<script data-pm-proxy="intercept"></script><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></title><description><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger is Mika Horelli’s blog, a Finnish journalist in Brussels. I explore history, politics, global trends, and AI’s impact, blending Finnish roots with international insights. Subscribe to follow reflections on politics, society, and innovation.]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6W_G!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6430022-a774-4fcb-99c3-6b4b5bac37fa_1233x1233.png</url><title>Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli</title><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2026 19:42:04 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Mika Horelli (BE0712659493)]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[nordicledger@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[nordicledger@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[nordicledger@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[nordicledger@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Kohteliaisuuden hinta]]></title><description><![CDATA[Vahingossa syntynyt yhteinen kieli]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/kohteliaisuuden-hinta</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/kohteliaisuuden-hinta</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2026 16:02:31 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f2m0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F600feadd-14c2-4a26-a8d7-384398ea8cf6_1402x1122.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f2m0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F600feadd-14c2-4a26-a8d7-384398ea8cf6_1402x1122.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!f2m0!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kuva: Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Miksi suomalaiset, hollantilaiset ja belgialaiset vaihtavat automaattisesti englantiin, vaikka se tekee paikallisen kielen oppimisesta l&#228;hes mahdotonta, ja miksi harvinaisen kielen osaaminen on silti edelleen kilpailuetu?</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-price-of-politeness?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Link to writer-edited English version</a>.)</em></p></div><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli, Bryssel</strong></em></p><p>Amerikkalainen toimittaja <strong>Dawn Kikel </strong><a href="https://www.hs.fi/kirjeenvaihtajat/art-2000012129375.html">kirjoitti</a> vastik&#228;&#228;n Helsingin Sanomissa, kuinka h&#228;n teki Helsingiss&#228; kes&#228;ll&#228; j&#228;rkev&#228;n p&#228;&#228;t&#246;ksen. H&#228;n ei kuvitellut oppivansa muutamassa kuukaudessa sujuvaa suomea; h&#228;n halusi vain oppia tilaamaan kahvin, kysym&#228;&#228;n tiet&#228; ja vaihtamaan pari sanaa paikallisten kanssa. Vaatimaton tavoite, jonka pit&#228;isi olla helppo saavuttaa.</p><p>Ongelma ei ollut kielen vaikeus. Ongelma oli se, ett&#228; suomalaiset eiv&#228;t antaneet h&#228;nen puhua sit&#228;.</p><p>&#8221;Huomenta&#8221;, h&#228;n sanoi.</p><p>&#8221;Good morning!&#8221; vastattiin innokkaasti.</p><p>Kikel p&#228;&#228;tteli lopulta, ettei suurin este suomen oppimiselle ollutkaan kieli vaan kohteliaisuus. Ihmiset kuulivat vieraan aksentin, olettivat suomen olevan ulkomaalaiselle vaivalloista ja vaihtoivat automaattisesti kieleen, jolla asia hoituisi helpoimmin. He kuvittelivat auttavansa.</p><p>Tunnistan ilmi&#246;n. Kun silloinen puolisoni ja min&#228; muutimme New Yorkista Helsinkiin, h&#228;nen piti opetella suomea; l&#228;hes jokainen arkinen kohtaaminen tarjosi kuitenkin mahdollisuuden paeta englannin kieleen. Se on erinomaisen tehokasta kommunikaation kannalta ja l&#228;hes katastrofaalista kielen oppimisen kannalta.</p><p>Opin saman asian p&#228;invastaisella tavalla jo vuosia aiemmin K&#246;&#246;penhaminassa. En osannut tanskaa, mutta minulla oli apuna auttava suomenruotsi. Tanskalaiset eiv&#228;t pelastaneet minua takaisin englantiin; jo se, ett&#228; puhuin edes v&#228;h&#228;n skandinaavista kielt&#228;, riitti heille signaaliksi jatkaa tanskaksi, vaikka en aluksi ymm&#228;rt&#228;nyt siit&#228; juuri mit&#228;&#228;n. Kompuroin, ymm&#228;rsin v&#228;&#228;rin, pyysin toistoa. Juuri siksi opin kielen niiden nelj&#228;n vuoden aikana.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Tanskalaiset tekiv&#228;t minulle palveluksen olemalla auttamatta.</p></div><h4><strong>Oikotie mutkan kautta</strong></h4><p>Haluan olla t&#228;ysin rehellinen: en kirjoita t&#228;t&#228; vain periaatteesta. Tanskan opetteleminen oli minulle my&#246;s jollakin tavalla oikotie ammattiin.</p><p>Se antoi suomenkieliselle journalistille ainutlaatuisen etuly&#246;ntiaseman aikana, jolloin Suomessa suorastaan janottiin tietoa siit&#228;, kuinka Tanska oli hoitanut asiansa Euroopan unionissa ja sen edelt&#228;jiss&#228;, samalla kun Suomi otti vasta ensi askeleitaan unionin j&#228;senen&#228;. Suomesta ei voinut noin vain l&#228;hett&#228;&#228; toimittajaa tekem&#228;&#228;n juttuja Tanskasta; min&#228; olin jo paikalla ja puhuin kielt&#228;. Se antoi lent&#228;v&#228;n l&#228;hd&#246;n omalle uralleni vapaana toimittajana ja ulkomaankirjeenvaihtajana.</p><p>Olen sen j&#228;lkeen suositellut samaa kaikille nuorille toimittajille, jotka haaveilevat kirjeenvaihtajan urasta: oikotie ammattiin voi olla harvinaisen kielen opetteleminen, sellaisen, joka antaa ainutlaatuisen kilpailuedun. Kutsun sit&#228; oikotieksi mutkan kautta ja se todella on. Jos olisin yritt&#228;nyt aloittaa freelance-kirjeenvaihtajan uraa vaikkapa englanninkielisess&#228; maassa, minulla ei olisi ollut mink&#228;&#228;nlaista kilpailuetua kehenk&#228;&#228;n muuhun suomalaiseen toimittajaan verrattuna.</p><p>T&#228;ss&#228; on olennainen pointti. En arvosta paikallisen kielen opettelua vain periaatteesta tai kohteliaisuudesta is&#228;nt&#228;maata kohtaan, vaikka molemmat ovat hyvi&#228; syit&#228;. Arvostan sit&#228;, koska se toimii. Se avaa ovia, jotka pysyv&#228;t kiinni kaikille, jotka tyytyv&#228;t englantiin. Se sitoo paikalliseen yhteis&#246;&#246;n tavalla, johon mik&#228;&#228;n k&#228;&#228;nn&#246;sohjelma ei pysty. Ja hyvin usein se on my&#246;s suoraan ammatillisesti kannattavaa.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Mit&#228; useampia kieli&#228; ihminen oikeasti osaa, sit&#228; parempi. Mutta t&#228;m&#228; ei poista sit&#228; tosiasiaa, ett&#228; ilman yhteist&#228; kielt&#228; emme nykyisess&#228; Euroopassa en&#228;&#228; tule toimeen. Molemmat asiat ovat totta yht&#228; aikaa, ja juuri se tekee koko kysymyksest&#228; kiinnostavan.</p></div><h4><strong>Sama ilmi&#246;, monta kaupunkia</strong></h4><p>T&#228;m&#228; ei ole vain suomalainen erikoisuus. Se toistuu l&#228;hes identtisen&#228; ymp&#228;ri Eurooppaa, kaikkein selvimmin niiss&#228; kaupungeissa, jotka ovat onnistuneet parhaiten houkuttelemaan kansainv&#228;lisi&#228; osaajia.</p><p>Amsterdam on t&#228;st&#228; kenties puhtain tapaus. Hollanti mittaa Euroopan korkeimman englannin taidon aikuisv&#228;est&#246;ss&#228;&#228;n ja Amsterdam nousee kaupunkikohtaisissa vertailuissa maan omankin huipun yl&#228;puolelle. Seuraus on k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228; sama kuin Helsingiss&#228;: paikalliset vaihtavat englantiin heti, kun kuulevat aksentin, mik&#228; on anteliasta, mutta samalla se on suurin este hollannin oppimiselle. Kaupungissa voi el&#228;&#228; vuosia asioimatta hollanniksi miss&#228;&#228;n, tilata kahvin, hoitaa pankkiasiat ja ty&#246;skennell&#228; kokonaan englanniksi teknologiayrityksess&#228;. Vasta pysyv&#228; oleskelulupa tai kansalaisuus tuo tullessaan kielikokeen, jota mik&#228;&#228;n arjen sujuvuus ei korvaa.</p><p>Berliiniss&#228; sama ilmi&#246; n&#228;kyy ty&#246;markkinoilla viel&#228; selvemmin. Saksalaisen teknologia-alan etuj&#228;rjest&#246;n tuoreen kyselyn mukaan yli puolet maan startup-yrityksist&#228; k&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; englantia virallisena yrityskielen&#228;&#228;n, eiv&#228;tk&#228; l&#228;hesk&#228;&#228;n kaikki en&#228;&#228; edellyt&#228; hakijoilta lainkaan saksaa. Insin&#246;&#246;ri voi perustaa yrityksen, hakea ty&#246;paikkaa ja edet&#228; uralla vuosia ilman yht&#228;k&#228;&#228;n saksankielist&#228; kokousta. </p><p>Muualla kuin t&#228;ss&#228; kuplassa, virastoissa, terveydenhuollossa ja perinteisill&#228; toimialoilla saksaa tarvitaan kuin ennenkin.</p><p>Bryssel tarjoaa t&#228;st&#228; viel&#228; kolmannen, hienovaraisemman version. Maalla on kolme virallista kielt&#228;, ja poliittinen j&#228;rjestelm&#228; on rakennettu l&#228;hes pakkomielteisesti kieliyhteis&#246;jen ymp&#228;rille. Silti nuorten belgialaisten laajimmin hallitsema kieli ei en&#228;&#228; ole yksik&#228;&#228;n niist&#228;. Vajaat kaksi kolmasosaa 15&#8211;34-vuotiaista belgialaisista kertoo osaavansa englantia hyvin tai eritt&#228;in hyvin; hollannin ja ranskan vastaavat luvut j&#228;&#228;v&#228;t hieman alemmiksi. Kaksi ihmist&#228; voi olla syntynyt kolmenkymmenen kilometrin p&#228;&#228;ss&#228; toisistaan, toinen Valloniassa ja toinen Flanderissa, ja silti he keskustelevat englanniksi, kielell&#228;, joka ei ole kummankaan &#228;idinkieli.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Kolme kaupunkia, kolme hieman erilaista mekanismia, sama lopputulos: englannista tulee niin toimiva korvike paikalliselle kielelle, ettei paikallista kielt&#228; en&#228;&#228; oikeastaan tarvitse oppia.</p></div><h4><strong>Vahingossa syntynyt yhteinen kieli</strong></h4><p>Englannista on tullut osa Euroopan infrastruktuuria; se muistuttaa t&#228;ss&#228; mieless&#228; Schengeni&#228; tai euroa, l&#228;hes n&#228;kym&#228;t&#246;nt&#228; j&#228;rjestelm&#228;&#228;, joka v&#228;hent&#228;&#228; kitkaa kansallisten rajojen v&#228;lill&#228;. Ei ole syyt&#228; romantisoida maailmaa ennen t&#228;t&#228; kehityst&#228;. Euroopan ylistetty monikielisyys tarkoitti k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228; usein sit&#228;, etteiv&#228;t eurooppalaiset yksinkertaisesti pystyneet puhumaan kesken&#228;&#228;n.</p><p>Englanti ei voittanut kielioppinsa ansiosta. Se levisi ensin Britannian imperiumin mukana ja sai nykyisen asemansa Yhdysvaltojen noususta: Hollywoodista, populaarimusiikista, tieteest&#228;, monikansallisista yrityksist&#228; ja siit&#228; taloudellisesta ja kulttuurisesta vallasta, jonka Yhdysvallat ker&#228;si toisen maailmansodan j&#228;lkeen. Vuosisatoja aiemmin sama teht&#228;v&#228; oli ranskalla, viel&#228; aiemmin latinalla. Historia olisi voinut tuottaa toisenkin voittajan.</p><p>Alankomaiden entinen EU-komissaari <strong>Frans Timmermans</strong> on puhunut hyv&#228;ksyv&#228;sti siit&#228;, ett&#228; eurooppalaiset k&#228;ytt&#228;isiv&#228;t yhteisen&#228; kielen&#228;&#228;n &#8221;huonoa englantia&#8221;. Vitsiss&#228; on totuuden ydin. Kun suomalainen ja italialainen puhuvat englantia Brysseliss&#228;, kieli ei en&#228;&#228; kuulu Lontoolle tai Oxfordille; siit&#228; on tulossa eurooppalainen ty&#246;kalu, t&#228;ynn&#228; lainattuja rakenteita ja aksentteja. Jos suomalainen ymm&#228;rt&#228;&#228; italialaista, kieli on tehnyt teht&#228;v&#228;ns&#228;. </p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Lingua francan</em> tarkoitus ei ole tehd&#228; meist&#228; englantilaisia; sen tarkoitus on antaa meille mahdollisuus ymm&#228;rt&#228;&#228; toisiamme.</p></div><h4><strong>Kun sillasta tulee m&#228;&#228;r&#228;np&#228;&#228;</strong></h4><p>Amsterdamin, Berliinin ja Helsingin kokemus paljastaa kuitenkin ilmi&#246;n toisen puolen. Kieli ei ole vain v&#228;line informaation siirt&#228;miseen; se on my&#246;s avain yhteiskuntaan.</p><p>Kaikissa kolmessa kaupungissa voi el&#228;&#228; h&#228;mm&#228;stytt&#228;v&#228;n hyvin, vaikka ei osaisi paikallista kielt&#228;. Mutta maassa toimiminen ja siihen kuuluminen ovat kaksi eri asiaa. Politiikka, huumori, riidat, naapuruston keskustelut ja ne tuhannet pienet kulttuuriset merkit, joiden avulla ihmiset tunnistavat toisensa saman yhteiskunnan j&#228;seniksi, tapahtuvat edelleen paikallisella kielell&#228;. K&#228;&#228;nn&#246;s voi v&#228;litt&#228;&#228; tiedon; se ei v&#228;lit&#228; aina maailmaa, jossa tuo tieto saa merkityksens&#228;.</p><p>T&#228;ss&#228; on ansa, joka toistuu jokaisessa kolmessa kaupungissa hieman eri muodossa. Mit&#228; paremmaksi kaupunki tulee siin&#228;, ett&#228; siell&#228; voi el&#228;&#228; englanniksi, sit&#228; v&#228;h&#228;isemm&#228;ksi k&#228;y k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;n tarve opetella paikallista kielt&#228;. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Yhteiskunta voi hyv&#228;&#228; tarkoittaessaan tehd&#228; kotoutumisesta tarpeetonta; tarkemmin sanottuna se voi tehd&#228; mahdolliseksi el&#228;m&#228;n, jossa ihminen kotoutuu kaupunkiin ja ty&#246;el&#228;m&#228;&#228;n, mutta ei koskaan kunnolla ymp&#228;r&#246;iv&#228;&#228;n yhteiskuntaan.</p></div><h4><strong>Sama ristiriita yliopistoissa</strong></h4><p>Vastaava kehitys tapahtuu tieteess&#228;. Pienilt&#228; kielialueilta tuleville tutkijoille englanti on vapauttava kieli; tiedon t&#228;ytyy liikkua ja yhteinen kieli mahdollistaa sen. Mutta jos liike tapahtuu kokonaan yhteen suuntaan, sill&#228; on hintansa. Kieli s&#228;ilytt&#228;&#228; kykyns&#228; k&#228;sitell&#228; monimutkaisia asioita vain, jos niist&#228; edelleen puhutaan sill&#228;. Kieli voi selvit&#228; elinvoimaisena ruokakaupassa ja jalkapallokatsomossa, mutta samalla k&#246;yhty&#228; tieteen ja yhteiskunnallisen ajattelun kielen&#228;. Se olisi erikoinen tapa s&#228;ily&#228; hengiss&#228;.</p><p>Olen huomannut saman omassa kirjoittamisessani. Suomi on &#228;idinkieleni, kieli, jolla vaisto ja ironia tulevat automaattisesti. Silti kirjoitan Nordic Ledgeri&#228; tarkoituksella englanniksi, ensinn&#228;kin yleis&#246;n vuoksi. Mutta olen huomannut my&#246;s, ett&#228; vieras kieli muuttaa tapaani ajatella; se tuo ajatuksen ja lauseen v&#228;liin pienen et&#228;isyyden ja pakottaa miettim&#228;&#228;n sanoja tietoisemmin sen sijaan, ett&#228; tarttuisin ensimm&#228;iseen tuttuun ilmaisuun. Joskus se on turhauttavaa; joskus se tekee tekstist&#228; parempaa.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Kun aloin n&#228;hd&#228; tanskankielisi&#228; unia Tanskassa, huomasin, ett&#228; suomenkielinen Mika on toinen persoona kuin tanskankielinen Mika. Ja englanninkielinenkin on jo kolmas.</p></div><h4><strong>Kaksi ajatusta samanaikaisesti</strong></h4><p>L&#228;hes puolen miljardin ihmisen maanosa tarvitsee kipe&#228;sti kielen, jolla sen asukkaat voivat puhua suoraan toisilleen, eik&#228; olisi j&#228;rkev&#228;&#228; olla k&#228;ytt&#228;m&#228;tt&#228; sellaista. Mutta juuri t&#228;ss&#228; menestyksess&#228; piilee paradoksi. Eurooppa tarvitsee yhteisen kielen, jotta meid&#228;n ei tarvitse el&#228;&#228; vain omien kansallisten kielirajojemme sis&#228;ll&#228;; se ei tarkoita, ett&#228; yhteisen kielen pit&#228;isi korvata ne. Voimme puhua toisillemme samalla kielell&#228; olematta samanlaisia.</p><p>Monikielisten yhteiskuntien pit&#228;isi siksi pysty&#228; pit&#228;m&#228;&#228;n mieless&#228; kaksi ajatusta yht&#228; aikaa. Meid&#228;n pit&#228;isi tehd&#228; mahdollisimman helpoksi se, ett&#228; Amsterdamiin, Berliiniin tai Brysseliin muuttava tutkija tai insin&#246;&#246;ri voi aloittaa el&#228;m&#228;ns&#228; ilman paikallisen kielen taitoa. </p><p>Samalla pit&#228;isi tehd&#228; selv&#228;ksi, ett&#228; jos pysyv&#228;sti j&#228;&#228; paikallisen kielen ulkopuolelle, siit&#228; seuraa menetys: ei moraalinen ep&#228;onnistuminen, vaan menetys. Ihminen menett&#228;&#228; p&#228;&#228;syn osaan ymp&#228;r&#246;iv&#228;&#228; yhteiskuntaa, ja yhteiskunta menett&#228;&#228; osan kyvyst&#228;&#228;n vet&#228;&#228; uusi tulija todella sis&#228;&#228;ns&#228;.</p><p>Ehk&#228; eurooppalaisten kannattaisi siksi joskus vastustaa kuuluisaa auttamisenhaluaan. Jos joku sanoo hirve&#228;ll&#228; aksentilla &#8221;huomenta&#8221;, &#8221;goedemorgen&#8221; tai &#8221;guten Morgen&#8221;, yst&#228;v&#228;llisin vastaus ei ehk&#228; olekaan &#8221;Good morning&#8221;. Ehk&#228; se on vain paikallinen tervehdys takaisin. Ja sitten jatketaan, vaikka kuinka hitaasti, sill&#228; kielell&#228;.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em><strong>Kirjoittajasta</strong></em></p><p><em>Mika Horelli on suomalainen ulkomaantoimittaja, joka asuu Brysseliss&#228;. Vuodesta 1996 l&#228;htien h&#228;n on raportoinut Euroopan politiikasta, kansainv&#228;lisist&#228; suhteista ja uusista teknologioista K&#246;&#246;penhaminasta, New Yorkista ja Brysselist&#228; k&#228;sin. H&#228;nen ty&#246;ns&#228; yhdist&#228;&#228; paikan p&#228;&#228;ll&#228; tehty&#228; raportointia historialliseen kontekstiin ja se keskittyy geopolitiikkaan, demokratiaan, teko&#228;lyyn sek&#228; pitk&#228;n aikav&#228;lin voimiin, jotka muovaavat Eurooppaa ja muuta maailmaa.</em></p><p><em><strong>Nordic Ledgerist&#228;</strong></em></p><p><em>Nordic Ledger on riippumaton julkaisu, joka keskittyy harkittuun pitk&#228;n muodon journalismiin geopolitiikasta, teknologiasta ja yhteiskunnasta. Sen sijaan ett&#228; se juoksisi p&#228;ivitt&#228;isen uutissyklin per&#228;ss&#228;, se tarkastelee syvempi&#228; trendej&#228;, historiallista kontekstia ja strategisia valintoja, jotka muovaavat huomisen otsikoita.</em></p><p><em>Uusia esseit&#228; julkaistaan s&#228;&#228;nn&#246;llisesti ja ne toimitetaan suoraan tilaajien s&#228;hk&#246;postiin.</em></p></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Price of Politeness]]></title><description><![CDATA[A Common Language Born by Accident]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-price-of-politeness</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-price-of-politeness</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2026 16:01:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!td8J!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37772c7d-a7c4-4e07-b0ec-4c02c398d3eb_1402x1122.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!td8J!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37772c7d-a7c4-4e07-b0ec-4c02c398d3eb_1402x1122.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!td8J!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!td8J!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37772c7d-a7c4-4e07-b0ec-4c02c398d3eb_1402x1122.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Illustration by Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Why Finns, Dutch and Belgians switch to English automatically, making it nearly impossible to learn the local language; and why speaking a rare one is still a genuine competitive edge.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/kohteliaisuuden-hinta?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Linkki suomenkieliseen versioon.</a>)</em></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli, Brussels</strong></em></p><p>The American journalist <strong>Dawn Kikel</strong> recently <a href="https://www.hs.fi/kirjeenvaihtajat/art-2000012129375.html">wrote</a> in Helsingin Sanomat about a perfectly sensible decision she made one summer in Helsinki. She never imagined becoming fluent in Finnish in a few months; she simply wanted to learn enough to order a coffee, ask for directions and exchange a few words with locals. A modest goal, one that should have been easy to reach.</p><p>The problem was not the difficulty of the language. The problem was that Finns would not let her speak it.</p><p>&#8220;Huomenta,&#8221; she said.</p><p>&#8220;Good morning!&#8221; came the enthusiastic reply.</p><p>Kikel eventually concluded that the biggest obstacle to learning Finnish was not the language at all; it was Finnish politeness. People heard a foreign accent, assumed that speaking Finnish would be an effort for a foreigner, and switched automatically to whichever language would get the exchange over most smoothly. They thought they were helping.</p><p>I know the phenomenon well. When my then-partner and I moved from New York to Helsinki in 2010, learning Finnish became part of settling in; almost every ordinary encounter, however, offered an easy escape route into English. It is remarkably efficient for communication, and nearly catastrophic for language learning.</p><p>I learned the same lesson in reverse, years earlier, in Copenhagen. I spoke no Danish, but I had a workable command of Finland&#8217;s Swedish. The Danes never rescued me back into English; the mere fact that I was speaking some kind of Scandinavian language was signal enough for them to carry on in Danish, even though at first I understood almost none of it. I made a mistake, I misunderstood, and I asked people to repeat themselves. That is precisely why, over those four years, I learned the language.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>The Danes did me a favour by refusing to help.</p></div><h4><strong>A Shortcut, the Long Way Round</strong></h4><p>I want to be entirely honest here: I am not writing this purely on principle. Learning Danish was also, in some odd way, a shortcut into the profession.</p><p>It gave a Finnish-language journalist a unique advantage at a time when Finland was thirsty for information about how Denmark had handled its affairs inside the European Community and its predecessors, while Finland itself was only taking its first steps as a member. Finland could not simply dispatch a correspondent to cover Denmark on a whim; I was already there, and I spoke the language. It gave my career as a freelance and foreign correspondent its flying start.</p><p>I have recommended the same route to every young journalist who dreams of becoming a correspondent: a shortcut into the profession can be learning a rare language, one that gives you a genuine competitive edge. I call it a shortcut the long way round, and that is exactly what it was. Had I tried to start a freelance correspondent&#8217;s career in, say, an English-speaking country, I would have had no advantage whatsoever over any other Finnish journalist.</p><p>I do not value learning the local language purely on principle, or out of courtesy to one&#8217;s host country, though both are good reasons. I value it because it works. It opens doors that stay shut to anyone who settles for English. It binds a person to a local community in a way no translation app ever will. And very often it pays off professionally in the most direct sense, because it makes you something the others in the room are not: the one person who actually understands what is going on.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>The more languages a person genuinely speaks, the better. On this I will not compromise. But that does not remove the other fact: without a shared language, we no longer manage in today&#8217;s Europe. Both things are true at once, and that is exactly what makes the question interesting.</p></div><h4><strong>The Same Phenomenon, Many Cities</strong></h4><p>This is not a Finnish peculiarity. It repeats itself, almost identically, across Europe, most visibly in the cities that have been most successful at attracting international talent.</p><p>Amsterdam is perhaps the purest case. The Netherlands measures the highest adult English proficiency in Europe, and Amsterdam scores above even the country&#8217;s own national average in city-level comparisons. The result is practically identical to Helsinki: locals switch to English the moment they detect an accent, which is generous and, at the same time, the biggest obstacle to actually learning Dutch. One can live in the city for years without ever transacting in Dutch, ordering coffee, handling one&#8217;s banking and working entirely in English at a tech company. Only permanent residency or citizenship eventually brings a language exam that no amount of everyday fluency in English can substitute for.</p><p>In Berlin, the same phenomenon shows up in the labour market even more bluntly. According to a recent survey by Germany&#8217;s technology industry association, more than half the country&#8217;s start-ups use English as their official corporate language, and none of them requires German from applicants. An engineer can found a company, get hired and build an entire career for years without sitting through a single German-language meeting. Outside that bubble, in public offices, healthcare and traditional industries, German reasserts itself just as forcefully as ever.</p><p>Brussels offers a third, more subtle version of the same pattern. The country has three official languages, and its political system has been built with near-obsessive care around its language communities. Yet the language most widely commanded by young Belgians is no longer any of the three. Nearly two-thirds of Belgians aged fifteen to thirty-four report speaking English well or very well; the equivalent figures for Dutch and French run somewhat lower. Two people may have been born thirty kilometres apart, one in Wallonia and one in Flanders, and still find themselves conversing in a language that is neither of their mother tongues.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Three cities, three slightly different mechanisms, the same outcome: English becomes such a functional substitute for the local language that there is, in practice, no longer any need to learn it.</p></div><h4><strong>A Common Language Born by Accident</strong></h4><p>English has become part of Europe&#8217;s infrastructure; in this sense it resembles Schengen or the euro, an almost invisible system that reduces friction across national borders. There is no reason to romanticise the world before this development. Europe&#8217;s much-praised multilingualism often meant, in practice, that Europeans simply could not talk to one another.</p><p>English did not win because of its grammar. It first spread with the British Empire, and its current standing rests at least as much on the rise of the United States: Hollywood, television, popular music, science, multinational companies, Silicon Valley, the internet and the sheer economic and cultural power the United States accumulated after the Second World War.</p><p>History could easily have produced a different winner. For centuries, Europe&#8217;s educated classes communicated internationally in French; before that, Latin served the same role. Now the language is English. And increasingly, it is no longer really British or American English.</p><p>The former Dutch European Commissioner Frans Timmermans has spoken approvingly of Europeans using &#8220;bad English&#8221; as their common language. An important truth is buried in the joke. When a Finn and an Italian speak English in Brussels, the language no longer really belongs to London or Oxford; it is turning into a European tool, full of borrowed structures and accents that would make a British native-speaker teacher reach for the red pen. But if the Finn understands the Italian and the Italian understands the Finn, the language has done its job.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>The purpose of a <em>lingua franca</em> is not to turn us into the English. Its purpose is to let us understand one another.</p></div><h4><strong>When the Bridge Becomes the Destination</strong></h4><p>Yet Amsterdam&#8217;s, Berlin&#8217;s and Helsinki&#8217;s experience reveals the other side of the phenomenon. Language is not only a tool for transmitting information; it is also a key to a society.</p><p>In all three cities, one can live remarkably well without the local language. But functioning in a country and belonging to it are two different things. Politics, humour, arguments, conversations among neighbours, and the thousand small cultural signals by which people recognise each other as members of the same society, still happen in the local language. Translation can convey the information; it does not always convey the world that gives it meaning.</p><p>There is a trap here, and it recurs in each of the three cities in a slightly different form. The better a city becomes at letting people live in English, the less practical the need to learn the local language becomes. A society can, with the best of intentions, make integration unnecessary; or, more precisely, it can make possible a life in which a person integrates into the city and the workplace but never quite into the society around them.</p><h4><strong>The Same Tension in Universities</strong></h4><p>A parallel development is underway in academia. For researchers from small language areas, English is a liberating language; knowledge needs to travel, and a shared language makes that possible. But if the movement runs entirely in one direction, it comes at a cost. A language keeps its capacity to handle complex matters only for as long as complex matters continue to be discussed in it. A language can remain perfectly alive in the grocery shop and the football stand while quietly impoverishing itself as a language of science and public thought. That would be a strange way to stay alive.</p><p>I have noticed the same thing in my own writing. Finnish is my mother tongue, the language in which instinct and irony arrive most automatically. Yet I write Nordic Ledger deliberately in English, for audience reasons above all. But I have also noticed that a foreign language changes the way I think; it creates a small distance between thought and sentence, forcing me to consider my words more deliberately instead of reaching for the first familiar phrase. Sometimes that is frustrating. Sometimes it makes the writing better.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>When I began dreaming in Danish, in Denmark, I noticed that Finnish-speaking Mika was a different persona from Danish-speaking Mika. English-speaking Mika, it turns out, is already a third.</p></div><h4><strong>Two Thoughts at Once</strong></h4><p>A continent of nearly half a billion people badly needs a language in which its inhabitants can speak to one another directly, and it would be foolish not to use one that already exists. But this very success contains a paradox. Europe needs a common language so that we are not forced to live only within our own national linguistic borders; that does not mean the common language should replace them. We can speak to one another in the same language without becoming the same.</p><p>Multilingual societies should therefore be able to hold two thoughts at once. We should make it as easy as possible for a researcher or engineer moving to Amsterdam, Berlin or Brussels to begin their life there without already knowing the local language. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>At the same time, it should be made clear that remaining permanently outside the local language carries a cost: not a moral failing, but a loss. A person loses access to part of the surrounding society, and the society loses part of its capacity to truly draw the newcomer in.</p></div><p>Perhaps Europeans should, now and then, resist their famous urge to help. If someone says &#8220;huomenta,&#8221; &#8220;goedemorgen&#8221; or &#8220;guten Morgen&#8221; with a dreadful accent, the kindest reply may not be &#8220;Good morning&#8221; after all. Perhaps it is simply the local greeting, said back. And then the conversation continues, however slowly, in that language.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em><strong>About the author</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli</strong> is a Finnish foreign correspondent based in Brussels. Since 1996, he has reported on European politics, international affairs and emerging technologies from Copenhagen, New York and Brussels. His work combines on-the-ground reporting with historical context, focusing on geopolitics, democracy, artificial intelligence and the long-term forces reshaping Europe and the wider world.</em></p><p><em><strong>About Nordic Ledger</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Nordic Ledger</strong> is an independent publication dedicated to thoughtful, long-form journalism on geopolitics, technology and society. Rather than chasing the daily news cycle, it examines the deeper trends, historical context and strategic choices that shape tomorrow&#8217;s headlines.</em></p><p><em>New essays are published regularly and delivered directly to subscribers&#8217; inboxes.</em></p><p><em>Written for readers who prefer depth to speed.</em></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Border Where the Enemy Isn’t]]></title><description><![CDATA[From Canadian tariffs to the Marshall Plan to Putin's trap in Beijing: a short history of zero-sum politics]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-border-where-the-enemy-isnt</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-border-where-the-enemy-isnt</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2026 08:02:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nuJl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faaadb35e-65b7-4c52-84b8-3238020c9705_1402x1122.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nuJl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faaadb35e-65b7-4c52-84b8-3238020c9705_1402x1122.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nuJl!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faaadb35e-65b7-4c52-84b8-3238020c9705_1402x1122.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nuJl!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faaadb35e-65b7-4c52-84b8-3238020c9705_1402x1122.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nuJl!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faaadb35e-65b7-4c52-84b8-3238020c9705_1402x1122.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nuJl!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faaadb35e-65b7-4c52-84b8-3238020c9705_1402x1122.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nuJl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faaadb35e-65b7-4c52-84b8-3238020c9705_1402x1122.png" width="1402" height="1122" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/aaadb35e-65b7-4c52-84b8-3238020c9705_1402x1122.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1122,&quot;width&quot;:1402,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2914984,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/i/213266837?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faaadb35e-65b7-4c52-84b8-3238020c9705_1402x1122.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nuJl!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faaadb35e-65b7-4c52-84b8-3238020c9705_1402x1122.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nuJl!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faaadb35e-65b7-4c52-84b8-3238020c9705_1402x1122.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nuJl!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faaadb35e-65b7-4c52-84b8-3238020c9705_1402x1122.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nuJl!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faaadb35e-65b7-4c52-84b8-3238020c9705_1402x1122.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Illustration by Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Summary: Trump&#8217;s tariff war on Canada, and his latest flourish, renaming Lake Ontario &#8220;Lake America&#8221;, look like passing headlines. In truth, they are the newest chapter in an old story: states start to weaken themselves the moment they begin measuring power by how much they can take from others. From mercantilism to the Marshall Plan to Putin&#8217;s dependency on Beijing, this essay traces four centuries of history to explain why zero-sum politics is so politically seductive and so economically ruinous.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/raja-jolla-ei-ole-vihollista?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Linkki suomenkieliseen versioon.</a>)</p></div><p><em><strong>By Mika Horelli, Brussels</strong></em></p><p>As a European, I confess I have started to resent every time a piece of American news forces its way onto my desk. But in an interdependent world, every decision made by a US president lands on European shores too, however parochial or absurd it may look from Washington; perhaps especially when it does.</p><p>The Trump administration imposed 50 per cent tariffs on roughly C$27.6 billion of Canadian goods on 22 August 2026. Ottawa suspended negotiations and announced it would retaliate, dollar for dollar and tariff point for tariff point, on 8 September. Another skirmish, another headline that scrolls past by evening.</p><p>Except this one is worth pausing on, because it is not really about tariffs. It concerns something older and more interesting: states often begin to weaken themselves at precisely the moment they start measuring their power by how much they can take from others.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Zero-sum politics can produce victories. What it is remarkably bad at producing is durable prosperity, durable alliances and durable power.</em></p></div><p>That is a harder claim to defend than &#8220;nationalism always loses&#8221;; it is also considerably harder to refute.</p><h4><strong>A tariff war with the wrong opponent</strong></h4><p>Canada is an almost absurdly good case study, because the two countries are not ordinary trading partners. Over decades their economies have grown into a single system in which energy, automotive, metals and agricultural supply chains cross the border repeatedly before a product is finished. Bilateral trade in goods and services ran to roughly $872 billion last year. Canada supplies the United States with around four million barrels of oil a day, along with vast volumes of aluminium, potash and electricity.</p><p>And while American businesses and consumers are footing a bill running into the billions for this dispute, the president&#8217;s own attention has landed on something that illustrates the whole phenomenon rather better than any trade statistic could. On 27 August, Trump signed an executive order renaming Lake Ontario on the American side &#8220;Lake America.&#8221; Prime Minister Carney noted drily that the lake&#8217;s name predates both countries by four centuries; Ontario&#8217;s premier, Doug Ford, promised Canadians would call it Lake Ontario &#8220;now and forever.&#8221; When a president devotes himself to winning a naming contest over a lake while his own trade policy raises the bills paid by American households, it is hard to find a tidier illustration of what zero-sum politics looks like in practice: a symbolic win, a real loss.</p><p>In Trump&#8217;s framing, interdependence itself becomes the problem. If Canada sells something to the United States, Canada has &#8220;won&#8221; something. The trade deficit becomes a scoreboard.</p><p>This raises the essay&#8217;s first real question: what if the greatest strategic asset the United States accumulated after 1945 was not territory, tariffs, or even military power, but the simple fact that so many prosperous countries wanted to be its allies? Seen that way, Canada is not a threat to be disciplined. It is a vast, stable, wealthy, democratic, militarily allied and economically integrated neighbour, precisely the kind of asset a zero-sum mind cannot recognise as an asset at all; it sees only an exploitable weakness.</p><p>The predictable result is that Canada has begun doing exactly what Washington should least want: reducing its dependence on the United States. Carney has said plainly that the old relationship is not coming back and that Canada is building new partnerships elsewhere. Which yields one of the tidier paradoxes of the moment: Trump is trying to make the United States less dependent on its allies, and succeeding mainly in making his allies less dependent on the United States.</p><h4><strong>A philosophy of economics buried 250 years ago</strong></h4><p>The first historical detour belongs to mercantilism, the dominant economic worldview of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Its assumptions map almost perfectly onto the current instinct: nations compete over a fixed pie; exports are good, imports suspicious; a trade surplus is a win, a deficit a loss.</p><p>Adam Smith&#8217;s <em>The Wealth of Nations</em>, in 1776, was in large part an intellectual assault on that very idea. Ricardo later extended the argument with comparative advantage: two countries can both benefit from trade even when one is more efficient at nearly everything.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Trumpism presents itself as economic realism while resurrecting an economic philosophy that classical economics began dismantling two and a half centuries ago.</em></p></div><h4><strong>1930: the retaliation nobody wanted</strong></h4><p>The Smoot-Hawley tariffs of 1930 are worth including, though not for the tired clich&#233; that they &#8220;caused the Great Depression&#8221;; modern research does not support anything so tidy. What matters more is the retaliation dynamic they triggered. Other countries responded in kind, and the effect on trade flows, particularly on American exporters, was substantial. The logic on both sides was identical: we will protect our industry from you. The reply was inevitable: very well, we will protect ours from you. Nobody ends up with one protected economy. Everyone ends up with two poorer markets.