those securities into the market.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;But even then,&#8221; Jack said, &#8220;the effect should apply mainly to new debt. The old debt was issued at the old interest rates. The higher interest rates don&#8217;t cause more expense to the U.S. Treasury in its existing debt.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere smiled.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That would be comforting if the United States financed itself with long-term fixed debt and waited decades to refinance it.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It doesn&#8217;t?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Not nearly enough.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere picked up the newspaper.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ambrose Evans-Pritchard of the Financial Times points out that the Treasury relies heavily on short-term financing&#8212;that is, it finances obligations it can pay only in the long term with short-term debt. A very large portion of the federal debt must therefore be refinanced continually. It is rather like financing your house with three-month credit and rolling the loan over again and again. If the interest rates change, they affect these refinancings immediately.&#8221;</span><sup><span>[i]</span></sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That sounds dangerous when interest rates rise.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactly. The low rate is temporary. The debt is not.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere tapped the newspaper.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;According to Evans-Pritchard, the Treasury must roll over roughly $6 trillion of old debt at 3-month intervals, while borrowing around another $2 trillion annually to finance the fiscal deficit. Gross federal financing needs have risen enormously relative to the size of the economy and, without fiscal correction, could rise much further.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So higher interest rates don&#8217;t just increase the cost of tomorrow&#8217;s borrowing.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And the debt is enormous.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And growing.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere paused.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Interest on the national debt already exceeds the defense budget. That tells you how sensitive the fiscal position has become to the cost of money.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack looked worried now.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So the United States finds itself in a strange position. It has to help Japan avoid selling American government debt because the American government itself needs to sell enormous quantities of debt.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactly.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And the more it borrows&#8230;&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#8230;the more vulnerable it becomes to interest rates.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And the more vulnerable it becomes to interest rates&#8230;&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#8230;the more vulnerable it becomes to decisions made by the foreign governments and investors holding its bonds.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack was silent for a moment.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That doesn&#8217;t sound like the financial position of an omnipotent hegemon.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No. It sounds like interdependence.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie, who had been listening from the next table, turned around.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And there is another warning.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;I just finished reading a Bloomberg report. Last week the Treasury sold thirty-year bonds at the highest interest rate since 2001. The day before, it sold ten-year bonds at the highest rate since 2007.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nobody spoke for a moment.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere finally said:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That does not mean a crisis is inevitable.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No. Financial crises are never inevitable until they happen. Governments can change policies. Central banks can act. Markets can stabilize. Wars can end. Confidence can return.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Then why are you so worried?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Because crises emerge when problems that looked independent suddenly discover one another.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>At the next table, Werner von Bankrupt lowered the newspaper behind which he had apparently been hiding.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>He had been listening in silence, with an enigmatic smile.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The Iran War.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>He folded one corner of the newspaper.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Inflation.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Another fold.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Tariffs.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Another.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Disrupted supply chains.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Another.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;A falling dollar.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Another.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;An enormous fiscal deficit.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Another.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Rising refinancing costs.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Another.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Foreign creditors who may need their money.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>He placed the folded newspaper on the table.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Each one can perhaps be managed.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>He looked at the others.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The interesting moment comes when they begin to interact.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack stared at him.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And what happens then?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Werner smiled.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;A crisis in this machinery could produce a true financial earthquake.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>He stood up, put on his coat, and walked toward the door.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Then he turned.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The question is not whether there is one match.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>He looked back at the table.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;There are always matches.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The question is whether the forest is becoming dry.&#8221;</span></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span>[i]</span></sup> Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, The ingredients are coming together for a US financial crisis, The Telegraph, 11 August 2026.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[EN SILENCIO, ESTADOS UNIDOS ESTÁ SIENDO DEJADO SOLO]]></title><description><![CDATA[EL OTRO LADO DE LA ARROGANCIA]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/en-silencio-estados-unidos-esta-siendo</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/en-silencio-estados-unidos-esta-siendo</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 11:20:15 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6f64a01f-42a6-48ca-84eb-f2e6b9288df6_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Resumen</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Los amigos discuten la silenciosa transformaci&#243;n del orden internacional a medida que los pa&#237;ses responden al retiro de Estados Unidos de alianzas, acuerdos comerciales e instituciones que antes ayudaba a liderar. En lugar de reemplazar la hegemon&#237;a estadounidense por otra hegemon&#237;a, los pa&#237;ses construyen cada vez m&#225;s redes horizontales basadas en la cooperaci&#243;n, las reglas comunes y la ventaja mutua. El CPTPP ilustra esta l&#243;gica emergente: abarca continentes, culturas y niveles de desarrollo sin estar organizado en torno a una superpotencia dominante. Lucrecio proporciona la met&#225;fora: cuando una estructura antigua se disuelve, sus fragmentos no permanecen necesariamente aislados; Se aferran el uno al otro y forman algo nuevo, a menudo antes de que nadie sepa c&#243;mo llamarlo. El peligro para Estados Unidos es, por tanto, mayor que perder influencia frente a China. Al obligar a los aliados a desarrollar alternativas, puede ense&#241;arles a funcionar sin liderazgo estadounidense. Incluso si un futuro gobierno busca regresar, el mundo que encuentre puede que ya haya cambiado. Estados Unidos podr&#237;a regresar no como l&#237;der del sistema, sino simplemente como uno de sus miembros.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span>~</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#161;Eh, Jack!&#8221; dijo Pere. &#8220;La distribuci&#243;n del poder global est&#225; cambiando muy r&#225;pido bajo nuestras narices. Me pregunto si somos conscientes de la velocidad y direcci&#243;n de la transformaci&#243;n.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; transformaci&#243;n?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;La que Mark Carney mencion&#243; en Davos a principios de este a&#241;o.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere abri&#243; su cuaderno. Luego cit&#243; a Carney,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;&#8221;Sabemos que el antiguo orden no va a volver. No deber&#237;amos lamentarlo. La nostalgia no es una estrategia. Pero sabemos que a partir de la fractura podemos construir algo m&#225;s grande, m&#225;s fuerte, m&#225;s justo.&gt;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Habl&#243; de la ruptura del antiguo orden internacional y llam&#243; a las potencias medias, como Canad&#225;, a trabajar juntas en lugar de someterse a la rivalidad de las grandes potencias.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pero no ha pasado nada&#8221;, respondi&#243; Jack impaciente.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco levant&#243; la vista del peri&#243;dico que estaba leyendo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No. No ha pasado nada espectacular.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Cu&#225;l es la diferencia?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Una muy importante. Est&#225;s esperando a que la historia se anuncie.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack frunci&#243; el ce&#241;o.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; quieres decir?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ustedes esperan que los antiguos aliados de Estados Unidos se re&#250;nan en alg&#250;n lugar, convoquen una rueda de prensa y anuncien al mundo que van a dejar atr&#225;s a Estados Unidos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Bueno, eso sin duda llamar&#237;a mi atenci&#243;n.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Por supuesto. Pero las transformaciones globales rara vez ocurren as&#237;. Ocurren d&#237;a a d&#237;a, en diferentes lugares, en muchas dimensiones al mismo tiempo. Cuando le damos un nombre a la nueva estructura, gran parte de la transformaci&#243;n ya ha ocurrido.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere asinti&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Seguimos interpretando lo que est&#225; ocurriendo a trav&#233;s de las categor&#237;as del siglo XX.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; quieres decir?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Imperios. Superpoderes. Esferas de influencia. Hegemones. Asumimos que el orden internacional debe ser piramidal. Alguien debe estar en la cima.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;El Imperio Brit&#225;nico.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Luego Estados Unidos y la Uni&#243;n Sovi&#233;tica.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ahora quiz&#225; China y Estados Unidos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exacto. As&#237; que cuando la gente se entera de que el poder estadounidense est&#225; en declive, inmediatamente pregunta: &#8216;&#191;Qui&#233;n reemplazar&#225; a Estados Unidos?&#8217;&#187;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;China.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Quiz&#225; nadie.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack parec&#237;a sorprendido.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Alguien tiene que organizar el sistema.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Por qu&#233;?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nadie respondi&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco continu&#243;,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Esa es la posibilidad que no estamos viendo. Estados Unidos decidi&#243; que sus aliados lo estaban explotando, que las instituciones internacionales lo limitaban, que los acuerdos comerciales beneficiaban a los extranjeros a su costa, y que Estados Unidos se har&#237;a m&#225;s fuerte liber&#225;ndose de esas obligaciones.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Estados Unidos primero.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;S&#237;. Pero hay otro lado de Estados Unidos Primero en el que los estadounidenses rara vez piensan.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233;?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Los dem&#225;s van en segundo lugar.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie se ri&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Eso es bastante obvio.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Aparentemente no. Porque si repites a tus amigos que son secundarios, poco fiables, parasitarios o prescindibles, al final empiezan a hacer arreglos que no dependen de ti.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Y eso est&#225; pasando?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>En silencio.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco despleg&#243; un mapa.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Observemos el Acuerdo Integral y Progresivo para la Asociaci&#243;n Transpac&#237;fica&#8212;el CPTPP.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Solo el nombre podr&#237;a matarlo&#8221;, dijo Jeremy.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Todos se rieron.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Quiz&#225;. Pero mira a los miembros: Australia, Brun&#233;i, Canad&#225;, Chile, Jap&#243;n, Malasia, M&#233;xico, Nueva Zelanda, Per&#250;, Singapur, Reino Unido y Vietnam.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Es una colecci&#243;n extra&#241;a de pa&#237;ses.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#161;Exactamente!&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Por qu&#233; exactamente?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Porque eso es lo que lo hace interesante. No son vecinos. No comparten un idioma. No pertenecen a la misma civilizaci&#243;n. No tienen el mismo nivel de desarrollo. No hay superpoder que los mande.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y ahora otros quieren unirse.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;S&#237;. Pa&#237;ses de otras regiones buscan relaciones m&#225;s estrechas con &#233;l. Los brit&#225;nicos se unieron. Costa Rica ha avanzado en el proceso de adhesi&#243;n. Otros pa&#237;ses de Asia y m&#225;s all&#225; est&#225;n explorando la entrada. El sector empresarial alem&#225;n ha estado discutiendo v&#237;nculos m&#225;s estrechos de la UE con el grupo del Pac&#237;fico.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie mir&#243; el mapa.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Eso podr&#237;a volverse muy importante.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Por qu&#233;?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Porque mira lo que hace. Gran Breta&#241;a sali&#243; de la Uni&#243;n Europea, pero, a trav&#233;s de una red comercial m&#225;s amplia, las empresas brit&#225;nicas y europeas podr&#237;an finalmente volver a cooperar bajo reglas comunes que se extienden mucho m&#225;s all&#225; de Europa.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Sin revertir el Brexit.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exacto.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jeremy se inclin&#243; sobre el mapa.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y tanto China como Taiw&#225;n han mostrado inter&#233;s en unirse al CPTPP.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Eso es a&#250;n m&#225;s interesante&#8221;, dijo Nicco.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Por la confrontaci&#243;n entre ellos?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;S&#237;. Piensa en c&#243;mo normalmente describimos el problema de Taiw&#225;n. China por un lado. Estados Unidos, por otro lado. Taiw&#225;n atrapada entre ellos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Bajo la espada de Damocles.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exacto. O bien Estados Unidos protege Taiw&#225;n de China, o China abruma a Taiw&#225;n si desaparece la protecci&#243;n estadounidense. Es una concepci&#243;n completamente vertical de las relaciones internacionales.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Y una cadena cambia eso?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Puede ser.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;C&#243;mo?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Crea relaciones que no tienen que pasar por Washington o Pek&#237;n. Relaciones comerciales, de inversi&#243;n, tecnol&#243;gicas y pol&#237;ticas. Reglas que los pa&#237;ses aceptan porque la participaci&#243;n les beneficia, no porque un emperador las ordene.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pero China sigue reclamando Taiw&#225;n.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Por supuesto. Una red comercial no hace desaparecer ese problema. Tampoco garantiza la paz. Pero ampl&#237;a el n&#250;mero de posibles relaciones a trav&#233;s de las cuales se puede gestionar el problema.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y Taiw&#225;n necesita alternativas&#8221;, dijo Jeremy.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Especialmente cuando no puede saber con certeza lo que Washington har&#225;.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco asinti&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Despu&#233;s de que El Pr&#237;ncipe describiera la venta de armas a Taiw&#225;n como una ficha para jugarla en las negociaciones con Pek&#237;n, los taiwaneses recibieron un mensaje muy inc&#243;modo.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; mensaje?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Que incluso la relaci&#243;n de la que ha dependido su seguridad podr&#237;a convertirse en parte de la negociaci&#243;n de otra persona.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie parec&#237;a preocupada.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;As&#237; que Taiw&#225;n tiene un incentivo para crear tantas relaciones independientes como sea posible.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exacto. Y Taiw&#225;n tiene algo extraordinariamente valioso que ofrecer: su industria de semiconductores. China necesita chips avanzados. Estados Unidos los necesita. Europa los necesita. Jap&#243;n los necesita. Todo el mundo tecnol&#243;gico los necesita.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Entonces Taiw&#225;n no tiene necesariamente que elegir simplemente entre China y Estados Unidos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ese es el punto. Las redes multiplican las opciones.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere volvi&#243; a mirar el mapa.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y China tambi&#233;n tiene razones para evitar la guerra.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Razones enormes. Una invasi&#243;n conllevar&#237;a enormes costes militares, econ&#243;micos y pol&#237;ticos. Si Pek&#237;n puede aumentar su influencia sin luchar, esa alternativa tiene atractivos evidentes.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;As&#237; que quiz&#225; China y Taiw&#225;n puedan eventualmente encontrar alg&#250;n acuerdo propio.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Quiz&#225;. O quiz&#225; no. No lo sabemos. Ese no es el punto importante.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; lo es?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Que la estructura emergente crea posibilidades que la antigua estructura no creaba.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack hab&#237;a estado escuchando en silencio.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Entonces crees que Estados Unidos est&#225; perdiendo a sus aliados frente a China.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No&#8221;, dijo Nicco.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack parec&#237;a desconcertado.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Eso es exactamente lo que te estoy diciendo, deber&#237;as dejar de pensar.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Entonces a d&#243;nde van?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No necesariamente van a ir a ning&#250;n sitio.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Se van el uno al otro.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Silencio.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco continu&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Esa es la transformaci&#243;n.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;El Pr&#237;ncipe parece haber imaginado el antiguo orden internacional como un muro. Estados Unidos podr&#237;a destrozarlo, y los dem&#225;s pa&#237;ses caer&#237;an al suelo como fragmentos aislados. Entonces Estados Unidos, que sigue siendo el pa&#237;s m&#225;s fuerte, podr&#237;a tratar cada fragmento por separado y dictar mejores condiciones.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Divide y vencer&#225;s.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exacto.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pero pas&#243; algo diferente.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233;?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Los fragmentos empezaron a aferrarse unos a otros.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie sonri&#243; de repente.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Lucrecio.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco la mir&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#161;S&#237;!&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Encontr&#243; el pasaje.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;&#8221;Ninguna cosa permanece, sino que todo fluye.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Fragmento a fragmento se adhiere; Las cosas crecen as&#237;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">hasta que las conozcamos y las nombremos. Poco a poco,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">se derriten y ya no son lo que conocemos.&#8221; &gt;<sup><span>[1]</span></sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nadie habl&#243; durante un momento.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Hace dos mil a&#241;os&#8221;, continu&#243; Laurie, &#8220;Lucrecio describi&#243; lo que estamos viendo.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;La vieja estructura se derrite.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Los fragmentos permanecen.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Y luego?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Se recombinan.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Hasta que las conozcamos y les demos nombre&#8221;, repiti&#243; Pere.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack volvi&#243; a mirar el mapa.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Quiz&#225; por eso nos cuesta ver el nuevo orden mundial.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exacto&#8221;, dijo Nicco. &#8220;Buscamos algo que ya tenga un nombre del siglo XX.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pax Americana.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pax Sinica.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Otra Guerra Fr&#237;a.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Un nuevo imperio.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pero quiz&#225; lo que est&#225; emergiendo a&#250;n no tenga nombre porque no es otra versi&#243;n de lo viejo.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie se&#241;al&#243; el CPTPP.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Mira sus caracter&#237;sticas.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Es horizontal.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No se ha organizado bajo el liderazgo de una superpotencia.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Cruza fronteras raciales, culturales, geogr&#225;ficas y de desarrollo.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No est&#225; intentando convertirse en un pa&#237;s.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No define una fortaleza econ&#243;mica geogr&#225;fica que pertenezca exclusivamente a estados vecinos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Est&#225; organizada en torno a las normas que rigen el comercio, la inversi&#243;n y las relaciones econ&#243;micas.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Puede expandirse.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y la membres&#237;a depende principalmente de aceptar reglas comunes m&#225;s que del liderazgo pol&#237;tico de un hegem&#243;n.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Interrumpi&#243; Jeremy.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Eso me suena.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233;?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;La Liga Hanse&#225;tica en el Mar B&#225;ltico en la Edad Media tard&#237;a.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco sonri&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactamente. Diferentes ciudades, diferentes gobernantes, diferentes sistemas pol&#237;ticos, cooperando porque la cooperaci&#243;n aumentaba su seguridad y prosperidad.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y sin emperador.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No hay emperador.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere se recost&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Entonces quiz&#225; Estados Unidos cometi&#243; un error extraordinario.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; error?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Asumi&#243; que, por ser el centro del sistema existente, destruirlo lo dejar&#237;a m&#225;s fuerte que los dem&#225;s.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco asinti&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pero el poder es relacional. Si los dem&#225;s crean nuevas relaciones entre ellos, la posici&#243;n relativa de Estados Unidos cambia incluso si Estados Unidos mismo sigue siendo enormemente poderoso.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y cada vez que Washington obliga a un aliado a buscar una alternativa&#8221;, a&#241;adi&#243; Laurie, &#8220;le ense&#241;a a ese aliado c&#243;mo vivir sin Washington.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ese puede ser el punto m&#225;s importante de todos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Por qu&#233;?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Porque el aprendizaje no puede deshacerse f&#225;cilmente.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere la mir&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Supongamos que El Pr&#237;ncipe se va y otro gobierno estadounidense dice: &#8216;Hemos vuelto.&#8217;&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Los dem&#225;s pueden recibirlo con gusto.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Entonces todo vuelve a la normalidad.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Por qu&#233; no?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Porque recordar&#225;n lo que pas&#243;.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Habr&#225;n construido cadenas de suministro alternativas.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Acuerdos comerciales alternativos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Arreglos de defensa alternativa.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Relaciones diplom&#225;ticas alternativas.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Habr&#225;n descubierto qu&#233; cosas pueden hacer por s&#237; mismos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y qu&#233; cosas pueden hacer juntos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;As&#237; que aunque Am&#233;rica regrese...&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#8230; el mundo al que regrese no ser&#225; el mundo que dej&#243;.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack sonri&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Lucrecio otra vez.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Poco a poco se derriten, y ya no son lo que conocemos.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nadie habl&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere rompi&#243; finalmente el silencio.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Aun as&#237;, Estados Unidos podr&#237;a acabar uni&#233;ndose al CPTPP.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco se ri&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Podr&#237;a. Sin embargo, recuerda c&#243;mo comenz&#243; esta historia. Estados Unidos estuvo en el centro de la Asociaci&#243;n Transpac&#237;fica original. Luego se retir&#243;. Los dem&#225;s pa&#237;ses no abandonaron el proyecto. Lo reorganizaron sin Estados Unidos y crearon el CPTPP.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y Gran Breta&#241;a se uni&#243; despu&#233;s.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;S&#237;.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y otros intentan unirse.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;S&#237;.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere sonri&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;As&#237; que quiz&#225; alg&#250;n d&#237;a Estados Unidos pida volver.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack le mir&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Quiz&#225;.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Como l&#237;der?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack neg&#243; con la cabeza.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Termin&#243; su caf&#233;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Eso es el otro lado de la arrogancia.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Estados Unidos puede alg&#250;n d&#237;a descubrir que el precio de abandonar un orden que una vez lider&#243; no es que alguien m&#225;s tome su trono.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#191;Entonces qu&#233; es?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack se levant&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Que cuando decida regresar, puede que ya no haya trono.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Se detuvo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Y puede que tenga que volver como miembro.&#8221;</span></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span>[1]</span></sup> Lucrecio, tal como lo interpreta W. H. Mallock, <em>Lucrecio sobre la vida y la muerte en el metro de Omar Khayy&#225;m</em>, American Humanistic Association, Kindle Edition, 2014, (1910)</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[SILENTLY, THE UNITED STATES IS BEING LEFT ALONE]]></title><description><![CDATA[THE OTHER SIDE OF HUBRIS]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/silently-the-united-states-is-being</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/silently-the-united-states-is-being</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 11:00:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6f18a9a8-0ba1-4f2d-a370-bd7d349eee4f_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Summary</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The friends discuss the quiet transformation of the international order as countries respond to the United States&#8217; retreat from alliances, trade arrangements, and institutions it once helped lead. Rather than replacing American hegemony with another hegemon, countries are increasingly building horizontal networks based on cooperation, common rules, and mutual advantage. The CPTPP illustrates this emerging logic: it spans continents, cultures, and levels of development without being organized around a dominant superpower. Lucretius provides the metaphor: as an old structure dissolves, its fragments do not necessarily remain isolated; they cling to one another and form something new, often before anyone knows what to call it. The danger for the United States is therefore deeper than losing influence to China. By forcing allies to develop alternatives, it may teach them how to function without American leadership. Even if a future government seeks to return, the world it encounters may already have changed. America might return not as the leader of the system, but simply as one of its members.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span>~</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Hey, Jack!&#8221; said Pere. &#8220;The distribution of global power is changing very quickly under our noses. I wonder whether we are aware of the speed and direction of the transformation.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What transformation?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The one Mark Carney talked about at Davos earlier this year.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere opened his notebook. Then he quoted Carney,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;&#8220;We know the old order is not coming back. We shouldn&#8217;t mourn it. Nostalgia is not a strategy. But we know that from the fracture we can build something bigger, stronger, more just.&gt;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;He was talking about the rupture of the old international order and calling on middle powers, such as Canada, to work together rather than submit to the rivalry of the great powers.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;But nothing has happened,&#8221; Jack answered impatiently.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco looked up from the newspaper he was reading.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No. Nothing spectacular has happened.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What&#8217;s the difference?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;A very important one. You are waiting for history to announce itself.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack frowned.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What do you mean?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;You are waiting for the former allies of the United States to assemble somewhere, call a press conference, and announce to the world that they are leaving America behind.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Well, that would certainly get my attention.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Of course. But global transformations rarely happen that way. They happen day by day, in different places, in many dimensions at the same time. By the time we give the new structure a name, much of the transformation has already occurred.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere nodded.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;We are still interpreting what is happening through the categories of the twentieth century.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Meaning?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Empires. Superpowers. Spheres of influence. Hegemons. We assume that international order must be pyramidal. Somebody must be at the top.