</p><p>Which brings us to the essay&#8217;s real hinge. The United States could have treated 1945 Europe with the same zero-sum logic. Germany was defeated, Europe lay in ruins, and America was, by a wide margin, the world&#8217;s strongest industrial power.</p><p>Instead, something historically unusual happened. Marshall Plan aid was conditioned on European cooperation; the OEEC, founded in 1948, forced recently warring states to share information, coordinate economic policy and lower trade barriers. Europe grew rich. America did not grow poor as a result; if anything, the opposite. It gained wealthy markets, stable democracies, and political and military allies.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Postwar America discovered something empires rarely understand: making your allies richer can make you more powerful, not less.</em></p></div><p>Against that legacy, current American trade policy looks less like a shift in direction and more like the slow unwinding of the insight that built postwar American power.</p><h4><strong>Europe&#8217;s most radical version of the same idea</strong></h4><p>The Schuman Declaration fits almost too neatly here. France and Germany had fought three wars in seventy-five years; under the old logic, French security meant German weakness. Schuman&#8217;s 1950 solution inverted that entirely: bind coal and steel, the two essential industrial resources of war, so tightly together that war becomes, in his famous phrase, &#8220;not merely unthinkable, but materially impossible.&#8221;</p><p>The cleverest idea behind European integration was never the euro, nor free movement, nor even the single market. It was this: France does not need to be safe because Germany is weak. France can be safe because Germany thrives within the same system as France. It is close to the perfect antithesis of zero-sum politics.</p><h4><strong>Enemies or vassals: the Soviet counter-example</strong></h4><p>Soviet security ran on the opposite model. Moscow could cooperate pragmatically when it suited it, but the structural flaw in its imperial system was that it never trusted voluntary allies. Eastern Europe&#8217;s &#8220;allies&#8221; were bound to the Soviet Union militarily, politically and economically, and when Hungary tried to leave in 1956, and Czechoslovakia in 1968, the tanks arrived both times. When Soviet coercive power finally collapsed in 1989-91, its &#8220;allies&#8221; did not try to save the system; they tried to escape it.</p><p>America built an alliance system that countries queued to join. Moscow built one that countries fled the moment it could no longer stop them.</p><p><em>For free subscribers: what follows traces how Putin&#8217;s own logic delivered him into dependency on Beijing, why the losing argument keeps winning elections regardless, and how the whole story loops back to that same Canadian border where the enemy isn&#8217;t.</em></p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Raja, jolla ei ole vihollista]]></title><description><![CDATA[Kanadan tulleista Marshall-apuun ja Putinin Kiina-ansaan: nollasummapolitiikan lyhyt historia]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/raja-jolla-ei-ole-vihollista</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/raja-jolla-ei-ole-vihollista</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2026 08:02:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p7GB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4300ce3-f070-47d7-b7d2-ce16987b2892_1402x1122.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p7GB!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4300ce3-f070-47d7-b7d2-ce16987b2892_1402x1122.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kuva: Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Tiivistelm&#228;: Trumpin tullisota Kanadaa vastaan ja tuorein temppu, Ontarioj&#228;rven nime&#228;minen uudelleen &#8220;Amerikkaj&#228;rveksi&#8221;, n&#228;ytt&#228;v&#228;t p&#228;iv&#228;n kohuilta. Todellisuudessa ne ovat viimeisin luku vanhassa tarinassa siit&#228;, miten valtiot alkavat heikent&#228;&#228; itse&#228;&#228;n juuri silloin, kun ne ryhtyv&#228;t mittaamaan valtaansa sill&#228;, kuinka paljon ne pystyv&#228;t ottamaan muilta. Merkantilismista Marshall-apuun ja Putinin Kiina-riippuvuuteen, t&#228;m&#228; essee kulkee 400 vuoden historian l&#228;pi selitt&#228;&#228;kseen, miksi nollasummapolitiikka on poliittisesti niin houkuttelevaa ja taloudellisesti niin tuhoisaa.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-border-where-the-enemy-isnt?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Link to writer-edited English version.</a>)</em></p></div><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli, Bryssel</strong></em></p><p>Eurooppalaisena minua on alkanut harmittaa joka kerta, kun joudun kirjoittamaan <strong>Donald Trumpin</strong> tekemisist&#228;. Ik&#228;v&#228; totuus on kuitenkin se, ett&#228; t&#228;ss&#228; vertaisriippuvuuksien maailmassa jokainen Yhdysvaltain presidentin p&#228;&#228;t&#246;s heijastuu my&#246;s meille Eurooppaan, olipa p&#228;&#228;t&#246;s kuinka paikallinen ja j&#228;rjet&#246;n hyv&#228;ns&#228; tai ehk&#228; erityisesti juuri siit&#228; syyst&#228;.</p><p>Trumpin hallinto m&#228;&#228;r&#228;si 22. elokuuta 2026 voimaan 50 prosentin tullit noin 27,6 miljardin Kanadan dollarin arvosta kanadalaisia tuotteita. Ottawa keskeytti neuvottelut ja ilmoitti vastaavansa 8. syyskuuta samalla mitalla, dollarista dollariin ja tulliprosentista tulliprosenttiin. Viel&#228; yksi kauppakiista, viel&#228; yksi uutinen, joka vier&#228;ht&#228;&#228; ohi iltap&#228;iv&#228;n aikana.</p><p>Paitsi ett&#228; t&#228;m&#228; kannattaa pys&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; hetkeksi, koska kyse ei loppujen lopuksi ole tulleista. Kyse on paljon vanhemmasta ja kiinnostavammasta ilmi&#246;st&#228;: valtiot alkavat usein heikent&#228;&#228; itse&#228;&#228;n juuri silloin, kun ne ryhtyv&#228;t mittaamaan valtaansa sill&#228;, kuinka paljon ne pystyv&#228;t ottamaan muilta.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Nollasummapolitiikka voi tuottaa voittoja; se on poikkeuksellisen huono pysyv&#228;n vaurauden, pysyvien liittolaisuuksien ja pysyv&#228;n vallan tuottamisessa.</p></div><p>T&#228;m&#228; on vaikeampi v&#228;ite esitt&#228;&#228; kuin &#8220;nationalismi h&#228;vi&#228;&#228; aina&#8221;, mutta se on my&#246;s paljon vaikeampi kumota.</p><h4><strong>Tullisota v&#228;&#228;r&#228;&#228; vastustajaa vastaan</strong></h4><p>Kanada on l&#228;hes absurdin hyv&#228; tapaustutkimus t&#228;lle argumentille, koska Yhdysvallat ja Kanada eiv&#228;t ole tavallisia kauppakumppaneita. Vuosikymmenten aikana niiden talouksista on rakentunut j&#228;rjestelm&#228;, jossa energia-, auto-, metalli- ja maatalousketjut kulkevat rajan yli edestakaisin, usein useaan kertaan ennen kuin tuote on valmis. Maiden v&#228;linen tavara- ja palvelukauppa oli viime vuonna noin 872 miljardia dollaria. Kanada toimittaa Yhdysvaltoihin noin nelj&#228; miljoonaa barrelia &#246;ljy&#228; p&#228;iv&#228;ss&#228; sek&#228; valtavia m&#228;&#228;ri&#228; alumiinia, potaskaa ja s&#228;hk&#246;&#228;.</p><p>Ja siin&#228; miss&#228; amerikkalaiset yritykset ja kuluttajat maksavat t&#228;st&#228; riidasta laskun, joka juoksee miljardeissa dollareissa, presidentin oma huomio on suunnattu paikkaan, joka kuvaa koko ilmi&#246;t&#228; paremmin kuin mik&#228;&#228;n talousanalyysi. Trump allekirjoitti 27. elokuuta m&#228;&#228;r&#228;yksen, jolla Lake Ontario nimet&#228;&#228;n Yhdysvaltain puolella uudelleen &#8220;Lake Americaksi&#8221;. P&#228;&#228;ministeri <strong>Carney</strong> huomautti kylm&#228;sti, ett&#228; j&#228;rven nimi on yli 400 vuotta vanha ja vanhempi kuin kumpikaan valtio; Ontarion p&#228;&#228;ministeri <strong>Doug Ford </strong>lupasi, ett&#228; kanadalaisille se on Lake Ontario &#8220;nyt ja aina&#8221;. Kun presidentti keskittyy voittamaan j&#228;rven nime&#228;miskilpailun samalla kun h&#228;nen oma kauppapolitiikkansa nostaa amerikkalaisten kotitalouksien laskua miljardeilla dollareilla, on vaikea keksi&#228; havainnollisempaa esimerkki&#228; siit&#228;, milt&#228; nollasummapolitiikka n&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228;: symbolinen voitto, todellinen tappio.</p><p>Trumpin ajattelussa keskin&#228;isriippuvuudesta tulee kuitenkin itse ongelma. Jos Kanada myy jotakin Yhdysvalloille, Kanada on &#8220;voittanut&#8221; jotakin. Kauppavajeesta tulee pistetaulukko.</p><p>T&#228;st&#228; syntyy ensimm&#228;inen kysymys: ent&#228; jos suurin strateginen omaisuus, jonka Yhdysvallat ker&#228;si vuoden 1945 j&#228;lkeen, ei ollutkaan alue, tullit tai edes sotilaallinen voima, vaan yksinkertainen tosiasia, ett&#228; niin monet vauraat maat halusivat olla sen liittolaisia? </p><p>T&#228;st&#228; n&#228;k&#246;kulmasta Kanada ei ole uhka kuriin laitettavaksi. Se on valtava, vakaa, vauras, demokraattinen, sotilaallisesti liittoutunut ja taloudellisesti integroitunut naapuri, juuri sellainen omaisuus, jota nollasummamieli ei osaa tunnistaa omaisuudeksi lainkaan; se n&#228;kee siin&#228; vain hyv&#228;ksik&#228;ytett&#228;v&#228;n heikkouden.</p><p>Ennustettava seuraus on, ett&#228; Kanada on ryhtynyt tekem&#228;&#228;n t&#228;sm&#228;lleen sit&#228;, mit&#228; Washingtonin pit&#228;isi v&#228;hiten toivoa: v&#228;hent&#228;m&#228;&#228;n riippuvuuttaan Yhdysvalloista. </p><p>Carney on sanonut suoraan, ettei vanhaan suhteeseen en&#228;&#228; palata ja ett&#228; Kanada rakentaa uusia kumppanuuksia muualle. T&#228;st&#228; syntyy yksi t&#228;m&#228;n hetken mielenkiintoisimmista paradokseista: Trump yritt&#228;&#228; tehd&#228; Yhdysvalloista v&#228;hemm&#228;n riippuvaisen liittolaisistaan ja onnistuu l&#228;hinn&#228; tekem&#228;&#228;n liittolaisensa v&#228;hemm&#228;n riippuvaisiksi Yhdysvalloista.</p><h4><strong>Filosofia, jonka taloustiede hautasi 250 vuotta sitten</strong></h4><p>Ensimm&#228;inen historiallinen pys&#228;hdys kannattaa tehd&#228; merkantilismissa, 1600- ja 1700-lukujen hallitsevassa talousajattelussa. Sen oletukset osuvat l&#228;hes t&#228;ydellisesti nykyiseen intuitioon: kansakunnat kilpailevat rajallisesta kakusta; vienti on hyv&#228; asia, tuonti ep&#228;ilytt&#228;v&#228;; kauppaylij&#228;&#228;m&#228; on voitto, alij&#228;&#228;m&#228; tappio.</p><p><strong>Adam Smithin</strong> <em>Kansojen varallisuus</em> vuodelta 1776 oli suurelta osin &#228;lyllinen hy&#246;kk&#228;ys juuri t&#228;t&#228; k&#228;sityst&#228; vastaan. <strong>Ricardo</strong> vei argumentin my&#246;hemmin pidemm&#228;lle suhteellisen edun teoriassa: kaksi maata voi molemmat hy&#246;ty&#228; kaupasta, vaikka toinen olisi tehokkaampi l&#228;hes kaikessa.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Trumpilaisuus uskottelee toteuttavansa talouspoliittista realismia samalla kun se her&#228;tt&#228;&#228; henkiin talousfilosofian, jota klassinen taloustiede alkoi purkaa kaksisataaviisikymment&#228; vuotta sitten.</p></div><h4><strong>1930: vastatoimi, jota kukaan ei halunnut</strong></h4><p>Vuoden 1930 <em>Smoot&#8211;Hawley-tullit</em> kannattaa ottaa mukaan, mutta ei sen kuluneen kliseen vuoksi, jonka mukaan ne &#8220;aiheuttivat suuren laman&#8221;; nykytutkimus ei tue n&#228;in yksinkertaista v&#228;itett&#228;. Kiinnostavampaa on vastatoimien dynamiikka, jonka ne k&#228;ynnistiv&#228;t. Muut maat vastasivat samalla mitalla ja vaikutus kauppavirtoihin, erityisesti amerikkalaisiin viejiin, oli huomattava. </p><p>Logiikka molemmilla puolilla oli sama: suojelemme omaa teollisuuttamme teilt&#228;. Johon vastaus oli v&#228;ist&#228;m&#228;tt&#228;: hyv&#228; on, me suojelemme omaamme teilt&#228;. Kukaan ei p&#228;&#228;dy yhteen suojattuun talouteen. Kaikki p&#228;&#228;tyv&#228;t kahteen k&#246;yhemp&#228;&#228;n markkinaan.</p><p>T&#228;st&#228; p&#228;&#228;st&#228;&#228;n varsinaiseen saranakohtaan. Yhdysvallat olisi voinut kohdella vuoden 1945 Eurooppaa samalla nollasummalogiikalla. Saksa oli voitettu, Eurooppa oli raunioina ja Amerikka oli selv&#228;sti maailman vahvin teollisuusvaltio.</p><p>Sen sijaan tapahtui jotain historiallisesti poikkeuksellista. Marshall-avun ehtona oli k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228; eurooppalaisten yhteisty&#246;; vuonna 1948 perustettu <em>Euroopan taloudellisen yhteisty&#246;n j&#228;rjest&#246;, OEEC,</em> pakotti &#228;skett&#228;in sotineet valtiot jakamaan tietoa, sovittamaan talouspolitiikkaansa yhteen ja purkamaan kaupan esteit&#228;. Eurooppa vaurastui. Amerikka ei k&#246;yhtynyt t&#228;m&#228;n seurauksena; p&#228;invastoin. Se sai vauraita markkinoita, vakaita demokratioita sek&#228; poliittisia ja sotilaallisia liittolaisia.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Sodanj&#228;lkeinen Amerikka oivalsi jotain, mit&#228; imperiumit harvoin ymm&#228;rt&#228;v&#228;t: liittolaisten rikastuttaminen voi tehd&#228; sinusta vahvemman, ei heikomman.</p></div><p>T&#228;t&#228; perint&#246;&#228; vasten nykyinen amerikkalainen kauppapolitiikka n&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; v&#228;hemm&#228;n politiikan suunnanmuutokselta ja enemm&#228;n sen saman oivalluksen hitaalta purkamiselta, jonka varaan sodanj&#228;lkeinen amerikkalainen valta rakennettiin. Siis t&#228;ydelliselt&#228; vastakohdalta Trumpin <em>&#8220;Make America Great Again&#8221;</em> -sloganin v&#228;itteelle. </p><h4><strong>Euroopan radikaalein versio samasta ajatuksesta</strong></h4><p><strong>Robert Schumanin</strong> julistus sopii t&#228;h&#228;n l&#228;hes liian t&#228;ydellisesti. Ranska ja Saksa olivat sotineet kolmesti seitsem&#228;nkymmenenviiden vuoden aikana; vanhan logiikan mukaan Ranskan turvallisuus tarkoitti Saksan heikkoutta. Schumanin ratkaisu vuonna 1950 k&#228;&#228;nsi t&#228;m&#228;n t&#228;ysin: hiili ja ter&#228;s, sodank&#228;ynnin kaksi keskeist&#228; teollista resurssia, sidotaan niin tiukasti yhteen, ett&#228; sodasta tulee h&#228;nen kuuluisan ilmauksensa mukaan <em>&#8220;not merely unthinkable, but materially impossible&#8221;.</em></p><p>Julistus ehdotti Ranskan ja Saksan hiili- ja ter&#228;stuotannon asettamista yhteisen ylikansallisen korkean viranomaisen alaisuuteen; ratkaisu oli avoin my&#246;s muille Euroopan maille. T&#228;st&#228; syntyi vuonna 1951 Pariisin sopimuksella Euroopan hiili- ja ter&#228;syhteis&#246; (EHTY), johon Ranskan ja L&#228;nsi-Saksan lis&#228;ksi liittyiv&#228;t Italia sek&#228; Benelux-maat ja joka aloitti toimintansa 1952. EHTY:t&#228; pidet&#228;&#228;n nykyisen Euroopan unionin ensimm&#228;isen&#228; konkreettisena edelt&#228;j&#228;n&#228;.</p><p>Euroopan yhdentymisen nerokkain idea ei koskaan ollut euro, vapaa liikkuvuus tai edes sis&#228;markkinat. Se oli t&#228;m&#228;: Ranskan ei tarvitse olla turvassa siksi, ett&#228; Saksa on heikko. Ranska voi olla turvassa siksi, ett&#228; Saksa menestyy samassa j&#228;rjestelm&#228;ss&#228; kuin Ranska. Se on l&#228;hes t&#228;ydellinen antiteesi nollasummapolitiikalle.</p><h4><strong>Vihollisia vai vasalleja: Neuvostoliiton vastaesimerkki</strong></h4><p>Neuvostoliiton turvallisuus toimi p&#228;invastaisella mallilla. Moskova osasi kyll&#228; pragmaattista yhteisty&#246;t&#228; silloin, kun siit&#228; oli sille hy&#246;ty&#228;, mutta sen imperiaalisen j&#228;rjestelm&#228;n perusongelma oli se, ettei se koskaan luottanut vapaaehtoisiin liittolaisiin. It&#228;-Euroopan &#8220;liittolaiset&#8221; sidottiin Neuvostoliittoon sotilaallisesti, poliittisesti ja taloudellisesti, ja kun Unkari yritti irrottautua 1956 ja T&#353;ekkoslovakia 1968, panssarivaunut saapuivat molemmilla kerroilla. Kun Neuvostoliiton kyky pakottaa liittolaisuuksiin lopulta romahti 1989&#8211;91, sen &#8220;liittolaiset&#8221; eiv&#228;t yritt&#228;neet pelastaa j&#228;rjestelm&#228;&#228;; ne pyrkiv&#228;t siit&#228; eroon.</p><p>Amerikka rakensi liittolaisj&#228;rjestelm&#228;n, johon maat jonottivat p&#228;&#228;st&#228;kseen. Moskova rakensi sellaisen, josta maat pakenivat heti, kun se ei en&#228;&#228; pystynyt pys&#228;ytt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n niit&#228;.</p><p><em>Ilmaistilaajille: t&#228;st&#228; eteenp&#228;in essee kertoo, miten Putin ajautui pakenemaan omaa logiikkaansa Kiinan syliin, miksi h&#228;vi&#228;v&#228; argumentti voittaa silti vaaleja yh&#228; uudelleen, ja miten koko tarina kiertyy lopulta takaisin sille samalle Kanadan rajalle, jolla ei ole vihollista.</em></p>
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      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Hallitus oman pään sisällä]]></title><description><![CDATA[Mit&#228; poliittinen valta voi opettaa meille pelon yksityisest&#228; arkkitehtuurista]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/hallitus-oman-paan-sisalla</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/hallitus-oman-paan-sisalla</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 16:03:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!thBd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb51696f6-b4ec-4594-9694-c8456ce2b782_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!thBd!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb51696f6-b4ec-4594-9694-c8456ce2b782_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kuva: Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Muutaman sekunnin videop&#228;tk&#228; Hanoin kiitotielt&#228; ei kerro mit&#228;&#228;n luotettavaa Macronien avioliitosta. Mutta se avaa kysymyksen, jota historiankirjoitus on k&#228;sitellyt yll&#228;tt&#228;v&#228;n v&#228;h&#228;n: mit&#228; tapahtuu valtiolle, kun maailman vaikutusvaltaisimpiakin ihmisi&#228; voi kotonaan kontrolloida, pelotella tai horjuttaa yksi ainoa henkil&#246;, jota kukaan ei ole valinnut ja jota mik&#228;&#228;n instituutio ei s&#228;&#228;tele. Lincolnista Reaganiin kulkeva historiallinen kaari ja siit&#228; avautuva pakottavan kontrollin logiikka osoittavat, ettei julkinen valta kerro juuri mit&#228;&#228;n yksityisest&#228;.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-government-inside-your-head?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Link to author-edited English essay.</a>)</em></p></div><p><strong>Mika Horelli, Bryssel</strong></p><p>Muutaman sekunnin videon p&#228;tk&#228; Hanoin kiitotielt&#228; toukokuussa 2025 ehti hetkeksi diplomaattiseksi kuriositeetiksi: koholla oleva k&#228;si, lentokoneen ovi, silm&#228;nr&#228;p&#228;ys n&#228;kyv&#228;&#228; kitkaa valtionp&#228;&#228;miehen ja h&#228;nen vaimonsa v&#228;lill&#228;.</p><p>Tunneissa se oli purettu, vitsailtu ja selitetty kahden mantereen lehdist&#246;osastoilla. Se ei oikeastaan kerro <strong>Macronien</strong> avioliitosta mit&#228;&#228;n luotettavaa; yksitt&#228;inen ele, irti kontekstista, ei ole todiste mist&#228;&#228;n muusta kuin siit&#228;, ett&#228; maailman tarkkailluimmillakin pariskunnilla on edelleen yksityisel&#228;m&#228;, joka silloin t&#228;ll&#246;in vuotaa julkisuuteen.</p><p>Video on kuitenkin hy&#246;dyllinen toisesta syyst&#228;. Se muistuttaa vahingossa jostakin, mik&#228; unohtuu helposti, kun kirjoitetaan vallasta: institutionaalinen valta ja yksityinen valta eiv&#228;t ole samaa valuuttaa, eiv&#228;tk&#228; ne aina virtaa samaan suuntaan.</p><p>Oletamme l&#228;hes refleksinomaisesti, ett&#228; presidentin valta s&#228;teilee ulosp&#228;in avioliiton keski&#246;st&#228; siin&#228; miss&#228; hallituksen kokoushuoneestakin. Totuus on useissa hyvin dokumentoiduissa tapauksissa p&#228;invastainen.</p><h4><strong>Lincoln ja Churchill: temperamentti vai kontrolli?</strong></h4><p>Otetaan esimerkiksi <strong>Abraham </strong>ja <strong>Mary Todd Lincoln</strong>. Historioitsija <strong>Michael Burlingame</strong> k&#228;ytti kolme vuosikymment&#228; koota aikalaistodistuksia avioliitosta, jossa Mary Lincoln k&#228;ytt&#228;ytyi useiden riippumattomien l&#228;hteiden mukaan fyysisesti aggressiivisesti miest&#228;&#228;n, lapsiaan ja palvelusv&#228;ke&#228; kohtaan; yksi usein siteerattu tapaus kertoo h&#228;nen heitt&#228;neen kuumaa kahvia presidentin p&#228;&#228;lle.</p><p>Lincoln, mies, jonka julkinen retoriikka pystyi muokkaamaan sodassa olevaa kansakuntaa, omaksui kotona h&#228;net tunteneiden mukaan v&#228;istelev&#228;n strategian. Mist&#228;&#228;n yksitt&#228;isest&#228; presidentillisest&#228; p&#228;&#228;t&#246;ksest&#228; ei voi vet&#228;&#228; suoraa yhteytt&#228; avioliiton l&#228;mp&#246;tilaan. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Sen sijaan on helpompi p&#228;&#228;tell&#228; hinta: huomattava osa Lincolnin yksityisest&#228; energiasta kului kotitilanteen hallintaan sen sijaan, ett&#228; se olisi ollut k&#228;ytett&#228;viss&#228; mihink&#228;&#228;n muuhun.</p></div><p><strong>Winston </strong>ja <strong>Clementine Churchill</strong> tarjoavat hy&#246;dyllisen vastakohdan, koska houkutus on niputtaa jokainen myrskyis&#228; poliittinen avioliitto samaan kategoriaan. Heid&#228;n riitansa olivat todellisia; Clementinen kerrotaan kerran heitt&#228;neen pinaattilautasen miest&#228;&#228;n kohti. Ohi meni.</p><p>Mutta temperamenttisuus ei ole sama asia kuin kontrolli, ja Clementinen merkitys on toinen. H&#228;n oli yksi harvoista, jotka uskalsivat sanoa Churchillille suoraan, ett&#228; t&#228;m&#228;n t&#246;ykeys, sarkasmi ja m&#228;&#228;r&#228;ilevyys alaisia kohtaan olivat muuttumassa riskiksi; vuonna 1940 h&#228;n varoitti t&#228;st&#228; kirjeitse. Churchill kuunteli.</p><p>T&#228;ss&#228; avioliitossa vaikea temperamentti saattoi tehd&#228; hallituksen p&#228;&#228;miehest&#228; toimintakykyisemm&#228;n, ei v&#228;hemm&#228;n; Clementine pystyi tekem&#228;&#228;n sen, mihin ministerit eiv&#228;t kyenneet: pys&#228;ytt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n h&#228;net.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Ero on olennainen. Riitaisa avioliitto ja pelkoon perustuva avioliitto eiv&#228;t ole saman asteikon eri kohtia.</p></div><h4><strong>Wilson ja Reagan: portinvartijat ja astrologit</strong></h4><p><strong>Woodrow </strong>ja <strong>Edith Wilson</strong> viev&#228;t asian vaikeampaan maastoon. Wilsonin lokakuun 1919 aivohalvauksen j&#228;lkeen Edith Wilsonista tuli k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228; presidentin portinvartija: h&#228;n p&#228;&#228;tti, mitk&#228; asiakirjat ja ketk&#228; ihmiset p&#228;&#228;siv&#228;t h&#228;nen luokseen ja milloin.</p><p>H&#228;n vakuutti aina, ettei tehnyt itse poliittisia p&#228;&#228;t&#246;ksi&#228;. Mutta ero on l&#228;hes merkitykset&#246;n, koska sen p&#228;&#228;tt&#228;minen, mik&#228; on tarpeeksi t&#228;rke&#228;&#228; p&#228;&#228;ty&#228;kseen valtionp&#228;&#228;miehelle, on itsess&#228;&#228;n poliittista valtaa, jota kukaan ei ole valinnut ja jota mik&#228;&#228;n instituutio ei s&#228;&#228;tele.</p><p><strong>Ronald </strong>ja <strong>Nancy Reagan</strong> viev&#228;t kuvion viel&#228; pidemm&#228;lle. Vuoden 1981 murhayrityksen j&#228;lkeen Nancy Reagan alkoi konsultoida astrologi <strong>Joan Quigleyt&#228;</strong> presidentin turvallisuuteen liittyviss&#228; kysymyksiss&#228;, ja Valkoisen talon aikataulua muutettiin sen mukaisesti.</p><p>Esikuntap&#228;&#228;llikk&#246; <strong>Donald Regan</strong> v&#228;itti my&#246;hemmin, ett&#228; k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228; l&#228;hes kaikki presidentin merkitt&#228;v&#228;t liikkeet tarkistettiin astrologisesti; Nancy Reagan my&#246;nsi vaikuttaneensa aikatauluihin, mutta kiisti, ett&#228; itse politiikkaa olisi muotoiltu sen perusteella. Kummalla tavalla tahansa, vailla julkista vastuuvelvollisuutta syntynyt yksityinen arvio rakennettiin hiljaa osaksi presidentin instituution koneistoa.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Kun Lincoln, Churchill, Wilson ja Reagan asetetaan per&#228;kk&#228;in, muoto alkaa hahmottua. Kun oletamme vallan kulkevan kotitaloudessa vain ylh&#228;&#228;lt&#228; alas, j&#228;&#228; huomaamatta ainakin nelj&#228; vaihtoehtoista seurausta: johtaja, joka oppii v&#228;lttelem&#228;&#228;n konflikteja kotona; puoliso, joka alkaa kontrolloida h&#228;nen informaatiotaan tai ihmissuhteitaan; psyykkinen kuorma, joka on tarpeeksi raskas muokatakseen h&#228;nen harkintaansa; tai, kaikkein huomaamattomimpana, ep&#228;virallinen vallank&#228;ytt&#228;j&#228;, jota kukaan ei valinnut ja jota mik&#228;&#228;n perustuslaki ei rajoita.</p></div><p>Mik&#228;&#228;n t&#228;st&#228; ei todista mit&#228;&#228;n yksitt&#228;isest&#228; t&#228;m&#228;n p&#228;iv&#228;n avioliitosta, ei my&#246;sk&#228;&#228;n sit&#228;, joka n&#228;kyi hetken Hanoin kiitotiell&#228;. Se, mit&#228; n&#228;m&#228; esimerkit tekev&#228;t, on laajentaa kysymyst&#228; muotoon, joka on paljon kiinnostavampi kuin &#8220;keit&#228; johtajia puoliso on ly&#246;nyt&#8221;: mit&#228; valtiolle tapahtuu, kun maan yksitt&#228;isen vallan haltijan voi kontrolloida, pelotella tai horjuttaa yksi ainoa ihminen, jolla on rajoittamaton p&#228;&#228;sy h&#228;nen arkeensa.</p><h4><strong>Ennakoimisen politiikka</strong></h4><p>Autoritaarisia j&#228;rjestelmi&#228; tutkivilla poliittisilla tieteentekij&#246;ill&#228; on nimi tehokkaimmalle kontrollin muodolle, eik&#228; se ole jatkuviin k&#228;skyihin perustuva.</p><p>Sit&#228; voisi kutsua ennakoimisen politiikaksi. V&#228;est&#246;n ei tarvitse saada tiet&#228;&#228;, mik&#228; provosoi vallanpit&#228;j&#228;&#228;, jos se on jo oppinut ennakoimaan sen; sensuurista tulee itsesensuuria, ja itse k&#228;sky k&#228;y tarpeettomaksi. Autoritaarisuuden tutkijat puhuvat my&#246;s pre-emptive obedience -ilmi&#246;st&#228; eli ennakoivasta tottelevaisuudesta: ihmiset tekev&#228;t kysym&#228;tt&#228;, mink&#228; kuvittelevat vallanpit&#228;j&#228;n haluavan.</p><p>Sama mekanismi, siirrettyn&#228; palatsista kotiin, tarjoaa ep&#228;mukavan sillan yksityisel&#228;m&#228;&#228;n. Mit&#228; tapahtuu, kun kodista tulee oma pieni autoritaarinen j&#228;rjestelm&#228;ns&#228;?</p><h4><strong>Kun kodista tulee valtio</strong></h4><p>Pahimmillaan seuraus on t&#228;m&#228;: puoliso, joka joutuu el&#228;m&#228;&#228;n jatkuvassa pelossa toisen aggressiivisista reaktioista, olivatpa ne sitten verbaalisia tai fyysisi&#228;, p&#228;&#228;tyy tilanteeseen, jossa kaikki p&#228;&#228;t&#246;kset alistuvat t&#228;lle &#228;&#228;neen lausumattomalle pelolle. Se ei j&#228;&#228; rajatuksi yksitt&#228;isiin kohtaamisiin, vaan voi kasvaa niin merkitt&#228;v&#228;ksi, ett&#228; se ulottuu koko el&#228;m&#228;&#228;n: ty&#246;h&#246;n, talouteen, yst&#228;vyyssuhteisiin, siihen, mit&#228; uskaltaa haaveilla tulevasta. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>El&#228;m&#228;st&#228; tulee el&#228;m&#228;&#228; miinakent&#228;ll&#228;, jossa jokainen askel mitataan etuk&#228;teen. Ja koska miinakentt&#228; on huolellisesti naamioitu tavalliseksi kodiksi, ulkopuoliset eiv&#228;t useinkaan koskaan todista t&#228;t&#228; perheen sis&#228;isen dynamiikan hiljaista tragediaa.</p></div><p>On olemassa erikoinen vallan laji, joka toimii parhaiten silloin, kun sit&#228; ei koskaan k&#228;ytet&#228; lainkaan. Kun ihminen on oppinut, mik&#228; saattaisi provosoida toista, h&#228;n alkaa hiljalleen hallita itse&#228;&#228;n. Kenenk&#228;&#228;n ei tarvitse sanoa, mitk&#228; aiheet ovat vaarallisia, mitk&#228; yst&#228;vyyssuhteet aiheuttavat harmia tai mik&#228; t&#228;ysin viaton huomautus saattaa pilata illan. Oppii lukemaan s&#228;&#228;t&#228; ja pukeutumaan sen mukaan, ennen kuin kukaan muu huoneessa on edes huomannut taivaan v&#228;rin muuttuneen.</p><h4><strong>Pelon matematiikka</strong></h4><p>T&#228;t&#228; mekanismia kutsutaan nyky&#228;&#228;n yleisesti pakottavaksi kontrolliksi, <em>coercive controliksi:</em> ei yksitt&#228;ist&#228; dramaattista tekoa, vaan v&#228;hitt&#228;ist&#228; kaventumista, jossa ihminen alkaa j&#228;rjest&#228;&#228; omia valintojaan toisen ennakoidun reaktion ymp&#228;rille. </p><p>Mit&#228; voin sanoa? Kenet voin tavata? Mihin aikaan minun pit&#228;isi olla kotona? Kannattaako t&#228;st&#228; edes mainita, kun ottaa huomioon, mit&#228; se saattaisi maksaa? </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Yksik&#228;&#228;n n&#228;ist&#228; kysymyksist&#228; ei yksin&#228;&#228;n n&#228;yt&#228; todisteelta mist&#228;&#228;n. Kahvia keitet&#228;&#228;n, p&#228;iv&#228;lliset sy&#246;d&#228;&#228;n ja lomat varataan. Merkityst&#228; ei ole yksitt&#228;isell&#228; tapauksella vaan kasautumalla; tuhannet pienet my&#246;nnytykset, joista yksik&#228;&#228;n ei ole tarpeeksi dramaattinen nimett&#228;v&#228;ksi, muodostavat lopulta el&#228;m&#228;n, jonka on suurelta osin kirjoittanut joku muu.</p></div><p>Erottava tekij&#228; ei ole ristiriita sin&#228;ns&#228;. Tavallisissa, vaikeissakin suhteissa syntyy riitoja, joissa molemmat osapuolet ovat ajoittain yksinkertaisesti vihaisia toisiaan kohtaan. Pakottavasti kontrolloivassa suhteessa toinen alkaa kantaa my&#246;s toisen vihan taakkaa oman lis&#228;ksi: jos hoidan t&#228;m&#228;n oikein, h&#228;n ei r&#228;j&#228;hd&#228;. </p><p>T&#228;h&#228;n vaadittava valppaus ei ole ajoittaista vaan jatkuvaa, ja se uuvuttaa syist&#228;, joilla on v&#228;h&#228;n tekemist&#228; mink&#228;&#228;n yksitt&#228;isen konfliktin kanssa: &#228;&#228;nens&#228;vyn, ilmeen ja mielialan lukemisesta varhaisten varoitusmerkkien toivossa tulee taustaty&#246;t&#228;, joka sy&#246; keskittymiskyky&#228;, spontaaniutta ja lopulta luottamusta omaan arviointikykyyn.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>On syyt&#228; sanoa suoraan, olettamatta kumpaakaan sukupuolta: t&#228;m&#228; mekanismi ei v&#228;lit&#228; sukupuolesta. Mies, joka joutuu t&#228;m&#228;n kohteeksi, ei koe mit&#228;&#228;n v&#228;h&#228;isemp&#228;&#228;, vaikka miesten kokemaa l&#228;hisuhdev&#228;kivaltaa saatetaan sivuuttaa helpommin.</p></div><p>Yksitt&#228;inen raivokohtaus tai jopa yksitt&#228;inen fyysinen teko ei my&#246;sk&#228;&#228;n kerro koko suhteen rakenteesta. Luotettavampi merkki on hiljaisempi: se, ett&#228; toisen mahdollisesta reaktiosta on tullut oman p&#228;&#228;t&#246;ksenteon keskeinen tekij&#228;. Kun huomaa kysyv&#228;ns&#228; jatkuvasti mieless&#228;&#228;n, miten teen t&#228;m&#228;n niin, ettei h&#228;n suutu, suhteen valtasuhde on jo muuttunut, oli julkinen kuva mik&#228; tahansa.</p><h4><strong>Rakkaus ei kumoa mit&#228;&#228;n</strong></h4><p>Ja ehk&#228; vaikeinta selitt&#228;&#228; kenellek&#228;&#228;n, joka ei ole el&#228;nyt sit&#228;, on se, ettei mik&#228;&#228;n t&#228;st&#228; kumoa rakkautta. On t&#228;ysin mahdollista n&#228;hd&#228; toisen hyv&#228;t puolet, viett&#228;&#228; pitki&#228;, aidosti onnellisia jaksoja yhdess&#228; ja silti j&#228;rjest&#228;&#228; el&#228;m&#228;&#228;ns&#228; pelon ymp&#228;rille. Juuri n&#228;iden kahden rinnakkaisuus, ei kumpikaan yksin&#228;&#228;n, tekee kuvion tunnistamisesta sis&#228;lt&#228; k&#228;sin niin vaikeaa.</p><p>Mik&#228;&#228;n t&#228;ss&#228; ei ratkaise mit&#228;&#228;n Macroneista, eik&#228; sit&#228; pid&#228; lukea sellaisena yrityksen&#228;. Se, mink&#228; muutaman sekunnin video kiitotielt&#228; todella paljastaa, on se, kuinka v&#228;h&#228;n lopulta tied&#228;mme niiden ihmisten yksityisest&#228; valtatasapainosta, joiden julkista valtaa analysoimme loputtomasti ja t&#228;ydell&#228; varmuudella.</p><h4><strong>Lupa omassa p&#228;&#228;ss&#228;</strong></h4><p>T&#228;ydellisin kontrollin muoto ei ole se, ett&#228; joku kertoo, mit&#228; et saa tehd&#228;. Se on se, ett&#228; kauan sen j&#228;lkeen, kun kukaan ei en&#228;&#228; kerro mit&#228;&#228;n, kysyt yh&#228; h&#228;nen lupaansa omassa p&#228;&#228;ss&#228;si.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli</strong><span> on Brysseliss&#228; asuva suomalainen ulkomaankirjeenvaihtaja, joka on seurannut EU:n ja Naton politiikkaa yli 30 vuoden ajan. H&#228;nen asemapaikkoinaan ovat olleet K&#246;&#246;penhamina, New York ja Bryssel.</span></em></p><p><em>Nordic Ledgerin lis&#228;ksi Horelli julkaisee EU Mediaviikko -uutiskatsausta, joka kokoaa viikoittain keskeiset EU-aiheiset uutiset suomeksi sek&#228; Kirjakanava-kirjallisuusblogia.</em></p><p><em>Nordic Ledger on h&#228;nen alun perin englanninkielinen, mutta nykyisin my&#246;s suomeksi toimitettu pitk&#228;n muodon julkaisunsa, jossa nykyhetken ilmi&#246;it&#228; tarkastellaan historian valossa; sen taustalla on ajatus siit&#228;, ett&#228; yhteiskunnat toistavat virheit&#228;&#228;n sukupolvesta toiseen, ellei niit&#228; opita tunnistamaan ajoissa.</em></p></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Government Inside Your Head]]></title><description><![CDATA[What political power can teach us about the private architecture of fear?]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-government-inside-your-head</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-government-inside-your-head</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 16:03:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2uGw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e043c01-354e-4da2-8c33-b0156dc6e239_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2uGw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e043c01-354e-4da2-8c33-b0156dc6e239_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2uGw!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2uGw!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e043c01-354e-4da2-8c33-b0156dc6e239_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Illustration by Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em><span>A few seconds of video from a tarmac in Hanoi tell us nothing reliable about the Macrons&#8217; marriage. But they open a question historians have addressed surprisingly rarely: what happens to a state when even the most powerful people alive can be controlled, frightened or destabilised at home by one person nobody elected and no institution regulates. A historical arc from Lincoln to Reagan, and the logic of coercive control it opens onto, suggests that public power tells us almost nothing about private power.</span></em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>(</span><a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/hallitus-oman-paan-sisalla?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true"><span>Linkki editoituun suomenkieliseen versioon.</span></a><span>)</span></em></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>By Mika Horelli, Brussels</strong></p><p><span>A few seconds of video, filmed on a tarmac in Hanoi in May 2025, briefly became a diplomatic curiosity: a hand raised, a door, a moment of visible friction between a head of state and his wife.</span></p><p><span>Within hours, press offices on two continents dissected, mocked, and explained it away. It tells us almost nothing reliable about the </span><strong><span>Macrons&#8217;</span></strong><span> marriage; a single gesture, stripped of context, is not evidence of anything except that even the most scrutinised couples in the world still have private lives that occasionally leak into public view.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>But the video serves a different purpose. It is a small, accidental reminder of something we tend to forget when we write about power: institutional authority and private authority are not the same currency, and they do not always flow in the same direction.</span></p></div><p><span>We assume, almost by reflex, that a president&#8217;s power radiates outward from the centre of a marriage as much as it does from a cabinet room. The truth, in several well-documented cases, is closer to the reverse.</span></p><h4><strong><span>Lincoln and Churchill: temperament or control?</span></strong></h4><p><span>Consider </span><strong><span>Abraham </span></strong><span>and </span><strong><span>Mary Todd Lincoln</span></strong><span>. The historian </span><strong><span>Michael Burlingame</span></strong><span> spent three decades assembling contemporary testimony describing a marriage in which Mary Lincoln was, by multiple independent accounts, physically volatile towards her husband, their children and household staff; one frequently cited episode has her throwing hot coffee at the president.</span></p><p><span>Lincoln, a man whose public rhetoric could reshape a nation at war, is described by those who knew the household as having adopted, at home, a strategy of avoidance. It is impossible to draw a straight line from any specific presidential decision to the temperature of that marriage. What is easier to infer is the cost: a considerable share of Lincoln&#8217;s private energy was spent managing a domestic environment rather than being available for anything else.</span></p><p><strong><span>Winston</span></strong><span> and </span><strong><span>Clementine Churchill</span></strong><span> offer a useful contrast, because the temptation is to lump every stormy political marriage into the same category. Their rows were real; Clementine is said to have once thrown a plate of spinach at her husband, missing.</span></p><p><span>But volatility is not the same as control, and Clementine&#8217;s significance lies elsewhere. She was among the very few people willing to tell Churchill, to his face, that his rudeness, sarcasm and high-handedness towards subordinates were becoming a liability; in 1940 she wrote to warn him of exactly this. He listened.</span></p><p><span>In that marriage, a difficult temperament may have made a head of government more functional, not less, because Clementine could do something his ministers could not: stop him.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>The distinction matters. A quarrelsome marriage and a fear-based one are not points on the same scale.</span></p></div><h4><strong><span>Wilson and Reagan: gatekeepers and astrologers</span></strong></h4><p><strong><span>Woodrow</span></strong><span> and </span><strong><span>Edith Wilson</span></strong><span> move the argument into more troubling territory. After Wilson&#8217;s stroke in October 1919, Edith Wilson became, in practice, the gatekeeper of the presidency: she decided which documents and which people reached him, and when.</span></p><p><span>She always insisted she made no policy decisions herself. But the distinction is close to meaningless, because deciding what counts as important enough to reach the head of state is itself a form of political power, exercised by someone nobody elected and no institution was designed to regulate.</span></p><p><strong><span>Ronald</span></strong><span> and</span><strong><span> Nancy Reagan</span></strong><span> push the pattern further still. After the 1981 assassination attempt, Nancy Reagan began consulting the astrologer </span><strong><span>Joan Quigley</span></strong><span> on questions of the president&#8217;s safety, and the White House schedule was adjusted accordingly.</span></p><p><span>Chief of Staff </span><strong><span>Donald Regan</span></strong><span> later claimed that virtually every significant presidential movement was checked against astrological guidance; Nancy Reagan acknowledged influencing the schedule while denying that policy itself was shaped by it. Either way, an unelected private judgement, arrived at through means with no public accountability, was quietly built into the machinery of the presidency.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>Line up Lincoln, Churchill, Wilson and Reagan, and a shape emerges. When we assume power runs only from the top of a household downward, we miss at least four alternative outcomes: a leader who learns to avoid conflict at home; a spouse who comes to control his information or his relationships; a psychological burden heavy enough to shape his judgement; or, most quietly, an informal power broker whom nobody chose and no constitution constrains.</span></p></div><p><span>None of this proves anything about any single marriage today, including the one briefly visible on a tarmac in Hanoi. What it does is widen the question worth asking, from &#8220;which leaders have been struck by their spouses&#8221; to something more consequential: what happens to a state when the single most powerful person in a country can be controlled, frightened or destabilised by the one person with unrestricted daily access to him.</span></p><h4><strong><span>The politics of anticipation</span></strong></h4><p><span>Political scientists studying authoritarian systems have a name for the most efficient form of control, and it is not the one built on constant orders.</span></p><p><span>It might be called the politics of anticipation. A population does not need to be told what will provoke the ruler if it has already learned to predict it; censorship becomes self-censorship, and the command itself becomes unnecessary.</span></p><p><span>Scholars of authoritarianism also describe pre-emptive obedience: people doing, unprompted, what they imagine the person in power would want.</span></p><p><span>The same mechanism, transposed, offers an uncomfortable bridge from the palace to the private house. What happens when a home becomes a small authoritarian system of its own?</span></p><h4><strong><span>When the home becomes a state</span></strong></h4><p><span>At its worst, the outcome is this: a spouse who must live in constant fear of the other&#8217;s aggressive reactions, whether verbal or physical, ends up in a situation where every decision becomes subordinate to that unspoken fear. </span></p><p><span>It rarely stays confined to individual encounters; it can grow significant enough to reach into the whole of life, into work, finances, friendships, even what one allows oneself to hope for. </span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>Life becomes life on a minefield, mapped out one careful step at a time. And because the minefield is so carefully disguised as an ordinary home, outsiders are often never present to witness this quiet tragedy of a family&#8217;s inner workings.