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The British Empire.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Then the United States and the Soviet Union.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Now perhaps China and the United States.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactly. So when people hear that American power is declining, they immediately ask: &#8216;Who will replace the United States?&#8217;&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;China.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Perhaps nobody.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack looked surprised.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Somebody has to organize the system.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Why?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nobody answered.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco continued.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That is the possibility we are failing to see. The United States decided that its allies were exploiting it, that international institutions constrained it, that trade arrangements benefited foreigners at its expense, and that America would become stronger by freeing itself from these obligations.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;America First.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yes. But there is another side to America First that Americans rarely think about.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Everybody else is second.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie laughed.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That is rather obvious.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Apparently not. Because if you repeatedly tell your friends that they are secondary, unreliable, parasitic, or expendable, eventually they start making arrangements that do not depend on you.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And that is happening?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Quietly.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco unfolded a map.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Look at the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership&#8212;the CPTPP.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The name alone could kill it,&#8221; Jeremy said.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Everybody laughed.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Perhaps. But look at the members: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That is a strange collection of countries.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Precisely!&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Why precisely?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Because that is what makes it interesting. They are not neighbors. They do not share a language. They do not belong to the same civilization. They do not have the same level of development. There is no superpower commanding them.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And now others want to join.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yes. Countries from still more regions are seeking closer relationships with it. The British joined. Costa Rica has moved through the accession process. Other countries in Asia and beyond are exploring entry. German business has been discussing closer EU links with the Pacific group.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie looked at the map.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That could become very important.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Why?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Because look at what it does. Britain left the European Union, but through a larger trade network, British and European companies could eventually find themselves cooperating again through common rules extending far beyond Europe.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Without reversing Brexit.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactly.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jeremy leaned over the map.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And China and Taiwan have both shown interest in joining the CPTPP.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That is even more interesting,&#8221; Nicco said.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Because of the confrontation between them?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yes. Think about how we normally describe the Taiwan problem. China on one side. The United States on the other. Taiwan trapped between them.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Under the sword of Damocles.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactly. Either the United States protects Taiwan from China, or China overwhelms Taiwan if American protection disappears. It is a completely vertical conception of international relations.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And a network changes that?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It can.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;How?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It creates relationships that do not have to pass through Washington or Beijing. Trade, investment, technological, and political relationships. Rules that countries accept because participation benefits them, not because an emperor commands them.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;But China still claims Taiwan.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Of course. A trade network does not make that problem disappear. Nor does it guarantee peace. But it enlarges the number of possible relationships through which the problem can be managed.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And Taiwan needs alternatives,&#8221; Jeremy said.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Especially when it cannot know with certainty what Washington will do.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco nodded.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;After The Prince described arms sales to Taiwan as a negotiating chip in discussions with Beijing, the Taiwanese received a very uncomfortable message.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What message?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That even the relationship on which their security has depended might itself become part of somebody else&#8217;s negotiation.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie looked troubled.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So Taiwan has an incentive to create as many independent relationships as possible.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactly. And Taiwan has something extraordinarily valuable to offer: its semiconductor industry. China needs advanced chips. The United States needs them. Europe needs them. Japan needs them. The entire technological world needs them.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Then Taiwan does not necessarily have to choose simply between China and the United States.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That is the point. Networks multiply choices.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere looked again at the map.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And China has reasons to avoid war too.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Enormous reasons. An invasion would carry immense military, economic, and political costs. If Beijing can increase its influence without fighting, that alternative has obvious attractions.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So perhaps China and Taiwan could eventually find some accommodation of their own.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Perhaps. Or perhaps not. We don&#8217;t know. That is not the important point.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What is?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That the emerging structure creates possibilities that the old structure did not.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack had been listening quietly.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Then you think the United States is losing its allies to China.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No,&#8221; said Nicco.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack looked puzzled.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That is exactly what I am saying you should stop thinking.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Then where are they going?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;They are not necessarily going anywhere.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;They are going to one another.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Silence.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco continued.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That is the transformation.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The Prince seems to have imagined the old international order as a wall. America could smash it, and the other countries would fall to the ground as isolated fragments. Then the United States, still the strongest country, could deal with each fragment separately and dictate better terms.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Divide and conquer.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactly.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;But something else happened.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The fragments began clinging to one another.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie suddenly smiled.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Lucretius.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco looked at her.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yes!&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>She found the passage.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;&#8220;No single thing abides, but all things flow.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Fragment to fragment clings; the things thus grow</p><p style="text-align: justify;">until we know and name them. By degrees</p><p style="text-align: justify;">they melt, and are no more the things we know.&#8221;&gt;<sup><span>[i]</span></sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nobody spoke for a moment.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Two thousand years ago,&#8221; Laurie continued, &#8220;Lucretius described what we are watching.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The old structure melts.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The fragments remain.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And then?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;They recombine.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Until we know and name them,&#8221; Pere repeated.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack looked again at the map.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Perhaps that is why we have trouble seeing the new world order.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Exactly,&#8221; said Nicco. &#8220;We are looking for something that already has a twentieth-century name.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pax Americana.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Pax Sinica.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Another Cold War.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;A new empire.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;But perhaps the emerging thing doesn&#8217;t have a name yet because it isn&#8217;t another version of the old thing.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Laurie pointed to the CPTPP.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Look at its characteristics.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It is horizontal.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It has not been organized under the leadership of a superpower.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It crosses racial, cultural, geographic, and developmental boundaries.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It is not trying to become a country.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It does not define a geographic economic fortress that belongs exclusively to neighboring states.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It is organized around rules governing trade, investment, and economic relationships.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It can expand.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And membership depends principally on accepting common rules rather than accepting the political leadership of a hegemon.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jeremy interrupted.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That sounds familiar.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The Hanseatic League in the Baltic Sea during the late Middle Ages.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco smiled.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Precisely. Different cities, different rulers, different political systems, cooperating because cooperation increased their security and prosperity.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And no emperor.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No emperor.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere sat back.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Then perhaps the United States made an extraordinary mistake.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What mistake?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It assumed that because it was the center of the existing system, destroying the system would leave it stronger than everyone else.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco nodded.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;But power is relational. If the others create new relationships among themselves, America&#8217;s relative position changes even if America itself remains enormously powerful.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And every time Washington forces an ally to find an alternative,&#8221; Laurie added, &#8220;it teaches that ally how to live without Washington.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That may be the most important point of all.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Why?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Because learning cannot easily be undone.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere looked at her.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Suppose The Prince leaves and another American government says: &#8216;We&#8217;re back.&#8217;&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The others may welcome it.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Then everything returns to normal.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Why not?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Because they will remember what happened.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;They will have built alternative supply chains.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Alternative trade agreements.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Alternative defense arrangements.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Alternative diplomatic relationships.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;They will have discovered which things they can do themselves.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And which things they can do together.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So even if America returns&#8230;&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#8230;the world to which it returns will not be the world it left.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack smiled.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Lucretius again.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;By degrees they melt, and are no more the things we know.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nobody spoke.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere finally broke the silence.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Still, the United States could eventually join the CPTPP.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nicco laughed.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;It could. Remember, however, how this story began. The United States was at the center of the original Trans-Pacific Partnership. Then it withdrew. The other countries did not abandon the project. They reorganized it without the United States and created the CPTPP.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And Britain later joined.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yes.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And others are trying to join.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Yes.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pere smiled.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;So perhaps someday the United States will ask to come back.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack looked at him.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Perhaps.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;As leader?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack shook his head.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>He finished his coffee.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That is the other side of hubris.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;The United States may someday discover that the price of leaving an order it once led is not that somebody else takes its throne.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;What is it, then?&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jack stood up.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;That when it decides to return, there may no longer be a throne.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>He paused.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;And it may have to come back as a member.&#8221;</span></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span>[i]</span></sup> Lucretius, as rendered by W. H. Mallock, <em>Lucretius on Life and Death in the metre of Omar Khayy&#225;m</em>, American Humanistic Association, Kindle Edition, 2014, (1910)</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[LA ODISEA NUNCA TERMINA]]></title><description><![CDATA[EL VIAJE DE REGRESO]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/la-odisea-nunca-termina</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/la-odisea-nunca-termina</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 09:17:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c4885c39-c50e-45c5-a4c0-191fdce1c1cc_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;&#161;Eh, Jack! A veces pienso que todos somos Ulises.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack levant&#243; la vista de su caf&#233;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Por qu&#233; dices eso?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;He estado pensando en la extraordinaria incertidumbre que nos rodea. Cada d&#237;a leemos sobre guerras, inteligencia artificial, instituciones en colapso, extremismo pol&#237;tico, disrupci&#243;n econ&#243;mica, tecnolog&#237;as que transforman la sociedad antes de que las comprendamos, y personas que parecen haber perdido no solo la esperanza sino tambi&#233;n el prop&#243;sito. Se me ocurri&#243; que todos estamos navegando por aguas desconocidas.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jeremy sonri&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Eso siempre ha sido as&#237;.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;S&#237;&#8221;, respondi&#243; Pere, &#8220;pero quiz&#225;s nunca a esta velocidad. Nunca antes las aguas hab&#237;an cambiado tan r&#225;pido mientras los mapas quedaban obsoletos casi tan pronto como se dibujaron.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack asinti&#243; pensativo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Homero entendi&#243; algo hace casi tres mil a&#241;os que a menudo olvidamos.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;<em>La Odisea</em> no trata realmente de viajes.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Se trata de convertirse en la persona capaz de volver a casa.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El silencio se apoder&#243; de la mesa.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie pregunt&#243; finalmente,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; quieres decir?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Normalmente recordamos a Odiseo como el hombre que vag&#243; durante diez a&#241;os tras la Guerra de Troya intentando regresar a &#205;taca.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Pero Homero cuenta una historia mucho m&#225;s profunda.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Cada obst&#225;culo transforma a Odiseo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Los Comedores de Loto, que viv&#237;an endrogados, le tientan a olvidar su prop&#243;sito.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;El C&#237;clope le ense&#241;a que la inteligencia sin humildad se convierte en arrogancia y atrae el castigo de los dioses, en su caso el de Poseid&#243;n, el dios de los mares, el que Odiseo m&#225;s necesitaba.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;El rey de los vientos, Eolo, muestra c&#243;mo el &#233;xito puede destruirse con la desconfianza y la envidia. Le dio una bolsa con todos los vientos tormentosos, para que Odiseo fuera empujado a &#205;taca por el viento suave que quedaba. Pero cuando, ya a la vista de &#205;taca, Odiseo se qued&#243; dormido, su codiciosa tripulaci&#243;n, pensando que la bolsa conten&#237;a un tesoro, la abri&#243; y liber&#243; los vientos m&#225;s violentos, que los alejaron de su isla durante muchos a&#241;os m&#225;s.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Circe le recuerda lo f&#225;cil que es que los seres humanos renuncien a su humanidad por comodidad y se conviertan en cerdos.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Las Sirenas&#8212;que cantan tan dulcemente que atraen a los marineros a estrellarse contra las rocas filosas de su isla y que &#233;l confronta tapando los o&#237;dos de sus hombres y amarr&#225;ndose al m&#225;stil para o&#237;rlas, pero oblig&#225;ndose a no rendirse a ellas&#8212;le ense&#241;an que la sabidur&#237;a no consiste en evitar las tentaciones, sino en aprender a o&#237;rlas sin obedecerlas.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Escila y Caribdis&#8212;la vor&#225;gine y el monstruo que, diferente de la pel&#237;cula, no est&#225;n uno despu&#233;s del otro sino lado a lado&#8212;revelan que la vida a veces no ofrece elecciones perfectas, sino diferentes versiones de tragedia.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Calypso le ofrece algo que todo ser humano desea en secreto.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233;?&#8221; pregunt&#243; Nicco.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Una vida indolora.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Inmortalidad.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Una vida sin lucha.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y sin embargo Odiseo se niega.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Por qu&#233;?&#8221; pregunt&#243; Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Porque la inmortalidad sin prop&#243;sito es otra forma de muerte.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y la visita al infierno?&#8221;, pregunt&#243; Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Que no hay redenci&#243;n sin enfrentarte a tus propios pecados y sus consecuencias&#8230;Que no llegar&#225;s a tu destino, sino al infierno, si no te ves en el espejo de la realidad. Las almas que se creen perfectas, que nunca han hecho algo malo, que es imposible para ellos pecar, caen en la oscuridad, jam&#225;s encuentran su hogar.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Bueno, entiendo el sentido&#8221;, dijo Laurie. &#8220;&#161;Veo a tanta gente que piensa: &#8216;esto, pecar, no puede pasarme a m&#237;, a mi familia o a mi naci&#243;n. &#161;Somos perfectos! &#161;Somos tan sufridos, todos nos explotan, solo queremos cobrarnos lo que nos deben!&#8217; Se confunden con sus propias mentiras, no ven las muertes que han provocado, que para ellos no son muertes porque los muertos no son ellos, lo cual, al final, es cobard&#237;a, es la incapacidad de verse a s&#237; mismos. No pueden, como Odiseo tuvo que hacer, enfrentar los fantasmas que est&#225;n dejando atr&#225;s.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No es cobard&#237;a. Es soberbia,&#8221; dijo Nicco.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Esto fue lo que las almas oscuras que vagaban por el Hades, sus propias v&#237;ctimas, le ense&#241;aron a Odiseo&#8221;, concluy&#243; Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nadie habl&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack continu&#243; en voz baja.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Creo que hemos malinterpretado la <em>Odisea</em>.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No es la historia de un hombre intentando llegar a un lugar.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Es la historia de un ser humano que descubre, a trav&#233;s de la adversidad, en qui&#233;n debe convertirse antes de poder regresar a casa.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jeremy se inclin&#243; hacia adelante.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Entonces quiz&#225; &#205;taca no sea simplemente una isla.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Es la vida que intentamos merecer.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere mir&#243; por la ventana del caf&#233;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Quiz&#225; eso explique por qu&#233; tanta gente parece perdida hoy.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Siguen viajando&#8221;, respondi&#243; Jack.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Han olvidado d&#243;nde est&#225; &#205;taca.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;El mayor peligro no es perder la vida.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Es perder su prop&#243;sito.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La mesa volvi&#243; a quedarse en silencio.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Por fin habl&#243; Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Lo extra&#241;o es que nuestros monstruos han cambiado.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Ya no tememos a los c&#237;clopes.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Tememos algoritmos que no entendemos.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Ya no o&#237;mos a las Sirenas cantar desde las islas rocosas.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Nos hablan por nuestros tel&#233;fonos.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Nuestros Comedores de Loto ya no ofrecen fruta encantada.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Ofrecen una distracci&#243;n interminable.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Circe ya no transforma a los hombres en cerdos con magia.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Lo hacemos nosotros mismos.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Escila y Caribdis se han convertido en opciones entre cat&#225;strofes que la pol&#237;tica presenta como si fueran las &#250;nicas alternativas.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Y Calypso?&#8221;, pregunt&#243; Nicco.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack sonri&#243; con tristeza.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Calypso sigue susurrando exactamente la misma promesa.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#8217;Qu&#233;date aqu&#237;.&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#8217;No luch&#233;is.&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#8217;No contin&#250;es el viaje.&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#8217;La comodidad es suficiente.&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jeremy termin&#243; lentamente su caf&#233;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Quiz&#225; por eso Homero nunca se ha vuelto obsoleto.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;La naturaleza humana no ha cambiado.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Solo los disfraces.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack asinti&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y quiz&#225; por eso deber&#237;amos leer la <em>Odisea</em> de nuevo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No como la historia de un h&#233;roe griego.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Sino como la biograf&#237;a de toda vida humana.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Todos conocemos a los Comedores de Loto.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Todos o&#237;mos a las Sirenas.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Todos navegamos entre Escila y Caribdis.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Todos nos encontramos con Calypso.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;La cuesti&#243;n nunca es si estos encuentros ocurrir&#225;n.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;La cuesti&#243;n es si, despu&#233;s de cada una, seguimos navegando hacia nuestra propia &#205;taca.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere permaneci&#243; en silencio durante un largo momento.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Luego dijo en voz baja,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Quiz&#225; haya otra diferencia entre Odiseo y nosotros.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; pasa?&#8221; pregunt&#243; Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Odiseo nunca supo <strong>c&#243;mo</strong> llegar&#237;a a &#205;taca.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Pero nunca olvid&#243; <strong>por qu&#233;</strong> navegaba.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack mir&#243; alrededor de la mesa.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Creo que ese es precisamente nuestro peligro.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Poseemos poderes que Homero nunca podr&#237;a haber imaginado.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Cruzamos oc&#233;anos en horas.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Nos comunicamos instant&#225;neamente por todo el planeta.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Tenemos m&#225;quinas que aprenden.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Estamos empezando a redise&#241;ar la vida misma.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Pero la pregunta que la tecnolog&#237;a no puede responder es la que Homero hizo hace tres mil a&#241;os.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#8217;&#191;D&#243;nde est&#225; tu &#205;taca?&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Si perdemos la respuesta a esa pregunta, cada nueva tecnolog&#237;a simplemente nos permite perdernos de forma m&#225;s eficiente.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nadie habl&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Fuera, la gente corr&#237;a por las calles, cada uno absorto en destinos invisibles para los dem&#225;s.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Por fin Nicco se levant&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Quiz&#225; por eso la <em>Odisea</em> nunca termina.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No es la historia del viaje de un solo hombre.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Es la historia de cada generaci&#243;n.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y cada generaci&#243;n debe descubrir su propia &#205;taca.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Se detuvo antes de irse.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;S&#233;neca tambi&#233;n lo entendi&#243;.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#8216;Ning&#250;n viento es favorable al marinero que no tiene puerto.&#8217;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Odiseo sobrevivi&#243; porque nunca olvid&#243; su puerto.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Nuestro peligro es diferente.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Podemos poseer naves magn&#237;ficas, tecnolog&#237;as asombrosas y poderes que el propio Homero jam&#225;s habr&#237;a imaginado.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Pero si olvidamos nuestra &#205;taca, todo viento favorable pierde su sentido.&#8221;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[THE ODYSSEY NEVER ENDS]]></title><description><![CDATA[THE JOURNEY HOME]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/the-odyssey-never-ends</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/the-odyssey-never-ends</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 09:10:58 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/be9b9b97-3161-41ea-973a-173282fc8a3b_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;Hey, Jack! Sometimes I think we are all Odysseus.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack looked up from his coffee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;What makes you say that?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;I have been thinking about the extraordinary uncertainty surrounding us. Every day we read about wars, artificial intelligence, collapsing institutions, political extremism, economic disruption, technologies that transform society before we understand them, and people who seem to have lost not only hope but purpose. It occurred to me that we are all sailing through unknown waters.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jeremy smiled.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;That has always been true.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Yes,&#8221; Pere answered, &#8220;but perhaps never at this speed. Never before have the waters changed so quickly while the maps became obsolete almost as soon as they were drawn.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack nodded thoughtfully.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Homer understood something almost three thousand years ago that we often forget.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The <em>Odyssey</em> is not really about travel.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It is about becoming the person capable of coming home.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Silence settled over the table.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie finally asked,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;What do you mean?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We usually remember Odysseus as the man who wandered for ten years after the Trojan War trying to return to Ithaca.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;But Homer tells a much deeper story.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Every obstacle transforms Odysseus.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The Lotus-Eaters, who lived under the power of a drug, tempt him to forget his purpose.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The Cyclops teaches him that intelligence without humility turns into arrogance and invites punishment from the gods, in his case, that of Poseidon, the god of the seas, the one he needed most.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The king of winds, Aeolus, shows him how success can be destroyed by distrust and envy. He gave him a bag containing all the stormy winds, so that Odysseus would be driven to Ithaca by the remaining gentle wind. But when, in sight of Ithaca, Odysseus fell asleep, his greedy crew, thinking the bag contained a treasury, opened it and released the worst winds, which pushed them away from their island for many more years.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Circe reminds him how easy it is for human beings to give up their humanity for comfort and turn into pigs.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The Sirens&#8212;who sing so sweetly that they lure sailors to dash against the sharp rocks of their island, and which he confronts by plugging his men&#8217;s ears and tying himself to the mast to hear them but forcing himself not to yield to them&#8212;teach him that wisdom does not consist in avoiding temptations, but in learning to hear them without obeying them.