</span></p></div><p><span>There is a peculiar kind of power that works best when it is not exercised at all. Once people have learned what might provoke another, they begin, quietly, to govern themselves. Nobody has to say which subjects are dangerous, which friendships cause trouble, which entirely innocent remark might ruin an evening. You learn the weather, and you dress for it before anyone else in the room has noticed the sky.</span></p><h4><strong><span>The arithmetic of fear</span></strong></h4><p><span>This is the mechanism now generally described as coercive control: not a single dramatic act, but a gradual narrowing, in which one person begins organising their own choices around the anticipated reaction of another. What can I say? Who can I see? What time should I be home? Is it worth mentioning this at all, given what it might cost? None of these questions, taken alone, look like evidence of anything. Coffee gets made, dinners happen, holidays are booked. It is the accumulation that matters, not any single instance; thousands of small concessions, none of them dramatic enough to name, add up to a life substantially authored by someone else.</span></p><p><span>The distinguishing feature is not conflict itself. Ordinary difficult relationships produce arguments in which both people are, at various points, simply angry with each other. In a coercively controlling relationship, one person begins carrying the emotional weight of the other&#8217;s anger as well as their own; if I manage this correctly, he will not explode. The vigilance this requires is constant rather than episodic, and it is exhausting for reasons that have little to do with any specific confrontation: reading tone, expression and mood in search of early warning becomes a background occupation, one that erodes concentration, spontaneity and eventually a person&#8217;s trust in their own judgement.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>It is worth saying plainly, without assuming which sex is which: this mechanism does not care about gender. A man subjected to it is not experiencing something lesser, even if male victims of coercive control are more easily dismissed or disbelieved.</span></p></div><p><span>Nor does a single outburst, or even a single physical act, describe the whole architecture of a relationship. The more reliable indicator is quieter: that another person&#8217;s possible reaction has become the central variable in one&#8217;s own decision-making. Once a person notices they are constantly asking, internally, how do I do this so that he will not be angry, the balance of power in that relationship has already shifted, whatever the paperwork or the public appearance suggests.</span></p><h4><strong><span>Love cancels nothing</span></strong></h4><p><span>And perhaps the hardest part to explain to anyone who hasn&#8217;t lived it is that none of this cancels out love. It is entirely possible to see the good in someone, to have long, genuinely happy stretches together, and still be organising one&#8217;s life around fear. The coexistence of the two, rather than either alone, makes the pattern so hard to name from the inside.</span></p><p><span>None of this settles anything about the Macrons, and it should not be read as an attempt to. What a few seconds of tarmac footage really exposes is how little we actually know about the private balance of power in the lives of people whose public power we analyse endlessly, forensically, and with total confidence.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>Permission inside your head</span></p></div><p><span>The most complete form of control is not when someone tells you what you cannot do. It is when, long after they have stopped telling you anything at all, you still ask their permission in your head.</span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h4><strong>About the author</strong></h4><p><strong>Mika Horelli</strong> is a Finnish foreign correspondent based in Brussels. Since 1996, he has reported on European politics, international affairs and emerging technologies from Copenhagen, New York and Brussels. His work combines on-the-ground reporting with historical context, focusing on geopolitics, democracy, artificial intelligence and the long-term forces reshaping Europe and the wider world.</p><h4><strong>About Nordic Ledger</strong></h4><p><strong>Nordic Ledger</strong> is an independent publication dedicated to thoughtful, long-form journalism on geopolitics, technology and society. Rather than chasing the daily news cycle, it examines the deeper trends, historical context and strategic choices that shape tomorrow&#8217;s headlines.</p><p>New essays are published regularly and delivered directly to subscribers&#8217; inboxes.</p><p><em>Written for readers who prefer depth to speed.</em></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Mad Despots and a Design Flaw in the Human Species]]></title><description><![CDATA[We now have nuclear weapons and leaders no institution can stop in time. History shows this is the rule, not the exception; Finland&#8217;s own experience suggests correction is occasionally possible.]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/mad-despots-and-a-design-flaw-in</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/mad-despots-and-a-design-flaw-in</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 23 Aug 2026 08:12:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zn_T!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79bbaaaa-a302-4b47-b478-c31f908e0ca0_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zn_T!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79bbaaaa-a302-4b47-b478-c31f908e0ca0_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zn_T!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79bbaaaa-a302-4b47-b478-c31f908e0ca0_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zn_T!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79bbaaaa-a302-4b47-b478-c31f908e0ca0_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zn_T!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79bbaaaa-a302-4b47-b478-c31f908e0ca0_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zn_T!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79bbaaaa-a302-4b47-b478-c31f908e0ca0_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zn_T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79bbaaaa-a302-4b47-b478-c31f908e0ca0_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/79bbaaaa-a302-4b47-b478-c31f908e0ca0_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3493021,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/i/212268375?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79bbaaaa-a302-4b47-b478-c31f908e0ca0_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zn_T!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79bbaaaa-a302-4b47-b478-c31f908e0ca0_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zn_T!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79bbaaaa-a302-4b47-b478-c31f908e0ca0_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zn_T!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79bbaaaa-a302-4b47-b478-c31f908e0ca0_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zn_T!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79bbaaaa-a302-4b47-b478-c31f908e0ca0_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Illustration by Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Why do systems built to select the best available minds to lead societies keep selecting the opposite? From the Roman emperors to Hitler, from Stalin to North Korea&#8217;s ruling dynasty, history repeats the same pattern: moments when institutions could have intervened but did not, or could not. Finland&#8217;s own passage from Kekkonen to Koivisto offers a rare counter-example. In an age of nuclear arsenals, the question of why correction mechanisms fail so often is no longer academic.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/hullut-despootit-ja-ihmiskunnan-valuvika?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Linkki esseen suomenkieliseen versioon.</a>)</em></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli, Brussels</strong></em></p><p>I recently read <strong>Mary Trump&#8217;s</strong> book about her uncle. Mary Trump trained as a clinical psychologist, which is precisely what makes the book interesting in a way political pamphlets rarely are: she does not write as an opponent but as a professional who knows her subject both as family and as a specialist. It is a cold read, not because it reveals anything shocking, but because it traces, with the precision of a case study and the intimacy of a relative, how one family produced a man Americans have now elected president twice. </p><p>Mary Trump warned about this outcome at the time. She knew her uncle, and her dread was not political but personal: she understood where boundless grievance and unresolved fragility, combined with power, tend to lead.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>It embarrasses me a little that I too must write about Donald Trump. Responsible journalism ought, in principle, to avoid feeding the publicity of populists like this. But the mechanics are what they are: he cannot be ignored, because he has become one of the most discussed people on earth, whether one likes it or not.</p></div><p>Here it is customary to invoke the so-called <em>Goldwater Rule</em>, under which mental health professionals do not diagnose people they have not personally examined. The rule is sound and well justified. But it is telling that Trump&#8217;s case has produced an unusually large number of exceptions. When the picture of a person&#8217;s thinking and conduct, conveyed through public behaviour, becomes alarming enough, the profession breaks its own rule. That, in itself, is a kind of measurement.</p><h4><strong>Putin&#8217;s family secret</strong></h4><p>But Trump is only one case within a broader, more disturbing phenomenon. Take a second example, arriving at the same destination by an entirely different route: <strong>Vladimir Putin</strong>. He has not been elected in any meaningful sense. He has removed his rivals systematically, by sidelining them, having them killed, or driving them into exile. In Putin&#8217;s Russia, the term &#8220;assisted suicide&#8221; has taken on an entirely new meaning.</p><p>The bubble he inhabits is a story in itself: a circle of aides who tell him only what pleases him and reinforces his delusions. And then there is the one detail that may be the most revealing of all: his family is a state secret. Alleged daughters under different names, rumours of sons growing up in Switzerland. Nothing certain, nothing provable by journalistic means, and that total absence of transparency is itself the message.</p><h4><strong>History&#8217;s recurring pattern</strong></h4><p>Trump and Putin, though, are merely today&#8217;s faces of an old pattern, and history offers more illustration than we need. In imperial Rome, <strong>Caligula</strong> and <strong>Nero</strong> were not aberrations but an almost structural consequence of a system in which absolute power was constrained by nothing beyond the Senate&#8217;s nominal consent and, eventually, assassination. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Both rose to power as comparatively ordinary young men and decayed once they held it; neither system managed to correct course in time, and the resolution was always violent and after the fact.</p></div><p>Twenty centuries later, the same pattern recurred at industrial scale. Stalin&#8217;s paranoia grew steadily less governable over the decades, and those around him learned to survive by telling him precisely what he wanted to hear, the very echo-chamber dynamic that now surrounds Putin. </p><p>The Soviet system had no mechanism to correct course short of the leader&#8217;s death. Hitler, by contrast, rose to power from inside a democratic system, through lawful means, and Germany&#8217;s institutions, its judiciary, its army, its civil service, proved unable or unwilling to stop him until it was too late. That may be the most frightening example of all, because it shows that democratic origins offer no protection whatsoever once institutions give way.</p><p>In the history of post-colonial Africa, <strong>Idi Amin</strong> in Uganda and <strong>Mobutu Sese Seko</strong> in Congo (then Zaire) show the same pattern on a smaller, more personal scale: weak, newly independent institutions unable to resist the arbitrary rule of a single, increasingly erratic leader, with both countries paying for it in decades of lost development. </p><p>In Europe, Romania&#8217;s <strong>Nicolae Ceau&#537;escu</strong> offers an almost cartoonish example of how personality cults and total detachment from reality can advance hand in hand: he believed to the very end in his people&#8217;s love, just as it turned against him for good. </p><p>And North Korea shows what happens when this entire dynamic is institutionalised as hereditary: three generations of one family, each more isolated and harder to challenge than the last.</p><p>What these examples share is not merely that an unstable individual ended up in power. It is that in every case there were moments, often recurring moments, when institutions could have intervened but either could not or would not. The question that interests me is not that such leaders have existed. That would be trivial. The question is why systems supposedly designed to select the best available minds to govern societies for their own good keep selecting the opposite, and why correction mechanisms fail so systematically at precisely the moment they are needed most.</p><p>This is the design flaw in the human species I wanted to write about: we simply do not have a working mechanism to prevent this from recurring. It repeats, and repeats, and repeats.</p><h4><strong>The nuclear age</strong></h4><p>And now, unlike at any earlier point in history, we have nuclear weapons. When a sufficiently unstable leader sits atop a country with a significant nuclear arsenal, and these leaders are often ageing men acutely aware of their own limits and mortality, the question stops being academic. </p><p>It becomes a question of when someone decides that if he is going to die, everyone else may as well die with him. History has never lacked mad leaders, but few of them have had at their disposal an arsenal sufficient to destroy the entire world. That difference matters, and it is why this is worth writing about now, not merely as a historical curiosity.</p><p>An earlier, pre-nuclear example of this same instinct already exists. As German troops retreated from Paris in August 1944, Hitler ordered the city&#8217;s military governor, General <strong>Dietrich von Choltitz</strong>, to destroy it: the bridges and landmark buildings, including Notre-Dame and the Eiffel Tower, had reportedly already been rigged with explosives. </p><p>Paris survived only because von Choltitz refused to give the detonation order and surrendered the city to the Allies intact. Half a year later, in March 1945, with Germany&#8217;s own defeat certain, Hitler issued the so-called <em>Nero Decree</em>, ordering the destruction of what remained of Germany&#8217;s own infrastructure, not the enemy&#8217;s, but his own people&#8217;s. </p><p>The justification was that the German people had proven unworthy of survival; if he was doomed, the whole country might as well go down with him. The order was largely never carried out, because Armaments Minister <strong>Albert Speer</strong> quietly stalled and sabotaged its implementation rather than openly refusing. The same logic that produced the Nero Decree without nuclear weapons is now available to leaders who have them.</p><h4><strong>Finland&#8217;s experience</strong></h4><p>On this question I have a personal vantage point, one that comes from my own country. Let me say clearly at the outset that I have no intention of placing <strong>Urho Kekkonen</strong> in the same category as the despots above, nor would that be fair. </p><p>Kekkonen was compelled, largely for foreign-policy reasons, to exercise considerable personal power that bypassed parliament because Finland had to meet Soviet expectations. It was a small country&#8217;s survival strategy, not an outburst of personal lust for power.</p><p>In Finland, President Urho Kekkonen governed for an unprecedentedly long time and with unprecedented strength. He effectively sidelined part of parliamentary democracy, and toward the end, when he was clearly no longer capable of carrying out his duties, power increasingly drained into his inner circle. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Even so, I would not place him in the same category as the figures mentioned above. Kekkonen was a product of his era. Finland needed, at that time, someone capable of responding to Soviet pressure, and it managed that partly through a cult of personality. That was the world I grew up in.</p></div><p>What comes next is the more interesting part. Kekkonen&#8217;s successor, <strong>Mauno Koivisto</strong>, began systematically dismantling the power that had accumulated excessively in one person&#8217;s hands. The president&#8217;s constitutional powers were reduced to largely ceremonial ones, except for foreign policy, where the president still plays a significant role alongside the government. </p><p>This, to my mind, is the point that deserves attention: Finland recognised that power had become too concentrated, and it corrected that. Not through revolution, not through crisis, but through an institutional decision, precisely what never happened in Weimar Germany or the Soviet system.</p><p>Why is this possible in a small Nordic country but not in most other places, where power has slipped far more badly from anyone&#8217;s grasp? Why are systems that produce disordered heads of state so incapable of correcting themselves? It seems that the worse a situation becomes, the more forcefully those in power try to concentrate even more of it in their own hands, exactly when democracy ought to be working in the opposite direction: honouring institutions rather than the individuals who happen to occupy them at any given moment.</p><h4><strong>Hungary and Poland: correction is not easy</strong></h4><p>A similar corrective movement is underway in Hungary. In April 2026, <strong>Viktor Orb&#225;n&#8217;s</strong> sixteen-year rule, which had grown steadily more authoritarian, ended at the ballot box, when <strong>P&#233;ter Magyar&#8217;s</strong> Tisza party won a landslide and secured a two-thirds majority in parliament. Orb&#225;n, who had himself described his own governance as &#8220;illiberal,&#8221; conceded defeat, and Magyar promised to bring Hungary back into the European Union&#8217;s judicial system. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>This is precisely what never happened in Weimar Germany or Putin&#8217;s Russia: the system produced a counterforce strong enough, and power changed hands through lawful means, without a coup and without a crisis.</p></div><p>But one should not imagine that correction is easy, even where the will for it exists. Poland is instructive here. <strong>Donald Tusk&#8217;s</strong> government promised as early as 2023 to dismantle the judicial reforms enacted by its predecessor, the Law and Justice party, and restore judicial independence. </p><p>Three years on, the reform remains stuck: first President Andrzej Duda, and now his successor Karol Nawrocki, both aligned with Law and Justice, have used their veto power to block the legislation, and the government lacks the three-fifths majority in parliament required to overturn it. </p><p>The Polish case reminds us that winning an election is not the same as achieving correction. Institutions built to slow down the exercise of power slow down its dismantling just as effectively, which is by design and a sign of a healthy system. Still, it also means that Koivisto moments are rare precisely because they demand both the will and sufficient power to see them through.</p><h4><strong>An open question</strong></h4><p>Let me return, then, to the question I started with. Why do we lack a working mechanism to prevent harmful, unstable, or outright disordered individuals from becoming heads of state? Why does history, from the Roman emperors to Hitler, from Stalin to Ceau&#537;escu, from Amin to North Korea&#8217;s dynasty, repeat this pattern endlessly, despite our having more information, more institutions and more accumulated experience than ever before?</p><p>I do not believe the answer is simple or comforting. Perhaps it has to do with the fact that democratic systems reward, in the short term, precisely those traits- charisma, ruthlessness, the ability to speak directly to people&#8217;s fears and grievances- that prove destructive in the long term. Authoritarian systems, meanwhile, do not even attempt to select the best; they select whoever can hold power, which is a different matter entirely from the capacity to use it wisely. In neither case does the selection mechanism optimise for what we actually need.</p><p>Finland&#8217;s example, and Koivisto&#8217;s, does offer grounds for cautious hope: correction is possible, given the will to recognise the problem and the institutional courage to dismantle it before it is too late. The question that remains open for the world&#8217;s major powers right now is whether we still have time to wait for such a Koivisto moment, or whether, in a world of nuclear arsenals and ageing leaders acutely conscious of their own limits, that window is already open dangerously narrow.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>About the author</strong></p><p><strong>Mika Horelli</strong> is a Finnish foreign correspondent based in Brussels. Since 1996, he has reported on European politics, international affairs and emerging technologies from Copenhagen, New York and Brussels. His work combines on-the-ground reporting with historical context, focusing on geopolitics, democracy, artificial intelligence and the long-term forces reshaping Europe and the wider world.</p><p><strong>About Nordic Ledger</strong></p><p><strong>Nordic Ledger</strong> is an independent publication dedicated to thoughtful, long-form journalism on geopolitics, technology and society. Rather than chasing the daily news cycle, it examines the deeper trends, historical context and strategic choices that shape tomorrow&#8217;s headlines.</p><p>New essays are published regularly and delivered directly to subscribers&#8217; inboxes.</p><p><em>Written for readers who prefer depth to speed.</em></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Hullut despootit ja ihmiskunnan valuvika]]></title><description><![CDATA[Meill&#228; on ydinaseita ja johtajia, joita mik&#228;&#228;n instituutio ei kykene pys&#228;ytt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n ajoissa. Historia todistaa, ett&#228; t&#228;m&#228; on s&#228;&#228;nt&#246;, ei poikkeus &#8212; mutta Suomi n&#228;ytt&#228;&#228;, ett&#228; korjaus on joskus mahdollinen]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/hullut-despootit-ja-ihmiskunnan-valuvika</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/hullut-despootit-ja-ihmiskunnan-valuvika</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 23 Aug 2026 08:02:22 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fa4d!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50ffb033-a30d-4c00-85ac-3947ff48cb07_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fa4d!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50ffb033-a30d-4c00-85ac-3947ff48cb07_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kuva: Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Miksi j&#228;rjestelm&#228;t, joiden pit&#228;isi valikoida yhteiskunnille parhaat mahdolliset johtajat, p&#228;&#228;tyv&#228;t toistuvasti valikoimaan t&#228;ysin p&#228;invastaista? Rooman keisareista Hitleriin, Stalinista Pohjois-Korean dynastiaan, historia toistaa samaa kaavaa: hetki&#228;, jolloin instituutiot olisivat voineet puuttua asiaan mutta eiv&#228;t kyenneet. Suomen oma kokemus Kekkosesta Koivistoon tarjoaa harvinaisen vastaesimerkin &#8212; ja ydinasearsenaalien aikakaudella kysymys siit&#228;, miksi korjausmekanismit pett&#228;v&#228;t niin usein, ei ole en&#228;&#228; akateeminen.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/mad-despots-and-a-design-flaw-in?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Link to writer-edited English version.</a>)</em></p></div><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli, Bryssel</strong></em></p><p>Luin &#228;skett&#228;in <strong>Mary Trumpin</strong> kirjan sed&#228;st&#228;&#228;n. Mary Trump on koulutukseltaan kliininen psykologi, ja juuri se tekee kirjasta kiinnostavan tavalla, jolla poliittiset pamfletit harvoin ovat: h&#228;n ei kirjoita vastustajana vaan ammattilaisena, joka tuntee kohteensa sek&#228; sukulaisena ett&#228; alansa asiantuntijana. </p><p>Se on kylm&#228;&#228; luettavaa. Ei siksi, ett&#228; se paljastaisi jotain shokeeraavaa, vaan siksi, ett&#228; se kertoo kehityskaaren tarkkuudella ja sukulaisen l&#228;heisyydell&#228;, miten yksi perhe tuotti miehen, jonka amerikkalaiset ovat nyt toista kertaa valinneet presidentikseen. </p><p>Mary Trump varoitti aikanaan t&#228;st&#228; valinnasta. H&#228;n tunsi set&#228;ns&#228;, ja h&#228;nen kauhunsa ei ollut poliittista vaan henkil&#246;kohtaista: h&#228;n tiesi, mihin rajattomat kaunat ja korjaamaton haavoittuvuus yhdistettyn&#228; valtaan voivat johtaa.</p><p>Minua v&#228;h&#228;n h&#228;vett&#228;&#228;, ett&#228; joudun min&#228;kin kirjoittamaan <strong>Donald Trumpista</strong>. Vastuullisen journalismin pit&#228;isi periaatteessa v&#228;ltt&#228;&#228; t&#228;llaisten populistien julkisuuden ruokkimista. Mutta mekaniikka on se, mik&#228; se on: h&#228;nt&#228; ei voi sivuuttaa, koska h&#228;nest&#228; on tullut yksi maailman k&#228;sitellyimmist&#228; ihmisist&#228;, halusi sit&#228; tai ei.</p><p>T&#228;ss&#228; kohtaa on tapana muistuttaa niin sanotusta <em>Goldwaterin s&#228;&#228;nn&#246;st&#228;</em>, jonka mukaan mielenterveysammattilaiset eiv&#228;t anna diagnooseja ihmisist&#228;, joita he eiv&#228;t ole itse tutkineet. S&#228;&#228;nt&#246; on hyv&#228; ja perusteltu. Mutta on kiinnostavaa, ett&#228; juuri Trumpin kohdalla siit&#228; on tehty poikkeuksellisen paljon poikkeuksia. Kun h&#228;nen julkisen k&#228;yt&#246;ksens&#228; kautta v&#228;littyv&#228; kuva ajattelusta ja toiminnasta on riitt&#228;v&#228;n h&#228;lytt&#228;v&#228;, ammattikunta rikkoo omaa s&#228;&#228;nt&#246;&#228;&#228;n. Se itsess&#228;&#228;n on jo jonkinlainen mittari.</p><h4><strong>Putinin perhesalaisuus</strong></h4><p>Mutta Trump on vain yksi tapaus laajemmasta ja h&#228;iritsev&#228;mm&#228;st&#228; ilmi&#246;st&#228;. Otetaan toinen esimerkki, t&#228;ysin erilainen reitti samaan lopputulokseen: <strong>Vladimir Putin</strong>. H&#228;nt&#228; ei ole valittu virkaansa miss&#228;&#228;n laillisessa mieless&#228;. H&#228;n on poistanut kilpailijansa j&#228;rjestelm&#228;llisesti joko syrj&#228;ytt&#228;m&#228;ll&#228;, tapattamalla tai ajamalla maanpakoon. Putinin Ven&#228;j&#228;ll&#228; k&#228;site &#8220;avustettu itsemurha&#8221; on saanut kokonaan uuden merkityksen.</p><p>Se, miss&#228; kuplassa h&#228;n el&#228;&#228;, on jo itsess&#228;&#228;n oma tarinansa: avustajapiiri, joka kertoo vain sit&#228;, mik&#228; miellytt&#228;&#228; ja tukee h&#228;nen harhojaan. Ja sitten se yksi yksityiskohta, joka kertoo ehk&#228; eniten: h&#228;nen perheens&#228; on valtiosalaisuus. V&#228;itettyj&#228; tytt&#228;ri&#228; eri nimill&#228;, huhuja pojista, jotka kasvavat Sveitsiss&#228;. Ei mit&#228;&#228;n varmaa, ei mit&#228;&#228;n todistettavaa journalistisin keinoin ja juuri se l&#228;pin&#228;kyvyyden totaalinen puute on itsess&#228;&#228;n puhuu paljon.</p><h4><strong>Historian toistuva kaava</strong></h4><p>Trump ja Putin ovat kuitenkin vain nykyisyyden kasvot vanhalle kuviolle, ja historia tarjoaa kuvitusta enemm&#228;n kuin tarvitsemme, niin demokratioiden kuin autokratioidenkin olosuhteissa. </p><p>Rooman keisarikunnassa <strong>Caligula</strong> ja <strong>Nero</strong> eiv&#228;t olleet mit&#228;&#228;n poikkeuksia, vaan l&#228;hes rakenteellinen seuraus j&#228;rjestelm&#228;st&#228;, jossa absoluuttista valtaa ei rajoittanut mik&#228;&#228;n muu kuin senaatin n&#228;enn&#228;inen suostumus ja lopulta salamurha. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Molemmat nousivat valtaan verrattain normaaleina nuorina miehin&#228; ja rappeutuivat vallassa; kumpikaan j&#228;rjestelm&#228; ei kyennyt korjaamaan tilannetta ajoissa, vaan ratkaisu oli aina v&#228;kivaltainen ja tehtiin (liian) my&#246;h&#228;&#228;n.</p></div><p>Kaksikymment&#228; vuosisataa my&#246;hemmin sama kuvio toistui teollistuneen tehokkuuden mittakaavassa. <strong>Josif Stalinin</strong> vainoharhaisuus kasvoi vuosikymmenten mittaan yh&#228; hallitsemattomammaksi, ja h&#228;nen l&#228;hipiirins&#228; oppi selviytym&#228;&#228;n kertomalla h&#228;nelle juuri sit&#228;, mit&#228; h&#228;n halusi kuulla &#8212; t&#228;sm&#228;lleen sama kaikukammiodynamiikka, joka nyt ymp&#228;r&#246;i Putinia. Neuvostoj&#228;rjestelm&#228;ss&#228; ei ollut mekanismia, joka olisi voinut korjata suuntaa ilman johtajan kuolemaa. </p><p><strong>Adolf Hitler</strong> puolestaan nousi valtaan demokraattisen j&#228;rjestelm&#228;n sis&#228;lt&#228; laillisin keinoin, ja Saksan instituutiot &#8212; oikeuslaitos, armeija, virkamiehist&#246; &#8212; osoittautuivat kykenem&#228;tt&#246;miksi tai haluttomiksi pys&#228;ytt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n h&#228;nt&#228;, kunnes oli jo my&#246;h&#228;ist&#228;. </p><p>Se on ehk&#228; kaikkein pelottavin esimerkki, koska se osoittaa, ettei demokraattinen prosessi itsess&#228;&#228;n suojaa mit&#228;&#228;n, jos instituutiot antavat periksi.</p><p>Afrikan dekolonisaation j&#228;lkeisess&#228; historiassa <strong>Idi Amin</strong> Ugandassa ja <strong>Mobutu Sese Seko</strong> Kongossa (silloisessa Zairessa) osoittavat saman kaavan pienemm&#228;ss&#228; ja henkil&#246;kohtaisemmassa mittakaavassa: heikot, vasta itsen&#228;istyneet instituutiot eiv&#228;t kyenneet vastustamaan yksitt&#228;isen, yh&#228; oikukkaammaksi muuttuvan johtajan mielivaltaa, ja kumpikin maa maksoi siit&#228; vuosikymmenten kehityksell&#228;. </p><p>Euroopassa Romanian <strong>Nicolae Ceau&#537;escu</strong> tarjosi l&#228;hes karikatyyrisen esimerkin siit&#228;, miten henkil&#246;kultti ja t&#228;ydellinen erist&#228;ytyminen todellisuudesta voivat edet&#228; k&#228;si k&#228;dess&#228;: h&#228;n ilmeisesti uskoi loppuun asti kansansa rakkauteen senkin j&#228;lkeen, kun se oli k&#228;&#228;ntynyt lopullisesti h&#228;nt&#228; vastaan. </p><p>Ja Pohjois-Korea n&#228;ytt&#228;&#228;, mit&#228; tapahtuu, kun koko t&#228;m&#228; dynamiikka institutionalisoidaan periytyv&#228;ksi: kolme sukupolvea samaa perhett&#228;, kukin edellist&#228; eristyneempi ja vaikeampi haastaa.</p><p>Yhteinen piirre n&#228;iss&#228; esimerkeiss&#228; ei ole vain se, ett&#228; valtaan on p&#228;&#228;tynyt ep&#228;vakaa yksil&#246;. Se on se, ett&#228; jokaisessa tapauksessa oli olemassa hetki&#228; &#8212; usein toistuvia hetki&#228; &#8212; jolloin instituutiot olisivat voineet puuttua asiaan, mutta eiv&#228;t joko kyenneet tai halunneet. Kysymys, joka minua kiinnostaa, ei ole se, ett&#228; t&#228;llaisia johtajia on ollut. Se olisi triviaalia. </p><p>Kysymys on se, miksi j&#228;rjestelm&#228;t, niin demokraattiset kuin pienten eliittien hallitsemat, joiden pit&#228;isi valikoida parhaat k&#228;ytett&#228;viss&#228; olevat aivot johtamaan yhteiskuntia niiden omaksi parhaaksi, p&#228;&#228;tyv&#228;t toistuvasti valikoimaan p&#228;invastaista, ja miksi korjausmekanismit pett&#228;v&#228;t niin systemaattisesti juuri silloin, kun niit&#228; eniten tarvittaisiin.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>T&#228;ss&#228; on ihmiskunnan valuvika, josta halusin kirjoittaa: meill&#228; ei yksinkertaisesti ole toimivaa mekanismia, joka est&#228;isi t&#228;m&#228;n toistumisen. Se toistuu, toistuu ja toistuu.</p></div><h4><strong>Ydinaseiden aikakausi</strong></h4><p>Ja nyt, toisin kuin miss&#228;&#228;n aiemmassa vaiheessa historiassa, meill&#228; on ydinaseita. </p><p>Kun tarpeeksi hullu johtaja istuu maassa, jolla on merkitt&#228;v&#228; ydinasearsenaali &#8212; ja usein n&#228;m&#228; johtajat ovat vanhenevia miehi&#228;, jotka tiedostavat oman rajallisuutensa ja kuolevaisuutensa &#8212; kysymys ei ole en&#228;&#228; pelk&#228;st&#228;&#228;n akateeminen.</p><p>Se on kysymys siit&#228;, milloin joku p&#228;&#228;tt&#228;&#228;, ett&#228; jos min&#228; kuolen, kuolkoon kaikki muutkin samalla. </p><p>Historiassa on ollut hulluja johtajia riitt&#228;miin, mutta harvalla heist&#228; on ollut k&#228;yt&#246;ss&#228;&#228;n koko maailman tuhoamiseen riitt&#228;v&#228; asearsenaali. Se on eritt&#228;in olennainen syy, miksi t&#228;st&#228; kannattaa kirjoittaa juuri nyt eik&#228; vain historiallisena kuriositeettina.</p><p>T&#228;st&#228; samasta kuolemanhalusta on jo aiempi esimerkki ydinaseita edelt&#228;neelt&#228; ajalta. Kun saksalaiset joukot vet&#228;ytyiv&#228;t Pariisista elokuussa 1944, Hitler antoi kaupungin sotilaskuvern&#246;&#246;rille, kenraali <strong>Dietrich von Choltitzille</strong>, k&#228;skyn tuhota koko kaupungin: sillat, Notre-Damen ja Eiffel-tornin kaltaiset merkkirakennukset oli tiett&#228;v&#228;sti jo ladattu r&#228;j&#228;hteill&#228;. Pariisi s&#228;&#228;styi vain siksi, ett&#228; von Choltitz kielt&#228;ytyi antamasta laukaisuk&#228;sky&#228; ja luovutti kaupungin liittoutuneille ehj&#228;n&#228;. </p><p>Puoli vuotta my&#246;hemmin, maaliskuussa 1945, kun Saksan oma tappio oli selv&#228;, Hitler antoi niin sanotun <em>Nero-k&#228;skyn</em>, jolla m&#228;&#228;r&#228;ttiin tuhottavaksi koko Saksan j&#228;ljell&#228; oleva infrastruktuuri &#8212; siis ei vihollisen vaan oman kansan. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Perusteluna oli, ettei Saksan kansa ollut osoittautunut selviytymisen arvoiseksi; jos h&#228;n itse oli tuhoon tuomittu, koko maa saisi menn&#228; h&#228;nen mukanaan. </p></div><p>K&#228;sky j&#228;i suurelta osin toteuttamatta, koska asearsenaaliministeri <strong>Albert Speer</strong> vitkutteli ja sabotoi sen t&#228;yt&#228;nt&#246;&#246;npanoa vetoamatta suoraan vastustukseensa. Sama logiikka, joka johti Nero-k&#228;skyyn ilman ydinaseita, on nyt k&#228;ytett&#228;viss&#228; johtajille, joilla niit&#228; on.</p><h4><strong>Suomen kokemus</strong></h4><p>T&#228;h&#228;n kysymykseen minulla on henkil&#246;kohtainen n&#228;k&#246;kulma, joka tulee Suomesta. Sanon heti alkuun selvyyden vuoksi: en aio rinnastaa <strong>Urho Kekkosta</strong> edell&#228; mainittuihin despootteihin, eik&#228; se olisi oikein. </p><p>Kekkonen joutui pitk&#228;lti ulkopoliittisista syist&#228; k&#228;ytt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n huomattavaa, osin eduskunnan ja muut demokraattiset instituutiot ohittavaa henkil&#246;kohtaista valtaa, koska Suomen oli kyett&#228;v&#228; vastaamaan Neuvostoliiton odotuksiin. Se oli pienen maan selviytymisstrategia, ei niink&#228;&#228;n henkil&#246;kohtaisen vallanhimon purkaus.</p><p>Kekkonen hallitsi enn&#228;tyksellisen pitk&#228;&#228;n ja enn&#228;tyksellisen vahvana. H&#228;n syrj&#228;ytti k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228; osan parlamentarismista ja loppuvaiheessa, kun h&#228;n ei en&#228;&#228; selv&#228;stik&#228;&#228;n kyennyt hoitamaan virkaansa, valta valui yh&#228; enemm&#228;n h&#228;nen l&#228;hipiirilleen. Silti en asettaisi h&#228;nt&#228; samaan kategoriaan edell&#228; mainittujen kanssa. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Kekkonen oli oman aikansa tuote. Suomi tarvitsi tuolloin jonkun, joka pystyi vastaamaan Neuvostoliiton painostukseen, ja se hoidettiin osittain juuri henkil&#246;kultin kautta. Siin&#228; maailmassa min&#228; kasvoin.</p></div><p>Kiinnostavampi kohta tulee sen j&#228;lkeen. Kekkosen seuraaja <strong>Mauno Koivisto</strong> alkoi j&#228;rjestelm&#228;llisesti purkaa sit&#228; valtaa, jota oli kasautunut liikaa yhdelle henkil&#246;lle. </p><p>Presidentin valtaoikeudet muutettiin l&#228;hinn&#228; seremoniallisiksi, lukuun ottamatta ulkopolitiikkaa, jossa presidentill&#228; on edelleen merkitt&#228;v&#228; rooli yhdess&#228; hallituksen kanssa. </p><p>T&#228;m&#228; on se kohta, joka mielest&#228;ni ansaitsee huomiota: Suomessa n&#228;htiin, ett&#228; valta oli keskittynyt liikaa, ja se korjattiin. Ei vallankumouksella, ei kriisill&#228;, vaan institutionaalisella p&#228;&#228;t&#246;ksell&#228; &#8212; juuri se, mit&#228; ei koskaan tapahtunut Weimarin Saksassa tai neuvostoj&#228;rjestelm&#228;ss&#228;.</p><p>Miksi t&#228;m&#228; on mahdollista pieness&#228; pohjoismaassa, mutta ei useimmissa muissa maissa, joissa valta on karannut k&#228;sist&#228; paljon pahemmin? Miksi j&#228;rjestelm&#228;t, jotka tuottavat sekaisin olevia valtionp&#228;&#228;miehi&#228;, ovat niin kyvytt&#246;mi&#228; korjaamaan itse&#228;&#228;n? </p><p>N&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; silt&#228;, ett&#228; mit&#228; pahemmaksi tilanne muuttuu, sit&#228; voimakkaammin vallanpit&#228;j&#228;t pyrkiv&#228;t keskitt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n valtaa entisest&#228;&#228;n itselleen &#8212; t&#228;sm&#228;lleen silloin, kun demokratian pit&#228;isi toimia toiseen suuntaan: kunnioittaen instituutioita, ei henkil&#246;it&#228;, jotka niit&#228; sill&#228; hetkell&#228; miehitt&#228;v&#228;t.</p><h4><strong>Unkari ja Puola: korjaus ei ole helppoa</strong></h4><p>Hieman Koiviston Suomen kaltainen korjausliike on parhaillaan k&#228;ynniss&#228; Unkarissa. Huhtikuussa 2026 <strong>Viktor Orb&#225;nin</strong> kuusitoista vuotta kest&#228;nyt, yh&#228; autoritaarisemmaksi muuttunut valtakausi p&#228;&#228;ttyi vaaliuurnilla, kun <strong>P&#233;ter Magyarin</strong> Tisza-puolue voitti maanvy&#246;rym&#228;voiton ja sai kahden kolmasosan enemmist&#246;n parlamentissa. Orb&#225;n, joka oli itse kutsunut hallintoaan &#8220;illiberaaliksi&#8221;, my&#246;nsi tappionsa ja Magyar lupasi palauttaa Unkarin osaksi EU:n oikeusvaltioj&#228;rjestelm&#228;&#228;. </p><p>T&#228;m&#228; on juuri sit&#228;, mit&#228; Weimarin Saksassa tai Putinin Ven&#228;j&#228;ll&#228; ei koskaan tapahtunut: j&#228;rjestelm&#228; tuotti riitt&#228;v&#228;n vahvan vastavoiman ja valta vaihtui laillisin keinoin, ilman vallankaappausta tai kriisi&#228;.</p><p>Mutta ei pid&#228; kuvitella, ett&#228; korjaaminen olisi helppoa edes silloin, kun siihen on poliittista tahtoa. Puola on siit&#228; opettava esimerkki. <strong>Donald Tuskin</strong> hallitus lupasi jo vuonna 2023 purkaa edelt&#228;j&#228;ns&#228;, autorit&#228;&#228;risen Laki ja oikeus -puolueen PiS:n, tekem&#228;t oikeuslaitosuudistukset ja palauttaa tuomareiden riippumattomuuden. </p><p>Kolme vuotta my&#246;hemmin uudistus on yh&#228; jumissa: ensin presidentti <strong>Andrzej Duda</strong> ja nyt h&#228;nen seuraajansa <strong>Karol Nawrocki</strong>, molemmat PiS:&#228;&#228;n sitoutuneita poliitikkoja, ovat k&#228;ytt&#228;neet veto-oikeuttaan est&#228;&#228;kseen lakimuutokset, eik&#228; hallituksella ole parlamentissa kolmen viidesosan enemmist&#246;&#228; vetojen kumoamiseen. </p><p>Puolan tapaus muistuttaa, ett&#228; vaalivoitto ei viel&#228; tarkoita j&#228;rjestelm&#228;remonttia. Instituutiot, jotka on rakennettu hidastamaan vallank&#228;ytt&#246;&#228;, hidastavat yht&#228; lailla sen purkamista &#8212; mik&#228; on tarkoituksellista ja terveen j&#228;rjestelm&#228;n merkki, mutta se tarkoittaa my&#246;s sit&#228;, ett&#228; Koivisto-hetket ovat harvinaisia juuri siksi, ett&#228; ne vaativat sek&#228; tahtoa ett&#228; riitt&#228;v&#228;&#228; valtaa toteuttaa ne.</p><h4><strong>Avoin kysymys</strong></h4><p>Palataanpa siis kysymykseen, josta l&#228;hdin liikkeelle. Miksi meill&#228; ei ole toimivaa mekanismia, joka est&#228;isi vahingollisten, ep&#228;vakaiden tai suorastaan mielenvikaisen ihmisen p&#228;&#228;syn valtionp&#228;&#228;miehiksi? </p><p>Miksi historia &#8212; Rooman keisareista Hitleriin, Stalinista Ceau&#537;escuun, Aminista Pohjois-Korean dynastiaan &#8212; toistaa t&#228;t&#228; kuviota loputtomiin, vaikka meill&#228; pit&#228;isi olla k&#228;yt&#246;ss&#228;mme enemm&#228;n tietoa, enemm&#228;n instituutioita ja enemm&#228;n kokemusta kuin koskaan aiemmin?</p><p>En usko, ett&#228; vastaus on yksinkertainen tai lohdullinen. Ehk&#228; se liittyy siihen, ett&#228; demokraattiset j&#228;rjestelm&#228;t palkitsevat lyhyell&#228; aikav&#228;lill&#228; juuri niit&#228; piirteit&#228; &#8212; karismaa, h&#228;ik&#228;ilem&#228;tt&#246;myytt&#228;, kyky&#228; puhua suoraan ihmisten peloille ja kaunoille &#8212; jotka pitk&#228;ll&#228; aikav&#228;lill&#228; osoittautuvat tuhoisiksi. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Autoritaariset j&#228;rjestelm&#228;t taas eiv&#228;t edes yrit&#228; valikoida parasta, vaan sen, joka kykenee pit&#228;m&#228;&#228;n vallan, mik&#228; on eri asia kuin kyky k&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; valtaa viisaasti. Kummassakaan tapauksessa valintamekanismi ei optimoi sit&#228;, mit&#228; oikeasti tarvitsisimme.</p></div><p>Suomen ja Koiviston esimerkki antaa kuitenkin varovaisen toivon aiheen: korjaus on mahdollinen, jos on tahtoa n&#228;hd&#228; ongelma ja institutionaalista rohkeutta purkaa se, ennen kuin on liian my&#246;h&#228;ist&#228;. Kysymys, joka j&#228;&#228; auki maailmanpolitiikan suurten valtioiden kohdalla juuri nyt, on se, onko meill&#228; en&#228;&#228; aikaa odottaa sellaista Koivisto-hetke&#228; &#8212; vai onko ydinasearsenaalien ja ik&#228;&#228;ntyvien, rajallisuutensa tuntevien johtajien maailmassa se ikkuna jo auki vaarallisen raollaan.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli</strong><span> on Brysseliss&#228; asuva suomalainen ulkomaankirjeenvaihtaja, joka on seurannut EU:n ja Naton politiikkaa yli 30 vuoden ajan. H&#228;nen asemapaikkoinaan ovat olleet K&#246;&#246;penhamina, New York ja Bryssel.</span></em></p><p><em>Nordic Ledgerin lis&#228;ksi Horelli julkaisee EU Mediaviikko -uutiskatsausta, joka kokoaa viikoittain keskeiset EU-aiheiset uutiset suomeksi sek&#228; Kirjakanava-kirjallisuusblogia.</em></p><p><em>Nordic Ledger on h&#228;nen alun perin englanninkielinen, mutta nykyisin my&#246;s suomeksi toimitettu pitk&#228;n muodon julkaisunsa, jossa nykyhetken ilmi&#246;it&#228; tarkastellaan historian valossa; sen taustalla on ajatus siit&#228;, ett&#228; yhteiskunnat toistavat virheit&#228;&#228;n sukupolvesta toiseen, ellei niit&#228; opita tunnistamaan ajoissa.</em></p></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[When Opponents Become Enemies]]></title><description><![CDATA[What history tells us about the moment politics becomes identity]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/when-opponents-become-enemies</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/when-opponents-become-enemies</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 16:02:03 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rwHh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaf29319-f495-4805-9286-2e010b04aa77_1402x1122.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rwHh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaf29319-f495-4805-9286-2e010b04aa77_1402x1122.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rwHh!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rwHh!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaf29319-f495-4805-9286-2e010b04aa77_1402x1122.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Illustration by Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>A historian who taught his own party to call opponents diseased and traitors: that is the starting point of an essay that travels from Finland's civil war to Weimar Germany, Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Chile and the contemporary United States, before finally arriving in Northern Ireland. Along the way it asks why a demonised opponent loses not only legitimacy but every one of his ideas, and why the real test of democracy is not agreement, but whether an opponent's right to exist is ever in question.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/kun-vastustajasta-tulee-vihollinen?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Linkki suomenkieliseen versioon.</a>)</em></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><em><strong><span>By Mika Horelli, Brussels</span></strong></em></p><p><span>I met </span><strong><span>Newt Gingrich</span></strong><span> in Iowa in 2004. I was there on a press trip organised by the U.S. State Department, ahead of that year&#8217;s presidential election. Des Moines hosts the Iowa State Fair every August, one of the country&#8217;s largest agricultural fairs; its political weight peaks especially in the summers before the January caucuses.</span></p><p><span>Most details of that encounter have faded, but one thing stayed with me: the man who had reshaped the rhetoric of American politics in the 1990s was trained as a historian. He earned a doctorate from Tulane University, taught history at West Georgia College, and served as Speaker of the House from 1995 to 1999. Looking back, that detail is oddly hard to reconcile with his legacy: a historian who taught his party&#8217;s members to describe political opponents as </span><em><span>sick</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>radical</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>traitors</span></em><span>.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>When I met him, he was quite the charmer, all smiles and charisma. A frightening combination, when you consider what he's responsible for in American politics.</span></p></div><p><span>The 1990 GOPAC memo, </span><em><span>Language: A Key Mechanism of Control</span></em><span>, is one of those small documents that carry disproportionate historical weight. It instructed Republicans to systematically attach to Democrats words that described not disagreement but moral deviance; the vocabulary reserved for their own side included </span><em><span>courage</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>principled</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>opportunity</span></em><span>. This was not a rhetorical trick. It was a linguistic shift in which the opponent stopped being someone you disagreed with and became someone who was, by nature, wrong.</span></p><p><span>I would resist calling this phenomenon identity politics, since the term is too easily read as referring to ethnic, gender or minority identity. Political science has a more precise name for it: affective polarisation, or political sectarianism. It describes a state in which one&#8217;s own political camp becomes a social and moral identity. The question stops being what you think and becomes who you are.</span></p><h4><strong><span>When No Idea From the Other Side Will Do</span></strong></h4><p><span>Demonization has a practical consequence that often goes unnoticed: once an opponent stops being a legitimate interlocutor, his ideas stop being worth considering, regardless of their content. Not because the idea has been examined and rejected, but because it comes from the wrong person.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><em><span>A current, concrete case is Barack Obama&#8217;s health care reform. Trump did not repeal the law in full. Still, his administration let the enhanced insurance subsidies introduced during the pandemic expire at the end of 2025, and made deep cuts to Medicaid, without offering a replacement model. As a result, enrolment through the ACA marketplace fell by an estimated 2.6 to 4.2 million people between February 2025 and February 2026; including the drop in Medicaid enrolment, the combined figure reaches roughly eight million. The Trump administration attributes part of the decline to a clean-up of fraudulent enrolments; independent analysts point mainly to the expiry of subsidies and the resulting spike in premiums.</span></em></p></div><p><span>This is not a judgment on whether Obama&#8217;s reform was good policy. It is an example of the mechanism: once an opponent&#8217;s entire project is branded illegitimate from the outset, replacing it with something better is no longer a political necessity. </span></p><p><span>Dismantling the old is enough. The vacuum that remains is not a gap in the programme; it is its logical consequence. If the opponent could never have been right about anything, there is also nothing in his ideas worth keeping.</span></p><h4><strong><span>The Historical Staircase</span></strong></h4><p><span>History offers a recurring pattern for this shift; it can be traced as a kind of staircase. Disagreement leads to group identity; group identity leads to moral confrontation; moral confrontation leads to delegitimisation; delegitimisation leads to dehumanisation; dehumanisation leads to the impossibility of compromise, and finally to the paralysis of the political system itself. Only at the bottom of that staircase does violence become acceptable.</span></p><p><span>Finland in 1917 and 1918 is a local and unflinching example. Historian </span><strong><span>Tuomas Tepora&#8217;s</span></strong><span> research into the enemy imagery of the civil war shows how mutual demonisation eroded the ground beneath society before a single shot was fired. White propaganda cast the Reds as something closer to a contagion than a political faction; Red propaganda painted the bourgeoisie as rapacious oppressors. Newspapers of the time used words such as </span><em><span>lahtarit</span></em><span> (butchers) and </span><em><span>punainen m&#228;d&#228;tys</span></em><span> (red rot), calling openly for a &#8220;great cleansing&#8221; of society. Language did not follow the war. It prepared the ground for it.</span></p><p><span>The scale is worth pausing on. Finland's civil war lasted barely three months, yet it killed around 38,000 people in a country of three million, close to one per cent of the entire population. Historians consider it one of the bloodiest civil wars in twentieth-century Europe relative to population size. It was not some marginal footnote to independence. In proportional terms, it stands among the century's starkest examples of where demonising language can ultimately lead, once given enough time to work.</span></p><p><span>Weimar Germany belongs in this account too, though carefully, so it does not collapse into a cheap comparison to </span><strong><span>Adolf Hitler</span></strong><span>. The most instructive phase is not the Nazi seizure of power but the years before it: the moment when Nazis and Communists alike stopped treating parliament as shared ground and began deliberately disrupting its functioning. The confrontation moved to the streets. Parties maintained their own paramilitary formations, and political violence claimed hundreds of lives even before 1933. After the 1932 elections, Nazis and Communists together held more than half the seats in the Reichstag. Forming a moderate majority became practically impossible, not for ideological reasons alone but because no sufficiently large group still believed that parliament was the right place to settle disagreement.</span></p><p><span>Yugoslavia in the late 1980s and early 1990s carries the mechanism to an extreme. Political competition became, quite literally, a contest of identity: Serb, Croat, Bosniak. An expert report prepared for the ICTY describes how nationalist governments took control of the media, constructed threat narratives about neighbouring peoples and systematically prepared public opinion for war. Propaganda was not a side effect of the conflict. It was a precondition for it.</span></p><p><span>Rwanda represents the extreme endpoint of this mechanism, and it deserves particular caution. The RTLM radio station and the newspaper </span><em><span>Kangura</span></em><span> did not merely claim that Tutsis were wrong; in propaganda, they stripped Tutsis of ordinary moral standing altogether. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda later prosecuted precisely this incitement to genocide. One point must be entirely clear: contemporary American or European party politics is not being equated here with the Rwandan genocide. What is being compared is the mechanism, not the scale of the outcome. Yet that is exactly why Rwanda matters: it shows where language can lead, in principle, with enough time and power.</span></p><p><span>Chile between 1970 and 1973 offers one further staging post, this time ending not in war but in the collapse of a political system. Chile&#8217;s own congressional historical review points to ideological polarisation, the erosion of public discourse, the absence of political consensus and rising political violence as the forces underlying democracy&#8217;s fall. The same staircase, a different landscape.</span></p><p>It would be a mistake, though, to claim that this staircase always ends in violence. That would be too strong a claim, and not an honest one. The far more precise observation is that violence becomes possible only once a particular line has been crossed: the moment the other side is no longer regarded as a legitimate political opponent. At that point, democracy&#8217;s most important safeguard disappears. If the opponent is a traitor, a criminal or an enemy of the nation, compromise with him stops being a political necessity and becomes, in itself, a moral betrayal.</p><p>The trend is already visible in the numbers coming out of the United States: the first half of 2025 saw more than 520 incidents of terrorism and targeted violence, roughly a 40 per cent increase over the same period the previous year. In September, conservative activist <strong>Charlie Kirk</strong> was shot dead on a Utah college campus, three months after Minnesota Democratic state representative <strong>Melissa Hortman</strong> and her husband were killed in their home. </p><p>The US Capitol Police expects to investigate more than 14,000 possible threats against lawmakers this year, up from 9,474 in 2024. Victims and perpetrators span both ends of the political spectrum; this is not the pathology of a single ideological camp but what follows once an opponent has first been redefined as an enemy rather than a fellow citizen who disagrees.</p><p>History offers an uncomfortable lesson here: sometimes it has taken national catastrophe, not peaceful negotiation, to break a polarised deadlock. In Finland, the Winter War achieved this within weeks; the deep divide between reds and whites left by the 1918 civil war, which had dominated Finnish politics and society for two decades, dissolved almost overnight into what became known as the Winter War spirit in the face of an existential threat. </p><p>The American case is more instructive precisely because it did not follow the same pattern so neatly. The Second World War produced a powerful but short-lived sense of national unity; it did not, however, remove the underlying divide left by the civil war, which was built around race and social order. </p><p>Segregation and one-party rule in the South continued largely unchanged after the war and only unravelled through the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, the result not of an external shock but of a long and often violent internal struggle. The contrast is instructive: an external threat can produce a fleeting sense of unity, but it does not repair structural injustice unless that injustice is addressed directly. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>The spirit of the Winter War was the exception, not the rule; more often, divisions do not disappear but change shape until they are confronted head-on.</p></div><h4><strong><span>The Counter-Example</span></strong></h4><p><span>History, fortunately, also offers the opposite examples, and one of them is closer to home than it might seem.</span></p><p><span>After 1918, Finland could easily have remained a society permanently split between Reds and Whites. It did not. President </span><strong><span>K. J. St&#229;hlberg</span></strong><span> granted amnesty to Red prisoners, recognized the bargaining position of trade unions and advanced reforms that improved the standing of tenant farmers. </span><strong><span>V&#228;in&#246; Tanner&#8217;s</span></strong><span> Social Democrats, for their part, accepted the rules of the parliamentary system and later became the country&#8217;s largest party from within it, not against it. The staircase was climbed downward.</span></p><p><span>An even cleaner counter-example comes from Northern Ireland, and a Finnish hand helped build it. The genius of the 1998 </span><em><span>Good Friday Agreement</span></em><span> was not that unionists and nationalists finally agreed with one another. They did not. A trio chaired the talks: former Finnish Prime Minister </span><strong><span>Harri Holkeri</span></strong><span>, U.S. </span><strong><span>Senator George Mitchell,</span></strong><span> and Canadian General </span><strong><span>John de Chastelain</span></strong><span>; his task was to safeguard the fairness of the process and build trust between the parties. </span></p><p><span>The agreement built a system in which people could still disagree entirely about which state their homeland belonged to, while accepting each other's right to exist and to hold power.</span></p><h4><strong><span>The Opponent&#8217;s Legitimacy</span></strong></h4><p><span>This is where the essay&#8217;s central observation lies, and it is, unknowingly, the answer the historian Gingrich left me with in Iowa in 2004.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><em><span>Democracy does not require agreement. It requires recognizing the legitimacy of one&#8217;s opponent.</span></em></p></div><p><span>Democratic compromise does not mean I begin to think as you do. It means I accept your right to take part in deciding shared matters, even while I consider your opinions wrong.</span></p><p><span>Populist politics inverts this principle. Its energy comes not from claiming the opponent is wrong, but from claiming he is the wrong kind of person. Compromise then stops being politics and becomes surrender. The other side&#8217;s electoral victory becomes an injustice. A court ruling becomes a conspiracy. The press becomes the enemy. Eventually, people accept the institutions only when their own side wins.</span></p><p><em><span>Civil wars do not begin when people start shooting. They begin much earlier, when societies lose the language in which disagreement is still legitimate.</span></em></p><p><span>The real opposite of democracy is not disagreement. It is the inability to live with it.</span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h4><em><strong>About the author</strong></em></h4><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli</strong> is a Finnish foreign correspondent based in Brussels. Since 1996, he has reported on European politics, international affairs and emerging technologies from Copenhagen, New York and Brussels. His work combines on-the-ground reporting with historical context, focusing on geopolitics, democracy, artificial intelligence and the long-term forces reshaping Europe and the wider world.</em></p><h4><em><strong>About Nordic Ledger</strong></em></h4><p><em><strong>Nordic Ledger</strong> is an independent publication dedicated to thoughtful, long-form journalism on geopolitics, technology and society. Rather than chasing the daily news cycle, it examines the deeper trends, historical context and strategic choices that shape tomorrow&#8217;s headlines.</em></p><p><em>New essays are published regularly and delivered directly to subscribers&#8217; inboxes.</em></p><p><em>Written for readers who prefer depth to speed.</em></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Kun vastustajasta tulee vihollinen]]></title><description><![CDATA[Mit&#228; historia kertoo hetkest&#228;, jolloin poliittinen ideologia vaihtuu identiteetiksi]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/kun-vastustajasta-tulee-vihollinen</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/kun-vastustajasta-tulee-vihollinen</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 16:01:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_Ct8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a0e7c2b-e1c8-49b0-9cca-c7fc2b2d6101_1402x1122.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_Ct8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a0e7c2b-e1c8-49b0-9cca-c7fc2b2d6101_1402x1122.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_Ct8!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kuva: Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Historioitsija, joka opetti puolueensa kutsumaan vastustajiaan tartuntatautiin verrattavaksi joukoksi tai maanpettureiksi: se on l&#228;ht&#246;kohta, josta t&#228;m&#228; essee kulkee Suomen sis&#228;llissodasta Weimarin Saksaan, Jugoslaviaan, Ruandaan, Chileen ja nykyp&#228;iv&#228;n Yhdysvaltoihin, p&#228;&#228;tyen lopulta Pohjois-Irlantiin. Matkan varrella selvi&#228;&#228;, miksi demonisoitu vastustaja menett&#228;&#228; paitsi legitimiteettins&#228; my&#246;s kaikki ideansa &#8212; ja miksi demokratian todellinen koetinkivi ei ole se, ollaanko samaa mielt&#228;, vaan se, tunnustetaanko vastustajan oikeus olla olemassa.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/when-opponents-become-enemies?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Link to writer-edited English version.</a>)</em></p></div><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli, Bryssel</strong></em></p><p>Tapasin <strong>Newt Gingrichin</strong> Iowassa vuonna 2004. Olin siell&#228; Yhdysvaltain ulkoministeri&#246;n, <em>State Departmentin</em>, j&#228;rjest&#228;m&#228;ll&#228; toimittajavierailulla ennen sen vuoden presidentinvaaleja. Des Moinesissa pidet&#228;&#228;n joka elokuu Iowan osavaltion messut, jotka ovat yksi maan suurimmista maatalousmessuista; niiden poliittinen merkitys nousee erityisesti niin&#228; kesin&#228;, jotka edelt&#228;v&#228;t tammikuun esivaalikaruselleja.</p><p>En muista en&#228;&#228; tapaamisen yksityiskohtia, mutta yksi asia j&#228;i mieleen: mies, joka oli 1990-luvulla mullistanut amerikkalaisen politiikan retoriikan, oli koulutukseltaan historioitsija. Tulanen yliopistosta v&#228;itellyt, West Georgia Collegessa historiaa opettanut akateemikko, joka nousi edustajainhuoneen puhemieheksi vuosina 1995&#8211;1999. Mit&#228; j&#228;lkeenp&#228;in ajatellen on vaikea sovittaa yhteen: historioitsija, joka opetti puolueensa j&#228;seni&#228; kutsumaan poliittisia vastustajia sanoilla <em>sick</em>, <em>radical</em>, <em>traitors</em>. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Tavatessani h&#228;net h&#228;n oli aika vekkuli, yht&#228; hymy&#228; ja karismaa. Pelottava yhdistelm&#228;, kun muistaa h&#228;nen ansionsa amerikkalaisessa politiikassa. </p></div><p>Gingrichtin toimesta kirjoitettu vuoden 1990 GOPAC-muistio <em>Language: A Key Mechanism of Control</em> on yksi politiikan historian pikkuruisista dokumenteista, joilla on ollut suhteettoman suuri vaikutus. Siin&#228; republikaaneja opastettiin systemaattisesti liitt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n demokraatteihin sanoja, jotka eiv&#228;t kuvanneet poliittista erimielisyytt&#228; vaan moraalista poikkeavuutta. Oman leirin sanastoon kuuluivat <em>courage</em>, <em>principled</em> ja <em>opportunity</em>. Kyse ei ollut retorisesta kikasta. Kyse oli kielellisest&#228; siirtym&#228;st&#228;, jossa vastustaja lakkasi olemasta joku, jonka kanssa ollaan eri mielt&#228;, ja alkoi olla joku, joka on olemuksellisesti v&#228;&#228;r&#228;ss&#228;.</p><p>En kutsuisi t&#228;t&#228; ilmi&#246;t&#228; identiteettipolitiikaksi, koska englanninkielinen lukija yhdist&#228;&#228; termin herk&#228;sti etniseen tai sukupuoli-identiteettiin. Politiikan tutkimuksessa ilmi&#246;ll&#228; on t&#228;sm&#228;llisempi nimi: <em>affective polarization</em> eli poliittinen sektarismi. Se tarkoittaa tilaa, jossa oma poliittinen leiri muuttuu sosiaaliseksi ja moraaliseksi identiteetiksi. Kysymys ei ole en&#228;&#228; siit&#228;, mit&#228; ajattelet, vaan siit&#228;, kuka olet.</p><h4><strong>Kun vastustajan idea ei kelpaa, vaikka omaa ei ole</strong></h4><p>Demonisoinnilla on yksi k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;n seuraus, joka j&#228;&#228; usein huomaamatta: kun vastustaja lakkaa olemasta legitiimi keskustelukumppani, my&#246;s h&#228;nen ideansa lakkaavat olemasta harkinnan arvoisia, riippumatta niiden sis&#228;ll&#246;st&#228;. Ei siksi, ett&#228; idea olisi tutkittu ja hyl&#228;tty, vaan siksi, ett&#228; se tulee v&#228;&#228;r&#228;lt&#228; ihmiselt&#228;.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>T&#228;st&#228; on tuore ja konkreettinen esimerkki: Barack Obaman terveydenhuoltouudistus. Trump ei kumonnut koko lakia, mutta h&#228;nen hallintonsa antoi koronapandemian aikana k&#228;ytt&#246;&#246;n otettujen korotettujen vakuutustukien raueta vuoden 2025 lopussa ja teki samalla merkitt&#228;vi&#228; Medicaid-leikkauksia, tarjoamatta j&#228;rjestelm&#228;n tilalle mit&#228;&#228;n korvaavaa mallia. Seurauksena ACA-markkinapaikan kautta vakuutettujen m&#228;&#228;r&#228; laski arviolta 2,6&#8211;4,2 miljoonalla ihmisell&#228; helmikuusta 2025 helmikuuhun 2026, ja kun mukaan lasketaan Medicaidin pudotus, kokonaisluku nousee jopa noin kahdeksaan miljoonaan. Trumpin hallinto selitt&#228;&#228; pudotusta osin v&#228;&#228;rink&#228;yt&#246;sten siivoamisella; riippumattomat analyytikot pit&#228;v&#228;t p&#228;&#228;syyn&#228; tukien loppumista ja siit&#228; seurannutta hintapiikki&#228;.</em></p></div><p>T&#228;m&#228; ei ole kannanotto siihen, oliko Obaman uudistus hyv&#228;&#228; politiikkaa. Se on esimerkki mekanismista: kun vastustajan koko hanke leimataan l&#228;ht&#246;kohtaisesti ep&#228;legitiimiksi, sen korvaaminen jollakin paremmalla lakkaa olemasta poliittinen v&#228;ltt&#228;m&#228;tt&#246;myys. Riitt&#228;&#228;, ett&#228; vanha puretaan. Tyhji&#246;, joka j&#228;&#228; j&#228;ljelle, ei ole ohjelman puute, vaan sen looginen seuraus: jos vastustaja ei koskaan voinut olla oikeassa mist&#228;&#228;n, ei ole my&#246;sk&#228;&#228;n mit&#228;&#228;n, mit&#228; h&#228;nen ajatuksistaan kannattaisi s&#228;ilytt&#228;&#228;.</p><h4><strong>Historiallinen portaikko</strong></h4><p>Historiassa t&#228;lle siirtym&#228;lle l&#246;ytyy toistuva kaava. Sit&#228; voi kuvata er&#228;&#228;nlaisena porrastuksena: erimielisyys johtaa ryhm&#228;identiteettiin, ryhm&#228;identiteetti moraaliseen vastakkainasetteluun, moraalinen vastakkainasettelu vastustajan delegitimointiin, delegitimointi dehumanisointiin, dehumanisointi kompromissin mahdottomuuteen ja lopulta poliittisen j&#228;rjestelm&#228;n lamaantumiseen. Vasta t&#228;m&#228;n portaikon lopussa v&#228;kivalta tulee hyv&#228;ksytt&#228;v&#228;ksi.</p><p>Suomi 1917&#8211;1918 on t&#228;st&#228; paikallinen ja karu esimerkki. Historioitsija <strong>Tuomas Teporan</strong> tutkimus sis&#228;llissodan viholliskuvista osoittaa, miten molemminpuolinen demonisointi mureni yhteiskunnan alta ennen kuin ensimm&#228;inen laukaus ammuttiin. Valkoisessa propagandassa punaisista tuli tartunnan kaltainen massa; punaisessa porvarit n&#228;ytt&#228;ytyiv&#228;t ahneina sortajina. Ajan lehdist&#228; l&#246;ytyy sanoja, kuten <em>lahtarit</em> ja <em>punainen m&#228;d&#228;tys</em> sek&#228; vaatimuksia yhteiskunnan &#8221;suursiivouksesta&#8221;. Kieli ei seurannut sotaa. Kieli valmisteli sit&#228;.</p><p>Mittasuhteet kannattaa pit&#228;&#228; mieless&#228;. Suomen sis&#228;llissota kesti vain runsaat kolme kuukautta, mutta sen aikana kuoli noin 38 000 ihmist&#228; kolmen miljoonan asukkaan maassa, eli l&#228;hes prosentti koko v&#228;est&#246;st&#228;. Historiantutkijat pit&#228;v&#228;t sit&#228; yhten&#228; 1900-luvun Euroopan verisimmist&#228; sis&#228;llissodista suhteessa v&#228;est&#246;m&#228;&#228;r&#228;&#228;n. Se ei ollut mik&#228;&#228;n marginaalinen v&#228;likohtaus itsen&#228;istymisen sivujuonteena. Se oli mittakaavaltaan yksi vuosisadan raaimmista esimerkeist&#228; siit&#228;, mihin demonisoiva kieli lopulta johtaa, kun sille annetaan tarpeeksi aikaa.</p><p>Weimarin Saksa kannattaa ottaa mukaan varoen, ettei siit&#228; tule halpaa Hitler-vertausta. Kiinnostavin vaihe ei ole natsien valtaannousu vaan aika ennen sit&#228;: hetki, jolloin natsit ja kommunistit lakkasivat pit&#228;m&#228;st&#228; parlamenttia yhteisen&#228; pelikentt&#228;n&#228; ja alkoivat tietoisesti h&#228;irit&#228; sen toimintaa. Vastakkainasettelu siirtyi kaduille: puolueilla oli omat puolisotilaalliset joukkonsa, ja poliittinen v&#228;kivalta vaati satoja kuolonuhreja jo ennen vuotta 1933. Vuoden 1932 vaalien j&#228;lkeen natsit ja kommunistit hallitsivat yhdess&#228; yli puolta Reichstagin paikoista. Maltillisen enemmist&#246;n kokoaminen muuttui k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228; mahdottomaksi, ei ideologisista syist&#228; vaan siksi, ettei riitt&#228;v&#228;n suurta ryhm&#228;&#228; en&#228;&#228; yhdist&#228;nyt usko siihen, ett&#228; parlamentti oli oikea paikka ratkaista erimielisyyksi&#228;.</p><p>Jugoslavia 1980- ja 90-lukujen vaihteessa vei mekanismin &#228;&#228;rimm&#228;isyyteen. Poliittinen kilpailu muuttui kirjaimellisesti identiteettikilpailuksi: serbi, kroaatti, bosniakki. ICTY:lle laaditussa asiantuntijaraportissa kuvataan, kuinka nationalistiset hallinnot ottivat median haltuunsa, rakensivat uhkakuvia naapurikansoista ja valmistivat yleist&#228; mielipidett&#228; sotaan j&#228;rjestelm&#228;llisesti. Propaganda ei ollut sodan sivuoire. Se oli sodan edellytys.</p><p>Ruanda on t&#228;m&#228;n mekanismin &#228;&#228;rimm&#228;inen p&#228;&#228;tepiste, ja siihen on syyt&#228; suhtautua varoen. <em>RTLM-radio</em> ja lehti nimelt&#228; <em>Kangura</em> eiv&#228;t vain v&#228;itt&#228;neet tutsien olevan v&#228;&#228;r&#228;ss&#228;; ne muuttivat heid&#228;t propagandassa ihmisryhm&#228;ksi, jolla ei en&#228;&#228; ollut normaalia moraalista asemaa. Kansainv&#228;linen Ruanda-tuomioistuin k&#228;sitteli my&#246;hemmin juuri t&#228;t&#228; yllytyst&#228; kansanmurhaan. </p><p>On t&#228;rke&#228;&#228; olla t&#228;ysin selv&#228; yhdest&#228; asiasta: nykyist&#228; amerikkalaista tai eurooppalaista puoluepolitiikkaa ei t&#228;ss&#228; rinnasteta Ruandan kansanmurhaan. Vertailun kohteena on mekanismi, ei lopputuloksen mittakaava. Mutta juuri siksi Ruanda on hy&#246;dyllinen: se n&#228;ytt&#228;&#228;, mihin kieli voi periaatteessa johtaa, kun sille annetaan tarpeeksi aikaa ja valtaa.</p><p>Chile 1970&#8211;1973 tarjoaa viel&#228; yhden v&#228;lietapin, t&#228;ll&#228; kertaa ilman sotaa, mutta silti p&#228;&#228;ttyen j&#228;rjestelm&#228;n romahdukseen. Chilen kongressin oma historiallinen katsaus nostaa esiin demokratian kaatumisen taustalta juuri ideologisen polarisaation, julkisen keskustelun rapautumisen, poliittisen konsensuksen puuttumisen ja lis&#228;&#228;ntyneen poliittisen v&#228;kivallan. Sama portaikko, eri maisema.</p><p>T&#228;rke&#228;&#228; olisi kuitenkin olla v&#228;itt&#228;m&#228;tt&#228;, ett&#228; t&#228;m&#228; portaikko johtaa aina v&#228;kivaltaan. Se olisi historiallisesti liian vahva ja ep&#228;rehellinen v&#228;ite. Paljon kiinnostavampi ja t&#228;sm&#228;llisempi havainto on, ett&#228; v&#228;kivallasta tulee mahdollista vasta tietyn rajan ylitt&#228;misen j&#228;lkeen: sen hetken, jolloin vastapuolta ei en&#228;&#228; pidet&#228; legitiimin&#228; poliittisena vastustajana. Silloin demokratian t&#228;rkein turvamekanismi katoaa. Jos vastustaja on maanpetturi, rikollinen tai kansakunnan vihollinen, kompromissi h&#228;nen kanssaan lakkaa olemasta poliittinen v&#228;ltt&#228;m&#228;tt&#246;myys ja muuttuu itsess&#228;&#228;n moraaliseksi petokseksi.</p><p>Yhdysvalloissa kehitys on jo n&#228;ht&#228;viss&#228; numeroina: vuoden 2025 alkupuoliskolla maassa tapahtui yli 520 terrorismiin ja kohdennettuun v&#228;kivaltaan liittyv&#228;&#228; v&#228;likohtausta, mik&#228; oli noin 40 prosentin kasvu edellisvuoteen verrattuna. Syyskuussa konservatiiviaktivisti <strong>Charlie Kirk</strong> ammuttiin kuoliaaksi Utahin yliopistokampuksella ja kolme kuukautta aiemmin Minnesotan demokraattiedustaja <strong>Melissa Hortman </strong>ja h&#228;nen puolisonsa surmattiin kotonaan. </p><p>Yhdysvaltain kongressin poliisi arvioi tutkivansa t&#228;n&#228; vuonna yli 14 000 mahdollista uhkausta kansanedustajia kohtaan, kun vastaava luku vuonna 2024 oli 9 474. Uhrit ja tekij&#228;t edustavat molempia poliittisia laitoja; kyse ei siis ole yhden ideologisen leirin ongelmasta vaan siit&#228;, mit&#228; tapahtuu, kun keskustelukumppani on ensin m&#228;&#228;ritelty vihollisdemonisoinnilla eik&#228; en&#228;&#228; eri mielt&#228; olevaksi kansalaiseksi.</p><p>Historia tarjoaa t&#228;&#228;lt&#228; ik&#228;v&#228;n opetuksen: joskus polarisaation murtamiseen on tarvittu kansallinen katastrofi, ei rauhanomaista neuvottelua. Suomessa talvisota teki t&#228;m&#228;n muutamassa viikossa; vuoden 1918 sis&#228;llissodan j&#228;tt&#228;m&#228; syv&#228; jako punaisten ja valkoisten v&#228;lill&#228;, joka oli hallinnut suomalaista politiikkaa ja yhteiskuntaa kahden vuosikymmenen ajan, sulautui olemassaolon uhan edess&#228; l&#228;hes yhdess&#228; y&#246;ss&#228; niin kutsutuksi talvisodan hengeksi. </p><p>Yhdysvaltain tapaus on opettavaisempi juuri siksi, ett&#228; se ei toistanut samaa kaavaa yht&#228; siististi. Toinen maailmansota synnytti voimakkaan mutta lyhytaikaisen kansallisen yhten&#228;isyyden tunteen; se ei kuitenkaan poistanut sis&#228;llissodan varsinaista jakolinjaa, joka oli rakentunut rodun ja yhteiskuntaj&#228;rjestyksen ymp&#228;rille. </p><p>Etel&#228;valtioiden rotuerottelu ja yksipuoluej&#228;rjestelm&#228; jatkuivat k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228; muuttumattomina sodan j&#228;lkeenkin ja purkautuivat vasta kansalaisoikeusliikkeen kautta 1950- ja 1960-luvuilla, ei ulkoisen shokin vaan sis&#228;isen, pitk&#228;n ja usein v&#228;kivaltaisen kamppailun seurauksena. Ero on opettavainen: ulkoinen uhka voi tuottaa hetkellisen yhten&#228;isyyden tunteen, mutta se ei korjaa rakenteellista ep&#228;oikeudenmukaisuutta, jos sit&#228; ei erikseen k&#228;sitell&#228;. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Talvisodan henki oli poikkeus, ei s&#228;&#228;nt&#246;; useammin jakolinjat eiv&#228;t katoa vaan siirtyv&#228;t uuteen muotoon, kunnes ne kohdataan suoraan.</p></div><h4><strong>K&#228;&#228;nteinen esimerkki</strong></h4><p>Historia tarjoaa onneksi my&#246;s vastakkaisia esimerkkej&#228;, ja yksi niist&#228; on l&#228;hemp&#228;n&#228; kuin luulisi.</p><p>Suomi olisi vuoden 1918 j&#228;lkeen voinut hyvin j&#228;&#228;d&#228; pysyv&#228;sti punaisten ja valkoisten kahtia jakamaksi yhteiskunnaksi. N&#228;in ei k&#228;ynyt. Presidentti <strong>Kaarlo Juho St&#229;hlberg</strong> armahti punavankeja, hyv&#228;ksyi ammattiyhdistysten neuvotteluaseman ja edisti torppareiden asemaa parantavia uudistuksia. <strong>V&#228;in&#246; Tannerin</strong> sosialidemokraatit puolestaan hyv&#228;ksyiv&#228;t parlamentaarisen j&#228;rjestelm&#228;n pelis&#228;&#228;nn&#246;t ja nousivat my&#246;hemmin maan suurimmaksi puolueeksi sen sis&#228;ll&#228;, ei sit&#228; vastaan. Portaikkoa kuljettiin alasp&#228;in.</p><p>Viel&#228; puhtaampi vastaesimerkki l&#246;ytyy Pohjois-Irlannista ja sen rakentamisessa oli mukana my&#246;s suomalainen. Vuoden 1998 <em>Good Friday -sopimuksen</em> nerokkuus ei ollut siin&#228;, ett&#228; unionistit ja nationalistit olisivat lopulta p&#228;&#228;tyneet samaan mielipiteeseen. </p><p>He eiv&#228;t p&#228;&#228;tyneet. Neuvotteluja johti kolmikko, jossa yhdysvaltalaisen senaattori <strong>George Mitchellin</strong> ja kanadalaisen kenraali <strong>John de Chastelainin</strong> rinnalla istui Suomen entinen p&#228;&#228;ministeri <strong>Harri Holkeri</strong>; h&#228;nen teht&#228;v&#228;ns&#228; oli erityisesti valvoa neuvottelujen oikeudenmukaisuutta ja rakentaa luottamusta osapuolten v&#228;lille. Sopimus rakensi j&#228;rjestelm&#228;n, jossa ihmiset saivat edelleen olla t&#228;ysin eri mielt&#228; siit&#228;, mihin valtioon heid&#228;n kotiseutunsa kuuluu, mutta hyv&#228;ksyiv&#228;t toistensa oikeuden olla olemassa ja k&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; valtaa.</p><p>Sen keskeisi&#228; periaatteita olivat <em>parity of esteem</em>, suostumuksen periaate sek&#228; brittil&#228;isen ja irlantilaisen identiteetin yht&#228;l&#228;inen legitimiteetti. Erimielisyys ei kadonnut. Sen sijaan sille rakennettiin turvallinen kehys.</p><h4><strong>Vastustajan legitimiteetti</strong></h4><p>T&#228;st&#228; syntyy esseen ydinhavainto, ja se on samalla vastaus siihen kysymykseen, jonka historioitsija Gingrich j&#228;tti minulle vuonna 2004, tiet&#228;m&#228;tt&#228;&#228;n.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Demokratia ei edellyt&#228; yhteisymm&#228;rryst&#228;. Se edellytt&#228;&#228; vastustajan legitimiteetin tunnustamista.</em></p></div><p>Demokraattinen kompromissi ei tarkoita, ett&#228; alan ajatella kuten sin&#228;. Se tarkoittaa, ett&#228; hyv&#228;ksyn oikeutesi osallistua yhteisten asioiden ratkaisemiseen my&#246;s silloin, kun pid&#228;n mielipiteit&#228;si v&#228;&#228;rin&#228;.</p><p>Populistinen politiikka k&#228;&#228;nt&#228;&#228; t&#228;m&#228;n periaatteen p&#228;&#228;laelleen. Sen k&#228;ytt&#246;voima ei synny siit&#228;, ett&#228; vastustaja on v&#228;&#228;r&#228;ss&#228;, vaan siit&#228;, ett&#228; h&#228;net esitet&#228;&#228;n v&#228;&#228;r&#228;nlaiseksi ihmiseksi. Silloin kompromississa ei en&#228;&#228; ole kyse politiikasta vaan periksiantamisesta. Vastapuolen vaalivoitosta tulee ep&#228;oikeudenmukaisuus. Tuomioistuimen p&#228;&#228;t&#246;ksest&#228; tulee salaliitto. Mediasta tulee vihollinen. Lopulta itse instituutiot hyv&#228;ksyt&#228;&#228;n vain silloin, kun oma puoli voittaa.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Sis&#228;llissodat eiv&#228;t ala siit&#228;, kun ihmiset alkavat ampua toisiaan. Ne alkavat paljon aiemmin siit&#228; hetkest&#228;, kun yhteiskunta menett&#228;&#228; kielen, jolla erimielisyys on viel&#228; laillista.</em></p></div><p>Demokratian todellinen vastakohta ei ole erimielisyys. Se on kyvytt&#246;myys el&#228;&#228; erimielisyyden kanssa.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli</strong> on Brysseliss&#228; asuva suomalainen ulkomaankirjeenvaihtaja, joka on seurannut EU:n ja Naton politiikkaa yli 30 vuoden ajan. H&#228;nen asemapaikkoinaan ovat olleet K&#246;&#246;penhamina, New York ja Bryssel. </em></p><p><em>Nordic Ledgerin lis&#228;ksi Horelli julkaisee EU Mediaviikko -uutiskatsausta, joka kokoaa viikoittain keskeiset EU-aiheiset uutiset suomeksi sek&#228; Kirjakanava-kirjallisuusblogia. </em></p><p><em>Nordic Ledger on h&#228;nen alun perin englanninkielinen, mutta nykyisin my&#246;s suomeksi toimitettu pitk&#228;n muodon julkaisunsa, jossa nykyhetken ilmi&#246;it&#228; tarkastellaan historian valossa; sen taustalla on ajatus siit&#228;, ett&#228; yhteiskunnat toistavat virheit&#228;&#228;n sukupolvesta toiseen, ellei niit&#228; opita tunnistamaan ajoissa.</em></p></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Person Holding the Map]]></title><description><![CDATA[What happens when one person learns to navigate life for two]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-person-holding-the-map</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-person-holding-the-map</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 16 Aug 2026 08:02:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io-r!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53c97868-fbc2-499e-a7ff-e30c294ca676_1402x1122.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io-r!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53c97868-fbc2-499e-a7ff-e30c294ca676_1402x1122.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io-r!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, 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/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53c97868-fbc2-499e-a7ff-e30c294ca676_1402x1122.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io-r!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53c97868-fbc2-499e-a7ff-e30c294ca676_1402x1122.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io-r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53c97868-fbc2-499e-a7ff-e30c294ca676_1402x1122.png" width="1402" height="1122" 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/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53c97868-fbc2-499e-a7ff-e30c294ca676_1402x1122.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io-r!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53c97868-fbc2-499e-a7ff-e30c294ca676_1402x1122.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io-r!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53c97868-fbc2-499e-a7ff-e30c294ca676_1402x1122.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io-r!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53c97868-fbc2-499e-a7ff-e30c294ca676_1402x1122.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Illustration by Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>When somebody else takes responsibility for navigation, the other one&#8217;s brain stops building the map. This holds for cities, and it holds for lives. The essay traces how one person's competence can quietly produce another's incompetence, and argues that the person carrying the load is a co-author of the arrangement rather than its victim.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/se-joka-pitaa-karttaa?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Linkki suomeksi editoituun tekstiin.</a>)</em></p></div><p><strong>By Mika Horelli, Brussels</strong></p><p><span>I remember the Moscow metro better than I know it.</span></p><p><span>I was in the city a little over thirty years ago, and I had a local host. He knew which platform to take, when to change lines, which side of the escalator to stand on. I followed. I do not speak Russian and never have; the Cyrillic letters were then, and remain today, shapes that resemble something familiar without ever agreeing to become words. The marble, the vaulted ceilings, the bronze statues all lodged themselves in my memory with great precision. The network did not lodge itself at all.