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Scylla and Charybdis&#8212;the maelstrom and the monster that, unlike in the film, are not one after the other but side by side&#8212;reveal that life sometimes offers not perfect choices but different versions of tragedy.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Calypso offers him something every human being secretly desires.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;What?&#8221; asked Nicco.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;A painless life.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Immortality.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;A life without struggle.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And yet Odysseus refuses.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Why?&#8221; Laurie asked.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Because immortality without purpose is another form of death.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And the visit to hell?&#8221; asked Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;That there is no redemption without facing your own sins and their consequences... That you will not reach your destination, but hell, if you do not see yourself in the mirror of reality. Souls who believe themselves to be perfect, who have never done anything wrong, who think it is impossible for them to sin, fall into darkness, never find their home.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Well, I get the point,&#8221; Laurie said. &#8220;I see so many people thinking, &#8216;Sinning can&#8217;t happen to me, my family, or my nation. We are perfect! We are so long-suffering; everyone exploits us, and we just want to collect what they owe us!&#8217; They are confused by their own lies; they do not see the deaths they have caused, which, for them, are not deaths because the dead are not them. In the end, that is cowardice, the inability to see themselves. They cannot, as Odysseus had to, face the ghosts they are leaving behind.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It is not cowardice. It&#8217;s hubris!&#8221; Nicco said.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;This was what the dark souls wandering in Hades, his own victims, taught Odysseus,&#8221; concluded Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nobody spoke.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack continued quietly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;I think we have misunderstood the <em>Odyssey</em>.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It is not the story of a man trying to reach a place.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It is the story of a human being discovering, through adversity, who he must become before he can return home.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jeremy leaned forward.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Then perhaps Ithaca is not simply an island.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It is the life we are trying to deserve.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere looked out through the caf&#233; window.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Perhaps that explains why so many people seem lost today.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;They are still traveling,&#8221; Jack answered.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;They have forgotten where Ithaca is.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The greatest danger today is not losing our lives.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It is losing their purpose.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The table became silent again.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Finally Laurie spoke.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The strange thing is that our monsters have changed.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We no longer fear Cyclopes.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We fear algorithms we do not understand.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We no longer hear the Sirens singing from rocky islands.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;They speak through our telephones.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Our Lotus-Eaters no longer offer enchanted fruit.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;They offer endless distraction.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Circe no longer transforms men into swine with magic.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We do it ourselves.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Scylla and Charybdis have become choices between catastrophes that politics presents as though they were the only alternatives.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And Calypso?&#8221; asked Nicco.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack smiled sadly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Calypso still whispers exactly the same promise.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#8217;Stay here.&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#8217;Do not struggle.&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#8217;Do not continue the voyage.&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#8217;Comfort is enough.&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jeremy slowly finished his coffee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Perhaps that is why Homer has never become obsolete.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Human nature has not changed.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Only the costumes.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack nodded.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And perhaps that is why we should read the <em>Odyssey</em> again.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Not as the story of a Greek hero.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;But as the biography of every human life.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We all meet Lotus-Eaters.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We all hear the Sirens.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We all sail between Scylla and Charybdis.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We all encounter Calypso.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The question is never whether these encounters will happen.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The question is whether, after each one, we continue sailing toward our own Ithaca.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere remained silent for a long moment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Then he said quietly,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Perhaps there is another difference between Odysseus and ourselves.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;What is it?&#8221; asked Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Odysseus never knew <strong>how</strong> he would reach Ithaca.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;But he never forgot <strong>why</strong> he was sailing.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack looked around the table.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;I think that is precisely our danger.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We possess powers Homer could never have imagined.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We cross oceans in hours.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We communicate instantly across the planet.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We have machines that learn.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We are beginning to redesign life itself.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;But the question technology cannot answer is the one Homer asked three thousand years ago.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#8217;Where is your Ithaca?&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;If we lose the answer to that question, every new technology simply allows us to get lost more efficiently.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nobody spoke.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Outside, people hurried through the streets, each absorbed in destinations invisible to the others.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Finally Nicco stood up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Perhaps that is why the <em>Odyssey</em> never ends.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It is not the story of one man&#8217;s voyage.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It is the story of every generation.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And every generation must discover its own Ithaca.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">He paused before leaving.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Seneca understood that too.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#8216;No wind is favorable to the sailor who has no port.&#8217;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Odysseus survived because he never forgot his port.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Our danger is different.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;We may possess magnificent ships, astonishing technologies, and powers Homer himself could never have imagined.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;But if we forget our Ithaca, every favorable wind becomes meaningless.&#8221;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[¡LA OLLA LLAMA NEGRA A LA TETERA!]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#161;Y LA TETERA LE DICE NEGRA A LA OLLA A SU VEZ!]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/la-olla-llama-negra-a-la-tetera</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/la-olla-llama-negra-a-la-tetera</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 12:36:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8fec28d2-70f5-45b7-87f2-c04eb963af7e_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;&#161;Eh, Jack! &#161;La olla le est&#225; diciendo negra a la tetera!&#8221;, exclam&#243; Pere al entrar en la casa de Dante.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#161;Y la tetera responde igual!&#8221;, a&#241;adi&#243; Jeremy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie se ri&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Qui&#233;n es la olla y qui&#233;n es la tetera?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;El pr&#237;ncipe ha estado advirtiendo que el comunismo est&#225; resurgiendo&#8212;no solo en Estados Unidos sino en todo el mundo&#8221;, respondi&#243; Pere. &#8220;Dice que ahora es la mayor amenaza para la democracia.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y mira qui&#233;n lo dice&#8221;, respondi&#243; Laurie. &#8220;Los dos extremos se han vuelto notablemente buenos acus&#225;ndose mutuamente de exactamente lo que ellos mismos est&#225;n tentados a hacer.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Pero el comunismo es imposible en Estados Unidos&#8221;, objet&#243; Pere.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie sonri&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;La gente tambi&#233;n sol&#237;a decir que muchas de las cosas que hemos presenciado en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os eran imposibles. La historia tiene una forma de humillar a quienes creen que las instituciones funcionan autom&#225;ticamente.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack, que hab&#237;a estado escuchando en silencio, finalmente intervino.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Los Socialistas Democr&#225;ticos de Am&#233;rica no son el Partido Comunista Sovi&#233;tico&#8221;, dijo, &#8220;Ellos mismos dicen que est&#225;n m&#225;s cerca de los partidos socialdem&#243;cratas de los pa&#237;ses n&#243;rdicos. Est&#233;s o no de acuerdo con ellos, esa distinci&#243;n importa.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere asinti&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Exacto.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y hay otro hecho que la mayor&#237;a de los estadounidenses ignora&#8221;, continu&#243; Jack. &#8220;La propia Heritage Foundation &#8212;el templo intelectual de la derecha estadounidense&#8212; publica cada a&#241;o su &#205;ndice de Libertad Econ&#243;mica. Seg&#250;n el &#250;ltimo &#237;ndice, todos los pa&#237;ses n&#243;rdicos superan a Estados Unidos en libertad econ&#243;mica. De hecho, quince pa&#237;ses europeos con estados de bienestar est&#225;n por encima de Estados Unidos. En general, Estados Unidos es el n&#250;mero 22.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>2026. &#205;NDICE DE LIBERTAD ECON&#211;MICA, HERITAGE FOUNDATION<sup><span>[i]</span></sup></strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mhnH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b15fd41-b56a-450a-9772-96327b335642_263x470.emf" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mhnH!, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/w_424, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b15fd41-b56a-450a-9772-96327b335642_263x470.emf 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/__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b15fd41-b56a-450a-9772-96327b335642_263x470.emf 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;</span>Y esto fue antes de que El Pr&#237;ncipe empezara a manipular la econom&#237;a mediante aranceles, directivas industriales y amenazas contra empresas que se negaban a seguir sus preferencias.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;La iron&#237;a&#8221;, observ&#243; Jeremy, &#8220;es extraordinaria.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;</span>Lo es&#8221;, respondi&#243; Jack. &#8220;Muchos estadounidenses asocian autom&#225;ticamente los estados de bienestar con el socialismo y el socialismo con el control econ&#243;mico. Sin embargo, la propia Heritage Foundation concluye que estas econom&#237;as son m&#225;s libres que las nuestras.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie mir&#243; las clasificaciones.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y esto no es nuevo&#8221;, dijo. &#8220;Los pa&#237;ses n&#243;rdicos han ocupado estos cargos durante a&#241;os.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Tambi&#233;n tienen otra caracter&#237;stica&#8221;, respondi&#243; Jack.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Protegen la propiedad privada casi religiosamente.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;El gobierno sueco propuso en una ocasi&#243;n comprar acciones en grandes corporaciones. El p&#250;blico &#8212;no las corporaciones, sino el p&#250;blico&#8212; organiz&#243; una de las mayores protestas de la historia moderna sueca. La propuesta muri&#243;.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere sonri&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y entonces Bernie Sanders sugiri&#243; que los gobiernos deber&#237;an poseer al menos el cincuenta por ciento de las grandes empresas.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack asinti&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Exacto.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;El Pr&#237;ncipe abre una puerta.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;La extrema izquierda propone inmediatamente abrirla m&#225;s.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Pero los socialistas democr&#225;ticos dicen que no son comunistas&#8221;, insisti&#243; Pere.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;S&#237;,&#8221; respondi&#243; Laurie pensativa. &#8220;Pero los movimientos pol&#237;ticos no se definen solo por los nombres que eligen o por las intenciones de sus moderados. Tambi&#233;n est&#225;n moldeados por quienes, gradualmente, adquieren influencia dentro de ellos.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Quiz&#225; el propio Marx pueda ayudar. &#201;l dijo,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;&#8221;Aunque en la vida cotidiana todo tendero es muy capaz de distinguir lo que alguien dice ser y lo que realmente es, nuestros historiadores a&#250;n no han conseguido ni siquiera esta trivial idea. Toman cada &#233;poca al pie de la letra y creen que todo lo que dice e imagina sobre s&#237; misma es verdad.&#8221;&gt;<sup><span>[ii]</span></sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Luego sac&#243; otro documento de su carpeta.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Seg&#250;n The Atlantic, casi la mitad de los miembros del Comit&#233; Pol&#237;tico Nacional de la DSA se identifican como comunistas. La revista tambi&#233;n informa que la plataforma que se votar&#225; en la pr&#243;xima convenci&#243;n aboga por abolir lo que describe como las &#8216;fuerzas carcelarias del estado capitalista&#8217;, abrir fronteras, avanzar hacia la propiedad p&#250;blica de las mayores corporaciones, establecer una jornada laboral de treinta y dos horas y reducir dr&#225;sticamente el gasto militar<span>.&#8221;</span><sup><span>[iii]</span></sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jeremy permaneci&#243; en silencio.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Finalmente pregunt&#243;,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Entonces a qui&#233;n creemos?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack sonri&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Sabes qu&#233; me preocupa?&#8221;, dijo, &#8220;Seguimos hablando como si la cuesti&#243;n decisiva fuera qu&#233; partido ganar&#225; las pr&#243;ximas elecciones.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere entonces pregunt&#243;,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;No es as&#237;?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No. La historia sugiere algo diferente. La cuesti&#243;n decisiva es si quienes a&#250;n creen en la democracia constitucional siguen siendo capaces de cooperar contra quienes ya no lo hacen.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Intervino Nicco,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;El destino del pa&#237;s no se determina por si gana un republicano o un dem&#243;crata, ya sea de derecha o de izquierdas.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Interrumpi&#243; Jeremy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Entonces qu&#233; es?