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>Had I been left alone on any one of those platforms, I would not have known which direction we had come from, or what name the same interchange carried on a different line. I could have got lost travelling to the next stop.</span></p></div><p><span>For a long time I explained this to myself with the alphabet. That explanation is too easy. The problem wasn&#8217;t simply that I couldn&#8217;t read the station names. The problem was that my brain was operating in an entirely different mode than it would have used if I had been obliged to find my own way. When somebody else knows the route, a person stops building it. He no longer asks where north is. He does not count the stops. He does not notice that the train is curving. He watches the back of the person in front of him.</span></p><p><span>A decade later, I moved to New York. No one met me at the station; no one told me which way to turn. I learnt the subway effortlessly, almost without noticing. Within a few weeks I carried a rough but functioning map of the city in my head: which trains stop everywhere and which go hurtling past, where the Lexington Avenue lines diverge, that 14th Street is the knot holding the lower city together, and that Broadway cuts diagonally across the grid like an error nobody ever corrected.</span></p><p><span>The difference wasn&#8217;t intelligence, and it wasn&#8217;t motivation. The difference was responsibility.</span></p><p><span>You can travel through a city without ever learning the city. And perhaps you can travel through a life the same way.</span></p><h4><strong><span>Outsourced navigation</span></strong></h4><p><span>There is a research term for this: cognitive offloading. The human brain is ruthlessly economical. It does not store information it can reliably retrieve from somewhere else.</span></p><p><span>Navigation is the purest illustration. When a person finds his own way, he builds what psychologists call a cognitive map: directions, distances, landmarks, relationships between them. When he follows instructions, he executes a sequence of commands. The outcome is the same: both arrive. What remains afterwards is not remotely the same.</span></p><p><span>A study published in </span><em><span>Scientific Reports</span></em><span> in 2020 found that heavier GPS use was associated with weaker spatial memory when participants later had to navigate without the device. The effect appeared specifically in self-directed navigation; that is, precisely when the help was gone.</span></p><p><span>The phenomenon is now visible every day, and it has become so ordinary that nobody remarks on it.</span></p><p><span>Four people come up from a metro station into an unfamiliar city. One of them is looking at a phone.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>Left here. The others follow. Right at the corner. The others follow. Third street on the left.</span></p></div><p><span>They arrive at the restaurant. Two hours later, the one holding the phone has a rough idea of where they are. The other three may not know which side of the metro station they are sitting on.</span></p><p><span>They were present for the journey. They did not navigate it.</span></p><h4><strong><span>When the map becomes a person</span></strong></h4><p><span>So far, this is a matter of technology and cities. It becomes considerably more interesting when the person holding the map is not a device but another human being.</span></p><p><span>Psychologists studying close relationships use the concept of transactive memory. The idea is simple and entirely healthy: people in close relationships begin to use one another as external memory systems. One remembers the insurance policies; the other remembers the birthdays. One understands the car; the other understands the bank. I do not need to know everything, because I know who does.</span></p><p><span>This is efficient. It is, in fact, one of intimacy's most underrated advantages.</span></p><p><span>In its healthy form, the system sounds like this: I know some things, you know some things, together we know more.</span></p><p><span>In its unhealthy form it sounds like this: I do not need to know, because you know.</span></p><p><span>And in its most extreme form: I don&#8217;t even need to know what I don&#8217;t know, because you will deal with it.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>At that point the other person is no longer a partner. He has become an operating system in human form.</span></p></div><h4><strong><span>A system that reinforces itself</span></strong></h4><p><span>Family therapists have a name for the arrangement: the</span><em><span> overfunctioning</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>underfunctioning</span></em><span> dynamic. One person begins to carry a disproportionate share of the practical, organisational and often emotional responsibility. The other becomes gradually more passive.</span></p><p><span>The essential point is that this is not two personality types meeting; it is a self-reinforcing system. The more one does, the less the other needs to do. The less the other does, the more indispensable the first becomes.</span></p><p><span>The more competent one partner becomes, the less competent the other one needs to be.</span></p><p><span>Here is the uncomfortable part. The person carrying the responsibility helps build the system, and does so for good reasons. He is faster. He knows how it's done. He cannot bear to watch it being done badly. He fears it won&#8217;t get done at all.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>He thinks: if I do not do this, it will not get done. After a few years, that is true. Partly because he has been doing it for so long.</span></p></div><p><span>The term weaponised incompetence deserves a mention here, though a cautious one. It describes a situation in which somebody proves so consistently poor at a particular task that another person eventually takes it over. I am no good at this. You do it so much better. I will only make a mess of it.</span></p><p><span>The explanation is attractive because it identifies a culprit. It is also rarely the whole truth. More often, people drift into the arrangement without anyone deciding anything. First one person handles a single matter. Then two. Then ten. At some point, the other no longer knows what is being handled on their behalf.</span></p><h4><strong><span>What never appears on the list</span></strong></h4><p><span>Research on domestic labour has shifted in recent years from tasks to their management. The question is not only who performs the job. The heavier load often falls on whoever has to anticipate, remember, decide and verify that the job exists in the first place.</span></p><p><span>Paying a bill takes two minutes. Somebody has to know that the bill has arrived, when it falls due, whether there is money in the account, which account it comes from and what happens if it goes unpaid.</span></p><p><span>The same applies to medical appointments, tax returns, insurance renewals, vehicle inspections, passport applications, flight bookings, tenancy agreements, letters from the authorities and a thousand other matters that nobody ever writes down anywhere.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>This is why the sentence &#8220;you are so much better at these things&#8221; is dangerously effective. It sounds like a compliment. In practice, it means: therefore they are now your responsibility.</span></p></div><h4><strong>The rest of this essay is for paying subscribers.</strong></h4><p><em>It turns on a paradox I have watched play out for years in Brussels and elsewhere. The natural assumption is that the local partner guides the newcomer through the health service, the tax office and the paperwork. In practice it frequently runs the other way, and after a decade the person who arrived from abroad knows the system better than the one who was born inside it, and therefore runs it.</em></p><p><em>From there the essay turns to something I find harder to admit. I have quite often been the one holding the map, and not by decision. There is a reward in that position which is rarely discussed: it makes a person necessary. Once you are accustomed to being the quiet centre of the group, letting go of it feels oddly uncomfortable, even when letting go would be better for everyone.</em></p><p><em>Which is why I no longer think this is only a story about people who avoid responsibility. It is equally a story about those of us who cannot leave it alone.</em></p><p><em>The closing section returns to the metro, and to the line nobody ever draws visibly: the moment when looking after somebody turns into carrying their adulthood for them.</em></p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Se, joka pitää karttaa]]></title><description><![CDATA[Mit&#228; tapahtuu, kun yksi ihminen opettelee suunnistamaan el&#228;m&#228;ss&#228; kahden puolesta]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/se-joka-pitaa-karttaa</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/se-joka-pitaa-karttaa</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 16 Aug 2026 08:01:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSVL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d43d9ad-8657-450d-8deb-7c6ac42ebd41_1402x1122.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSVL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d43d9ad-8657-450d-8deb-7c6ac42ebd41_1402x1122.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSVL!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d43d9ad-8657-450d-8deb-7c6ac42ebd41_1402x1122.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSVL!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d43d9ad-8657-450d-8deb-7c6ac42ebd41_1402x1122.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSVL!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d43d9ad-8657-450d-8deb-7c6ac42ebd41_1402x1122.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSVL!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d43d9ad-8657-450d-8deb-7c6ac42ebd41_1402x1122.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSVL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d43d9ad-8657-450d-8deb-7c6ac42ebd41_1402x1122.png" width="1402" height="1122" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4d43d9ad-8657-450d-8deb-7c6ac42ebd41_1402x1122.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1122,&quot;width&quot;:1402,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3000136,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/i/211299056?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d43d9ad-8657-450d-8deb-7c6ac42ebd41_1402x1122.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSVL!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d43d9ad-8657-450d-8deb-7c6ac42ebd41_1402x1122.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSVL!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d43d9ad-8657-450d-8deb-7c6ac42ebd41_1402x1122.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSVL!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d43d9ad-8657-450d-8deb-7c6ac42ebd41_1402x1122.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSVL!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d43d9ad-8657-450d-8deb-7c6ac42ebd41_1402x1122.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kuva: Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Kun joku toinen ottaa vastuun suunnistamisesta, toisen aivot lakkaavat piirt&#228;m&#228;st&#228; karttaa. T&#228;m&#228; p&#228;tee kaupunkeihin ja el&#228;m&#228;&#228;n. Essee seuraa, miten toisen osaaminen voi huomaamatta tuottaa toisen osaamattomuutta ja v&#228;itt&#228;&#228;, ett&#228; vastuun kantaja on j&#228;rjestelm&#228;n rakentaja eik&#228; sen uhri.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-person-holding-the-map?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Link to writer-edited English version of the essay.</a>)</em></p></div><p><strong>Mika Horelli, Bryssel</strong></p><p>Muistan Moskovan metron paremmin kuin osaan k&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; sit&#228;. Olin kaupungissa runsaat kolmekymment&#228; vuotta sitten ja minulla oli paikallinen opas. H&#228;n tiesi, mille laiturille menn&#228;&#228;n, milloin vaihdetaan ja kummalle puolelle liukuportaita asetutaan seisomaan. Min&#228; seurasin. Ven&#228;j&#228;&#228; en osaa enk&#228; ole koskaan oppinut, ja kyrilliset kirjaimet ovat minulle t&#228;n&#228;kin p&#228;iv&#228;n&#228; l&#228;hinn&#228; muotoja, jotka muistuttavat jotakin tuttua, mutta eiv&#228;t suostu muodostumaan sanoiksi.</p><p>Asemien juhlavat marmorit, holvit ja pronssipatsaat painuivat mieleeni. Verkosto ei painunut lainkaan.</p><p>Jos minut olisi j&#228;tetty yksin jollekin asemalle, en olisi tiennyt, mihin suuntaan olimme tulleet tai mill&#228; nimell&#228; sama vaihtoasema kulki toisella linjalla. Olisin eksynyt matkalla seuraavalle pys&#228;kille.</p><p>Kyse ei ollut vain siit&#228;, etten osannut lukea asemien nimi&#228;. Kyse oli siit&#228;, ett&#228; aivoni toimivat aivan eri tavalla kuin jos olisin joutunut suunnistamaan itse. Kun joku toinen tiet&#228;&#228; reitin, ihminen lakkaa piirt&#228;m&#228;st&#228; sit&#228; p&#228;&#228;h&#228;ns&#228;. H&#228;n ei en&#228;&#228; kysy, miss&#228; pohjoinen on. H&#228;n ei laske pys&#228;kkej&#228;. H&#228;n ei huomaa, ett&#228; juna kaartaa. H&#228;n katsoo toisen selk&#228;&#228;.</p><p>Vuosikymment&#228; my&#246;hemmin muutin New Yorkiin. Kukaan ei tullut vastaan asemalle. Kukaan ei sanonut, mihin suuntaan k&#228;&#228;nnyt&#228;&#228;n. Opin subwayverkon vaivattomasti, melkein huomaamatta. Muutamassa viikossa minulla oli p&#228;&#228;ss&#228;ni karkea mutta toimiva kartta kaupungista: mitk&#228; junat pys&#228;htyv&#228;t joka asemalla ja mitk&#228; sy&#246;ksyv&#228;t ohi, miss&#228; Lexington Avenuen linjat erkanevat, ett&#228; 14. Katu on koko alakaupungin solmu ja Broadway kulkee vinosti ruudukon l&#228;pi kuin virhe, jota kukaan ei ole korjannut.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Ero ei ollut &#228;lykkyydess&#228; eik&#228; motivaatiossa. Ero oli vastuussa.</p></div><p>Voi kulkea kaupungin l&#228;pi oppimatta kaupunkia. Ja ehk&#228; el&#228;m&#228;nkin l&#228;pi samalla tavalla.</p><h4><strong>Ulkoistettu suunnistus</strong></h4><p>T&#228;lle on olemassa tutkimuksellinen nimi: <em>kognitiivinen ulkoistaminen</em>. Ihmisaivot ovat armottoman taloudelliset. Ne eiv&#228;t varastoi tietoa, jota ne voivat hakea luotettavasti muualta.</p><p>Navigointi on t&#228;st&#228; puhtain esimerkki. Kun ihminen suunnistaa itse, h&#228;n rakentaa mieless&#228;&#228;n niin sanottua kognitiivista karttaa: suuntia, et&#228;isyyksi&#228;, maamerkkej&#228; ja suhteita. Kun h&#228;n seuraa ohjetta, h&#228;n suorittaa k&#228;skyjonon. Lopputulos on sama. Perill&#228; ollaan. J&#228;ljelle j&#228;&#228;v&#228; tieto on t&#228;ysin eri.</p><p>Vuonna 2020 <em>Scientific Reports</em> -lehdess&#228; julkaistussa tutkimuksessa havaittiin, ett&#228; runsas GPS:n k&#228;ytt&#246; oli yhteydess&#228; heikompaan spatiaaliseen muistiin, kun koehenkil&#246;iden piti my&#246;hemmin suunnistaa ilman laitetta. Vaikutus n&#228;kyi nimenomaan itseohjautuvassa navigoinnissa eli silloin, kun apu oli poissa.</p><p>Nyky&#228;&#228;n ilmi&#246;n n&#228;kee joka p&#228;iv&#228;, ja se on niin tavallinen, ettei sit&#228; en&#228;&#228; huomaa.</p><p>Nelj&#228; ihmist&#228; nousee metroasemalta kadulle vieraassa kaupungissa. Yksi katsoo puhelinta.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Vasemmalle. Muut seuraavat. T&#228;st&#228; oikealle. Muut seuraavat. Kolmas katu vasemmalle.</p></div><p>He saapuvat ravintolaan. Kaksi tuntia my&#246;hemmin puhelinta pit&#228;nyt tiet&#228;&#228; suunnilleen, miss&#228; ollaan. Muut kolme eiv&#228;t v&#228;ltt&#228;m&#228;tt&#228; tied&#228; edes sit&#228;, kummalla puolella metroasemaa he istuvat.</p><h4><strong>Kun kartasta tulee ihminen</strong></h4><p>T&#228;h&#228;n asti on kyse ollut tekniikasta ja kaupungeista. Kiinnostavaksi asia muuttuu, kun kartan pitelij&#228; ei olekaan laite vaan toinen ihminen.</p><p>Psykologiassa l&#228;heisten suhteiden muistin jakautumista on tutkittu k&#228;sitteell&#228; <em>transaktiivinen muisti</em>. Ajatus on yksinkertainen ja terve: l&#228;heisess&#228; suhteessa ihmiset alkavat k&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; toisiaan ulkoisina muistij&#228;rjestelmin&#228;. Toinen muistaa vakuutukset, toinen sukulaisten syntym&#228;p&#228;iv&#228;t. Toinen tuntee auton, toinen pankkiasiat. Minun ei tarvitse tiet&#228;&#228; kaikkea, koska tied&#228;n, kuka tiet&#228;&#228;.</p><p>T&#228;m&#228; on tehokasta. Se on itse asiassa yksi l&#228;heisyyden aliarvostetuimmista eduista.</p><p>Terveess&#228; muodossaan j&#228;rjestelm&#228; kuulostaa t&#228;lt&#228;: min&#228; tied&#228;n joitakin asioita, sin&#228; tied&#228;t joitakin asioita ja yhdess&#228; tied&#228;mme enemm&#228;n. Ep&#228;terveess&#228; muodossaan se kuulostaa t&#228;lt&#228;: minun ei tarvitse tiet&#228;&#228;, koska sin&#228; tied&#228;t. Ja &#228;&#228;rimm&#228;isess&#228; muodossaan t&#228;lt&#228;: minun ei tarvitse edes tiet&#228;&#228;, mit&#228; en tied&#228;, koska sin&#228; hoidat sen.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Siin&#228; vaiheessa toinen ei ole en&#228;&#228; kumppani. H&#228;n on ihmisen muotoinen k&#228;ytt&#246;j&#228;rjestelm&#228;.</p></div><h4><strong>Itse&#228;&#228;n vahvistava j&#228;rjestelm&#228;</strong></h4><p>Perheterapian piiriss&#228; t&#228;lle asetelmalle on oma nimens&#228;: ylitoimiminen ja alitoimiminen, <em>overfunctioning</em> ja <em>underfunctioning</em>. Toinen alkaa kantaa suhteettoman suuren osan k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;llisest&#228;, organisatorisesta ja usein my&#246;s emotionaalisesta vastuusta. Toinen muuttuu v&#228;hitellen passiivisemmaksi.</p><p>Olennaista on, ettei t&#228;m&#228; ole kahden luonteenpiirteen kohtaaminen vaan itse&#228;&#228;n vahvistava j&#228;rjestelm&#228;. Mit&#228; enemm&#228;n toinen tekee, sit&#228; v&#228;hemm&#228;n toisen tarvitsee tehd&#228;. Mit&#228; v&#228;hemm&#228;n toinen tekee, sit&#228; v&#228;ltt&#228;m&#228;tt&#246;m&#228;mm&#228;ksi ensimm&#228;isen tekeminen muuttuu.</p><p>Mit&#228; osaavammaksi toinen osapuoli tulee, sit&#228; v&#228;hemm&#228;n osaava toisen tarvitsee olla.</p><p>T&#228;ss&#228; on ep&#228;miellytt&#228;v&#228; osa: vastuun kantaja rakentaa j&#228;rjestelm&#228;&#228; itse ja tekee sen hyvist&#228; syist&#228;. H&#228;n on nopeampi. H&#228;n tiet&#228;&#228;, miten asia hoidetaan. H&#228;n ei jaksa katsoa vierest&#228;, kun se tehd&#228;&#228;n v&#228;&#228;rin. H&#228;n pelk&#228;&#228;, ettei asia muuten hoidu lainkaan.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>H&#228;n ajattelee: jos min&#228; en tee t&#228;t&#228;, se j&#228;&#228; tekem&#228;tt&#228;. Muutaman vuoden kuluttua se on totta. Osittain siksi, ett&#228; h&#228;n on tehnyt sen jo niin kauan.</p></div><p>K&#228;site <em>weaponized incompetence</em>, aseistettu kyvytt&#246;myys, kannattaa mainita t&#228;ss&#228;, mutta varovasti. Se tarkoittaa tilannetta, jossa ihminen osoittautuu johdonmukaisesti niin huonoksi jossakin teht&#228;v&#228;ss&#228;, ett&#228; joku toinen lopulta tekee sen h&#228;nen puolestaan. En osaa. Sin&#228; teet sen paremmin. Min&#228; kuitenkin mokaan t&#228;m&#228;n.</p><p>Selitys on houkutteleva, koska se osoittaa syyllisen. Se ei ole my&#246;sk&#228;&#228;n koko totuus. Paljon tavallisempaa on, ett&#228; t&#228;llaiseen asetelmaan ajaudutaan ilman, ett&#228; kukaan p&#228;&#228;tt&#228;&#228; mit&#228;&#228;n. Ensin toinen hoitaa yhden asian. Sitten kaksi. Sitten kymmenen. Jossakin vaiheessa toinen ei en&#228;&#228; tied&#228; edes sit&#228;, mit&#228; kaikkea toinen hoitaa.</p><h4><strong>Se, mik&#228; ei n&#228;y teht&#228;v&#228;listalla</strong></h4><p>Kotit&#246;iden tutkimus on viime vuosina siirtynyt suoritteista niiden hallinnointiin. Kysymys ei ole vain siit&#228;, kuka tekee teht&#228;v&#228;n. Suurempi kuorma on usein se, jonka pit&#228;&#228; ennakoida, muistaa, p&#228;&#228;tt&#228;&#228; ja valvoa, ett&#228; teht&#228;v&#228; on ylip&#228;&#228;t&#228;&#228;n olemassa.</p><p>Laskun maksaminen kest&#228;&#228; kaksi minuuttia. Jonkun t&#228;ytyy tiet&#228;&#228;, ett&#228; lasku on tullut, milloin se er&#228;&#228;ntyy, onko tilill&#228; katetta, mist&#228; se maksetaan ja mit&#228; tapahtuu, jos se j&#228;&#228; maksamatta.</p><p>Sama koskee l&#228;&#228;k&#228;riaikoja, veroilmoituksia, vakuutuksia, auton katsastusta, passin uusimista, lentolippuja, vuokrasopimuksia, viranomaiskirjeit&#228; ja tuhatta muuta asiaa, joita kukaan ei koskaan kirjaa mihink&#228;&#228;n.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Siksi lause &#8220;sin&#228; olet n&#228;iss&#228; asioissa parempi&#8221; on vaarallisen tehokas. Se kuulostaa kohteliaisuudelta. K&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228; se tarkoittaa: siisp&#228; ne ovat nyt sinun vastuullasi.</p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Maksumuurin takana teksti k&#228;&#228;ntyy paradoksiin, jota olen seurannut vuosikausia. Normaali oletus on, ett&#228; paikallinen opastaa tulokasta terveydenhuollon, verotuksen ja viranomaispapereiden l&#228;pi. K&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228; k&#228;y usein p&#228;invastoin, ja vuosikymmenen kuluttua ulkomailta tullut tuntee maan j&#228;rjestelm&#228;t paremmin kuin niihin syntynyt, ja siksi my&#246;s hoitaa ne molempien puolesta.</em></p><p><em>Sielt&#228; essee siirtyy siihen, mit&#228; on vaikeampi kirjoittaa. Olen ollut aika usein se, joka pit&#228;&#228; karttaa, enk&#228; yleens&#228; omasta p&#228;&#228;t&#246;ksest&#228;ni. Siin&#228; asemassa on palkkio, josta harvoin puhutaan: se tekee ihmisest&#228; v&#228;ltt&#228;m&#228;tt&#246;m&#228;n. Sill&#228; on my&#246;s hinta, ja se laskutetaan vasta kun jokin menee pieleen.</em></p><p><em>Vastuun ottamisessa on sis&#228;&#228;nrakennettu ep&#228;symmetria. Onnistuminen sulaa taustaan ja kuuluu kaikille. Ep&#228;onnistumisella on kasvot, ja kasvot kuuluvat sille, joka otti asian hoitaakseen. Mit&#228; kauemmin on hoitanut asioita toisten puolesta, sit&#228; yksin&#228;isempi on juuri sill&#228; hetkell&#228;, kun rahkeet loppuvat. Yhteinen ilo, yksityinen ep&#228;onnistuminen.</em></p><p><em>Siksi en en&#228;&#228; usko, ett&#228; kyse on vain vastuuta v&#228;lttelevist&#228; ihmisist&#228;. Yht&#228; lailla kyse on niist&#228; meist&#228;, jotka eiv&#228;t osaa j&#228;tt&#228;&#228; sit&#228; ottamatta.</em></p></div>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Kun menestyksestä tulee tauti]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ven&#228;j&#228;ll&#228; oli kaasua. Britannialla oli rahoitusala. Suomella oli Nokia. Vaarallisin hetki koittaa silloin, kun jokin toimii niin hyvin, ettei maailmaa ilman sit&#228; en&#228;&#228; osaa kuvitella.]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/kun-menestyksesta-tulee-tauti</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/kun-menestyksesta-tulee-tauti</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 04:23:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dP2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e0a739a-e693-4a85-9990-ec78ee657d5f_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dP2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e0a739a-e693-4a85-9990-ec78ee657d5f_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dP2!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e0a739a-e693-4a85-9990-ec78ee657d5f_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dP2!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e0a739a-e693-4a85-9990-ec78ee657d5f_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dP2!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e0a739a-e693-4a85-9990-ec78ee657d5f_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dP2!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e0a739a-e693-4a85-9990-ec78ee657d5f_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dP2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e0a739a-e693-4a85-9990-ec78ee657d5f_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" 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/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e0a739a-e693-4a85-9990-ec78ee657d5f_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dP2!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e0a739a-e693-4a85-9990-ec78ee657d5f_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dP2!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e0a739a-e693-4a85-9990-ec78ee657d5f_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dP2!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e0a739a-e693-4a85-9990-ec78ee657d5f_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kuva: Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Nokia oli Suomelle enemm&#228;n kuin yhti&#246;; se oli todiste siit&#228;, ett&#228; pieni maa oli ymm&#228;rt&#228;nyt uuden maailman. T&#228;ss&#228; esseess&#228; kuljen kahdesta hyvin erilaisesta roolista: vuoden 1987 mainostoimistosta ja parikymment&#228; vuotta my&#246;hemmist&#228; amerikkalaisista lehdist&#246;tilaisuuksista kohti kysymyst&#228;, joka koskee yht&#228; lailla Ven&#228;j&#228;&#228;, Saksaa ja Britanniaa: mit&#228; tapahtuu instituutiolle, jonka strategia on toiminut niin kauan, ettei sit&#228; en&#228;&#228; pidet&#228; strategiana vaan asioiden luonnollisena j&#228;rjestyksen&#228;. Taloustieteess&#228; t&#228;lle on yksi t&#228;sm&#228;llinen k&#228;site, Hollannin tauti, mutta ilmi&#246; on sit&#228; laajempi ja ennen kaikkea poliittinen ja psykologinen. Ep&#228;onnistuminen tuottaa tietoa, jota on vaikea sivuuttaa. Menestys antaa luvan varomattomuuteen.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/when-success-becomes-a-disease?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Link to writer-edited English version.</a>)</em></p></div><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli, Bryssel</strong></em></p><p>Seurasin aikanaan Nokiaa kahdesta hyvin erilaisesta roolista ja niiden v&#228;liss&#228; oli parikymment&#228; vuotta.</p><p>Ensimm&#228;inen rooli oli Helsingiss&#228; vuonna 1987. Ty&#246;skentelin mainosalalla ja olin perustamassa uutta mainostoimistoa. Toimiston perustamiseen liittyi paljon odotuksia ja meill&#228; oli yksi merkitt&#228;v&#228; etu: suurin asiakkaamme oli Nokian matkapuhelinliiketoiminta. K&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228; se teki koko yrityksen perustamisen mahdolliseksi.</p><p>Kukaan ei viel&#228; tiennyt, mit&#228; oli tulossa. Matkapuhelimet olivat yh&#228; eksoottisia esineit&#228;, kalliita ja painavia, mutta ne olivat silti uuden aikakauden alku. Viestint&#228;teknologiassa oli alkamassa siirtym&#228; paikkasidonnaisesta teknologiasta henkil&#246;sidonnaiseen teknologiaan. Ajatus siit&#228;, ett&#228; tavalliset ihmiset kantaisivat sellaista mukanaan kaikkialla, pit&#228;isiv&#228;t sit&#228; v&#228;ltt&#228;m&#228;tt&#246;m&#228;n&#228; ja hoitaisivat niill&#228; tulevaisuudessa suuren osan el&#228;m&#228;ns&#228; rutiineista, kuulosti l&#228;hinn&#228; tieteiskirjallisuudelta.</p><p>Nokia ei my&#246;sk&#228;&#228;n ollut ilmeinen ehdokas hallitsemaan tuota tulevaisuutta. Se oli suomalainen teollisuuskonserni, jonka historiaan kuuluivat vessapaperi, kaapelit, kumisaappaat, televisiot ja mets&#228;teollisuus. Suomi oli pieni maa Euroopan reunalla, Neuvostoliiton naapurissa, ja se tunnettiin kansainv&#228;lisesti aivan muusta kuin kuluttajateknologiasta. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Silti jotain poikkeuksellista oli alkamassa, ja l&#228;hes vahingossa minulla oli siihen eturivin paikka.</p></div><p>Vaihdoin my&#246;hemmin maata, l&#228;hdin Suomesta ja siirryin mainonnasta journalismiin. Suomi k&#228;vi l&#228;pi raa&#8217;an laman, Neuvostoliitto katosi, id&#228;nkauppa romahti, kylm&#228; sota p&#228;&#228;ttyi ja Nokia aloitti yhden Euroopan yritysmaailman merkitt&#228;vimmist&#228; nousuista. </p><p>Kun kohtasin yhti&#246;n uudelleen toisessa roolissani, olin kirjeenvaihtajana Yhdysvalloissa ja Nokia oli noussut maailman suurimmaksi matkapuhelinvalmistajaksi.</p><h4><strong>Kysymys, johon historia oli jo vastannut</strong></h4><p>Nokian amerikkalaisissa tuotejulkistuksissa kysyin toisinaan yhti&#246;n amerikkalaisilta ja suomalaisilta johtajilta kysymyksen, johon he selv&#228;sti katsoivat historian jo vastanneen: miksi Nokia suhtautui niin vastahakoisesti r&#228;&#228;t&#228;l&#246;ityihin puhelimiin, joita amerikkalaiset operaattorit halusivat?</p><p>Yhdysvaltain markkina oli erikoinen. Operaattoreilla oli valtava valta, ja ne halusivat puhelimia, jotka oli sovitettu niiden verkkoihin, palveluihin ja br&#228;ndiin. Valmistajien, jotka halusivat p&#228;&#228;st&#228; k&#228;siksi niiden asiakkaisiin, odotettiin joustavan. Nokia oli tottunut toisenlaiseen k&#228;yt&#228;nt&#246;&#246;n.</p><p>Vastaus, jonka muistan kuulleeni, oli pohjimmiltaan se, ettei Nokian tarvinnut sopeutua. Nokia oli maailman suurin matkapuhelinvalmistaja. Se suunnitteli puhelimet ja operaattorit myiv&#228;t niit&#228;. Jos jonkun piti joustaa, niin operaattorit.</p><p>Kyse ei ollut pelk&#228;st&#228; ylimielisyydest&#228;, vaan asenteen takana oli empiirist&#228; n&#228;ytt&#246;&#228;. Nokian toimintamalli oli valloittanut suuren osan maailmasta, ja kysymys kuului, miksi Verizonin, AT&amp;T:n tai jonkin muun amerikkalaisen operaattorin pit&#228;isi sanella, miten maailman suurin puhelinvalmistaja suunnittelee tuotteensa. Ongelma oli, ettei amerikkalaista markkinaa kiinnostanut, kuinka hyvin Nokia oli menestynyt muualla.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Itsevarmuudessa oli jotain l&#228;hes suurenmoista, eik&#228; se tuolloin ollut kohtuutonta. Nokia todella oli ykk&#246;nen.</p></div><p>Juuri siin&#228; piileskeli ongelma. Menestys ei ole vain palkinto siit&#228;, ett&#228; on ymm&#228;rt&#228;nyt maailman oikein. Riitt&#228;v&#228;n pitk&#228;&#228;n jatkuessaan se muuttuu todisteeksi siit&#228;, ettei maailmaa tarvitse en&#228;&#228; ymm&#228;rt&#228;&#228; lainkaan.</p><h4><strong>Hollannin tauti ja sen laajempi sukulainen</strong></h4><p>Taloustieteess&#228; on vanha termi yhdelle t&#228;m&#228;n ongelman versiolle: <em>Hollannin tauti.</em> Alankomaissa l&#246;ydettiin vuonna 1959 valtava Groningenin maakaasukentt&#228;, jonka hy&#246;dynt&#228;minen muutti maan taloutta. <em>The Economist</em> lanseerasi vuonna 1977 k&#228;sitteen <em>Dutch disease</em> kuvaamaan kaasubuumin j&#228;lkeist&#228; paradoksia: luonnonvararikkaus voi tehd&#228; maasta vauraamman ja samalla heikent&#228;&#228; sen talouden muita osa-alueita.</p><p>Mekanismi on periaatteessa suoraviivainen. &#214;ljyn, kaasun tai mineraalien vienti kasvattaa vientituloja, reaalinen valuuttakurssi vahvistuu ja p&#228;&#228;omaa sek&#228; osaavaa ty&#246;voimaa siirtyy kohti kukoistavaa sektoria. </p><p>Muiden vientialojen on samaan aikaan yh&#228; vaikeampi p&#228;rj&#228;t&#228; kansainv&#228;lisess&#228; kilpailussa. Maa siis vaurastui jalkojensa alla olevan aarteen ansiosta, samalla kun osa maanp&#228;&#228;llisest&#228; taloudesta heikkeni. T&#228;m&#228; on Hollannin tauti sanan varsinaisen taloustieteellisen merkityksen kannalta.</p><p>Nokia ei ollut kaasukentt&#228;. Suomi ei sairastanut Hollannin tautia siksi, ett&#228; yksi suomalainen yhti&#246; menestyi poikkeuksellisen hyvin, eik&#228; sit&#228; sairasta jokainen talous, joka nojaa yhteen menestyv&#228;&#228;n sektoriin. Termill&#228; on kohtuullisen t&#228;sm&#228;llinen merkitys, ja taloustieteen k&#228;sitteiden venytt&#228;minen kaiken selitt&#228;miseen johtaa yleens&#228; siihen, ettei k&#228;site lopulta selit&#228; en&#228;&#228; mit&#228;&#228;n.</p><p>Mutta Hollannin tauti osoittaa kohti laajempaa ja kiinnostavampaa ilmi&#246;t&#228;, jota voisi kutsua menestyksen taudiksi. Sen mekanismi ei ole ensisijaisesti valuuttakurssi tai ty&#246;voimakustannus vaan psykologia, instituutiot ja politiikka.</p><p>Se etenee n&#228;in. Jokin toimii ja sitten se toimii eritt&#228;in hyvin. Raha, osaajat ja huomio virtaavat sit&#228; kohti, instituutiot j&#228;rjest&#228;ytyv&#228;t sen ymp&#228;rille ja urat rakentuvat sen ymm&#228;rt&#228;miselle. </p><p>Hallitukset tottuvat sen tuottamiin tuloihin, sijoittajat oppivat odottamaan sit&#228; ja toimittajat alkavat pit&#228;&#228; sen jatkumista l&#228;ht&#246;kohtana, josta poikkeamat vaativat erillisen selityksen. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Lopulta onnistunut strategia lakkaa n&#228;ytt&#228;m&#228;st&#228; strategialta ja alkaa n&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; asioiden luonnolliselta j&#228;rjestykselt&#228;.</p></div><h4><strong>Mit&#228; Nokia antoi Suomelle rahan lis&#228;ksi</strong></h4><p>Suomi koki t&#228;m&#228;n hyvin konkreettisesti. Huippukaudellaan Nokian merkitys Suomen taloudelle oli poikkeuksellinen. Se vastasi huomattavaa osaa viennist&#228;, yritysten tutkimus- ja kehitysmenoista, p&#246;rssin arvosta ja yhteis&#246;verotuotoista, ja kymmenet tuhannet ihmiset olivat suoraan tai v&#228;lillisesti riippuvaisia sen menestyksest&#228;.</p><p>Nokia tuotti my&#246;s jotain vaikeammin mitattavaa: itseluottamusta.</p><p>Suomi oli noussut 1990-luvun alun tuhoisasta lamasta. Neuvostoliitto oli poissa ja Suomi oli liittynyt Euroopan unioniin. Maa, joka oli perinteisesti murehtinut syrj&#228;ist&#228; asemaansa, omisti yht&#228;kki&#228; yhden maailman arvokkaimmista br&#228;ndeist&#228;.</p><p>Nokia oli todiste siit&#228;, ett&#228; Suomi oli ymm&#228;rt&#228;nyt uuden maailman. Olimme koulutettuja, ymm&#228;rsimme tekniikkaa, ymm&#228;rsimme tietoliikennett&#228; ja ymm&#228;rsimme tulevaisuuden.</p><p>J&#228;ljelle j&#228;i vain yksi ep&#228;mukava kysymys: mit&#228; Suomella olisi, jos Nokiaa ei jonain p&#228;iv&#228;n&#228; olisi?</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Vuosien ajan kysymys vaikutti l&#228;hes perverssilt&#228; ja se on pitk&#228;n menestyksen erikoisimpia piirteit&#228;. Mit&#228; kauemmin jokin toimii, sit&#228; tyhmemm&#228;lt&#228; kuulostaa kysy&#228;, jatkuuko se.</p></div><h4><strong>Kun tuotteen m&#228;&#228;ritelm&#228; vaihtui</strong></h4><p>Nokia kamppaili Yhdysvalloissa vuosia ja haluttomuus sopeutua operaattorivetoiseen j&#228;rjestelm&#228;&#228;n oli vain osa selityst&#228;. Mukana olivat CDMA:n kaltaiset verkkoteknologiat, v&#228;&#228;r&#228;nlainen mallisto Amerikan markkinoille, yh&#228; k&#246;mpel&#246;mm&#228;ksi k&#228;ynyt Symbian-k&#228;ytt&#246;j&#228;rjestelm&#228;, organisaation sis&#228;iset ongelmat ja lopulta valtava teknologinen murros, joka seurasi Applen iPhonea ja pian sen j&#228;lkeen Androidia.</p><p>Murroksessa oli olennaista, ett&#228; itse tuotteen m&#228;&#228;ritelm&#228; muuttui.</p><p>Matkapuhelin lakkasi olemasta ensisijaisesti hienosti insin&#246;&#246;rity&#246;n&#228; rakennettu tietoliikennelaite, jonka sis&#228;ll&#228; oli ohjelmisto, ja siit&#228; tuli taskutietokone, jonka sis&#228;ll&#228; sattui olemaan puhelin. Nokia oli poikkeuksellisen hyv&#228; rakentamaan puhelimia. Maailma alkoi kuitenkin haluta jotain muuta.</p><p>Olisi liian siisti&#228; ja historiallisesti v&#228;&#228;rin sanoa, ett&#228; Nokia romahti, koska sen johtajat kielt&#228;ytyiv&#228;t r&#228;&#228;t&#228;l&#246;im&#228;st&#228; puhelimia amerikkalaisille operaattoreille. Niin ei k&#228;ynyt. Mutta j&#228;lkik&#228;teen nuo keskustelut n&#228;ytt&#228;v&#228;t jonkin suuremman varhaiselta oireelta. Nokiasta oli tullut poikkeuksellisen hyv&#228; raivaamaan tiet&#228; yhdelle vallankumoukselliselle teknologialle, mutta sen p&#228;&#228;lle syntynytt&#228; uutta ekosysteemi&#228; Nokia ei en&#228;&#228; ymm&#228;rt&#228;nyt eik&#228; hallinnut. Menestys oli tehnyt muuttumisen vaikeammaksi.</p><h4><strong>Ven&#228;j&#228;: taudin poliittinen muoto</strong></h4><p>Ilmi&#246;n dramaattisin nykyesimerkki ei ole Suomi vaan Ven&#228;j&#228;. Kun <strong>Vladimir Putin</strong> nousi valtaan vuosisadan alussa, Ven&#228;j&#228; toipui katastrofaalisesta vuosikymmenest&#228;. Neuvostotalous oli romahtanut, siirtym&#228; kapitalismiin oli ollut kaoottinen ja korruptoitunut, s&#228;&#228;st&#246;t olivat kadonneet ja valtion instituutiot toimivat h&#228;din tuskin. </p><p>Vuonna 1998 Ven&#228;j&#228; ajautui finanssikriisiin, devalvoi ruplan ja j&#228;tti suuren osan kotimaisesta valtionvelastaan maksamatta. Miljoonat ven&#228;l&#228;iset kokivat 1990-luvun vapautumisen sijaan n&#246;yryytyksen&#228;.</p><p>Sitten Ven&#228;j&#228; sai poikkeuksellisen lottovoiton: &#246;ljyn hinta kallistui. Raaka&#246;ljyn hinta nousi jyrk&#228;sti uuden vuosisadan ensimm&#228;isell&#228; vuosikymmenell&#228;, ja Ven&#228;j&#228;ll&#228; oli valtavat m&#228;&#228;r&#228;t juuri sit&#228;, mit&#228; laajeneva maailmantalous halusi.</p><p>&#214;ljy- ja kaasutulot virtasivat maahan, elintaso nousi, el&#228;kkeet ja palkat maksettiin ja valuuttavarannot kasvoivat. Moskova t&#228;yttyi kalliista ravintoloista, tuontiautoista ja luksusliikkeist&#228;, ja valtio, joka oli muutama vuosi aiemmin n&#228;ytt&#228;nyt olevan hajoamisen partaalla, alkoi k&#228;ytt&#228;yty&#228; j&#228;lleen suurvaltana.</p><p>Putin sai poliittisen kunnian, ja osa siit&#228; oli ansaittua. Ven&#228;j&#228;n valtiosta tuli toimivampi kuin se oli ollut 1990-luvulla. My&#246;s vuoden 1998 kriisi&#228; seurannut ruplan devalvaatio, k&#228;ytt&#228;m&#228;t&#246;n tuotantokapasiteetti ja jotkin talousuudistukset edistiv&#228;t elpymist&#228;.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Huomattavan suuren osan ty&#246;st&#228; teki kuitenkin geologia.</p></div><p>T&#228;st&#228; syntyi jotain oppikirjan Hollannin tautia vaarallisempaa: taudin poliittinen muoto. Hallituksella, joka saa valtavat tulot luonnonvaroista, on aivan erilainen suhde yhteiskuntaan kuin hallituksella, jonka vauraus riippuu siit&#228;, ett&#228; miljoonat kansalaiset ja yritykset tulevat tuottavammiksi. </p><p>Luonnonvaravarallisuus rahoittaa valtiota pakottamatta valtiota uudistamaan sit&#228; taloutta, joka sen kannattelee. Se auttaa s&#228;ilytt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n tehottomia rakenteita, lykk&#228;&#228; vaikeita uudistuksia, rahoittaa armeijan ja antaa mahdollisuuden ostaa poliittista lojaalisuutta.</p><p>Ennen kaikkea se luo harhan, ett&#228; tulot ja osaaminen ovat sama asia. Ven&#228;j&#228; rikastui, mutta se ei tarkoittanut, ett&#228; siit&#228; olisi tullut parempi yhteiskunta.</p><p>&#214;ljy ei tehnyt uudistuksista mahdottomia, vaan tarpeettomia. Ja se, mik&#228; pysyy tarpeettomana riitt&#228;v&#228;n kauan, muuttuu lopulta poliittisesti mahdottomaksi.</p><h4><strong>Euroopan osuus samassa harhassa</strong></h4><p>Eurooppa vahvisti illuusiota, sill&#228; vuosien ajan suhde vaikutti ihastuttavan rationaaliselta. Ven&#228;j&#228;ll&#228; oli &#246;ljy&#228; ja kaasua ja Eurooppa tarvitsi niit&#228;. Euroopalla oli rahaa ja teknologiaa ja Ven&#228;j&#228; halusi niit&#228;.</p><p>Erityisesti Saksa rakensi teollisen mallin, jossa suhteellisen halpa ven&#228;l&#228;inen energia auttoi py&#246;ritt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n eritt&#228;in menestyksek&#228;st&#228; vientikoneistoa. Kaava oli elegantti: tuo energiaa edullisesti, yhdist&#228; se saksalaiseen insin&#246;&#246;ritaitoon ja hienostuneisiin toimitusketjuihin, tee siit&#228; kemikaaleja, koneita ja autoja ja myy ne Kiinaan ja muualle maailmaan.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Ven&#228;l&#228;iset p&#228;&#228;tteliv&#228;t, ett&#228; Eurooppa tarvitsee ven&#228;l&#228;ist&#228; energiaa liikaa, jotta se voisi haastaa Ven&#228;j&#228;n vakavasti. Monet eurooppalaiset p&#228;&#228;tteliv&#228;t, ett&#228; Ven&#228;j&#228; tarvitsee eurooppalaisia asiakkaita liikaa vaarantaakseen vakavasti suhteensa niihin.</p></div><p>Molemmissa v&#228;itteiss&#228; oli tarpeeksi totta ollakseen vaarallisia. Sitten tuli 24. helmikuuta 2022. Ven&#228;j&#228;n t&#228;ysimittainen hy&#246;kk&#228;ys Ukrainaan paljasti heikkoudet, joita kahden vuosikymmenen luonnonvaravarallisuus oli auttanut peitt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n. Ven&#228;j&#228; oli edelleen valtava sotilas- ja resurssimahti, jolla oli ydinaseet, laaja alue, mittavat energiavarannot ja huomattava teollinen kapasiteetti. Mutta samaan aikaan se oli joitakin n&#228;yteikkuna-aloja lukuun ottamatta teknis-taloudellinen takapajula.</p><p>Eurooppa huomasi tulleensa vaarallisen riippuvaiseksi ven&#228;l&#228;isest&#228; energiasta ja Ven&#228;j&#228; huomasi, ett&#228; sill&#228; oli omat riippuvuutensa. Menestynyt suhde oli kest&#228;nyt niin kauan, ett&#228; molemmat osapuolet olivat alkaneet sekoittaa sen pysyvyyteen.</p><p>Saksalle useat oletukset s&#228;rkyiv&#228;t l&#228;hes samanaikaisesti. Ven&#228;l&#228;inen energia ei en&#228;&#228; ollut poliittisesti luotettavaa, Kiina ei en&#228;&#228; ollut pelkk&#228; asiakas vaan yh&#228; vahvempi teollinen kilpailija, ja autoteollisuus ajautui s&#228;hk&#246;iseen ja ohjelmistovetoiseen murrokseen, jossa vuosisadan aikana kertynyt polttomoottoriosaaminen suojasi odotettua v&#228;hemm&#228;n.</p><p>Mik&#228;&#228;n t&#228;st&#228; ei todista, ett&#228; Saksan aiempi strategia oli tyhm&#228;. P&#228;invastoin. Onnistuneet strategiat ovat yleens&#228; j&#228;rkevi&#228;, sill&#228; muuten niist&#228; ei koskaan tulisi vaarallisia.</p><p>Vaara syntyy silloin, kun eilisest&#228; menestyksest&#228; tulee oletus huomisesta.</p><div><hr></div><p><em><strong>Loppuosassa:</strong> Britannia l&#246;ysi &#246;ljyn j&#228;lkeen toisen alan, jossa siit&#228; tuli vaarallisen hyv&#228;, ja Norja on ainoa maa, joka on osannut sanoa &#228;&#228;neen sen vaikean lauseen. Sen j&#228;lkeen kysyn, miksi ep&#228;onnistuminen opettaa paremmin kuin menestys ja mit&#228; menestyv&#228;ss&#228; organisaatiossa tapahtuu sille, joka esitt&#228;&#228; ep&#228;mukavan kysymyksen. Lopuksi palaan niihin amerikkalaisiin lehdist&#246;tilaisuuksiin ja kerron, mit&#228; en itse n&#228;hnyt. Tilaajana saat koko esseen sek&#228; kaikki Nordic Ledgerin arkiston tekstit.</em></p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[When Success Becomes a Disease]]></title><description><![CDATA[Russia had gas. Britain had finance. Finland had Nokia. The most dangerous moment comes when something works so well that you can no longer imagine a world without it.]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/when-success-becomes-a-disease</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/when-success-becomes-a-disease</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 04:00:36 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmtT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68e1e899-3606-4660-aa7c-92221aec753a_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmtT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68e1e899-3606-4660-aa7c-92221aec753a_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" 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/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68e1e899-3606-4660-aa7c-92221aec753a_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmtT!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68e1e899-3606-4660-aa7c-92221aec753a_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmtT!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68e1e899-3606-4660-aa7c-92221aec753a_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmtT!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F68e1e899-3606-4660-aa7c-92221aec753a_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Illustration by Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Nokia was more than a company to Finland; it was proof that a small country had understood the new world. This essay moves between two very different roles, an advertising agency in 1987 and American press conferences some twenty years later, towards a question that applies equally to Russia, Germany and Britain: what happens to an institution whose strategy has worked for so long that it is no longer treated as a strategy but as the natural order of things. Economics has a precise term for one version of this, Dutch disease, but the phenomenon is wider than the term, and it is above all political and psychological. Failure delivers information that is hard to ignore. Success grants permission not to look.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/kun-menestyksesta-tulee-tauti?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Linkki suomenkieliseen versioon.</a>)</em></p></div><p><em><strong><span>By Mika Horelli, Brussels</span></strong></em></p><p><span>I followed Nokia from two very different roles, and about twenty years separated them.</span></p><p><span>The first role was in Helsinki in 1987. I was working in advertising and was setting up a new agency. There were considerable expectations attached to the venture, and we had one significant advantage: our largest client was Nokia&#8217;s mobile-phone business. In practice, it made founding the company possible at all.</span></p><p><span>Nobody yet knew what was coming. Mobile phones were still exotic, expensive, and heavy, but they were nonetheless the beginning of a new era. Communications technology was starting its shift from something tied to a place to something tied to a person. The idea that ordinary people would carry one everywhere, treat it as indispensable and eventually run much of their daily routine on it sounded like nothing so much as science fiction.</span></p><p><span>Nokia was hardly the obvious candidate to dominate that future either. It was a Finnish industrial conglomerate whose history included toilet paper, cables, rubber boots, televisions and forestry products. Finland was a small country on the edge of Europe, next door to the Soviet Union, and it was known internationally for rather different things than consumer technology.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>Yet something extraordinary was beginning, and almost by accident I had a front-row seat.</span></p></div><p><span>I later changed countries, left Finland and moved from advertising into journalism. Finland went through a brutal recession, the Soviet Union disappeared, trade with the East collapsed, the Cold War ended, and Nokia embarked on one of the most remarkable corporate ascents in European history.</span></p><p><span>By the time I encountered the company again in my second role, I was a correspondent in the United States, and Nokia had become the world&#8217;s largest mobile phone manufacturer.</span></p><h4><span>A question history had already answered</span></h4><p><span>At Nokia&#8217;s American product launches, I sometimes put a question to the company&#8217;s American and Finnish executives that they clearly considered already settled by history: why was Nokia so reluctant to make the customised phones that American operators wanted?</span></p><p><span>The US market was peculiar. Operators held enormous power, and they wanted phones adapted to their networks, services, and branding. Manufacturers seeking access to their customers were expected to accommodate them. Nokia was accustomed to a different practice.</span></p><p><span>The answer I remember hearing was essentially that Nokia did not need to adapt. Nokia was the world&#8217;s largest mobile-phone manufacturer. It designed the phones and the operators sold them. If anyone had to bend, it was the operators.</span></p><p><span>This was not mere arrogance; there was empirical evidence behind the attitude. Nokia&#8217;s operating model had conquered much of the world, and the question was why Verizon, AT&amp;T or any other American operator should dictate how the world&#8217;s largest handset manufacturer designed its products. The problem was that the American market did not care how well Nokia had done elsewhere.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>There was something almost magnificent about the confidence, and at the time it was not unreasonable. Nokia really was number one.</span></p></div><p><span>That is exactly where the problem lay. Success is not merely the reward for having understood the world correctly. Given enough time, it becomes evidence that you no longer need to understand it at all.</span></p><h4><span>Dutch disease and its wider relative</span></h4><p><span>Economics has an old term for one version of this problem: </span><em><span>Dutch disease</span></em><span>. The vast Groningen natural-gas field was discovered in the Netherlands in 1959, and its exploitation transformed the country&#8217;s economy. In 1977, </span><em><span>The Economist coined</span></em><span> the phrase Dutch disease to describe the paradox that followed the gas boom: resource wealth can make a country more prosperous while weakening other parts of its economy.</span></p><p><span>The mechanism is in principle straightforward. Exports of oil, gas or minerals increase export earnings, the real exchange rate appreciates, and capital and skilled labour move towards the booming sector.</span></p><p><span>Other export industries find it steadily harder to compete internationally at the same time. The country grew wealthier because of the treasure beneath its feet, even as part of the above-ground economy weakened. That is Dutch disease in the proper economic sense of the term.</span></p><p><span>Nokia was not a gas field. Finland did not suffer from Dutch disease because one Finnish company became extraordinarily successful, nor does every economy that leans on one thriving sector suffer from it. The term has a reasonably precise meaning, and stretching economic concepts until they explain everything usually ends with the concept explaining nothing at all.</span></p><p><span>But Dutch disease points towards a broader and more interesting phenomenon, one that might be called the disease of success. Its mechanism is not primarily the exchange rate or labour costs; it is psychology, institutions and politics.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>It proceeds like this. Something works, and then it works extremely well. Money, talent and attention flow towards it, institutions reorganise themselves around it, and careers are built on understanding it.</span></p></div><p><span>Governments grow accustomed to the revenue it produces, investors learn to expect it, and journalists begin treating its continuation as the baseline from which deviations require a separate explanation.</span></p><p><span>Eventually a successful strategy stops looking like a strategy and starts looking like the natural order of things.</span></p><h4><span>What Nokia gave Finland besides money</span></h4><p><span>Finland experienced this very concretely. At its peak, Nokia&#8217;s importance to the Finnish economy was extraordinary. It accounted for a substantial share of exports, corporate research and development, stock-market value, and corporate tax revenues, and tens of thousands of people depended directly or indirectly on its success.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>Nokia also produced something harder to measure: confidence.</span></p></div><p><span>Finland had emerged from the devastating recession of the early 1990s. The Soviet Union was gone, and Finland had joined the European Union. A country that had traditionally worried about being peripheral suddenly owned one of the world&#8217;s most valuable brands.</span></p><p><span>Nokia was proof that Finland had understood the new world. We were educated; we understood engineering, telecommunications, and the future.</span></p><p><span>Only one uncomfortable question remained: what would Finland have if one day there were no Nokia?</span></p><p><span>For years the question seemed almost perverse, and that is among the strangest characteristics of prolonged success. The longer something works, the more foolish it sounds to ask whether it will continue.</span></p><h4><span>When the definition of the product changed</span></h4><p><span>Nokia struggled in the United States for years, and its unwillingness to adapt to the operator-driven system was only part of the explanation. There were network technologies such as CDMA, a product range ill-suited to the American market, a Symbian operating system that had grown steadily more cumbersome, internal organisational problems, and, finally, the enormous technological upheaval that followed Apple&#8217;s iPhone and, soon afterwards, Android.</span></p><p><span>What mattered in that upheaval was that the product&#8217;s definition itself changed.</span></p><p><span>The mobile phone ceased to be primarily a finely engineered piece of telecommunications hardware with software inside it, and became a pocket computer that happened to contain a telephone. Nokia was exceptionally good at building phones. The world, however, began to want something else.</span></p><p><span>It would be far too neat, and historically wrong, to say that Nokia collapsed because its executives refused to customise phones for American operators. They did not. But in retrospect those exchanges look like an early symptom of something larger. </span></p><p><span>Nokia had become exceptionally good at clearing the way for one revolutionary technology, but the new ecosystem that grew atop it was something Nokia neither understood nor controlled. Success had made changing more difficult.</span></p><h4><span>Russia: the political form of the disease</span></h4><p><span>The most dramatic contemporary example is not Finland but Russia.</span></p><p><span>When </span><strong><span>Vladimir Putin</span></strong><span> came to power at the beginning of this century, Russia was recovering from a catastrophic decade. The Soviet economy had collapsed, the transition to capitalism had been chaotic and corrupt, savings had vanished, and state institutions barely functioned. In 1998 Russia fell into a financial crisis, devalued the rouble and defaulted on much of its domestic government debt. Millions of Russians experienced the 1990s not as a time of liberation but as humiliation.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>Then Russia won an extraordinary lottery prize: the price of oil rose. Crude prices climbed steeply during the first decade of the new century, and Russia possessed enormous quantities of precisely what the expanding global economy wanted.</span></p></div><p><span>Oil and gas revenues poured into the country, living standards rose, pensions and salaries were paid, and foreign reserves grew. Moscow, filled with expensive restaurants, imported cars, and luxury shops, and a state that had seemed on the verge of disintegration a few years earlier, began to behave like a great power again.</span></p><p><span>Putin took the political credit, and some of it was deserved. The Russian state became more functional than it had been in the 1990s. The rouble devaluation that followed the 1998 crisis, unused productive capacity and certain economic reforms also aided the recovery.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>A remarkable amount of the work, however, was done by geology.</span></p></div><p><span>Out of this came something more dangerous than textbook Dutch disease: the political form of the disease. A government receiving enormous revenues from natural resources has an entirely different relationship with society from one whose prosperity depends on millions of citizens and businesses becoming more productive.</span></p><p><span>Resource wealth finances the state without forcing the state to modernise the economy that supports it. It helps preserve inefficient structures, postpones difficult reforms, funds the military and makes it possible to buy political loyalty.</span></p><p><span>Above all, it creates the illusion that income and competence are the same thing. Russia grew richer, but that did not mean it grew better.</span></p><p><span>Oil did not make reform impossible; it made reform unnecessary. And what remains unnecessary for long enough eventually becomes politically impossible.</span></p><h4><span>Europe&#8217;s part in the same illusion</span></h4><p><span>Europe reinforced the illusion because, for years, the relationship looked wonderfully rational. Russia had oil and gas, and Europe needed them. Europe had money and technology, and Russia wanted them.</span></p><p><span>Germany in particular built an industrial model in which relatively cheap Russian energy helped power an enormously successful export machine. The formula was elegant: import energy cheaply, combine it with German engineering and sophisticated supply chains, turn it into chemicals, machinery and cars, and sell them to China and the rest of the world.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><span>The Russians concluded that Europe needed Russian energy too much to challenge Russia seriously. Many Europeans concluded that Russia needed European customers too much to seriously endanger those relationships.</span></p></div><p><span>Both propositions contained enough truth to become dangerous. Then came 24 February 2022. Russia&#8217;s full-scale invasion of Ukraine exposed weaknesses that two decades of resource wealth had helped conceal. Russia remained an enormous military and resource power, with nuclear weapons, vast territory, substantial energy reserves and considerable industrial capacity. But at the same time it was a technological and economic backwater.</span></p><p><span>Europe discovered it had become dangerously dependent on Russian energy, and Russia discovered it had dependencies of its own. The successful relationship had lasted so long that both sides had begun confusing it with permanence.</span></p><p><span>For Germany, several assumptions broke almost simultaneously. Russian energy was no longer politically reliable; China was no longer merely a customer, but an increasingly formidable industrial competitor; and the car industry entered an electric, software-driven transformation in which a century of accumulated expertise in combustion engines offered less protection than expected.</span></p><p><span>None of this proves that Germany&#8217;s earlier strategy was foolish. Quite the opposite. Successful strategies are usually sensible, because otherwise they would never become dangerous.</span></p><p><span>The danger arises when yesterday&#8217;s success becomes tomorrow&#8217;s assumption.</span></p><div><hr></div><p><em><strong>In the second half:</strong> Britain found another field after oil in which it became dangerously good, and Norway is the one country that has managed to say the difficult sentence out loud. From there I ask why failure teaches better than success, and what happens in a successful organisation to the person who asks the uncomfortable question. Finally I return to those American press conferences and describe what I did not see myself. Subscribers get the full essay and the complete Nordic Ledger archive.</em></p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Mittari, jota meillä ei ole]]></title><description><![CDATA[Journalismi osaa mitata sit&#228;, mik&#228; kiinnostaa meit&#228; juuri nyt. Sille, mill&#228; on merkityst&#228; vasta my&#246;hemmin, ei ole mittaria]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/mittari-jota-meilla-ei-ole</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/mittari-jota-meilla-ei-ole</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 09 Aug 2026 08:00:54 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!spJo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2a935be-5306-4b3b-93e7-46e75fd97116_1672x941.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!spJo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2a935be-5306-4b3b-93e7-46e75fd97116_1672x941.png" 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/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2a935be-5306-4b3b-93e7-46e75fd97116_1672x941.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!spJo!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2a935be-5306-4b3b-93e7-46e75fd97116_1672x941.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!spJo!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2a935be-5306-4b3b-93e7-46e75fd97116_1672x941.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!spJo!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2a935be-5306-4b3b-93e7-46e75fd97116_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kuva: Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Kolmessa kaupungissa kolmessa vuosikymmeness&#228; olen oppinut kolme eri asiaa uutisarvosta. K&#246;&#246;penhaminassa t&#228;rke&#228;t aiheet olivat my&#246;s lukijoiden kannalta kiinnostavia. New Yorkissa riitti, ett&#228; aihe oli kiinnostava, vaikka sill&#228; ei olisi ollut mit&#228;&#228;n tekemist&#228; lukijoiden oman todellisuuden kanssa. Brysseliss&#228; olen oppinut, ettei edes valtava merkitys lukijoille riit&#228; aina uutiskynnyksen ylitt&#228;miseen. T&#228;m&#228; essee ei kerro median salaliitosta vaan siit&#228;, mit&#228; tapahtuu, kun huomiosta tulee niukin resurssi ja kun mittaamme vain toista puolta journalismin teht&#228;v&#228;st&#228;.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-metric-we-never-built?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Link to author-edited English version.</a>)</em></p></div><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli, Bryssel</strong></em></p><p>Kun muutin K&#246;&#246;penhaminaan vuonna 1995, satuin tiet&#228;m&#228;tt&#228;ni freelancetoimittajan kannalta l&#228;hes t&#228;ydelliseen paikkaan t&#228;ydellisell&#228; hetkell&#228;. Suomi oli juuri liittynyt Euroopan unioniin, ja suomalaisia kiinnosti yht&#228;kki&#228; tavattomasti, miten el&#228;m&#228; t&#228;ss&#228; uudessa yhteis&#246;ss&#228; oikein toimii.</p><p>Tanska oli siihen tarkoitukseen ihanteellinen laboratorio. Se oli pohjoismainen hyvinvointivaltio, v&#228;est&#246;lt&#228;&#228;n suunnilleen Suomen kokoinen ja riitt&#228;v&#228;n samanlainen, jotta vertailu tuntui mielekk&#228;&#228;lt&#228;. Ruotsi ei kelvannut vertailukohdaksi, koska se oli Suomea suurempi ja ennen kaikkea EU:n j&#228;senen&#228; yht&#228; lailla noviisi.</p><p>Toisin kuin Suomi tai Ruotsi, Tanska oli liittynyt silloiseen Euroopan yhteis&#246;&#246;n jo vuonna 1973. Se oli ehtinyt oppia, mit&#228; j&#228;senyys tarkoitti k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228;, ja my&#246;s sen, mist&#228; se ei pit&#228;nyt.</p><p>Tanskalaiset olivat tuolloin jo kehitt&#228;neet itselleen maineen Euroopan integraation vastarannan kiisken&#228;. Maastrichtin sopimus kaatui Tanskan kansan&#228;&#228;nestyksess&#228; kes&#228;ll&#228; 1992, mink&#228; j&#228;lkeen maa neuvotteli itselleen joukon poikkeuksia. Tanska oli mukana, mutta omilla ehdoillaan. Suomelle, joka astui unioniin uutena ja innokkaana j&#228;senen&#228;, t&#228;m&#228; oli kiinnostavaa.</p><p>Minulle se tarkoitti t&#246;it&#228;. Opettelin tanskan kielen ja asuin maassa, josta suomalaiset toimitukset halusivat tiet&#228;&#228;. Saatoin ehdottaa juttuja siit&#228;, miten jokin asia oli ratkaistu Tanskassa, ja toimituksissa niit&#228; kuunneltiin.</p><p>Vasta paljon my&#246;hemmin olen ymm&#228;rt&#228;nyt, ett&#228; toimittajanurani kansainv&#228;linen vaihe alkoi oikeastaan Euroopan unionista. Olen nyt kirjoittanut Brysselist&#228; l&#228;hes kymmenen vuotta, mutta ensimm&#228;iset askeleet siihen suuntaan otin K&#246;&#246;penhaminassa Suomen ensimm&#228;isin&#228; j&#228;senyysvuosina.</p><h4><strong>Amerikka oli itsess&#228;&#228;n uutiskriteeri</strong></h4><p>Sitten muutin New Yorkiin ja opin jotain aivan muuta.</p><p>Yhdysvallat oli journalistisesti ihmeellinen maa. Sielt&#228; pystyi tarjoamaan suomalaisiin tiedotusv&#228;lineisiin aiheita, joilla ei ollut juuri mink&#228;&#228;nlaista yhteytt&#228; Suomeen. Joskus yhteytt&#228; Eurooppaankaan ei tarvittu.</p><p>Eurooppalaiset olivat vuosikymmeni&#228; katsoneet amerikkalaisia elokuvia, kuunnelleet amerikkalaista musiikkia ja seuranneet amerikkalaisia julkkiksia. New York, Los Angeles ja Miami olivat paikkoja, joissa miljoonat suomalaiset eiv&#228;t olleet koskaan k&#228;yneet, mutta jotka he silti tunnistivat v&#228;litt&#246;m&#228;sti. Amerikkalainen kulttuurihegemonia oli tehnyt pohjaty&#246;n valmiiksi.</p><p>Kun kirjoitin jutun meksikolaisista, jotka onkivat New Yorkin subwayn tuuletusritil&#246;iden l&#228;pi pudonneita kolikoita metrien mittaisilla kepeill&#228;, joiden p&#228;&#228;ss&#228; oli purukumia, juttu meni l&#228;pi. Kun kirjoitin siit&#228;, kuinka newyorkilaiset n&#228;kiv&#228;t naapureidensa asuntoihin kuin n&#228;yteikkunoihin, se meni l&#228;pi. Kun bongasin, ett&#228; joku oli keksinyt tuhansien dollarien bisnekseksi ulkoiluttaa korttelin koiria kolme kertaa p&#228;iv&#228;ss&#228;, kun niiden omistajat tekiv&#228;t pitk&#228;&#228; p&#228;iv&#228;&#228; finanssialueen pilvenpiirt&#228;jiss&#228;, sekin meni l&#228;pi.</p><p>Jos Yhdysvalloissa syntyi omituinen el&#228;m&#228;ntapailmi&#246;, siit&#228; sai jutun. Jos amerikkalaiset keksiv&#228;t uuden trendin, sen saattoi esitell&#228; suomalaisille, vaikka olisi ollut hyvin ep&#228;varmaa, saapuisiko trendi koskaan Suomeen.</p><p>En valita. Freelancerille se oli kultakaivos.</p><h4><strong>Kun merkitys ei riit&#228;</strong></h4><p>Bryssel on ehk&#228; Euroopan v&#228;hiten mediaseksik&#228;s p&#228;&#228;kaupunki. Euroopan komissio ei ole Hollywood. Trilogi ei p&#228;rj&#228;&#228; televisiosarjalle. Delegoitu s&#228;&#228;d&#246;s on journalistisena tuotteena suunnilleen yht&#228; houkutteleva kuin k&#228;ytt&#246;ohje.</p><p>Silti t&#228;&#228;ll&#228; tehd&#228;&#228;n p&#228;&#228;t&#246;ksi&#228;, joilla on suomalaiselle usein paljon suurempi k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;n merkitys kuin sill&#228;, mit&#228; New Yorkissa tai Hollywoodissa kulloinkin tapahtuu. EU:n s&#228;&#228;ntely vaikuttaa siihen, millaisia autoja Euroopassa myyd&#228;&#228;n, mit&#228; yritysten pit&#228;&#228; raportoida, miten pankit toimivat, miten henkil&#246;tietoja k&#228;sitell&#228;&#228;n, miten teko&#228;ly&#228; saa k&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; ja miten energiaa tuotetaan.</p><p>Ei ole mielek&#228;st&#228; v&#228;itt&#228;&#228; yhdell&#228; maagisella prosenttiluvulla, kuinka suuri osa Suomen lains&#228;&#228;d&#228;nn&#246;st&#228; tulee Brysselist&#228;. Se riippuu t&#228;ysin siit&#228;, mit&#228; lasketaan ja mist&#228; politiikan alueesta puhutaan. Olennaisempaa on t&#228;m&#228;: huomattava osa suomalaisen yhteiskunnan toimintaymp&#228;rist&#246;st&#228; muotoutuu p&#228;&#228;t&#246;ksiss&#228;, joita valmistellaan vuosia t&#228;&#228;ll&#228; Belgiassa ennen kuin tavallinen suomalainen huomaa niiden olemassaolon.</p><p>Ja juuri niist&#228; on toisinaan h&#228;mm&#228;stytt&#228;v&#228;n vaikea saada suomalaisia kiinnostumaan. Tai tarkemmin sanottuna suomalaisia tiedotusv&#228;lineit&#228;, koska ne tiet&#228;v&#228;t, etteiv&#228;t niiden lukijat v&#228;ltt&#228;m&#228;tt&#228; kiinnostu.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>New Yorkista saatoin tarjota tarinaa ilmi&#246;st&#228;, joka ei ehk&#228; koskaan vaikuttaisi yhdenk&#228;&#228;n suomalaisen el&#228;m&#228;&#228;n, ja aihe meni l&#228;pi vaivattomasti. Brysselist&#228; voin tarjota artikkelia, joka muutaman vuoden kuluttua vaikuttaa miljoonien ihmisten arkeen, ja vastaus on: ei kiinnosta.</p></div><p>Osaltaan ilmi&#246;t&#228; selitt&#228;&#228; se, ett&#228; poliitikot kautta Euroopan ovat jo kauan sitten oppineet syytt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n Brysseli&#228; itse tekemist&#228;&#228;n p&#228;&#228;t&#246;ksist&#228;. Er&#228;s tuntemamme populistiulkoministeri keksi letkautuksen <em>&#8220;miss&#228; EU, siell&#228; ongelma&#8221;,</em> tiet&#228;en aivan hyvin, ett&#228; unioni on samalla yksi historian onnistuneimpia rauhanprojekteja.</p><p>Paras eli oikeastaan pahin esimerkki t&#228;st&#228; ajattelutavasta n&#228;htiin Britanniassa, jossa lehdist&#246; suolsi vuosikymmenien ajan todellisia tai keksittyj&#228; uutisia Brysselin byrokraattien ehtym&#228;tt&#246;m&#228;st&#228; innosta kiusata kansalaisia uusilla s&#228;&#228;nn&#246;ill&#228;.</p><p>Kertomuksessa oli yksi vika. Britannia oli itse yksi sis&#228;markkinoiden innokkaimmista rakentajista ja ministerineuvostossa se kuului l&#228;hes aina voittavaan enemmist&#246;&#246;n. Tutkimusten mukaan Britannia j&#228;i &#228;&#228;nestyksiss&#228; v&#228;hemmist&#246;&#246;n vain muutamassa prosentissa tapauksista koko j&#228;senyytens&#228; ajan. Valtaosa niist&#228; s&#228;&#228;nn&#246;ist&#228;, joita Lontoon iltap&#228;iv&#228;lehdet kuvasivat Brysselin oikkuina, oli hyv&#228;ksytty brittiministerien my&#246;t&#228;vaikutuksella tai suorastaan heid&#228;n aloitteestaan.</p><p>T&#228;m&#228; ei tarkoita, etteik&#246; suomalainen tai laajemmin eurooppalainen media kirjoittaisi Euroopan unionista. Kirjoittaa se. Eik&#228; kyse ole salaliitosta, jossa p&#228;&#228;toimittajat kokoontuisivat aamuisin p&#228;&#228;tt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n, mist&#228; kansalaisten ei t&#228;n&#228;&#228;n anneta tiet&#228;&#228;. Todellisuus on paljon arkisempi. EU-jutut eiv&#228;t useinkaan ved&#228;, ja siksi niit&#228; karsastetaan.</p><h4><strong>Kuka p&#228;&#228;tt&#228;&#228;, mik&#228; on t&#228;rke&#228;&#228;?</strong></h4><p>Yst&#228;v&#228;ni l&#228;hetti minulle hiljattain pitk&#228;n vuodatuksen suomalaisen journalismin tilasta. Siin&#228; lueteltiin joukko asioita, joita valtamedia oli kirjoittajan mielest&#228; j&#228;tt&#228;nyt tutkimatta tai k&#228;sitellyt tarkoituksellisesti liian v&#228;h&#228;n: maahanmuuttoa, energiaa, v&#228;est&#246;kehityst&#228; ja joukko huomattavasti hurjempiakin v&#228;itteit&#228;.</p><p>Osa perustui todellisiin yhteiskunnallisiin kysymyksiin, osa kiistanalaisiin tulkintoihin ja osa v&#228;itteisiin, joiden todistusaineisto oli parhaimmillaankin heikkoa.</p><p>Mutta listan takana oli kysymys, jota ei kannata selitt&#228;&#228; salaliittoteorialla. Miksi media k&#228;sittelee valtavalla intensiteetill&#228; joitakin l&#228;hes merkityksett&#246;mi&#228; asioita, samalla kun yhteiskunnallisesti valtavat muutokset j&#228;&#228;v&#228;t v&#228;h&#228;lle huomiolle? Miksi poliitikon harkitsematon somep&#228;ivitys voi hallita uutisp&#228;iv&#228;&#228;, mutta vuosikymmenien demografinen muutos ei?</p><p>Vastaus on ep&#228;mukavampi kuin v&#228;ite median ideologisesta salaliitosta. Ehk&#228; me haluamme lukea niit&#228; ensimm&#228;isi&#228;, mutta emme niit&#228; j&#228;lkimm&#228;isi&#228;.</p><h4><strong>Uutinen ei ole todellisuus</strong></h4><p>Journalismi perustuu valintaan. Maailmassa tapahtuu joka p&#228;iv&#228; &#228;&#228;ret&#246;n m&#228;&#228;r&#228; asioita, joista vain mit&#228;t&#246;n murto-osa p&#228;&#228;tyy uutisiin. Toimituksen t&#228;rkein teht&#228;v&#228; ei siksi ole vain selvitt&#228;&#228;, mik&#228; on totta. Sen pit&#228;&#228; ensin ratkaista, mist&#228; totuuksista kannattaa kertoa.</p><p>Jokainen etusivulle nostettu uutinen on samalla p&#228;&#228;t&#246;s olla nostamatta sinne jotain muuta. T&#228;t&#228; vallank&#228;ytt&#246;&#228; ei yleens&#228; huomata, koska n&#228;emme vain sen, mink&#228; toimitus on valinnut. Emme n&#228;e toimituksen s&#228;hk&#246;postissa olevia kahtasataa juttuehdotusta, joista 195 on hyl&#228;tty.</p><p>Paperilehdess&#228; valintaa ohjasi fyysinen todellisuus. Sivuja oli tietty m&#228;&#228;r&#228; ja niill&#228; oli rajattu palstatilaa. Jos yksi juttu sai sivun, sivun verran muita aiheita ei mahtunut lehteen. Digitaalinen vallankumous n&#228;ytti ensin poistavan t&#228;m&#228;n ongelman, koska verkossa tila on k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228; rajaton.</p><p>Mutta samalla syntyi paljon ankarampi niukkuus: ihmisen huomio.</p><h4><strong>Lukija tuli toimituskokoukseen</strong></h4><p>Kun aloitin journalismissa, toimitukset tiesiv&#228;t melko huonosti, mit&#228; lukija todella luki. Sanomalehti ostettiin kokonaisuutena. Tilaaja saattoi lukea ulkomaanuutiset, urheilun ja sarjakuvat, mutta toimituksella ei ollut keinoa tiet&#228;&#228;, miss&#228; j&#228;rjestyksess&#228; tai kuinka pitk&#228;&#228;n.</p><p>Nyt tied&#228;mme. Tied&#228;mme, mit&#228; otsikkoa klikataan, kuinka pitk&#228;&#228;n jutussa viivyt&#228;&#228;n ja miss&#228; kohdassa lukija poistuu. Tied&#228;mme, mik&#228; juttu saa ihmisen tilaamaan julkaisun ja mik&#228; saa h&#228;net jakamaan sen.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Lukija on tavallaan saanut paikan toimituskokouksessa. H&#228;n ei istu siell&#228; itse. H&#228;nt&#228; edustaa analytiikka.</p></div><p>Se muuttaa journalismin taloudellisia kannustimia tavalla, jota tuskin ymm&#228;rr&#228;mme viel&#228;k&#228;&#228;n t&#228;ysin. Pitk&#228; tutkiva juttu voi vaatia kahden toimittajan ty&#246;t&#228; kolmen kuukauden ajan.</p><p>Somekohu kirjoitetaan vartissa. Jos j&#228;lkimm&#228;inen saa kymmenkertaisen yleis&#246;n, kaupallisen median yht&#228;l&#246; on ep&#228;miellytt&#228;v&#228;n yksinkertainen.</p><p>Jokainen yksitt&#228;inen toimituksellinen ratkaisu voi olla t&#228;ysin rationaalinen. Niiden yhteisvaikutus on silti j&#228;rjet&#246;n.</p><p>T&#228;ss&#228; on nykyjournalismin ydinongelma. Me pystymme mittaamaan kiinnostavuutta h&#228;mm&#228;stytt&#228;v&#228;ll&#228; tarkkuudella. Emme pysty mittaamaan merkitt&#228;vyytt&#228;.</p><p>Analytiikkaj&#228;rjestelm&#228; kertoo minuutissa, kuinka moni klikkasi ministerin typer&#228;&#228; kommenttia. Se ei kerro, kuinka t&#228;rke&#228; eurooppalainen s&#228;&#228;d&#246;s on Suomelle vuonna 2031.</p><p>Ensimm&#228;iselle on numero; j&#228;lkimm&#228;iselle tarvitaan journalistista harkintaa.</p><p>Ja harkinta on kallista.</p><p></p><div class="pullquote"><p style="text-align: center;"><em>T&#228;h&#228;n asti olen kuvannut ongelman. Loppuosassa my&#246;nn&#228;n, ett&#228; olen itse sen el&#228;v&#228; vastaesimerkki: kirjoitan alustalla, joka el&#228;&#228; siit&#228;, mit&#228; &#228;sken sanoin kaupallisesti mahdottomaksi.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Tilausmalli pelastaa vakavan journalismin talouden. Mutta se ratkaisee vain toisen puolen ongelmasta, ja j&#228;ljelle j&#228;&#228;v&#228; puoli on demokratian kannalta pahempi kuin klikkiotsikko. Loppuosassa my&#246;s kysymys, jota toimittajat mieluiten v&#228;lttelev&#228;t: kuka saa p&#228;&#228;tt&#228;&#228;, mit&#228; kansalaisen pit&#228;isi tiet&#228;&#228;?</em></p></div>
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      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Metric We Never Built]]></title><description><![CDATA[Journalism can measure what interests us right now with extraordinary precision. For what will matter later, there is no number at all.]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-metric-we-never-built</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-metric-we-never-built</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 09 Aug 2026 08:00:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XrCe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f7691d2-b302-4d28-8ddb-d8aacc50a3ad_1672x941.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XrCe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f7691d2-b302-4d28-8ddb-d8aacc50a3ad_1672x941.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XrCe!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f7691d2-b302-4d28-8ddb-d8aacc50a3ad_1672x941.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XrCe!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f7691d2-b302-4d28-8ddb-d8aacc50a3ad_1672x941.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XrCe!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f7691d2-b302-4d28-8ddb-d8aacc50a3ad_1672x941.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XrCe!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f7691d2-b302-4d28-8ddb-d8aacc50a3ad_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XrCe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f7691d2-b302-4d28-8ddb-d8aacc50a3ad_1672x941.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3f7691d2-b302-4d28-8ddb-d8aacc50a3ad_1672x941.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2562304,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/i/210347807?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f7691d2-b302-4d28-8ddb-d8aacc50a3ad_1672x941.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XrCe!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f7691d2-b302-4d28-8ddb-d8aacc50a3ad_1672x941.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XrCe!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f7691d2-b302-4d28-8ddb-d8aacc50a3ad_1672x941.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XrCe!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f7691d2-b302-4d28-8ddb-d8aacc50a3ad_1672x941.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XrCe!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f7691d2-b302-4d28-8ddb-d8aacc50a3ad_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Illustration by Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Three cities across three decades taught me three different lessons about news value. In Copenhagen, what mattered was also interesting. In New York, being interesting was enough on its own. In Brussels, I have learnt that even enormous consequence does not always clear the threshold. This essay is not about a conspiracy in the newsroom; it is about what happens when attention becomes the scarcest resource, and when we measure only one half of what journalism is for.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/p/mittari-jota-meilla-ei-ole?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Linkki editoituun suomenkieliseen tekstiin.</a>)</em></p></div><p><em><strong>By Mika Horelli, Brussels</strong></em></p><p>When I moved to Copenhagen in 1995, I had unwittingly landed in almost the perfect place at the perfect moment for a freelance correspondent. Finland had just joined the European Union, and Finnish readers were suddenly, intensely curious about how life in this new community actually worked.</p><p>Denmark was an ideal laboratory for the purpose. It was a Nordic welfare state of roughly the same size, similar enough that comparison felt meaningful. Sweden was no use as a reference point; it was larger and, as an EU member, just as much of a novice as Finland.</p><p>Denmark, unlike either of them, had joined the European Community back in 1973. It had already learnt what membership meant in practice, and also what it disliked about it. The Danes had by then acquired a reputation as the difficult relative of European integration. The Maastricht Treaty fell in a Danish referendum in the summer of 1992, after which the country negotiated a set of opt-outs for itself. Denmark was in, but on its own terms. For a country entering the Union as an enthusiastic newcomer, this was interesting.</p><p>For me it meant work. I learnt Danish and lived in a country my editors wanted to know about. I proposed a story on how something was solved in Denmark, and the desk listened.</p><p>Only much later did I understand that the international phase of my career effectively began with the European Union. I have now been writing from Brussels for nearly a decade, but the first steps in that direction were taken in Copenhagen, during Finland&#8217;s earliest years of membership.</p><h4><strong>America was a news criterion in itself</strong></h4><p>Then I moved to New York, and learnt something else entirely.</p><p>The United States was a journalistic marvel. From there one could offer European editors stories with no connection whatsoever to their own country. Sometimes no connection to Europe was required either.</p><p>There was a reason for this. Europeans had spent decades watching American films, listening to American music and following American celebrities. New York, Los Angeles and Miami were places that millions of people had never visited yet recognised instantly. American culture had done the groundwork.</p><p>When I wrote about the Mexicans who fished coins out from beneath the subway&#8217;s ventilation grates using sticks with chewing gum on the end, the piece ran. When I wrote about how New Yorkers looked into their neighbours&#8217; flats as though into shop windows, it ran. When I noticed that someone had built a business walking a block&#8217;s dogs three times a day while their owners put in long hours in the towers of the financial district, that ran too.</p><p>If an odd lifestyle phenomenon emerged in America, it was a story. If Americans invented a trend, one could present it to European readers even when it was thoroughly uncertain whether the trend would ever arrive.</p><p>I am not complaining. For a freelancer, it was a goldmine.</p><h4><strong>When significance is not enough</strong></h4><p>Brussels is perhaps the least media-sexy capital in Europe. The European Commission is not Hollywood. A trilogue cannot compete with a television series. As a journalistic product, a delegated act is about as alluring as an instruction manual.</p><p>Yet decisions are taken here that have far greater practical consequence for an ordinary European than whatever happens in New York on any given day. EU regulation shapes which cars are sold, what companies must report, how banks operate, how personal data is handled, how artificial intelligence may be used and how energy is produced.</p><p>There is no point in claiming, with a single magic percentage, how much national legislation &#8220;comes from Brussels&#8221;. It depends entirely on what one counts and which policy area one is discussing. The more relevant point is this: a substantial part of the environment in which European societies operate is shaped by decisions prepared years before an ordinary citizen notices they exist.</p><p>And those are precisely the decisions it is sometimes astonishingly difficult to make anyone care about. Or more precisely, to make editors care about, because they know their readers may not.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>From New York I could offer a story about a phenomenon that might never touch a single reader&#8217;s life, and it went through effortlessly. From Brussels I can offer a decision that will shape the daily lives of millions within a few years, and the answer is: not interested.