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nicco continu&#243;,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Es democracia contra tiran&#237;a.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nicco cerr&#243; la discusi&#243;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Ambos partidos ahora incluyen dem&#243;cratas y autoritarios. En lugar de preguntarnos: &#8216;&#191;Qu&#233; extremo es m&#225;s peligroso?&#8217;, deber&#237;amos preguntarnos: &#8216;&#191;C&#243;mo evitan las sociedades libres verse obligadas a elegir entre extremos?&#8217; Esta elecci&#243;n perversa fue lo que hundi&#243; a la Rusia zarista y la Alemania anterior a Hitler. Quien gane ser&#225; malo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Esto no es algo sin precedentes&#8221;, dijo Laurie, &#8220;Al final de la Edad Dorada, estadounidenses de diferentes tradiciones pol&#237;ticas cooperaron para reformar instituciones que ning&#250;n partido podr&#237;a reparar por s&#237; solo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;El siglo XX demostr&#243; que las sociedades no se vuelven libres eligiendo entre tiran&#237;as rivales. Solo permanecen libres cuando las mayor&#237;as democr&#225;ticas se niegan a ceder sus instituciones a cualquiera de los extremos.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Si los moderados, tanto de la izquierda como de la derecha, no recuperan sus partidos, los estadounidenses podr&#237;an acabar descubriendo que estaban discutiendo sobre qu&#233; extremo deb&#237;a prevalecer, mientras ambos socavaban el orden constitucional del que depend&#237;an.</p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span>[i]</span></sup> </p><p>https://economicfreedom.heritage.org</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span>[ii]</span></sup> Karl Marx, <em>La ideolog&#237;a alemana</em>, en Tucker, Marx-Engels, pp. 175.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span>[iii]</span></sup> Jonathan Chait The Atlantic acaba de publicar un art&#237;culo titulado &#8220;No hay nada democr&#225;tico en estos socialistas&#8221;, The Atlantic, 1 de julio de 2026 https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/2026/07/dsa-communist-socialist-democrats/687756/</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[THE PRINCE CALLS COMMUNISTS TYRANNICAL!]]></title><description><![CDATA[AND THE COMMUNISTS CALL HIM THE SAME!]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/the-prince-calls-communists-tyrannical</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/the-prince-calls-communists-tyrannical</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 12:30:36 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/38741f78-e243-46e6-b20f-23b32f693808_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;Hey, Jack! The pot is calling the kettle black!&#8221; Pere exclaimed as he entered Dante&#8217;s.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And the kettle is answering in kind!&#8221; Jeremy added.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie laughed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Who is the pot and who is the kettle?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The Prince has been warning that communism is resurging&#8212;not only in the United States but throughout the world,&#8221; Pere replied. &#8220;He says it is now the greatest threat to democracy.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And look who is saying it,&#8221; Laurie answered. &#8220;The two extremes have become remarkably good at accusing each other of exactly what they themselves are tempted to do.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;But communism is impossible in the United States,&#8221; Pere objected.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie smiled.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;People also used to say that many of the things we have witnessed during the last few years were impossible. History has a way of humiliating those who believe that institutions operate automatically.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack, who had been listening quietly, finally intervened.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The Democratic Socialists of America are not the Soviet Communist Party,&#8221; he said, &#8220;They themselves say they are closer to the Social Democratic parties of the Nordic countries. Whether one agrees with them or not, that distinction matters.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere nodded.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Exactly.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And there is another fact that most Americans ignore,&#8221; Jack continued. &#8220;The Heritage Foundation itself&#8212;the intellectual temple of the American Right&#8212;publishes every year its Index of Economic Freedom. According to the latest Index, every Nordic country ranks above the United States in economic freedom. In fact, fifteen European countries with extensive welfare states rank above the United States. Overall, the United States is number 22.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>2026. INDEX OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM, HERITAGE FOUNDATION<sup><span>[1]</span></sup></strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mnvN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14035c31-6a8b-4a6b-8860-c021341d1a75_263x470.emf" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mnvN!, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/w_424, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14035c31-6a8b-4a6b-8860-c021341d1a75_263x470.emf 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mnvN!, /__u/manuelhinds.substack.com/w_848, 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13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;</span>And this was before The Prince began managing the economy through tariffs, industrial directives, and threats against companies that refused to follow his preferences.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The irony,&#8221; Jeremy observed, &#8220;is extraordinary.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;</span>It is,&#8221; Jack replied. &#8220;Many Americans automatically associate welfare states with socialism and socialism with economic control. Yet the Heritage Foundation itself concludes that these economies are freer than ours.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Laurie looked at the rankings.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And this is not new,&#8221; she said. &#8220;The Nordic countries have occupied these positions for years.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;They also have another characteristic,&#8221; Jack replied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;They protect private property almost religiously.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The Swedish government once proposed buying shares in major corporations. The public&#8212;not the corporations, the public&#8212;organized one of the largest demonstrations in modern Swedish history. The proposal died.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere smiled.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And then Bernie Sanders suggested that governments should own at least fifty percent of major companies.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack nodded.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Exactly.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The Prince opens one door.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The extreme Left immediately proposes opening it wider.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;But the Democratic Socialists say they are not communists,&#8221; Pere insisted.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;They do,&#8221; Laurie answered thoughtfully. &#8220;But political movements are not defined only by the names they choose or by the intentions of their moderates. They are also shaped by those who gradually acquire influence within them.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Perhaps Marx himself can help.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">She opened another notebook.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;&#8220;Whilst in ordinary life every shopkeeper is very well able to distinguish what somebody professes to be and what he really is, our historians have not yet won even this trivial insight. They take every epoch at its word and believe that everything it says and imagines about itself is true.&#8221;&gt;<sup><span>[2]</span></sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;">She then took another document from her folder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;According to The Atlantic, nearly half of the members of the DSA&#8217;s National Political Committee identify themselves as communists. The magazine also reports that the platform to be voted on at the next convention calls for abolishing what it describes as the &#8216;carceral forces of the capitalist state,&#8217; opening borders, moving toward public ownership of the largest corporations, establishing a thirty-two-hour workweek, and drastically reducing military spending<span>.&#8221;</span><sup><span>[3]</span></sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jeremy remained silent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Finally he asked,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;So whom do we believe?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack smiled.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;You know what worries me?, he said, &#8220;We are still talking as though the decisive question were which party wins the next election.&#8221;</p><p>Pere asked,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Isn&#8217;t it?&#8221;</p><p>&#8220;No. History suggests something different. The decisive question is whether those who still believe in constitutional democracy remain capable of cooperating against those who no longer do.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nicco intervened,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The country&#8217;s fate isn&#8217;t determined by whether a Republican or Democrat, whether Right or Left, wins.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jeremy interrupts:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Then what is it?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nicco continued,</p><p>&#8220;It is democracy versus tyranny.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nicco closed the discussion.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Both parties now include democrats and authoritarians. Instead of asking, &#8216;Which extreme is more dangerous?&#8217; we should ask, &#8216;How do free societies avoid being forced to choose between extremes in the first place?&#8217; This perverse choice is what sank Tsarist Russia and pre-Hitler Germany. Whoever wins is bad.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;This is not unprecedented,&#8221; said Laurie, &#8220;At the end of the Gilded Age, Americans from different political traditions cooperated to reform institutions that neither party could repair alone.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The twentieth century demonstrated that societies do not become free by choosing between competing tyrannies. They remain free only when democratic majorities refuse to surrender their institutions to either extreme.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;If moderates on both the Left and the Right fail to recover their parties, Americans may eventually discover that they were arguing over which extreme would prevail, while both were undermining the constitutional order on which they depended.&#8221;</p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span>[1]</span></sup> </p><p>https://economicfreedom.heritage.org</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span>[2]</span></sup> Karl Marx, <em>The German Ideology</em>, in Tucker, Marx-Engels, pp. 175.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span>[3]</span></sup> Jonathan Chait The Atlantic just published an article titled &#8220;There&#8217;s Nothing Democratic About These Socialists,&#8221; The Atlantic, July 1, 2026, <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/2026/07/dsa-communist-socialist-democrats/687756/">https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/2026/07/dsa-communist-socialist-democrats/687756/</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[¿PUEDE PASAR AQUÍ?]]></title><description><![CDATA[LA PREGUNTA ESCONDIDA]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/puede-pasar-aqui</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/puede-pasar-aqui</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:36:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/57c26bb4-9e7f-49e5-bd66-bc54dcb48612_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Los amigos debaten las crecientes tensiones pol&#237;ticas en Estados Unidos y desaf&#237;an la creencia generalizada de que la democracia estadounidense es inmune a la tiran&#237;a. Bas&#225;ndose en George Washington, Hamilton, Madison, John Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Henry Morgenthau, Ronald Reagan, Sinclair Lewis, Winston Churchill y R. P. Blackmur, concluyen que la Constituci&#243;n no es una m&#225;quina autom&#225;tica que garantiza la libertad. Cada generaci&#243;n debe preservar activamente las instituciones y el esp&#237;ritu c&#237;vico que sostienen la democracia. La cuesti&#243;n crucial no es si la tiran&#237;a es posible en Estados Unidos, sino qu&#233; condiciones institucionales y morales impiden que el potencial latente de terror presente en todas las sociedades se organice, se &#8220;articule y se haga general&#8221;.</p><p></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#161;Eh, Jack! La situaci&#243;n para la democracia es m&#225;s oscura que nunca, pero la mayor&#237;a de la gente parece convencida de que el peligro en realidad est&#225; disminuyendo. La guerra en Ir&#225;n empeora, Rusia se est&#225; volviendo cada vez m&#225;s agresiva con Occidente, incluidos Estados Unidos, y en casa la popularidad del Pr&#237;ncipe est&#225; cayendo r&#225;pidamente. En lugar de moderar su tono, habla cada vez m&#225;s abiertamente sobre el supuesto fraude electoral sin presentar pruebas y est&#225; intensificando sus ataques contra lo que &#233;l llama el &#8216;enemigo interno&#8217; que quiere arrebatarle el poder en noviembre. Parece una tormenta que se acerca.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Estoy de acuerdo&#8221;, respondi&#243; Jack. &#8220;Si pierde las elecciones, se convierte en un l&#237;der sin poder. Para &#233;l, esto ya no es simplemente pol&#237;tica. Es supervivencia pol&#237;tica.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y eso&#8221;, dijo Laurie, &#8220;es lo que m&#225;s me preocupa. Un l&#237;der que lucha por la supervivencia pol&#237;tica es capaz de considerar opciones que apenas unos a&#241;os antes habr&#237;an parecido impensables.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Quieres decir suspender las elecciones?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;O manipularles. O presionar a las instituciones hasta que dejen de ser independientes. O fabricar una emergencia nacional que supuestamente requiere poderes extraordinarios. Ninguna de esas posibilidades puede descartarse simplemente porque parezcan inimaginables.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere neg&#243; con la cabeza.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Lo extra&#241;o es que cada vez que alguien plantea estas posibilidades, la mayor&#237;a reacciona como si la preocupaci&#243;n fuera irracional. &#8216; No puede pasar aqu&#237;&#8217;, dicen. Hablan como si la Constituci&#243;n fuera una m&#225;quina que autom&#225;ticamente impide la tiran&#237;a independientemente de lo que hagan los seres humanos.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jeremy sonri&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Eso siempre me ha fascinado. Las mismas personas que entienden perfectamente que jueces, legisladores, generales, empresarios, periodistas y votantes son todos seres humanos, de repente imaginan que, una vez que estas mismas personas ocupan cargos constitucionales, se vuelven inmunes a la ambici&#243;n, el miedo, la corrupci&#243;n, la intimidaci&#243;n o el inter&#233;s propio. Es casi como si creyeran que los controles y equilibrios funcionan por s&#237; mismos.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;No lo hacen?&#8221; pregunt&#243; Nicco, sabiendo la respuesta.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Nunca lo han hecho&#8221;, respondi&#243; Jeremy. &#8220;Los pesos y contrapesos solo funcionan porque la gente decide hacer que funcionen.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Maynard se inclin&#243; hacia adelante.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Ronald Reagan lo entendi&#243; perfectamente. Recuerda lo que dijo:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8216;La libertad nunca est&#225; a m&#225;s de una generaci&#243;n de la extinci&#243;n. No se lo transmitimos a nuestros hijos por la sangre. Debe ser luchado, protegido y transmitido...&#8217;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No estaba diciendo que la democracia fuera fr&#225;gil porque las constituciones sean d&#233;biles. Dec&#237;a que es fr&#225;gil porque cada generaci&#243;n debe decidir si preservarla.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack asinti&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Exacto. La libertad no se hereda biol&#243;gicamente. Tampoco lo es la tiran&#237;a.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere a&#241;adi&#243;: &#8220;Lo sorprendente es que Reagan no estaba solo. De hecho, algunos de los mayores defensores del sistema constitucional estadounidense dedicaron gran parte de sus vidas a advertir que podr&#237;a fracasar.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Los propios Padres Fundadores&#8221;, dijo Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Exactamente.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Abri&#243; un cuaderno gastado.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Cuando George Washington pronunci&#243; su Discurso de Despedida, redactado en gran parte con la ayuda de Alexander Hamilton y James Madison, &#191;qu&#233; peligro eligi&#243; enfatizar por encima de todos los dem&#225;s?