</p></div><p>Part of the explanation is that politicians across Europe learnt long ago to blame Brussels for their own decisions. One Finnish populist who eventually became his country&#8217;s foreign minister built a career on the line that wherever you find the EU, you find a problem; he knew perfectly well that the Union is also one of the most successful peace projects in modern history.</p><p>The finest and in truth the worst example of this habit was British. For decades the press supplied an inexhaustible stream of stories, some real and some invented, about the boundless enthusiasm of Brussels bureaucrats for inventing new ways to irritate citizens. Straight bananas, curved cucumbers, a whole folklore of imaginary directives.</p><p>The narrative had one flaw. Britain was among the most energetic architects of the single market, and in the Council of Ministers it belonged almost invariably to the winning majority.</p><p>Studies of Council voting records found that Britain ended up in the losing minority in only a very small share of votes across its entire membership. Most of the rules that London&#8217;s tabloids described as Brussels caprice had been adopted with British ministers&#8217; agreement, and a good number of them at British initiative.</p><p>This does not mean European media fail to write about the European Union. They write about it constantly. Nor is there a conspiracy in which editors gather each morning to decide what citizens shall not be told today. The reality is far more mundane. EU stories do not perform.</p><h4><strong>Who decides what matters?</strong></h4><p>A friend recently sent me a long tract on the state of journalism. It listed a great many subjects that the mainstream media, in his view, had left uninvestigated or deliberately underplayed: migration, energy, demographic change, and several considerably wilder claims besides.</p><p>I do not endorse most of the list&#8217;s conclusions. Some rested on real social questions, some on contested interpretations, and some on assertions whose evidence was thin at best.</p><p>But behind the list sat a question that is not worth dismissing as conspiracy talk. Why does the media treat some nearly meaningless matters with enormous intensity while socially profound changes attract little attention? Why can a politician&#8217;s careless post dominate a news day when a demographic shift spanning decades cannot?</p><p>The answer is more uncomfortable than the claim of ideological conspiracy. Let&#8217;s read the former rather than the latter.</p><h4><strong>The news is not reality</strong>.</h4><p>Journalism rests on selection. An infinite number of things happen every day, of which a negligible fraction ever reaches the news. An editor&#8217;s most important task is therefore not merely to establish what is true. The first step is to decide which truths are worth telling.</p><p>Every story raised to the front page is simultaneously a decision not to raise something else. This exercise of power generally goes unnoticed, because we see only what the desk selected. We do not see the two hundred pitches in the editor&#8217;s inbox, of which 195 were declined.</p><p>In a printed newspaper, the selection was enforced by physical reality. There were only so many pages. If one story took two of them, another did not get them. The digital revolution appeared at first to abolish the problem, since online space is effectively unlimited.</p><p>But a far harsher scarcity emerged alongside it: human attention.</p><h4><strong>The reader joined the editorial meeting</strong>.</h4><p>When I began in journalism, newsrooms knew remarkably little about what readers actually read. The paper was bought whole. A subscriber might read the foreign pages, the sport and the comics, but the desk had no way of knowing in what order, or for how long.</p><p>Now we know. We know which headline is clicked, how long a reader lingers, and at which paragraph they leave. We know which story persuades someone to subscribe and which persuades them to share.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>The reader has, in a sense, been given a seat at the editorial meeting. He does not sit there himself. He is represented by analytics.</p></div><p>This changes journalism&#8217;s economic incentives in ways we still barely comprehend. A long investigative piece may require two reporters for three months.</p><p>An online controversy is written in a quarter of an hour. If the latter draws ten times the audience, the commercial equation becomes uncomfortably simple.</p><p>Every individual editorial decision can be entirely rational. Their combined effect is nonetheless absurd.</p><p>Here lies the central problem of contemporary journalism. We can measure interest with astonishing precision. We cannot measure significance.</p><p>The analytics dashboard reports within a minute how many people clicked on a minister&#8217;s foolish remark. It cannot report how consequential a European regulation will prove to be in 2031. The first has a number; the second requires editorial judgement.</p><p>And judgement is expensive.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>So far, the diagnosis. What follows is the admission that I am the living counter-example to my own argument: I write on a platform that exists on precisely what I have just called commercially impossible.</em></p><p><em>The subscription model rescues the economics of serious journalism. It solves only half the problem, and the remaining half is worse for democracy than any clickbait headline. Also in the second half: the question journalists prefer to avoid &#8212; who gets to decide what a citizen should know?</em></p></div>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The True Believers]]></title><description><![CDATA[From cognitive dissonance to Finnish communists to MAGA: a short history of why knowing is not enough]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-true-believers</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-true-believers</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 16:02:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7Hn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d3e6372-8a48-482e-af73-7eb660d6a5f6_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7Hn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d3e6372-8a48-482e-af73-7eb660d6a5f6_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7Hn!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d3e6372-8a48-482e-af73-7eb660d6a5f6_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7Hn!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d3e6372-8a48-482e-af73-7eb660d6a5f6_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7Hn!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d3e6372-8a48-482e-af73-7eb660d6a5f6_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7Hn!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d3e6372-8a48-482e-af73-7eb660d6a5f6_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1d3e6372-8a48-482e-af73-7eb660d6a5f6_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3523023,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/i/209913046?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d3e6372-8a48-482e-af73-7eb660d6a5f6_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7Hn!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d3e6372-8a48-482e-af73-7eb660d6a5f6_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7Hn!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d3e6372-8a48-482e-af73-7eb660d6a5f6_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7Hn!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d3e6372-8a48-482e-af73-7eb660d6a5f6_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7Hn!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d3e6372-8a48-482e-af73-7eb660d6a5f6_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Illustration by Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>In 1949, six former communists tried to explain why they had spent years believing in a system they had ample evidence was rotten. The same question keeps resurfacing: in Finnish minority communists who travelled to the Soviet Union, saw the empty shelves, and believed anyway; in British Fabian intellectuals who praised Stalin&#8217;s new civilisation at the exact moment famine was killing millions; and in today&#8217;s MAGA movement, whose core has barely flinched even as the promised wars keep grinding on and prices keep rising instead of falling. This essay digs into the mechanism of cognitive dissonance and ends with an uncomfortable question: what do we ourselves believe right now, so firmly that we cannot yet see we are doing exactly the same thing?</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/open.substack.com/pub/nordicledger/p/uskovaiset-jotka-tietavat?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Linkki esseen suomenkieliseen versioon.</a>)</em></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><em><strong>By Mika Horelli, Brussels</strong></em></p><p>Some people lie. They are easy enough to understand; lying can bring money, power, or at least a way out of trouble. Some people are simply wrong, because they do not know any better. They too are easy to understand.</p><p>Far harder to understand are the people who know, and believe anyway.</p><p>I mean people who have access to the same facts as the rest of us, who see the same contradictions, read the same news, sometimes even witness with their own eyes the very thing they are trying to explain away, and who end up defending their conviction more fiercely than before. They are not ignorant. That is precisely what makes the phenomenon so compelling.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Reality was not wrong. It simply needed to be reinterpreted.</em></p></div><p>In 1949, six former communists published a book called <em>The God That Failed</em>. <strong>Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, Andr&#233; Gide, Richard Wright, Louis Fischer</strong> and <strong>Stephen Spender</strong> each tried, from their own angle, to answer the same question: how had it been possible for them to believe, for years, in a system whose falseness they had had ample evidence of the entire time?</p><p>Koestler&#8217;s answer was unsettling precisely because it was not political. In his view, joining communism resembled a religious conversion far more than a political decision. A person did not weigh the arguments for and against, as when choosing a washing machine; he found community, purpose, and an explanation for the world. That is exactly why leaving felt more like a crisis of faith than a change of opinion.</p><p>The idea is far more useful than it sounds on first reading. It explains something that otherwise looks almost irrational. Why does a person defend a conviction he knows is leaking at every seam? Why is an intelligent person capable of building ever more sophisticated explanations for contradictions that are obvious to everyone else, when the far simpler option would be to admit he was wrong?</p><p>We are not talking here about people who lived under <strong>Stalin</strong>, or under other dictatorships; they often had to feign belief simply to survive. That was not conviction; it was a survival strategy. Far more interesting are those who lived in free societies, under no obligation to believe anything at all, and who chose to do so voluntarily.</p><h4>A Finnish example</h4><p>Finland offers a useful case. After the war, the Finnish communist movement gradually split into two separate realities. One faction began openly criticising the Soviet Union by the 1960s at the latest. The other, a minority later known as the <em>taistolaiset</em>, moved in exactly the opposite direction. Precisely as the evidence of the system&#8217;s failure accumulated year after year, their faith appeared to grow stronger. <em>(<span>The label &#8220;</span>taistolainen&#8221;<span> comes from </span><strong><span>Taisto Sinisalo</span></strong><span>, the faction's leader; it stuck to the movement as a whole, the way such nicknames often do.)</span></em></p><p>This is what makes the phenomenon so striking. They did not live in Leningrad; they lived in Helsinki. They did not read only <em>Pravda</em>; they also read <em>Helsingin Sanomat</em>, <em>Dagens Nyheter</em>, <em>Le Monde</em>, and any Western newspaper they wished. They travelled, they argued, they saw with their own eyes far more than an ordinary Soviet citizen ever could.</p><p>Many of them travelled to the Soviet Union itself. There they saw the empty shelves, the endless queues, people&#8217;s caution, the scarcity of everyday life. None of this was an invention of Western propaganda; it was something anyone could observe firsthand. And yet they came home convinced that the socialist future was bright.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>The one thing the Soviet Union never ran short of was evidence of the system&#8217;s failure. And yet it was precisely that evidence which travelled home in the fewest suitcases.</em></p></div><h4><strong>Evidence that never made the trip home</strong></h4><p>The same pattern showed up even more clearly across Western Europe. The French and Italian communist parties drew in writers, professors, artists and trade union leaders whose intelligence no one doubted. They travelled to Moscow, saw what everyone else saw, and came home to write glowing accounts of their journey.</p><p>A particularly striking case was that of the British social reformers <strong>Sidney</strong> and <strong>Beatrice Webb</strong>. They were among the most respected figures of the Fabian Society, hardly naive idealists. In 1935 they published a substantial book portraying the Soviet Union as a new and superior civilisation. That same year, millions had just starved to death in Ukraine, Stalin&#8217;s purges were underway, and the network of forced labour camps was expanding rapidly.</p><p>The information was there. The problem was never a lack of knowledge; it was that knowledge was no longer allowed to influence the conclusion.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>A liar knows he is lying. A believer does not necessarily experience himself as lying at all.</em></p></div><h4><strong>When the flying saucer never came</strong></h4><p>The more deeply belief is fused with identity, the harder it becomes to admit having been wrong. In the 1950s, the social psychologist <strong>Leon Festinger</strong> did something researchers rarely do. Instead of asking people for their opinions in a survey, he observed what they actually did when their entire worldview collapsed.</p><p>He followed a small American doomsday cult convinced the world would end on a specific night. Salvation had already been arranged; a flying saucer would collect the true believers to safety just before the catastrophe struck.</p><p>Night came. No flying saucer came. The world did not end.</p><p>If people behaved rationally, the group should have dissolved on the spot. It did not; quite the opposite happened. Many members began proclaiming their faith more loudly than before. An explanation arrived quickly: the world had been saved precisely because of their unwavering belief.</p><p>Reality had changed. So the explanation changed with it.</p><p>Festinger gave the phenomenon a name that became one of the best-known concepts in social psychology: <em>cognitive dissonance</em>. When facts and a person&#8217;s worldview collide violently, that person rarely changes the worldview. Instead, he starts changing what the facts are allowed to mean.</p><p>The more of one&#8217;s own life one has invested in a cause, the more expensive it becomes to admit having been wrong. This is no longer a matter of opinion; it is a matter of identity. If I have built my entire youth around a movement, admitting I was wrong does not stop at that; I must also ask myself whether I spent decades of my life on a delusion. That is a far heavier price than losing a single argument.</p><h4><strong>The twelve-year-old candidate</strong></h4><p>I recognise the mechanism uncomfortably closely, even though I was never a communist.</p><p>In the early 1970s, Finland&#8217;s school reform introduced so-called school councils, meant to teach democracy in practice. I was twelve when I was asked to stand as the minority communists&#8217; candidate in the school council election.</p><p>There was only one small problem: I knew practically nothing about politics. I could not have named all the parliamentary parties, I had no idea about the internal splits within the communist movement, and I certainly could not have explained what minority communism actually meant. And yet I very nearly agreed to run; not because I was gripped by Marxism, but because someone had asked.</p><p>Fortunately, one of my teachers found the idea troubling. He rang my parents and gently suggested that the boy might benefit from learning something about the Finnish party system before representing one of its edges.</p><p>At home, I received my first-ever lesson in politics. My parents did not try to tell me what to think. They simply said the decision was mine to make, but that it would help to know, at least roughly, whose banner I was about to stand under.</p><p>I withdrew my candidacy. A year later I ran again, this time as an independent. And I was elected. </p><p>That episode proves nothing large about Finnish political history. But it points to something far more ordinary. People often join a group long before they understand its ideas. First comes the feeling of belonging; the beliefs tend to arrive later.</p><p>This order, incidentally, is not confined to twelve-year-olds. It appears to follow many adults throughout life as well.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Few people join a movement for its facts. Far more people adopt the facts only after joining the movement.</em></p></div><h4><strong>MAGA: two realities running in parallel</strong></h4><p>Had Festinger lived in the age of social media, he would hardly have needed to go looking for a small doomsday cult to study. Today, the same phenomenon is visible on a phone screen daily.</p><p>The best-known example of this decade comes from the United States.</p><p><strong>Donald Trump</strong> promised to end the war in Ukraine within twenty-four hours. The promise was spectacular enough that it could never later be waved away as a misunderstood detail. He also promised to lower the cost of living for Americans, rapidly bring manufacturing back home, and keep the United States out of new wars.</p><p>Reality moved in the opposite direction. The war did not end in a day, nor in months. The Iran crisis expanded America&#8217;s military role in the Middle East once again. Import tariffs drove up prices on exactly the goods meant to make ordinary life cheaper.</p><p>In a normal political world, this combination would be straightforward: promises were made, they were not kept, and support falls.</p><p>That is what happened, but only in part.</p><p>Trump&#8217;s overall approval rating weakened in nearly every poll throughout the spring and summer of 2026. What was more interesting was what happened among his most loyal supporters. Their support fell too. Just far less.</p><p>It was as if two separate realities had been running side by side. The more outsiders noticed the contradictions, the more the core focused on explaining why the contradictions were not really contradictions at all.</p><h4><strong>Tribe before fact</strong></h4><p>This is not an American peculiarity. It is not, in the end, even a political peculiarity. The same mechanism shows up in religious sects, revolutionary movements, conspiracy theories, sports fandom, and sometimes even corporate life. Once belonging to a group becomes part of one&#8217;s identity, facts stop functioning as judges. They turn into weapons for the other side.</p><p>That is exactly the point at which conversation becomes nearly impossible.</p><p>If I argue with someone about a tax rate, we can both still change our minds once better numbers appear. But if the argument is really about what kind of person I am, new numbers become a threat. Every counter-argument no longer sounds like information; it sounds like an attack on one&#8217;s own tribe.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>When opinion becomes identity, facts become insults.</em></p></div><p>This is why it is usually a mistake to assume the most loyal supporters are simply ignorant. Quite the opposite: many of them know the opposing arguments remarkably well. They have read them, listened to them, and spent years developing ever more sophisticated ways of explaining why none of it really matters.</p><p>Koestler understood this decades ago. He did not write <em>The God That Failed</em> because he had been stupid as a young man; he wrote it because he had been intelligent. It was precisely that intelligence which had made him so skilled at defending a belief he was not yet ready to let go of.</p><p>Perhaps that is the most ironic lesson of the phenomenon as a whole. Propaganda rarely thrives where people know least. It thrives where people have the most to lose by admitting they know too much.</p><h4><strong>The Finland that spoke in code, and the difference everyone forgets</strong></h4><p>I grew up in what later came to be called Cold War Finland, a country that spoke about the Soviet Union in its own particular code. Every adult understood that not everything was said aloud; the president&#8217;s foreign policy was supported, phrases were carefully weighed, and one lived cautiously around the eastern relationship.</p><p>But there is one important distinction that keeps getting lost in today&#8217;s debate. Most Finns did not actually believe the Soviet Union was a workers&#8217; paradise. They simply judged it unwise to say everything they thought. It was realism, sometimes opportunism, but rarely anything resembling religious conviction.</p><p>That is exactly what made the <em>taistolaiset</em> such an interesting case. They were not built on silence; they were built on belief. One group adapted itself to reality. The other adapted reality to its belief. The difference sounds small. Psychologically, it is enormous.</p><h4><strong>The memoirs that do not yet exist</strong></h4><p>In recent years I have read the memoirs of several former Finnish minority communists. There is something surprisingly moving in them. Few of them still try to insist they were right; far more of them are trying to understand their own youth. Many of them share the same astonishment: how could I have believed that?</p><p>It is an honest question. But it is also, in a way, slightly misleading. Perhaps the real question is not how they could have believed it. The real question is what we ourselves believe right now, so strongly that we cannot yet see we are doing exactly the same thing.</p><p>Every generation recognises the delusions of the one before it far more easily than its own. Koestler&#8217;s generation wrote <em>The God That Failed</em> only once the faith had already broken. The former members of <em>taistolaiset</em> wrote their memoirs only decades later.</p><p>Perhaps one day we will read books written by people who explain, just as openly, why they believed in Donald Trump, in QAnon, in some revolution of our own time, or in a cause we cannot yet even name. Their explanations will probably sound familiar. They will not say they were stupid. They will say they were looking for community, for purpose, and for the feeling of standing on the right side of history.</p><p>Perhaps that is this essay&#8217;s most uncomfortable conclusion. We like to think of ourselves as rational people who update our opinions whenever the facts change. In practice we do this far less often than we imagine. Usually we first change how we interpret the facts, and only much later, sometimes only after decades, do we dare ask ourselves whether we might have been wrong.</p><p>Koestler understood this better than most politicians or psychologists ever have. His insight was not that people are ignorant. It was far darker than that: a person can know almost everything, and believe anyway.</p><p>That is why the most dangerous person is not necessarily the one who does not know. It is the one who knows enough to notice the contradiction, but whose identity no longer allows him to admit it.</p><p>Perhaps that is exactly why every generation remains convinced it will never fall for the delusions the previous one now laughs about in its memoirs.</p><p>And perhaps that is exactly why every generation, sooner or later, ends up writing its own version of <em>The God That Failed</em>.</p><p><em>Only ever afterwards.</em></p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>About the author</strong></p><p><strong>Mika Horelli</strong> is a Finnish foreign correspondent based in Brussels. Since 1996, he has reported on European politics, international affairs and emerging technologies from Copenhagen, New York and Brussels. His work combines on-the-ground reporting with historical context, focusing on geopolitics, democracy, artificial intelligence and the long-term forces reshaping Europe and the wider world.</p><p><strong>About Nordic Ledger</strong></p><p><strong>Nordic Ledger</strong> is an independent publication dedicated to thoughtful, long-form journalism on geopolitics, technology and society. Rather than chasing the daily news cycle, it examines the deeper trends, historical context and strategic choices that shape tomorrow&#8217;s headlines.</p><p>New essays are published regularly and delivered directly to subscribers&#8217; inboxes.</p><p><em>Written for readers who prefer depth to speed.</em></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Kun politiikka muuttui uskonnoksi]]></title><description><![CDATA[Kognitiivisesta dissonanssista taistolaisiin ja MAGAan: mekanismi, joka selitt&#228;&#228; poliittisen uskon]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/uskovaiset-jotka-tietavat</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/uskovaiset-jotka-tietavat</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 16:01:34 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-H02!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd10a8f6d-9ba0-497d-8c61-b51600f79be6_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-H02!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd10a8f6d-9ba0-497d-8c61-b51600f79be6_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-H02!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-H02!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd10a8f6d-9ba0-497d-8c61-b51600f79be6_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kuva: Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Vuonna 1949 kuusi entist&#228; kommunistia yritti selitt&#228;&#228;, miksi he olivat vuosikausia uskoneet j&#228;rjestelm&#228;&#228;n, jonka valheellisuudesta heill&#228; oli koko ajan todisteita. Sama kysymys nousee esiin yh&#228; uudelleen: suomalaisissa v&#228;hemmist&#246;kommunisteissa, jotka matkustivat Neuvostoliittoon ja n&#228;kiv&#228;t tyhj&#228;t kaupat mutta uskoivat silti; brittil&#228;isiss&#228; Fabian-&#228;lyk&#246;iss&#228;, jotka ylistiv&#228;t Stalinin sivistysvaltiota juuri n&#228;l&#228;nh&#228;d&#228;n keskell&#228;; ja t&#228;m&#228;n p&#228;iv&#228;n MAGA-liikkeess&#228;, jonka ydinjoukko ei hetkahda edes silloin, kun luvatut sodat eiv&#228;t p&#228;&#228;ty ja hinnat nousevat luvatun laskun sijaan. Essee kaivaa esiin kognitiivisen dissonanssin mekanismin ja kysyy lopulta ep&#228;mukavan kysymyksen: mihin me itse uskomme juuri nyt niin vahvasti, ettemme viel&#228; huomaa tekev&#228;mme t&#228;sm&#228;lleen samaa?</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/open.substack.com/pub/nordicledger/p/the-true-believers?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Link to the author-edited English version.</a>)</em></p></div><p><em><strong>Mika Horelli, Bryssel</strong></em></p><p>On olemassa ihmisi&#228;, jotka valehtelevat. Heid&#228;t on helppo ymm&#228;rt&#228;&#228;: valehtelusta voi saada rahaa, valtaa tai ainakin v&#228;ltty&#228; hankaluuksilta. On my&#246;s ihmisi&#228;, jotka ovat yksinkertaisesti v&#228;&#228;r&#228;ss&#228;, koska he eiv&#228;t tied&#228; paremmin. Heid&#228;tkin ymm&#228;rt&#228;&#228;.</p><p>Paljon vaikeampia ymm&#228;rt&#228;&#228; ovat ne, jotka tiet&#228;v&#228;t totuuden ja silti uskovat valheeseen.</p><p>Tarkoitan ihmisi&#228;, joilla on k&#228;yt&#246;ss&#228;&#228;n kaikki samat tosiasiat kuin meill&#228; muillakin, jotka n&#228;kev&#228;t samat ristiriidat, lukevat samat uutiset, joskus jopa kokevat omin silmin sen, mit&#228; yritt&#228;v&#228;t selitt&#228;&#228; pois, ja silti p&#228;&#228;tyv&#228;t puolustamaan uskomustaan entist&#228; kiihke&#228;mmin. He eiv&#228;t ole tiet&#228;m&#228;tt&#246;mi&#228;. Juuri se tekee ilmi&#246;st&#228; niin kiehtovan.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Todellisuus ei ollut v&#228;&#228;r&#228;ss&#228;. Se piti vain tulkita uudelleen.</em></p></div><p>Vuonna 1949 kuusi entist&#228; kommunistia julkaisi kirjan <em>The God That Failed</em>. <strong>Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, Andr&#233; Gide, Richard Wright, Louis Fischer</strong> ja <strong>Stephen Spender</strong> yrittiv&#228;t kukin omasta n&#228;k&#246;kulmastaan vastata samaan kysymykseen: miten oli mahdollista, ett&#228; he olivat vuosikausia uskoneet j&#228;rjestelm&#228;&#228;n, jonka valheellisuudesta heill&#228; oli koko ajan riitt&#228;v&#228;sti todisteita?</p><p>Koestlerin vastaus oli h&#228;mment&#228;v&#228; juuri siksi, ettei se ollut poliittinen. H&#228;nen mukaansa kommunismiin liittyminen muistutti enemm&#228;n uskonnollista k&#228;&#228;ntymyst&#228; kuin poliittista p&#228;&#228;t&#246;st&#228;. Ihminen ei punninnut puolesta ja vastaan kuin ostettaessa uutta pesukonetta; h&#228;n l&#246;ysi yhteis&#246;n, tarkoituksen ja selityksen maailmalle. Juuri siksi my&#246;s irtautuminen muistutti enemm&#228;n uskonkriisi&#228; kuin mielipiteen muuttamista.</p><p>Ajatus on paljon k&#228;ytt&#246;kelpoisempi kuin se ensi lukemalta kuulostaa. Se selitt&#228;&#228; jotakin, mik&#228; muuten n&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; l&#228;hes j&#228;rjenvastaiselta. Miksi ihminen puolustaa vakaumusta, jonka h&#228;n tiet&#228;&#228; vuotavan joka saumasta? Miksi &#228;lyk&#228;s ihminen kykenee rakentamaan toinen toistaan hienostuneempia selityksi&#228; ilmiselvist&#228; ristiriidoista, kun paljon yksinkertaisempi vaihtoehto olisi my&#246;nt&#228;&#228; olleensa v&#228;&#228;r&#228;ss&#228;?</p><p>Emme puhu ihmisist&#228;, jotka eliv&#228;t <strong>Stalinin</strong> Neuvostoliitossa tai muissa diktatuureissa; heid&#228;n oli usein pakko teeskennell&#228; uskovansa pysy&#228;kseen hengiss&#228;. Se ei ollut vakaumus vaan selviytymisstrategia. Kiinnostavampia ovat ne, jotka eliv&#228;t vapaissa yhteiskunnissa, joissa ei ollut pakko uskoa yht&#228;&#228;n mit&#228;&#228;n, mutta jotka kuitenkin p&#228;&#228;ttiv&#228;t tehd&#228; niin vapaaehtoisesti.</p><h4><strong>Suomalainen esimerkki</strong></h4><p>Suomesta l&#246;ytyy kiinnostava esimerkki. Sodan j&#228;lkeen suomalainen kommunistinen liike alkoi v&#228;hitellen jakaantua kahteen todellisuuteen. Osa kommunisteista alkoi arvostella Neuvostoliittoa avoimesti viimeist&#228;&#228;n 1960-luvulla. Toinen osa, my&#246;hemmin taistolaisiksi kutsuttu v&#228;hemmist&#246;, kulki t&#228;sm&#228;lleen p&#228;invastaiseen suuntaan. Juuri silloin, kun todisteita j&#228;rjestelm&#228;n ep&#228;onnistumisesta kertyi vuosi vuodelta enemm&#228;n, heid&#228;n uskonsa n&#228;ytti vahvistuvan.</p><p>T&#228;m&#228; tekee ilmi&#246;st&#228; erityisen kiinnostavan. He eiv&#228;t el&#228;neet Leningradissa vaan Helsingiss&#228;. He eiv&#228;t lukeneet pelkk&#228;&#228; <em>Pravdaa</em> vaan my&#246;s <em>Helsingin Sanomia</em>, <em>Dagens Nyheteri&#228;</em>, <em>Le Mondea</em> ja mit&#228; tahansa l&#228;nsimaista lehdist&#246;&#228;. He matkustivat, keskustelivat ja n&#228;kiv&#228;t omin silmin paljon enemm&#228;n kuin tavallinen neuvostokansalainen.</p><p>Moni matkusti my&#246;s Neuvostoliittoon. Osa koulutettiin maassa. Siell&#228; n&#228;htiin kauppojen tyhj&#228;t hyllyt, loputtomat jonot, ihmisten varovaisuus ja arjen niukkuus. Ne eiv&#228;t olleet l&#228;nsimaisen propagandan keksint&#246;j&#228; vaan matkamuistoja, jotka jokainen saattoi havaita omin silmin. Silti kotiin palattiin vakuuttuneina siit&#228;, ett&#228; sosialismin tulevaisuus oli loistava.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Neuvostoliitossa oli yksi asia, josta ei koskaan ollut pulaa: todisteita j&#228;rjestelm&#228;n ep&#228;onnistumisesta. Silti juuri niit&#228; onnistuttiin tuomaan matkalaukussa kaikkein v&#228;hiten takaisin Suomeen.</em></p></div><h4><strong>Todisteet, jotka eiv&#228;t koskaan matkustaneet kotiin</strong></h4><p>Sama ilmi&#246; n&#228;kyi viel&#228; selvemmin L&#228;nsi-Euroopassa. Ranskan ja Italian kommunistipuolueet ker&#228;siv&#228;t riveihins&#228; kirjailijoita, professoreita, taiteilijoita ja ammattiyhdistysjohtajia, joiden &#228;lykkyytt&#228; kukaan ei ep&#228;illyt. He matkustivat Moskovaan, n&#228;kiv&#228;t saman kuin kaikki muutkin ja kirjoittivat kotiin palattuaan ylist&#228;vi&#228; matkakertomuksia.</p><p>Erityisen vaikuttava tapaus olivat brittil&#228;iset yhteiskuntareformistit <strong>Sidney</strong> ja <strong>Beatrice Webb</strong>. He kuuluivat Fabian-seuran arvostetuimpiin hahmoihin, kaikkea muuta kuin naiiveja idealisteja. Vuonna 1935 he julkaisivat laajan teoksen, jossa Neuvostoliitto kuvattiin uudenlaisena sivistyksen mallina. Samana vuonna Ukrainassa oli juuri kuoltu n&#228;lk&#228;&#228;n miljoonittain, Stalinin puhdistukset olivat k&#228;ynniss&#228; ja pakkoty&#246;leirien verkosto kasvoi vauhdilla.</p><p>Tietoa kyll&#228; oli. Ongelmana ei ollut tiedon puute; ongelmana oli, ettei tieto en&#228;&#228; saanut vaikuttaa johtop&#228;&#228;t&#246;kseen.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Valehtelija tiet&#228;&#228; valehtelevansa. Uskovainen ei v&#228;ltt&#228;m&#228;tt&#228; koe valehtelevansa lainkaan.</em></p></div><h4><strong>Kun lent&#228;v&#228; lautanen ei tullut</strong></h4><p>Mit&#228; enemm&#228;n usko sitoo identiteettiin, sit&#228; vaikeampaa on my&#246;nt&#228;&#228;, ett&#228; on erehtynyt. Sosiaalipsykologi <strong>Leon Festinger</strong> p&#228;&#228;tti 1950-luvulla tehd&#228; jotakin, mit&#228; tutkijat tekev&#228;t harvoin. H&#228;n ei kysellyt ihmisilt&#228; mielipiteit&#228; kyselylomakkeilla, vaan meni katsomaan, mit&#228; he todella tekev&#228;t silloin, kun heid&#228;n maailmankuvansa romahtaa.</p><p>H&#228;n seurasi pient&#228; amerikkalaista lahkoa, joka uskoi maailman tuhoutuvan tiettyn&#228; y&#246;n&#228;. Pelastus oli jo j&#228;rjestetty: lent&#228;v&#228; lautanen hakisi oikeauskoiset turvaan juuri ennen katastrofia.</p><p>Y&#246; tuli. Lent&#228;v&#228;&#228; lautasta ei tullut. Maailma ei tuhoutunut.</p><p>Jos ihmiset olisivat toimineet rationaalisesti, koko lahko olisi hajonnut saman tien. Niin ei k&#228;ynyt; p&#228;invastoin. Monet j&#228;senist&#228; alkoivat julistaa uskoaan entist&#228; &#228;&#228;nekk&#228;&#228;mmin. Selitys l&#246;ytyi nopeasti: maailma oli pelastunut juuri heid&#228;n horjumattoman uskonsa ansiosta.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Todellisuus oli muuttunut. Siksi my&#246;s selitys muuttui.</p></div><p>Festinger antoi ilmi&#246;lle nimen, josta tuli yksi sosiaalipsykologian tunnetuimmista k&#228;sitteist&#228;: <em>kognitiivinen dissonanssi</em>. Kun tosiasiat ja oma maailmankuva t&#246;rm&#228;&#228;v&#228;t rajusti toisiinsa, ihminen ei useinkaan vaihda maailmankuvaansa. H&#228;n alkaa muuttaa tosiasioiden merkityst&#228;.</p><p>Mit&#228; enemm&#228;n omaa el&#228;m&#228;&#228;ns&#228; on sijoittanut johonkin aatteeseen, sit&#228; kalliimmaksi k&#228;y my&#246;nt&#228;&#228; erehtyneens&#228;. Kyse ei ole en&#228;&#228; mielipiteest&#228; vaan identiteetist&#228;. Jos olen rakentanut koko nuoruuteni jonkin liikkeen varaan, en joudu my&#246;nt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n vain olleeni v&#228;&#228;r&#228;ss&#228;; joudun kysym&#228;&#228;n itselt&#228;ni, rakensinko vuosikymmeni&#228; el&#228;m&#228;st&#228;ni harhakuvitelman p&#228;&#228;lle. Se on paljon raskaampi hinta kuin yhden v&#228;ittelyn h&#228;vi&#228;minen.</p><h4><strong>Kaksitoistavuotiaan ehdokkuus</strong></h4><p>Tunnistan mekanismin yll&#228;tt&#228;v&#228;n l&#228;helt&#228;, vaikken ole koskaan ollut kommunisti.</p><p>Peruskoulun alkuvuosina 1970-luvulla kouluihin perustettiin kouluneuvostoja, joiden tarkoituksena oli opettaa demokratiaa k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228;. Olin kaksitoistavuotias, kun minua pyydettiin ehdokkaaksi v&#228;hemmist&#246;kommunistien joukkoon kouluneuvostovaaleihin.</p><p>Tilanteessa oli vain yksi pieni ongelma: en tiennyt k&#228;yt&#228;nn&#246;ss&#228; mit&#228;&#228;n politiikasta. Meill&#228; kotona ei yksinkertaisesti koskaan puhuttu politiikasta. (Eik&#228; rahasta tai seksist&#228;.) </p><p>En olisi osannut nimet&#228; eduskuntapuolueita, en ymm&#228;rt&#228;nyt kommunistien sis&#228;isi&#228; jakolinjoja enk&#228; olisi osannut selitt&#228;&#228;, mit&#228; v&#228;hemmist&#246;kommunismi oikeastaan tarkoitti. Olin silti v&#228;h&#228;ll&#228; p&#228;&#228;ty&#228; ehdokkaaksi; en siksi, ett&#228; olisin tiennyt mit&#228;&#228;n marxilaisuudesta, vaan siksi, ett&#228; joku pyysi.</p><p>Onneksi er&#228;s opettajani piti ajatusta huolestuttavana. H&#228;n soitti vanhemmilleni ja ehdotti varovasti, ett&#228; pojalle voisi ehk&#228; kertoa jotakin suomalaisesta puoluej&#228;rjestelm&#228;st&#228; ennen kuin h&#228;n l&#228;htee edustamaan yht&#228; sen &#228;&#228;rilaidoista.</p><p>Kotona pidettiin el&#228;m&#228;ni ensimm&#228;inen politiikan oppitunti. Vanhempani eiv&#228;t yritt&#228;neet kertoa, mit&#228; minun pit&#228;isi ajatella. He sanoivat vain, ett&#228; p&#228;&#228;t&#246;s on lopulta omani, mutta olisi hyv&#228; tiet&#228;&#228; edes suurin piirtein, mink&#228; lipun alle on menossa.</p><p>Vedin ehdokkuuteni kiireesti pois. Vuotta my&#246;hemmin olin j&#228;lleen ehdolla, t&#228;ll&#228; kertaa sitoutumattomana, ja p&#228;&#228;sin l&#228;pi.</p><p>Tuo episodi ei todista mit&#228;&#228;n suurta Suomen poliittisesta historiasta. Se muistuttaa kuitenkin jostakin paljon arkisemmasta. Ihminen liittyy ryhm&#228;&#228;n usein jo paljon ennen kuin h&#228;n ymm&#228;rt&#228;&#228; ryhm&#228;n ajatuksia. Ensin syntyy tunne kuulumisesta; aatteet tulevat usein vasta my&#246;hemmin.</p><p>Sama j&#228;rjestys ei muuten koske vain kaksitoistavuotiaita. Se n&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; seuraavan monia aikuisiakin l&#228;pi el&#228;m&#228;n.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Harva liittyy liikkeeseen tosiasioiden vuoksi. Paljon useampi omaksuu tosiasiat vasta liitytty&#228;&#228;n liikkeeseen.</em></p></div><h4><strong>MAGA: kaksi todellisuutta rinnakkain</strong></h4><p>Jos Festinger olisi el&#228;nyt sosiaalisen median aikakaudella, h&#228;nen olisi tuskin tarvinnut etsi&#228; pient&#228; tuomiop&#228;iv&#228;lahkoa tutkittavakseen. Nyky&#228;&#228;n saman ilmi&#246;n voi n&#228;hd&#228; p&#228;ivitt&#228;in puhelimen n&#228;yt&#246;lt&#228;.</p><p>T&#228;m&#228;n vuosikymmenen tunnetuin esimerkki l&#246;ytyy Yhdysvalloista.</p><p><strong>Donald Trump</strong> lupasi lopettaa Ukrainan sodan vuorokaudessa. Lupaus oli niin n&#228;ytt&#228;v&#228;, ettei sit&#228; voinut my&#246;hemmin selitt&#228;&#228; v&#228;&#228;rin ymm&#228;rretyksi yksityiskohdaksi. H&#228;n lupasi my&#246;s alentaa amerikkalaisten elinkustannuksia, palauttaa valmistavan teollisuuden nopeasti kotimaahan ja pit&#228;&#228; Yhdysvallat erossa uusista sodista.</p><p>Kuten uutisia seuraamalla jokainen voi havaita, todellisuus on toisessa suunnassa. Sota ei p&#228;&#228;ttynyt vuorokaudessa eik&#228; kuukausissakaan. Hy&#246;kk&#228;ys Iraniin on suistanut Yhdysvallat eskaloituvaan sotaan, josta sill&#228; ei n&#228;yt&#228; olevan poisp&#228;&#228;sy&#228;. Tuontitullit ovat nostaneet monien tuotteiden hintoja juuri niille amerikkalaisille, joiden arkea niiden piti helpottaa.</p><p>Normaalissa poliittisessa maailmassa t&#228;llainen yhdistelm&#228; olisi yksinkertainen: lupauksia annettiin, niit&#228; ei pystytty t&#228;ytt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n ja kannatus laskee.</p><p>Niin tapahtuukin, mutta vain osittain.</p><p>Trumpin kokonaiskannatus heikkeni kev&#228;&#228;n ja kes&#228;n 2026 aikana l&#228;hes kaikissa mittauksissa. Mielenkiintoisempaa oli kuitenkin se, mit&#228; tapahtui h&#228;nen uskollisimmille kannattajilleen. Kannatus kyll&#228; laski siell&#228;kin. Mutta paljon v&#228;hemm&#228;n.</p><p>Ik&#228;&#228;n kuin kaksi eri todellisuutta olisi kulkenut rinnakkain. Mit&#228; enemm&#228;n ulkopuolinen n&#228;ki ristiriitoja, sit&#228; enemm&#228;n ydinjoukko keskittyi selitt&#228;m&#228;&#228;n, miksi ristiriidat eiv&#228;t oikeastaan olleet ristiriitoja lainkaan.</p><h4><strong>Heimo ennen faktaa</strong></h4><p>T&#228;m&#228; ei ole amerikkalainen erityispiirre. Se ei ole oikeastaan edes poliittinen erityispiirre. Sama mekanismi n&#228;kyy uskonnollisissa lahkoissa, vallankumouksellisissa liikkeiss&#228;, salaliittoteorioissa, urheilufanien k&#228;ytt&#228;ytymisess&#228; ja joskus jopa yritysmaailmassa. Kun ryhm&#228;&#228;n kuulumisesta tulee osa identiteetti&#228;, tosiasiat menett&#228;v&#228;t merkityksens&#228;. Ne muuttuvat vastapuolen aseiksi.</p><p>Juuri siin&#228; kohtaa keskustelu muuttuu l&#228;hes mahdottomaksi.</p><p>Jos v&#228;ittelen jonkun kanssa veroprosentista, voimme molemmat viel&#228; muuttaa mielt&#228;mme uusien lukujen perusteella. Mutta jos v&#228;ittely koskee sit&#228;, millainen ihminen min&#228; olen, uusista luvuista tulee uhka. Silloin jokainen vasta-argumentti ei en&#228;&#228; kuulosta tiedolta vaan hy&#246;kk&#228;ykselt&#228; omaa heimoa vastaan.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Kun mielipide muuttuu identiteetiksi, tosiasiat muuttuvat loukkauksiksi.</em></p></div><p>T&#228;st&#228; syyst&#228; kaikkein uskollisimpia kannattajia on usein turha pit&#228;&#228; tiet&#228;m&#228;tt&#246;min&#228;. P&#228;invastoin: moni heist&#228; tuntee vastapuolen argumentit h&#228;mm&#228;stytt&#228;v&#228;n hyvin. He ovat lukeneet ne, kuunnelleet ne ja kehitt&#228;neet vuosien aikana yh&#228; hienostuneempia tapoja selitt&#228;&#228;, miksi ne eiv&#228;t oikeastaan merkitse mit&#228;&#228;n.</p><p>Koestler ymm&#228;rsi t&#228;m&#228;n jo vuosikymmeni&#228; sitten. H&#228;n ei kirjoittanut <em>The God That Failed</em> -kirjaa siksi, ett&#228; olisi ollut nuorena tyhm&#228;. H&#228;n kirjoitti sen siksi, ett&#228; h&#228;n oli ollut &#228;lyk&#228;s. Juuri &#228;lykkyys oli tehnyt h&#228;nest&#228; erityisen taitavan puolustelemaan uskomusta, josta h&#228;n ei viel&#228; ollut valmis luopumaan.</p><p>Ehk&#228; siin&#228; piilee koko ilmi&#246;n ironinen opetus. Propaganda ei useinkaan menesty parhaiten siell&#228;, miss&#228; ihmiset tiet&#228;v&#228;t v&#228;hiten. Se menestyy siell&#228;, miss&#228; ihmisill&#228; on eniten menetett&#228;v&#228;&#228;, jos he my&#246;nt&#228;v&#228;t tiet&#228;v&#228;ns&#228; liikaa.</p><h4><strong>YYA-Suomi ja ero, joka unohtuu</strong></h4><p>Kasvoin itse Suomessa, jota kutsuttiin my&#246;hemmin YYA-Suomeksi. Se oli maa, jossa Neuvostoliitosta puhuttiin omalla erityisell&#228; kielell&#228;&#228;n. Jokainen aikuinen ymm&#228;rsi, ettei kaikkea sanottu &#228;&#228;neen; <strong>Urho Kekkosen</strong> ulkopolitiikkaa tuettiin, sanamuotoja punnittiin tarkasti ja id&#228;nsuhteiden kanssa elettiin varovaisesti.</p><p>Mutta siin&#228; oli yksi t&#228;rke&#228; ero, joka usein unohtuu nykykeskustelussa. Useimmat suomalaiset eiv&#228;t uskoneet Neuvostoliiton olevan ty&#246;l&#228;isten paratiisi. He vain katsoivat, ettei siit&#228; ollut viisasta sanoa kaikkea, mit&#228; he ajattelivat. Kyse oli realismista, joskus opportunismistakin, mutta harvoin uskonnollisen kaltaisesta vakaumuksesta.</p><p>Juuri siksi taistolaisuus oli niin kiinnostava ilmi&#246;. Se ei perustunut vaikenemiseen vaan uskoon. Toinen mukautui todellisuuteen. Toinen mukautti todellisuuden uskoonsa. Ero n&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; pienelt&#228;, mutta psykologisesti se on valtava.</p><h4><strong>Muistelmat, joita ei viel&#228; ole</strong></h4><p>Viime vuosina olen lukenut useiden entisten v&#228;hemmist&#246;kommunistien muistelmia. Niiss&#228; on jotakin yll&#228;tt&#228;v&#228;n liikuttavaa. Harva yritt&#228;&#228; en&#228;&#228; vakuuttaa olleensa oikeassa; paljon useampi yritt&#228;&#228; ymm&#228;rt&#228;&#228; omaa nuoruuttaan. Monissa toistuu sama h&#228;mm&#228;stys: miten min&#228; saatoin uskoa tuohon?</p><p>Se on rehellinen kysymys. Mutta samalla se on hieman harhaanjohtava. Todellinen kysymys ei ehk&#228; ole, miten he saattoivat uskoa. Todellinen kysymys on, mihin me itse uskomme parhaillaan niin vahvasti, ettemme viel&#228; huomaa tekev&#228;mme t&#228;sm&#228;lleen samaa.</p><p>Jokainen sukupolvi tunnistaa edellisen sukupolven harhat paljon helpommin kuin omansa. Koestlerin sukupolvi kirjoitti <em>The God That Failed</em> -kirjan vasta sitten, kun usko oli murtunut. Entiset taistolaiset kirjoittivat muistelmansa vasta vuosikymmeni&#228; my&#246;hemmin.</p><p>Ehk&#228; jonakin p&#228;iv&#228;n&#228; luemme kirjoja ihmisilt&#228;, jotka kertovat yht&#228; avoimesti siit&#228;, miksi he uskoivat Donald Trumpiin, QAnoniin, johonkin t&#228;m&#228;n p&#228;iv&#228;n vallankumoukseen tai johonkin sellaiseen aatteeseen, jota emme viel&#228; edes osaa nimet&#228;. Luultavasti heid&#228;n selityksens&#228; kuulostavat tutuilta. He eiv&#228;t kerro olleensa tyhmi&#228;. He kertovat etsineens&#228; yhteis&#246;&#228;, tarkoitusta ja tunnetta siit&#228;, ett&#228; kuuluivat oikealle puolelle historiaa.</p><p>Ehk&#228; juuri siin&#228; on t&#228;m&#228;n esseen ep&#228;miellytt&#228;vin johtop&#228;&#228;t&#246;s. Me pid&#228;mme itse&#228;mme mielell&#228;mme rationaalisina ihmisin&#228;, jotka muuttavat mielipidett&#228;&#228;n aina uusien tosiasioiden perusteella. Todellisuudessa teemme niin paljon harvemmin kuin kuvittelemme. Useimmiten muutamme ensin sit&#228;, miten tulkitsemme tosiasioita, ja vasta paljon my&#246;hemmin, joskus vasta vuosikymmenten kuluttua, uskallamme kysy&#228; itselt&#228;mme, olimmeko ehk&#228; v&#228;&#228;r&#228;ss&#228;.</p><p>Koestler ymm&#228;rsi t&#228;m&#228;n paremmin kuin useimmat poliitikot tai psykologit. H&#228;nen oivalluksensa ei ollut se, ett&#228; ihmiset ovat tiet&#228;m&#228;tt&#246;mi&#228;. Se oli paljon synkempi: ihminen voi tiet&#228;&#228; l&#228;hes kaiken. Ja silti uskoa.</p><p>Siksi kaikkein vaarallisin ihminen ei v&#228;ltt&#228;m&#228;tt&#228; ole se, joka ei tied&#228;. Vaan se, joka tiet&#228;&#228; riitt&#228;v&#228;sti huomatakseen ristiriidan, mutta jonka identiteetti ei en&#228;&#228; salli sen my&#246;nt&#228;mist&#228;.</p><p>Ehk&#228; juuri siksi jokainen sukupolvi on vakuuttunut siit&#228;, ettei se koskaan lankeaisi niihin harhoihin, joille edellinen sukupolvi naureskelee muistelmissa.</p><p>Ja juuri siksi jokainen sukupolvi kirjoittaa ennemmin tai my&#246;hemmin oman versionsa <em>The God That Failed</em> -kirjasta.</p><p><em>Vasta j&#228;lkik&#228;teen.</em></p><p></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h5><strong>Kirjoittajasta</strong></h5><p>Mika Horelli on Brysseliss&#228; asuva suomalainen ulkomaankirjeenvaihtaja. Vuodesta 1996 l&#228;htien h&#228;n on raportoinut eurooppalaisesta politiikasta, kansainv&#228;lisist&#228; suhteista ja uusista teknologioista K&#246;&#246;penhaminasta, New Yorkista ja Brysselist&#228; k&#228;sin. H&#228;nen ty&#246;ns&#228; yhdist&#228;&#228; paikan p&#228;&#228;ll&#228; teht&#228;v&#228;n raportoinnin historialliseen kontekstiin keskittyen geopolitiikkaan, demokratiaan, teko&#228;lyyn ja niihin pitk&#228;n aikav&#228;lin voimiin, jotka muokkaavat Eurooppaa ja koko maailmaa.</p><h5><strong>Nordic Ledgerist&#228;</strong></h5><p>Nordic Ledger on riippumaton julkaisu, joka keskittyy syv&#228;lliseen, pitk&#228;muotoiseen journalismiin geopolitiikan, teknologian ja yhteiskunnan aiheista. Sen sijaan ett&#228; se juoksisi p&#228;ivitt&#228;isen uutissyklin per&#228;ss&#228;, se tarkastelee syvempi&#228; trendej&#228;, historiallista kontekstia ja strategisia valintoja, jotka muokkaavat huomisen otsikoita.</p><p>Uusia esseit&#228; julkaistaan s&#228;&#228;nn&#246;llisesti ja ne toimitetaan suoraan tilaajien s&#228;hk&#246;postiin.</p></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The House Is on Fire, and the Neighbours Are Fighting on the Stairs]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Ceuta crisis revealed that Europe&#8217;s right-wing populism has no solution to migration; only scapegoats. And the doctrine it preaches would destroy the border states that need solidarity most.]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-house-is-on-fire-and-the-neighbours</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/the-house-is-on-fire-and-the-neighbours</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Aug 2026 08:01:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojrw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b52baeb-95d5-46d4-bf58-dc117055f4bd_1672x940.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojrw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b52baeb-95d5-46d4-bf58-dc117055f4bd_1672x940.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojrw!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_424, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b52baeb-95d5-46d4-bf58-dc117055f4bd_1672x940.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojrw!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b52baeb-95d5-46d4-bf58-dc117055f4bd_1672x940.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojrw!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b52baeb-95d5-46d4-bf58-dc117055f4bd_1672x940.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojrw!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b52baeb-95d5-46d4-bf58-dc117055f4bd_1672x940.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojrw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b52baeb-95d5-46d4-bf58-dc117055f4bd_1672x940.png" width="1456" height="819" 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/__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b52baeb-95d5-46d4-bf58-dc117055f4bd_1672x940.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojrw!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_848, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b52baeb-95d5-46d4-bf58-dc117055f4bd_1672x940.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojrw!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b52baeb-95d5-46d4-bf58-dc117055f4bd_1672x940.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojrw!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b52baeb-95d5-46d4-bf58-dc117055f4bd_1672x940.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Illustration by Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>On Thursday, thousands of people swam from Morocco to Ceuta. By Friday evening, most had returned. The crisis was over in forty-eight hours, but Italy had already closed its borders with Spain, France had tightened its own, and politicians across northern Europe were demanding Spain&#8217;s suspension from the Schengen free-travel zone. None of them offered a solution. All of them offered a culprit. This essay asks where their logic leads when applied consistently; and why the answer is particularly ruinous for countries on the EU&#8217;s outer edge.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>(<a href="/__u/open.substack.com/pub/nordicledger/p/talo-palaa-ja-naapurit-tappelevat?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">Linkki suomenkieliseen versioon l&#246;ytyy t&#228;st&#228;.</a>)</em></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>By Mika Horelli, Brussels</strong></p><p>On Thursday morning, people began climbing out of the sea onto Ceuta&#8217;s breakwater. By Friday evening, between 50,000 and 60,000 had arrived in Spain&#8217;s tiny North African enclave; the vast majority were young Moroccan men who had seen claims on social media that a recent Spanish Supreme Court ruling would prevent the deportation of anyone arriving by sea.</p><p>The claim was false, but it spread faster than any correction. At least 57 people died; some drowned, others were crushed at the base of the border fence.</p><p>And then, almost as quickly as it began, it stopped. By Friday evening, roughly 48,000 had returned to Morocco. Some were sent back under a hastily agreed procedure between Spain and Morocco. </p><p>Still, a significant number simply walked back through border crossings and holes in the fence, because Ceuta, a city of 83,000, had nothing to offer them: no food, no shelter, no future. The European Commission&#8217;s responsible commissioner confirmed on Friday that not a single arrival had crossed into mainland Europe.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>The crisis itself lasted two days. The political theatre began only after the curtain had already fallen.</p></div><h4><strong>Borders closed; but for whom?</strong></h4><p>On Thursday evening, the Italian government announced it was closing its air and sea borders with Spain and suspending Schengen free movement between the two countries. <strong>Giorgia Meloni</strong> called the images from Ceuta shocking; Deputy Prime Minister <strong>Antonio Tajani</strong> justified the closure on grounds of public safety and the threat of terrorism. France tightened its own land border.</p><p>And in the north, certain politicians in the Finnish governing coalition, particularly those for whom hardline border policy is the core of their electoral brand, rushed to support the demand to exclude Spain from Schengen. Spain, they argued, had failed to protect the EU&#8217;s external frontier.</p><p>The details matter. Italy closed its border with Spain after arrivals had already returned and it was known that none of them had reached the European mainland. Prime Minister <strong>Pedro S&#225;nchez</strong> responded by citing Frontex statistics showing that between 2021 and 2026, two to three times as many irregular migrants had entered Europe through Italy as through Spain. S&#225;nchez was also forced to point out that Ceuta is not even part of the Schengen area.</p><p>The country demanding Spain&#8217;s Schengen suspension was, in other words, the country through which more people had actually come. Rome&#8217;s gesture was not border policy; it was domestic politics. </p><p>To Meloni&#8217;s right, a newer and harder movement is growing, and the competition over who can appear toughest is fought in front of television cameras, not at the frontier.</p><p>This needs to be said plainly: Europe&#8217;s right-wing populism offered not a single solution to the Ceuta crisis. It offered a scapegoat, undermining EU cohesion and hampering the development of effective, unified migration policies. The scapegoat was a fellow EU member state that had just been hit by an uncontrollable surge of people and resolved it within forty-eight hours.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Populism offered no solution. It offered a scapegoat: the country under attack.</p></div><h4><strong>1,340 kilometres of forest</strong></h4><p>Let us now follow this logic to its conclusion. Take, as an example, a country I know well.</p><p>Finland shares a 1,340-kilometre border with Russia. Russia has already used migrants as a tool of coercion: in the autumn of 2023, its authorities began transporting people to the border zone and allowing them through without documents; something they had not previously permitted.</p><p>Simultaneously, a <em>&#8216;guaranteed route from Russia to Finland&#8217;</em> was openly advertised in Arabic-language Telegram and Facebook groups, and some people who crossed told Finnish media that their smuggler had assured them the journey from St Petersburg to the border had been arranged with the Russian army. </p><p>Finland&#8217;s foreign and interior ministries were forced to mount a counter-campaign on social media, emphasising the need for humane, coordinated migration policies that respect human rights and ensure security. The country has since closed its eastern border entirely. Still, the challenge remains: how to develop policies that are both effective and humane in the face of deliberate coercion and mass mobilisation.</p><p>Nor is it necessary to speculate about what a harder version would look like, because it has already happened. In 2021 and 2022, Belarus drove migrants across the borders of Poland and the Baltic states in a manner documented in detail by human rights organisations: border guards cut holes in razor-wire fences. They guided people through them, and in the worst cases forced them at gunpoint to swim across border rivers until someone drowned. </p><p>According to Poland, the groups pushed to the frontier were entirely under the control of Belarusian security services and the army. </p><p>If Moscow were to decide, some autumn, to assemble not ten thousand but half a million people behind Finland&#8217;s border and push them westward through the forests using the same method, the result would be a situation in which refugees are pursued by armed men. </p><p>On the other side of the border, someone would have to decide whether to raise a weapon against them. Finland would then be in precisely the same position as Spain last Thursday: an EU external border state attacked with human beings.</p><p>And what would the doctrine of Europe&#8217;s right-wing populists say then? Exactly what it said now. Close the borders; not to Russia, but to Finland. The arrivals stay where they first landed, and they become the arrival country&#8217;s lonely burden. Solidarity is weakness, and weakness invites more arrivals.</p><p>The Finnish politicians who are now demanding Spain&#8217;s isolation are, in other words, demanding a system that would mean national catastrophe if applied to Finland. This cannot be explained even by cynicism; a cynic at least thinks his own interest through to the end. This is thoughtlessness dressed in the costume of resolve.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>They demand for Spain what, on their own doorstep, would be a national catastrophe.</p></div><h4><strong>The last step</strong></h4><p>Now the question I deferred. It is uncomfortable, and that is precisely why it must be asked.</p><p>The fences have been built. Maritime surveillance has been outsourced to North African governments. Readmission agreements are being signed. All of this works as long as the pressure remains roughly at current levels. But what happens when it does not? When the number trying to cross is not six thousand but six hundred thousand; when the cause is not a smuggler&#8217;s rumour but a foreign state&#8217;s operation or the emptying of a region rendered uninhabitable? </p><p>A fence stops a person who respects the fence. It does not stop a person who has nowhere to go back to.</p><p>Then only one step remains, and everyone knows what it is, even if no one says it aloud. Will the women, men, children and elderly fleeing hunger and heat ultimately be stopped with weapons? </p><p>In the rhetoric of the current US administration, migrants are already routinely described as a flood, as filth, as invaders, and the same vocabulary thrives on Europe&#8217;s far right. Historians recognise this grammar. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Dehumanisation is never an endpoint; it is preparation. First the person is made into a mass; then the mass into a threat; and against a threat, all measures are eventually justified. </p></div><p>If we do not wish to arrive at that final step, we must build the other steps now, while the choice is still ours to make.</p><h4><strong>Half-truths</strong></h4><p>At this point, the standard reply is that the solution is managed labour migration. That is half true, and half-truths are the endemic disease of this debate.</p><p>First the true half. Finland&#8217;s total fertility rate has settled at around 1.26, against the 2.07 required for population replacement; without immigration, the population would shrink by roughly 39 per cent with each 31-year generation. Spain&#8217;s central bank has estimated that the country needs approximately 300,000 migrant workers per year to keep its pension system solvent; this is why Spain legalised the status of roughly half a million undocumented residents in January. That was not charity; it was arithmetic. Western societies cannot sustain themselves without migration.</p><p>Then the half that usually goes unsaid. The image of developing countries as an inexhaustible reservoir of young adults is outdated. According to the UN, Brazil&#8217;s total fertility rate is already around 1.6; in India, the Philippines and Vietnam- precisely the countries from which Europe is now competing to recruit- the figure is 1.9 and falling. </p><p>Global fertility has dropped from more than five children per woman in the 1960s to approximately 2.3, and the world&#8217;s population is projected to begin declining in the second half of this century. One country can rejuvenate itself by importing young adults from elsewhere; ten countries can. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>But an ageing world cannot endlessly shuffle the same young people from place to place. Migration buys time. It does not buy a solution.</p></div><h4><strong>The other curve</strong></h4><p>And time is needed, because the other curve is rising. The World Bank&#8217;s <em>Groundswell Report</em> estimates that climate change could force as many as 216 million people to move within their own countries by 2050: 86 million in sub-Saharan Africa, 40 million in South Asia, nearly 20 million in Bangladesh alone. </p><p>The figures are, by the authors&#8217; own admission, conservative, as they exclude cross-border movement entirely. </p><p>This summer has offered an object lesson on our own soil: the EU is on course for its worst wildfire season on record, more than 250,000 hectares have burned, and hundreds of thousands have been evacuated in France and Spain. Insurers are reclassifying ever-larger portions of the globe into a category the industry politely calls uninsurable. When markets price climate risk as real, it is remarkable that politics still debates its existence.</p><p>One may grant the denialists a small concession. Let the causes of warming be disputed; for the question at hand, it is a side issue. When the house is on fire, it is academic to argue whether it was arson or lightning. The occupants will come out regardless, and they will need somewhere to go.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>A fence stops a person who respects the fence. It does not stop a person who has nowhere to go back to.</p></div><h4><strong>The stairwell</strong></h4><p>The alternative to fortification is not borderlessness; it is governance. Canada has, for decades, selected its arrivals through a points-based system and succeeded in keeping immigration politically legitimate in a way that Europe can only envy. The system is neither a miracle nor without problems, but it proves the basic point: migration can be governed. It cannot be prohibited, and it cannot be outsourced to one border state at a time while the rest close their doors and congratulate themselves on their resolve.</p><p>Europe needs arrivals to survive, and the world is producing departures as its habitable surface shrinks. These two facts would fit together if we dared to look at them simultaneously and honestly, including the limits of what managed migration cannot solve. Instead, post-Ceuta Europe chose otherwise. </p><p>The house is on fire, and the neighbours are fighting on the stairs over whose door to lock first, while smoke fills the stairwell.</p><p>There is not enough time for both.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em><strong>About the author</strong></em></p><p><em>Mika Horelli is a Finnish foreign correspondent based in Brussels. Since 1996, he has reported on politics, international affairs and emerging technologies from Copenhagen, New York and Brussels. His work combines on-the-ground reporting with historical context, focusing on geopolitics, democracy, artificial intelligence and the long-term forces reshaping Europe and the wider world.</em></p><p><em><strong>About Nordic Ledger</strong></em></p><p><em>Nordic Ledger is an independent publication in English and Finnish, dedicated to thoughtful, long-form journalism on geopolitics, technology and society. Rather than chasing the daily news cycle, it examines the deeper trends, historical context and strategic choices that shape tomorrow&#8217;s headlines.</em></p><p><em>New essays are published regularly and delivered directly to subscribers&#8217; inboxes.</em></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nordicledger.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Talo palaa, ja naapurit tappelevat portailla]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ceutan kriisi paljasti, ettei Euroopan oikeistopopulismilla ole ratkaisua maahanmuuttoon. Oppi, jota se julistaa, voi aiheuttaa katastrofin Suomen kaltaisille rajamaille.]]></description><link>https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/talo-palaa-ja-naapurit-tappelevat</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://nordicledger.substack.com/p/talo-palaa-ja-naapurit-tappelevat</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Nordic Ledger by Mika Horelli]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Aug 2026 08:00:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V-z2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dfe85f6-555e-43f8-b114-b80e09f3d23d_1672x940.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V-z2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dfe85f6-555e-43f8-b114-b80e09f3d23d_1672x940.png" 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/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V-z2!, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/nordicledger.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1dfe85f6-555e-43f8-b114-b80e09f3d23d_1672x940.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kuva: Mika Horelli &amp; AI</figcaption></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>Torstaina tuhannet ihmiset uivat Marokosta Espanjan Ceutaan. Perjantaina useimmat olivat jo palanneet. Kriisi oli ohi kahdessa vuorokaudessa, mutta Italia ehti sulkea rajansa Espanjaan, Ranska kirist&#228;&#228; omaansa, ja pohjoisessa er&#228;&#228;t suomalaispoliitikot vaativat Espanjan sulkemista Schengenist&#228;. Kukaan heist&#228; ei tarjonnut ratkaisua; kaikki tarjosivat syyllisen. T&#228;m&#228; essee kysyy, mihin heid&#228;n logiikkansa johtaa, kun sit&#228; sovelletaan johdonmukaisesti &#8211; ja miksi vastaus on erityisen huono Suomelle.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><a href="/__u/open.substack.com/pub/nordicledger/p/the-house-is-on-fire-and-the-neighbours?r=mwsn6&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">An English edition of this essay, written and edited by the author, is available here.</a></em></p></div><p><strong>Mika Horelli, Bryssel</strong></p><p>Torstaiaamuna Ceutan aallonmurtajalle alkoi nousta ihmisi&#228; merest&#228;. Perjantai-iltaan menness&#228; Espanjan pohjoisafrikkalaiselle erillisalueelle oli viranomaisarvioiden mukaan tullut 50 000&#8211;60 000 ihmist&#228;, valtaosa nuoria marokkolaisia miehi&#228;, jotka olivat n&#228;hneet sosiaalisessa mediassa v&#228;itteit&#228; siit&#228;, ett&#228; Espanjan korkeimman oikeuden tuore p&#228;&#228;t&#246;s est&#228;isi meritse tulevien palauttamisen. V&#228;ite oli v&#228;&#228;r&#228;, mutta se levisi nopeammin kuin oikaisu. Ainakin 57 ihmist&#228; kuoli; osa hukkui, osa tallautui aidan juurella.</p><p>Ja sitten, l&#228;hes yht&#228; nopeasti kuin se alkoi, se loppui. Perjantai-iltaan menness&#228; noin 48 000 tulijaa oli palannut Marokkoon. Osa palautettiin Espanjaan ja Marokoon pikaisesti sopimalla menettelyll&#228;, mutta merkitt&#228;v&#228; osa k&#228;veli takaisin omin jaloin rajanylityspaikkojen ja aidan reikien kautta, koska 83 000 asukkaan Ceutassa ei ollut heille ruokaa, suojaa tai tulevaisuutta. Yksik&#228;&#228;n tulija ei ollut ylitt&#228;nyt V&#228;limerta Manner-Eurooppaan.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Itse kriisi kesti siis kaksi vuorokautta. Poliittinen n&#228;ytelm&#228; alkoi vasta, kun esirippu oli jo laskeutunut.</p></div><h4><strong>Rajat kiinni &#8211; mutta kenelle?</strong></h4><p>Torstai-iltana Italian hallitus ilmoitti sulkevansa ilma- ja merirajansa Espanjaan ja keskeytt&#228;v&#228;ns&#228; Schengen-alueen vapaan liikkuvuuden maiden v&#228;lill&#228;. <strong>Giorgia Meloni </strong>kuvasi Ceutan kuvia j&#228;rkytt&#228;viksi; varap&#228;&#228;ministeri <strong>Antonio Tajani </strong>perusteli sulkua kansalaisten turvallisuuden ja terrorismin uhan vuoksi. Ranska tiukensi omaa maarajaansa.</p><p>Ja pohjoisessa er&#228;&#228;t Suomen hallituspuolueiden poliitikot &#8211; etenkin ne, joille tiukka rajapolitiikka on vaalibr&#228;ndin ydin &#8211; kiirehtiv&#228;t tukemaan vaatimusta Espanjan sulkemisesta Schengenist&#228;; heid&#228;n mukaansa Espanja oli ep&#228;onnistunut ulkorajan suojaamisessa.</p><p>Yksityiskohdilla on t&#228;ss&#228; merkityst&#228;. Italia sulki rajansa Espanjaan sen j&#228;lkeen, kun tulijat olivat jo palanneet ja kun oli tiedossa, ettei heist&#228; ainutkaan ollut p&#228;&#228;ssyt Euroopan mantereelle. P&#228;&#228;ministeri <strong>Pedro S&#225;nchez</strong> vastasi viittaamalla Frontexin tilastoihin, joiden mukaan Italiaan on vuosina 2021&#8211;2026 saapunut kaksin-kolminkertaisesti enemm&#228;n laittomia tulijoita kuin Espanjaan. S&#225;nchez joutui my&#246;s muistuttamaan, ettei Ceuta edes kuulu Schengen-alueeseen.</p><p>Schengenin sulkemista Espanjalta vaati siis maa, jonka kautta Eurooppaan on tultu enemm&#228;n. Rooman ele ei ollut rajapolitiikkaa vaan sis&#228;politiikkaa; Melonin oikealla laidalla kasvaa uusi, viel&#228; jyrkempi liike, ja kilpailu kovuudesta k&#228;yd&#228;&#228;n televisiokameroiden edess&#228;, ei rajalla.</p><p>T&#228;m&#228; on syyt&#228; sanoa suoraan: Euroopan oikeistopopulismi ei tarjonnut Ceutan kriisiin yht&#228;&#228;n ratkaisua. Se tarjosi syyllisen. Ja ensimm&#228;ist&#228; kertaa syylliseksi kelpasi unionin j&#228;senvaltio, joka oli juuri joutunut hallitsemattoman ihmisvy&#246;ryn kohteeksi ja oli selvitt&#228;nyt sen kahdessa vuorokaudessa.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Populismi ei tarjonnut ratkaisua. Se tarjosi syyllisen, ja syylliseksi kelpasi maa, joka joutui hy&#246;kk&#228;yksen kohteeksi.</p></div><h4><strong>1 340 kilometri&#228; mets&#228;&#228;</strong></h4><p>Katsotaan nyt, mihin t&#228;m&#228; logiikka johtaa, jos sit&#228; sovelletaan johdonmukaisesti. </p><p>Suomella on 1 340 kilometri&#228; yhteist&#228; rajaa Ven&#228;j&#228;n kanssa. Ven&#228;j&#228; on jo k&#228;ytt&#228;nyt pakolaisia painostuksen v&#228;lineen&#228;: syksyll&#228; 2023 sen viranomaiset alkoivat kuljettaa rajalle tulijoita ja p&#228;&#228;st&#228;&#228; heit&#228; rajavy&#246;hykkeelle ilman asiakirjoja, mik&#228; ei ollut aiemmin sallittua.</p><p>Samaan aikaan <em>&#8220;taattua reitti&#228; Ven&#228;j&#228;lt&#228; Suomeen&#8221;</em> markkinoitiin avoimesti arabiankielisiss&#228; Telegram- ja Facebook-ryhmiss&#228;, ja jotkut rajan ylitt&#228;neet kertoivat, ett&#228; salakuljettajat olivat vakuuttaneet, ett&#228; matka Pietarista rajalle oli sovittu Ven&#228;j&#228;n armeijan kanssa. Suomen ministeri&#246;t joutuivat vastaamaan somekampanjalla, jota julkaistiin arabiaksi ja somaliksi; kohdeyleis&#246; ulottui siis L&#228;hi-id&#228;st&#228; Afrikan sarveen. Suomi sulki it&#228;rajansa kokonaan ja se on pysynyt suljettuna. Rajasta on nyt aidattu noin kaksisataa kilometri&#228;.</p><p>Loput ovat korpea, suota tai vesist&#246;j&#228;, joissa valtakuntien v&#228;liss&#228; on rajamerkkej&#228; ja raivattu linja, mutta ei mit&#228;&#228;n fyysist&#228; estett&#228;, joka pys&#228;ytt&#228;isi m&#228;&#228;r&#228;tietoisesti liikkeelle laitetun ihmisjoukon.</p><p>Eik&#228; tarvitse edes spekuloida, milt&#228; kovempi versio n&#228;ytt&#228;isi, sill&#228; se on jo n&#228;hty. Valko-Ven&#228;j&#228; ajoi vuosina 2021&#8211;2022 siirtolaisia Puolan ja Baltian maiden rajojen yli tavalla, jonka ihmisoikeusj&#228;rjest&#246;t dokumentoivat yksityiskohtaisesti: rajavartijat leikkasivat piikkilanka-aitoihin reiki&#228; ja ohjasivat ihmisi&#228; niist&#228; l&#228;pi ja pahimmissa tapauksissa pakottivat heit&#228; aseella uhaten uimaan rajajoen yli, kunnes joku hukkui.</p><p>Puolan mukaan rajalle ty&#246;nnetyt ihmisjoukot olivat t&#228;ysin Valko-Ven&#228;j&#228;n turvallisuuspalvelujen ja armeijan hallinnassa. Jos Moskova p&#228;&#228;tt&#228;isi jonain syksyn&#228; koota Suomen rajan taakse ei kymment&#228;tuhatta vaan puoli miljoonaa ihmist&#228; ja ty&#246;nt&#228;&#228; heid&#228;t metsien l&#228;pi l&#228;nteen samalla menetelm&#228;ll&#228;, syntyisi asetelma, jossa pakolaisia ajaisivat takaa aseistetut miehet &#8211; ja rajan toisella puolella jonkun pit&#228;isi p&#228;&#228;tt&#228;&#228;, nostetaanko rynn&#228;kk&#246;kiv&#228;&#228;rit heit&#228; vastaan. Suomi olisi silloin t&#228;sm&#228;lleen samassa asemassa kuin Espanja viime torstaina: unionin ulkorajavaltio, jonka kimppuun on hy&#246;k&#228;tty ihmisill&#228;.</p><p>Ja mit&#228; Euroopan oikeistopopulistien oppi sanoisi silloin? Sen, mink&#228; se sanoi nyt. Rajat kiinni; ei Ven&#228;j&#228;lle vaan Suomelle. Tulijat j&#228;&#228;v&#228;t sinne, minne he ensin saapuivat, ja heist&#228; tulee saapumismaan yksin&#228;inen huoli. Solidaarisuus on heikkoutta ja heikkous houkuttelee lis&#228;&#228; tulijoita.</p><p>Ne suomalaispoliitikot, jotka nyt vaativat Espanjan erist&#228;mist&#228;, vaativat siis j&#228;rjestelm&#228;&#228;, joka Suomen omalla kohdalla merkitsisi kansallista katastrofia. T&#228;t&#228; ei voi selitt&#228;&#228; edes kyynisyydell&#228;; kyynikko ajattelee sent&#228;&#228;n omaa etuaan loppuun asti. T&#228;m&#228; on ajattelemattomuutta, joka on puettu p&#228;&#228;tt&#228;v&#228;isyyden asuun.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Espanjalle vaaditaan kohtelua, joka vaatijoiden omalla kohdalla olisi kansallinen katastrofi.</p></div><h4><strong>Viimeinen porras</strong></h4><p>Sitten se kysymys, jota lykk&#228;sin. Se on ep&#228;mukava ja juuri siksi se on esitett&#228;v&#228;.</p><p>Aidat on rakennettu. Merivartiointi on ulkoistettu Pohjois-Afrikan hallituksille. Palautussopimuksia solmitaan. Kaikki t&#228;m&#228; toimii niin kauan kuin paine pysyy suunnilleen nykyisell&#228;&#228;n. </p><p>Mutta ent&#228; kun se ei pysy? Kun rajan yli ei pyri kuusituhatta ihmist&#228; vaan kuusisataatuhatta; kun kyse ei ole salakuljettajien huhusta vaan vieraan valtion operaatiosta tai elinkelvottomaksi muuttuneen alueen tyhjenemisest&#228;? Aita pys&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; ihmisen, joka sit&#228; kunnioittaa. Se ei pys&#228;yt&#228; ihmist&#228;, jolla ei ole paikkaa, minne palata.</p><p>Silloin j&#228;ljelle j&#228;&#228; vain yksi porras, ja jokainen tiet&#228;&#228;, mik&#228; se on, vaikka kukaan ei sano sit&#228; &#228;&#228;neen. Pys&#228;ytet&#228;&#228;nk&#246; n&#228;lk&#228;&#228;ns&#228; ja kuumuutta pakenevat naiset, miehet, lapset ja vanhukset viime k&#228;dess&#228; asein?</p><p>Yhdysvaltain nykyhallinnon retoriikassa siirtolaisista puhutaan jo vakiintuneesti tulvana, saastana ja tunkeutujina ja sama sanasto el&#228;&#228; Euroopan &#228;&#228;rioikeistossa. Historiantutkijat tunnistavat t&#228;m&#228;n kieliopin.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Ep&#228;inhimillist&#228;minen ei ole koskaan p&#228;&#228;tepiste, vaan esivalmistelu: ensin ihmisist&#228; tehd&#228;&#228;n massaa, sitten massasta uhka, ja uhkaa vastaan kaikki keinot ovat lopulta perusteltuja. Jos emme halua p&#228;&#228;ty&#228; siihen viimeiseen portaaseen, meid&#228;n on rakennettava muut portaat nyt, kun valinta on viel&#228; teht&#228;viss&#228;.</em></p></div><h4><strong>Puolitotuuksia</strong></h4><p>T&#228;ss&#228; kohtaa on tapana vastata, ett&#228; ratkaisu on hallittu ty&#246;per&#228;inen maahanmuutto. Se on puoliksi totta ja puolitotuudet ovat t&#228;m&#228;n keskustelun perussairaus.</p><p>Ensin se tosi puoli. Suomen kokonaishedelm&#228;llisyysluku on vakiintunut 1,26:n tuntumaan, kun v&#228;est&#246;n uusiutuminen vaatisi 2,07:&#228;&#228;; ilman maahanmuuttoa v&#228;est&#246; supistuisi noin 39 prosenttia jokaisen 31 vuoden mittaisen sukupolven aikana. </p><p>Espanjan keskuspankki on arvioinut, ett&#228; maa tarvitsee noin 300 000 siirtolaisty&#246;ntekij&#228;&#228; vuodessa pit&#228;&#228;kseen el&#228;kej&#228;rjestelm&#228;ns&#228; pystyss&#228;; juuri siksi Espanja laillisti tammikuussa noin puolen miljoonan maassa jo asuvan paperittoman aseman. Se ei ollut hyv&#228;ntekev&#228;isyytt&#228; vaan matematiikkaa. L&#228;nsimaiset yhteiskunnat eiv&#228;t kykene yll&#228;pit&#228;m&#228;&#228;n itse&#228;&#228;n ilman muuttoliikett&#228;.</p><p>Sitten se puoli, joka j&#228;tet&#228;&#228;n yleens&#228; sanomatta. Mielikuva kehittyvist&#228; maista ehtym&#228;tt&#246;m&#228;n&#228; nuorten aikuisten varastona on vanhentunut. YK:n mukaan Brasilian kokonaishedelm&#228;llisyys on jo noin 1,6; Intiassa, Filippiineill&#228; ja Vietnamissa, siis juuri niiss&#228; maissa, joista Eurooppa nyt kilvan rekrytoi, luku on 1,9 ja laskee. Maailman hedelm&#228;llisyys on pudonnut 1960-luvun yli viidest&#228; lapsesta noin 2,3:een, ja maapallon v&#228;kiluvun ennustetaan k&#228;&#228;ntyv&#228;n laskuun t&#228;m&#228;n vuosisadan j&#228;lkipuoliskolla.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><em>Yksi maa voi nuorentaa itse&#228;&#228;n tuomalla nuoria aikuisia muualta; kymmenenkin maata voi. Mutta ik&#228;&#228;ntyv&#228; maailma ei voi loputtomiin siirt&#228;&#228; samoja nuoria paikasta toiseen. Maahanmuutolla ostetaan aikaa. Sill&#228; ei osteta ratkaisua.</em></p></div><h4><strong>Toinen k&#228;yr&#228;</strong></h4><p>Tarvitaan aikaa, koska toinen k&#228;yr&#228; nousee. Maailmanpankin <em>Groundswell-raportti </em>arvioi, ett&#228; ilmastonmuutos voi pakottaa jopa 216 miljoonaa ihmist&#228; liikkeelle omien maiden sis&#228;ll&#228; vuoteen 2050 menness&#228;: Saharan etel&#228;puolisessa Afrikassa 86 miljoonaa, Etel&#228;-Aasiassa 40 miljoonaa ja pelk&#228;st&#228;&#228;n Bangladeshissa l&#228;hes 20 miljoonaa. Luvut ovat tekij&#246;idens&#228; mukaan varovaisia, sill&#228; ne eiv&#228;t sis&#228;ll&#228; lainkaan rajat ylitt&#228;v&#228;&#228; muuttoa.</p><p>T&#228;m&#228; kes&#228; antoi havainto-opetuksen omalla maaper&#228;ll&#228;mme: EU el&#228;&#228; historiansa pahinta mets&#228;palokautta, ja tulevaisuudessa odotetaan pahempaa. Yli 250 000 hehtaaria on palanut ja satojatuhansia ihmisi&#228; on evakuoitu Ranskassa ja Espanjassa. </p><p>Vakuutusyhti&#246;t siirt&#228;v&#228;t yh&#228; suurempia alueita maailmasta kategoriaan, jota ala kutsuu kohteliaasti vakuutuskelvottomaksi. Kun markkinat hinnoittelevat ilmastoriskin todeksi, on erikoista, ett&#228; politiikka yh&#228; jaksaa v&#228;itell&#228; sen olemassaolosta.</p><p>Ilmastodenialisteille voi antaa pienen my&#246;nnytyksen. Kiistelt&#228;k&#246;&#246;n l&#228;mpenemisen syist&#228;; varsinaisen kysymyksen kannalta se on sivuseikka. Kun talo palaa, on akateemista pohtia, syttyik&#246; se tuhopoltosta vai salamasta. Asukkaat joutuvat joka tapauksessa pakenemaan ja he tarvitsevat paikan, minne menn&#228;.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Aita pys&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; ihmisen, joka kunnioittaa sit&#228;. Se ei pys&#228;yt&#228; ihmist&#228;, jolla ei ole paikkaa, minne palata.</p></div><h4><strong>Rappuk&#228;yt&#228;v&#228;</strong></h4><p>Vaihtoehto linnoittautumiselle ei ole rajattomuus vaan hallinta. Kanada on vuosikymmeni&#228; valikoinut tulijansa pisteytysj&#228;rjestelm&#228;ll&#228; ja onnistunut samalla pit&#228;m&#228;&#228;n maahanmuuton poliittisesti legitiimin&#228; tavalla, josta Eurooppa voi vain haaveilla. J&#228;rjestelm&#228; ei ole ihme eik&#228; vailla ongelmia, mutta se todistaa perusasian: muuttoliikett&#228; voi johtaa. Sit&#228; ei voi kielt&#228;&#228; eik&#228; ulkoistaa yhdelle rajavaltiolle kerrallaan, sill&#228; v&#228;lin kun muut sulkevat oviaan ja onnittelevat itse&#228;&#228;n p&#228;&#228;tt&#228;v&#228;isyydest&#228;.</p><p>Eurooppa tarvitsee tulijoita el&#228;&#228;kseen, ja maailma tuottaa l&#228;htij&#246;it&#228;, koska sen elinkelpoinen pinta-ala kutistuu; n&#228;m&#228; kaksi tosiasiaa sopisivat yhteen, jos niit&#228; uskallettaisiin katsoa yht&#228; aikaa ja rehellisesti, my&#246;s niiden rajojen osalta, joita hallittu maahanmuutto ei ratkaise. Sen sijaan Ceutan j&#228;lkeinen Eurooppa valitsi toisin. Talo palaa, ja naapurit tappelevat portaikossa siit&#228;, kenen ovi lukitaan ensin, sill&#228; v&#228;lin kun savu t&#228;ytt&#228;&#228; rappuk&#228;yt&#228;v&#228;n.</p><p>Molempiin ei riit&#228; aikaa.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em><strong>Kirjoittajasta</strong></em></p><p><em>Mika Horelli on Brysseliss&#228; asuva suomalainen ulkomaankirjeenvaihtaja. H&#228;n on raportoinut vuodesta 1996 l&#228;htien politiikasta, kansainv&#228;lisist&#228; suhteista ja uusista teknologioista K&#246;&#246;penhaminasta, New Yorkista ja Brysselist&#228;. H&#228;nen ty&#246;ss&#228;&#228;n yhdistyv&#228;t paikan p&#228;&#228;lt&#228; tehty journalismi ja historiallinen konteksti, ja sen painopisteit&#228; ovat geopolitiikka, demokratia, teko&#228;ly sek&#228; pitk&#228;n aikav&#228;lin voimat, jotka muovaavat Eurooppaa ja koko maailmaa.</em></p><p><em><strong>Nordic Ledgerist&#228;</strong></em></p><p><em>Nordic Ledger on riippumaton englannin- ja suomenkielinen julkaisu, joka keskittyy harkittuun ja syvent&#228;v&#228;&#228;n journalismiin geopolitiikasta, teknologiasta ja yhteiskunnasta. P&#228;ivitt&#228;isen uutissyklin per&#228;ss&#228; juoksemisen sijaan se tarkastelee syvempi&#228; kehityskulkuja, historiallista taustaa ja strategisia valintoja, jotka muovaavat huomisen otsikoita.</em></p><p><em>Uusia esseit&#228; julkaistaan s&#228;&#228;nn&#246;llisesti ja ne toimitetaan suoraan tilaajien s&#228;hk&#246;postiin.</em></p></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>