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Le&#237;a despacio.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8216;La unidad de gobierno que os constituye un solo pueblo... es un pilar fundamental en el edificio de tu verdadera independencia...&#8217;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Continu&#243; con la advertencia de Washington contra divisiones internas que debilitar&#237;an a la Uni&#243;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack guard&#243; silencio un momento.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;La gente suele recordar a Washington como un h&#233;roe militar. Olvidan que su mayor miedo no era una invasi&#243;n extranjera. Era una divisi&#243;n interna.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y Hamilton y Madison le ayudaron a escribir esas palabras&#8221;, a&#241;adi&#243; Jeremy. &#8220;Los mismos hombres que dise&#241;aron los controles y equilibrios constitucionales claramente no cre&#237;an que esas instituciones funcionaran autom&#225;ticamente para siempre.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Tampoco John Adams&#8221;, continu&#243; Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sac&#243; otro documento de su carpeta.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Cincuenta a&#241;os despu&#233;s de la Declaraci&#243;n de Independencia, demasiado enfermo para asistir a la celebraci&#243;n en Quincy, Adams escribi&#243; algo extraordinario.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Le&#237;a:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8216;Una &#233;poca memorable en los anales de la raza humana; destinado... a formar la p&#225;gina m&#225;s brillante o la m&#225;s negra, seg&#250;n el uso o abuso de esas instituciones pol&#237;ticas...&#8217;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#201;l entendi&#243; algo fundamental&#8221;, dijo ella. &#8220;Las instituciones nunca estuvieron pensadas para garantizar un final feliz. Su futuro depend&#237;a de c&#243;mo las generaciones posteriores usaran &#8212;o abusaran&#8212;de ellas.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y entonces lleg&#243; Lincoln&#8221;, observ&#243; Jack.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;El Discurso de Gettysburg&#8221;, dijo Pere en voz baja. &#8220;Una naci&#243;n &#8216;concebida en libertad&#8217; y &#8216;dedicada a la proposici&#243;n de que todos los hombres son creados iguales&#8217; hab&#237;a llegado al punto en que su supervivencia depend&#237;a enteramente de lo que los ciudadanos vivos eligieran hacer. Lincoln nunca sugiri&#243; que la propia Constituci&#243;n salvar&#237;a a la Rep&#250;blica. Apelaba al pueblo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Maynard sonri&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Ese tema sigue reapareciendo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;S&#237;,&#8221; respondi&#243; Jack.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Henry Morgenthau, el secretario del Tesoro de Roosevelt, hizo exactamente lo mismo en 1937 cuando su hijo pregunt&#243; qu&#233; hab&#237;a logrado Am&#233;rica durante la Depresi&#243;n.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; ha respondido?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#8217;Que Estados Unidos hab&#237;a superado esta terrible agitaci&#243;n y... que el individuo en este pa&#237;s a&#250;n ten&#237;a derecho a pensar, hablar y adorar como quisiera.&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jeremy mir&#243; alrededor de la mesa.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;F&#237;jate en algo extraordinario.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Cada uno de ellos midi&#243; el &#233;xito de Am&#233;rica de la misma manera.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No por PIB.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No por victorias militares.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No por producci&#243;n industrial.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Sino por si los ciudadanos permanec&#237;an libres.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nicco interrumpi&#243; de repente.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Si tantos grandes estadounidenses entend&#237;an esto, &#191;por qu&#233; tanta gente hoy insiste en que la democracia no puede desaparecer?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Quiz&#225; porque creer que el peligro es imposible es psicol&#243;gicamente reconfortante&#8221;, respondi&#243; Jack.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Sinclair Lewis pensaba lo contrario.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;En 1935&#8221;, continu&#243; Laurie, &#8220;public&#243; <em>It Can&#8217;t Happen Here</em> precisamente para desafiar esa ilusi&#243;n.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y Winston Churchill reconoci&#243; inmediatamente su importancia&#8221;, a&#241;adi&#243; Pere.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Escribi&#243;:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8216;Estos libros prestan un servicio p&#250;blico al mundo angl&#243;fono. Cuando vemos lo que ha ocurrido en Alemania, Italia y Rusia, no podemos descuidar su advertencia.&#8217;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No predec&#237;a que Am&#233;rica inevitablemente se convertir&#237;a en una dictadura.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Dec&#237;a algo mucho m&#225;s sencillo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Ninguna naci&#243;n deber&#237;a imaginarse inmune.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack meti&#243; la mano en su malet&#237;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Hay otra cita de ese mismo a&#241;o que creo que refleja el tema a&#250;n m&#225;s profundamente.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mir&#243; a los dem&#225;s antes de leer despacio.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8216;Hay una historia de terror en las entra&#241;as de cada naci&#243;n, esperando solo el momento para que se articule y se haga general.&#8217;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;R. P. Blackmur&#8221;, dijo. &#8220;Escribiendo en <em>The Nation</em> mientras rese&#241;amos la novela de Sinclair Lewis.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El silencio se apoder&#243; de la mesa.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Por fin habl&#243; Nicco.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;As&#237; que el terror no es importado.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No&#8221;, respondi&#243; Jack en voz baja.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Est&#225; latente.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;La cuesti&#243;n no es si cada naci&#243;n contiene esa posibilidad.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;La cuesti&#243;n es qu&#233; transforma esa posibilidad en realidad pol&#237;tica.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere mir&#243; por la ventana del caf&#233;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Alemania ten&#237;a varias de las mejores universidades del mundo.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Produjo a Goethe, Beethoven, Kant, Hegel y Max Planck.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Tambi&#233;n produjo Auschwitz.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;La lecci&#243;n deber&#237;a haber sido obvia.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;La civilizaci&#243;n por s&#237; sola no es suficiente.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack termin&#243; su caf&#233;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Quiz&#225; esa sea la pregunta que los estadounidenses m&#225;s deber&#237;an hacerse hoy.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No si puede pasar aqu&#237;.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Pero qu&#233; impide que ocurra aqu&#237;?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Y si seguimos preservando esas condiciones.&#8221;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[CAN IT HAPPEN IN THE US?]]></title><description><![CDATA[THE AVOIDED QUESTION]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/can-it-happen-in-the-us</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/can-it-happen-in-the-us</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:28:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/135afe04-bf72-4215-b4c5-91fc32db1453_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The friends discuss the growing political tensions in the United States and challenge the widespread belief that American democracy is immune to tyranny. Drawing on George Washington, Hamilton, Madison, John Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Henry Morgenthau, Ronald Reagan, Sinclair Lewis, Winston Churchill, and R. P. Blackmur, they conclude that the Constitution is not an automatic machine that guarantees freedom. Every generation must actively preserve the institutions and civic spirit that sustain democracy. The crucial question is not whether tyranny is possible in America, but what institutional and moral conditions prevent the latent potential for terror present in every society from becoming organized and &#8220;articulated and made general.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Hey, Jack! The situation for democracy is darker than ever, yet most people seem convinced that the danger is actually receding. The war in Iran is worsening, Russia is becoming increasingly aggressive toward the West, including the United States, and at home The Prince&#8217;s popularity is falling rapidly. Instead of moderating his tone, he is speaking ever more openly about alleged election fraud without presenting evidence and is intensifying his attacks against what he calls the &#8216;internal enemy&#8217; that wants to take power from him in November. It feels like a gathering storm.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;I agree,&#8221; Jack replied. &#8220;If he loses the elections, he becomes a powerless leader. For him, this is no longer simply politics. It is political survival.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And that,&#8221; said Laurie, &#8220;is what worries me most. A leader fighting for political survival is capable of considering options that would have seemed unthinkable only a few years earlier.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;You mean suspending the elections?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Or manipulating them. Or pressuring institutions until they cease being independent. Or manufacturing a national emergency that supposedly requires extraordinary powers. None of those possibilities can be dismissed simply because they seem unimaginable.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere shook his head.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The strange thing is that whenever someone raises these possibilities, most people react as though the concern itself were irrational. &#8216;It can&#8217;t happen here,&#8217; they say. They speak as though the Constitution were a machine that automatically prevents tyranny regardless of what human beings do.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jeremy smiled.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;That has always fascinated me. The same people who understand perfectly well that judges, legislators, generals, businessmen, journalists, and voters are all human beings suddenly imagine that, once these same people occupy constitutional offices, they become immune to ambition, fear, corruption, intimidation, or self-interest. It is almost as if they believe that checks and balances operate by themselves.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;They don&#8217;t?&#8221; asked Nicco, knowing the answer.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;They never have,&#8221; Jeremy replied. &#8220;Checks and balances work only because people choose to make them work.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Maynard leaned forward.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Ronald Reagan understood that perfectly. Remember what he said:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8216;Freedom is never more than one generation away from extinction. We didn&#8217;t pass it to our children in the bloodstream. It must be fought for, protected, and handed on...&#8217;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;He wasn&#8217;t saying democracy was fragile because constitutions are weak. He was saying it is fragile because every generation must decide whether to preserve it.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack nodded.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Exactly. Freedom is not inherited biologically. Neither is tyranny.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere added, &#8220;What&#8217;s remarkable is that Reagan was hardly alone. In fact, some of the greatest defenders of the American constitutional system spent much of their lives warning that it could fail.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The Founding Fathers themselves,&#8221; Laurie said.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Precisely.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">He opened a worn notebook.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;When George Washington delivered his Farewell Address, drafted largely with the assistance of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, what danger did he choose to emphasize above all others?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">He read slowly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8216;The unity of government which constitutes you one people... is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence...&#8217;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">He continued through Washington&#8217;s warning against internal divisions that would weaken the Union.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack remained silent for a moment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;People often remember Washington as a military hero. They forget that his greatest fear was not a foreign invasion. It was internal division.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And Hamilton and Madison helped him write those words,&#8221; Jeremy added. &#8220;The very men who designed the constitutional checks and balances clearly did not believe those institutions would function automatically forever.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Nor did John Adams,&#8221; Laurie continued.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">She pulled another document from her folder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Fifty years after the Declaration of Independence, too ill to attend the celebration in Quincy, Adams wrote something extraordinary.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">She read:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8216;A memorable epoch in the annals of the human race; destined... to form the brightest or the blackest page, according to the use or abuse of those political institutions...&#8217;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;He understood something fundamental,&#8221; she said. &#8220;The institutions were never meant to guarantee a happy ending. Their future depended on how later generations used&#8212;or abused&#8212;them.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And then came Lincoln,&#8221; Jack observed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The Gettysburg Address,&#8221; Pere said quietly. &#8220;A nation &#8216;conceived in liberty&#8217; and &#8216;dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal&#8217; had reached the point where its survival depended entirely upon what living citizens chose to do. Lincoln never suggested that the Constitution itself would save the Republic. He appealed to the people.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Maynard smiled.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;That theme keeps reappearing.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It does,&#8221; Jack replied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Henry Morgenthau, Roosevelt&#8217;s Treasury Secretary, made exactly the same point in 1937 when his son asked what America had accomplished during the Depression.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;What did he answer?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#8217;The United States had come through this terrific turmoil and... the individual in this country still had the right to think, talk, and worship as he wished.&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jeremy looked around the table.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Notice something remarkable.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Every one of them measured America&#8217;s success in the same way.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Not by GDP.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Not by military victories.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Not by industrial production.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;But by whether citizens remained free.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nicco suddenly interrupted.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;If so many great Americans understood this, why do so many people today insist that democracy cannot disappear?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Perhaps because believing that danger is impossible is psychologically comforting,&#8221; Jack answered.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Sinclair Lewis thought otherwise.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;In 1935,&#8221; Laurie continued, &#8220;he published <em>It Can&#8217;t Happen Here</em> precisely to challenge that illusion.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And Winston Churchill immediately recognized its importance,&#8221; Pere added.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;He wrote:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8216;Such books render a public service to the English-speaking world. When we see what has happened in Germany, Italy and Russia we cannot neglect their warning.&#8217;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;He wasn&#8217;t predicting that America would inevitably become a dictatorship.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;He was saying something much simpler.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No nation should imagine itself immune.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack reached into his briefcase.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;There is another quotation from that same year that I think captures the issue even more profoundly.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">He looked at the others before reading slowly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8216;There is a history of terror in the bowels of every nation, only awaiting the moment&#8217;s impetus to be articulated and made general.&#8217;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;R. P. Blackmur,&#8221; he said. &#8220;Writing in <em>The Nation</em> while reviewing Sinclair Lewis&#8217;s novel.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Silence settled over the table.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Finally Nicco spoke.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;So terror isn&#8217;t imported.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No,&#8221; Jack replied quietly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It is latent.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The question is not whether every nation contains the possibility.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The question is what transforms that possibility into political reality.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pere looked through the caf&#233; window.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Germany had one of the world&#8217;s greatest universities.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It produced Goethe, Beethoven, Kant, Hegel, and Max Planck.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;It also produced Auschwitz.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;The lesson should have been obvious.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Civilization alone is not enough.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jack finished his coffee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Perhaps that is the question Americans most need to ask themselves today.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Not whether it can happen here.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;But what prevents it from happening here.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;And whether we are still preserving those conditions.&#8221;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[LA OTRA CARA DE LAS CRIPTOMONEDAS ]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#191;QUI&#201;N EXIGE CRIPTOMONEDAS?]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/la-otra-cara-de-las-criptomonedas</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/la-otra-cara-de-las-criptomonedas</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 07:32:36 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4a6e52d5-5c5d-4758-b846-95ca9815164b_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;&#161;Eh, Jack!&#8221; dijo Pere, &#8220;&#191;Est&#225;s m&#225;s familiarizado con las criptomonedas despu&#233;s de las explicaciones de Werner von Bankrupt?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Bueno, entiendo que hay dos tipos de criptomonedas, y son dos animales diferentes: las stablecoins, cuyo valor est&#225; vinculado a la moneda de un banco central, com&#250;nmente el d&#243;lar, y la clase Bitcoin, cuyo valor no est&#225; vinculado a nada. Sigo confundido porque muchos usuarios de stablecoins dicen que las usan porque no conf&#237;an en los bancos centrales, especialmente en la Reserva Federal de Estados Unidos, porque no mantiene constante el valor del d&#243;lar. &#191;C&#243;mo pueden decir eso si la caracter&#237;stica principal de las stablecoins es que son im&#225;genes en el espejo del d&#243;lar, solo que no son d&#243;lares? Cuando compran una stablecoin vinculada al d&#243;lar, como la m&#225;s popular, la USTD, est&#225;n afirmando su fe en el d&#243;lar, solo que por alguna raz&#243;n no pueden o no quieren comprar la real, solo algo que promete mantener el valor del d&#243;lar. &#191;Pero por qu&#233; confiar en el d&#243;lar y aun as&#237; comprar solo su imagen reflejada en un espejo?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Bueno&#8221;, dijo Laurie, &#8220;Werner von Bankrupt explic&#243; el otro d&#237;a que parte de la demanda proviene de pa&#237;ses donde el banco central no permite que la gente conserve o transfiera d&#243;lares libremente&#8212;como, por ejemplo, Argentina. Si operas en d&#243;lares, en la realidad, tienes que entregarlos al banco central, a un tipo de cambio determinado, quedarte sujeto a la inflaci&#243;n del peso mientras conservas los pesos (casi un 40% en los &#250;ltimos 12 meses), y cuando vuelves a calificar para comprar d&#243;lares, los compras al banco central a un tipo de cambio devaluado (perdiendo alrededor del 16% en los &#250;ltimos 12 meses). Dependiendo de lo que hagas, pierdes entre un 16% y un 40% anual por tener pesos, no d&#243;lares. Claramente prefieres los d&#243;lares, y si el gobierno no te permite comprarlos, conservarlos o transferirlos, compras la imagen reflejada.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Lo entiendo&#8221;, dijo Jack, &#8220;pero, &#191;no es lo mismo?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No, no es lo mismo&#8221;, dijo Laurie, &#8220;porque si operas directamente en d&#243;lares, est&#225;s en el mercado formal, y tus transacciones pasan por el banco central, y esto te obliga a cumplir con las restricciones sobre el uso de d&#243;lares. Si usas stablecoins cripto, operas fuera de la vista del gobierno. No tienes que cumplir con las restricciones de moneda. El banco central no puede obligarte a perder el 40% anual de tus saldos de efectivo en pesos. Escapas del territorio de la extorsi&#243;n. Y tambi&#233;n escapas de los impuestos y de la obligaci&#243;n de cumplir con otras leyes.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;De hecho&#8221;, dijo Werner, que acababa de entrar en la sala, &#8220;escapar de la atenta mirada del gobierno parece ser la principal raz&#243;n por la que, a nivel global, la gente usa criptomonedas. Seg&#250;n estimaciones del Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), la demanda de stablecoins es mayor en el vecindario de Argentina como porcentaje del PIB, pero en t&#233;rminos de volumen y cantidades transadas, la demanda es mayor en Estados Unidos y otros pa&#237;ses desarrollados, donde los d&#243;lares est&#225;n libremente disponibles. &#191;Por qu&#233; usan la imagen en el espejo si pueden tener lo real? No porque las criptomonedas sean m&#225;s r&#225;pidas. Las tarjetas de cr&#233;dito y PayPal son tan r&#225;pidas como las criptomonedas. Lo hacen porque las criptomonedas les permiten el anonimato ante el gobierno.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Esto tambi&#233;n es cierto para los Bitcoins, &#191;no?&#8221; dijo Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;S&#237;, aunque los Bitcoins son m&#225;s complicados. Los bitcoins no tienen sus precios vinculados a nada. Su precio se fija por la oferta y la demanda en el momento de la transacci&#243;n. Las personas que los compran dicen que los prefieren porque mantienen su valor mejor que el d&#243;lar. Sin embargo, su precio en d&#243;lares ha ca&#237;do un 43% desde octubre de 2025. Estar en Bitcoin cuando su precio est&#225; cayendo es como estar en un pa&#237;s con una tasa anual de inflaci&#243;n muy alta. Para entender esto, piensa que el precio de un coche de lujo en octubre de 2025 era, digamos, de 122,000 d&#243;lares, o un Bitcoin. Para pagar con Bitcoins el mismo coche al mismo precio de 122,000 d&#243;lares, tendr&#237;as que pagar 1.86 Bitcoins... &#161;Eso supone una inflaci&#243;n del 86% en nueve meses! El d&#243;lar nunca ha tenido una inflaci&#243;n as&#237;. &#161;Esto es mucho peor que el peso argentino! Y los compran voluntariamente, no porque un gobierno los obligue a comprarlos. &#8220;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Pero dicen que en los a&#241;os anteriores han ganado mucho dinero cuando compraron los Bitcoins muy por debajo del precio actual &#8220;, dijo Jack.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Pero todas las personas que compraron sus Bitcoins desde marzo de 2024 perdieron dinero, algunas cerca del 40%&#8221;, dijo Werner.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Tienen fe en que los precios volver&#225;n a su m&#225;ximo y m&#225;s all&#225;&#8221;, dijo Nicco, que hab&#237;a estado viendo un partido de la Copa del Mundo por televisi&#243;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;&#191;Por qu&#233; usas esa palabra, fe?&#8221; pregunt&#243; Jack.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Porque, a diferencia de las acciones y bonos, los Bitcoins no ofrecen un rendimiento anual, que podr&#237;a ser la base de su precio. Su precio depende de que la gente compre m&#225;s. El precio que pagan los compradores no sirve para formar ninguna reserva ni para aumentar el capital invertido en algo. El mercado de Bitcoin se lleva el dinero a quienes compran para pagar a quienes venden, como en un esquema Ponzi. Por tanto, cuando compras Bitcoins, act&#250;as seg&#250;n tu fe de que cada vez m&#225;s personas querr&#225;n comprar Bitcoins. Esto es diferente cuando compras, por ejemplo, acciones de Nvidia, que te da una participaci&#243;n en la propiedad de una empresa real con ventas reales de chips, que luego proporcionan la base para el precio de sus acciones.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Pero, &#191;qui&#233;n querr&#237;a comprar algo que no tiene capacidad propia para generar beneficios o intereses?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Hay muchas personas&#8221;, dijo Werner, &#8220;las clasificar&#237;a en dos categor&#237;as. Primero, los fieles, que compran Bitcoins creyendo que su precio subir&#225;. Segundo, aquellos que quieren mantener su dinero y sus transacciones ocultos al gobierno. Esto es lo que se cree que es la base de la demanda de Bitcoins. Estos establecen un precio m&#237;nimo porque operan rutinariamente vendiendo y comprando Bitcoins. El mercado est&#225; dominado por grandes propietarios. No les importa la volatilidad del mercado porque perder&#237;an m&#225;s si los gobiernos descubrieran sus transacciones.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Es decir&#8221;, resumi&#243; Nicco, &#8220;que hay algo com&#250;n en los criptoactivos. Son ideales para ocultar transacciones a los ojos de la ley.&#8221;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[THE OTHER SIDE OF CRYPTOS ]]></title><description><![CDATA[WHO DEMANDS CRYPTOS?]]></description><link>https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/the-other-side-of-cryptos</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://manuelhinds.substack.com/p/the-other-side-of-cryptos</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel Hinds]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 07:21:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/098e1b94-7c51-44cc-a4a4-96ea168e98a8_1273x1052.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;Hey, Jack!&#8221; said Pere, &#8220;Are you more familiar with cryptos after Werner von Bankrupt&#8217;s explanations?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Well, I understand that there are two kinds of cryptos, and they are two different animals: the stablecoins, whose value is linked to a central bank currency, most commonly the dollar, and the Bitcoin-class, whose value is not linked to anything. I am still confused because many stablecoin users say they use them because they don&#8217;t trust central banks, especially the Federal Reserve of the United States, because it doesn&#8217;t keep the value of the dollar constant. How can they say that if the stablecoins&#8217; main feature is that they are images in the mirror of the dollar, only they are not dollars? When they buy a dollar-pegged stablecoin, such as the most popular, the USTD, they are affirming their faith in the dollar, only for some reason they can&#8217;t or won&#8217;t buy the real thing, just something that promises to maintain the value of the dollar. But why trust the dollar and still buy only its reflected image?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Well,&#8221; said Laurie, &#8220;Werner von Bankrupt explained the other day that part of the demand comes from countries where the central bank does not allow people to keep or transfer dollars freely&#8212;as, for example, Argentina. If you operate in dollars, the real thing, you have to surrender them to the central bank, at a certain exchange rate, become subject to the peso inflation while you keep the pesos (almost 40% in the last 12 months), and when you qualify to buy dollars again, you buy them from the central bank at a devalued exchange rate (losing about 16% in the last 12 months). Depending on what you do, you lose between 16% and 40% per year by having pesos, not dollars. You clearly prefer dollars, and if the government doesn&#8217;t allow you to buy or keep or transfer them, you buy the mirror image.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;I got it,&#8221; said Jack, &#8220;but, is it not the same?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;No, it is not the same,&#8221; said Laurie, &#8220;because if you operate directly in dollars, you are in the formal market, and your transactions pass through the central bank, and this forces you to comply with the restrictions on the use of dollars. If you go through crypto stablecoins, you operate out of the sight of the government. You don&#8217;t have to comply with the currency restrictions. The central bank cannot force you to lose 40% per year in your cash balances in pesos. You escape from the extortion territory. And you also escape from taxes and the obligation to comply with other laws.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;In fact,&#8221; said Werner, who was just entering the room, &#8220;escaping the vigilant eye of the government seems to be the main reason why, globally, people use cryptos. According to estimations of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), demand for crypto stablecoins is higher in Argentina&#8217;s neighborhood as a percent of GDP, but in volume terms, amounts transacted, demand is higher in the United States and other developed countries, where dollars are freely available. Why do they use the mirror image if they can have the real thing? Not because the cryptos are faster. Credit cards and PayPal are as fast as the cryptos. They do it because cryptos allow them anonymity in front of the government.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;This is true of the Bitcoins as well, no?&#8221; said Laurie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Yes, though Bitcoins are more complicated. Bitcoins do not have their prices linked to anything. Their price is set by supply and demand at the moment of the transaction. People who buy them say they prefer them because they keep their value better than the dollar. Yet their price in dollars has fallen 43% since October 2025. Being in Bitcoin when its price is falling is like being in a country with a very high annual inflation rate. To understand this, think that the price of a luxury car in October 2025 was, say, $122,000, or one Bitcoin. To pay for the same car at the same dollar price of $122,000 in Bitcoins, you would have to pay 1.86 Bitcoins&#8230; That is an inflation of 86% in nine months! The dollar has never had inflation like that. This is much worse than the Argentinian peso! And they are doing it voluntarily, not because a government is forcing you to buy them! &#8220;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;But they say that they have won a lot of money when they bought the Bitcoins way below today&#8217;s price many years ago,&#8221; said Jack.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;But all the people who bought their Bitcoins since March 2024 lost money, some of them close to 40%,&#8221; said Werner.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;They have faith the prices will go back to their maximum and beyond,&#8221; said Nicco, who had been watching a World Cup game on TV.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Why are you using that word, faith?&#8221; asked Jack.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Because, different from shares and bonds, Bitcoins do not provide a yearly yield, which could be the basis for their price. Their price depends on people buying more of them. The price they pay doesn&#8217;t go to form any reserve or to increase the capital invested in something. The Bitcoin market takes the money from those who buy to pay those who sell&#8212;as in a Ponzi scheme. Thus, when you buy Bitcoins, you are acting on your faith that more and more people will always want to buy Bitcoins. This is different when you buy, say, shares of Nvidia, which gives you a share in the ownership of a real company with real sales of chips, which then give the basis for the price of its shares.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;But, who would like to buy something that doesn&#8217;t have any capability to produce profits or interests?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;There are many people,&#8221; said Werner, &#8220;I would put them in two categories. First, the faithful, who buy Bitcoins on the belief that their price will go up. Second, those who want to keep their money and its transactions hidden from the government. This is what provides the basis of the demand for Bitcoins, I believe. This set a minimum price because they operate routinely selling and buying Bitcoins. The market is dominated by big holders. They don&#8217;t care about market volatility because they would lose more if governments discovered their transactions.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;That is,&#8221; summarized Nicco, &#8220;There is something common to the crypto assets. They are ideal to hide transactions from the eyes of the law.&#8221;</p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>