<script data-pm-proxy="intercept"></script><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[The Haiti Files and More]]></title><description><![CDATA["The Haiti Files" is brought to you by Pierre Antoine Louis. It's a platform for authentic insights on Haiti's history, culture, politics, economy and perspectives on its transformation to regain its rightful place as the First Modern Black Republic.]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s2GW!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe8cd092-d865-419a-ae16-99ddb0cdd1da_525x525.png</url><title>The Haiti Files and More</title><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2026 12:54:08 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine Louis]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[pierreantoinelouis@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[pierreantoinelouis@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[pierreantoinelouis@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[pierreantoinelouis@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[La Semaine du 23 au 29 août en Haïti]]></title><description><![CDATA[L&#8217;Architecture du d&#233;clin : Ing&#233;rences &#233;trang&#232;res, capture de l&#8217;&#201;tat et les trois p&#233;ch&#233;s originels d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-23-au-29-aout-en-haiti</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-23-au-29-aout-en-haiti</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2026 19:24:13 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d07eba56-7f67-41a6-a154-44955b895a2e_2048x1556.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Ha&#239;ti a commenc&#233; sa trajectoire de fa&#231;on prometteuse. Le commandement militaire qui arracha l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance s&#8217;attela &#224; b&#226;tir un &#201;tat souverain &#224; partir du n&#233;ant. Comme cela arrive souvent dans les soci&#233;t&#233;s postcoloniales, le g&#233;n&#233;ralissime &#224; la t&#234;te de l&#8217;arm&#233;e r&#233;volutionnaire devint le chef de l&#8217;&#201;tat de la nouvelle nation. Ainsi, Jean-Jacques Dessalines prit la t&#234;te du jeune &#201;tat d&#8217;Hayti, tout comme Toussaint Louverture avait servi de gouverneur g&#233;n&#233;ral de la colonie fran&#231;aise de Saint-Domingue &#224; peine trois ans plus t&#244;t.</span></p><p><span>La gouvernance de Dessalines repr&#233;sentait toutefois une rupture radicale plut&#244;t qu&#8217;une continuit&#233; de la vision de Toussaint. Alors que Toussaint entendait administrer un territoire d&#8217;outre-mer fran&#231;ais autonome, s&#8217;auto-proclamant &#171; gouverneur g&#233;n&#233;ral &#224; vie &#187; pour imiter son rival Napol&#233;on Bonaparte, Dessalines choisit une voie radicalement diff&#233;rente. Tirant les le&#231;ons de la fin tragique de Toussaint, Dessalines opta pour &#171; renoncer &#224; jamais &#224; la France &#187;, comme le proclama la D&#233;claration d&#8217;ind&#233;pendance d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti le 1er janvier 1804. &#201;mergeant de l&#8217;ombre de Toussaint, Dessalines guida la majorit&#233; africaine de la colonie vers une victoire &#233;pique, sans pr&#233;c&#233;dent.</span></p><p><span>Ce triomphe fut un chef-d&#8217;&#339;uvre de g&#233;nie strat&#233;gique, figurant parmi les faits d&#8217;armes les plus extraordinaires de l&#8217;histoire mondiale. Aucun peuple asservi, o&#249; que ce soit, n&#8217;a jamais r&#233;it&#233;r&#233; un tel exploit. La victoire &#233;tait d&#8217;autant plus remarquable au vu des contraintes oppressives du Code Noir. R&#233;gissant les colonies fran&#231;aises du Qu&#233;bec &#224; la Louisiane jusqu&#8217;&#224; Saint-Domingue, ce code interdisait aux Africains de pratiquer toute autre religion que le catholicisme romain, leur d&#233;fendait d&#8217;apprendre &#224; lire et &#224; &#233;crire, et leur interdisait strictement de poss&#233;der des armes, sauf sur ordre et sous la supervision de leurs asservisseurs europ&#233;ens.</span></p><p><span>Alors que la r&#233;volution atteignait son paroxysme, une France prise de panique tenta d&#8217;&#233;craser l&#8217;insurrection. Au d&#233;but de l&#8217;ann&#233;e 1802, Bonaparte d&#233;p&#234;cha un corps exp&#233;ditionnaire d&#8217;environ 25 000 soldats &#224; bord d&#8217;une cinquantaine de navires, sous le commandement de son beau-fr&#232;re, le g&#233;n&#233;ral Charles Leclerc. Paris voulait retenir le joyau richissime de son empire. Usant de fourberie, Leclerc invita Toussaint &#224; n&#233;gocier la gouvernance de Saint-Domingue, uniquement pour le kidnapper et le d&#233;porter en France. Toussaint succomba finalement &#224; l&#8217;isolement et &#224; la rudesse de son incarc&#233;ration, mourant le 7 avril 1803 dans une froide cellule des montagnes du Jura.</span></p><p><span>Nullement d&#233;courag&#233; par le sort de son pr&#233;d&#233;cesseur, Dessalines, un adjoint malin, brillant et disciplin&#233;, int&#233;gra les le&#231;ons de la trahison de Leclerc. Il consolida son autorit&#233; sur la population autrefois asservie. Bien que manquant comparativement d&#8217;&#233;quipements formels et d&#8217;entra&#238;nement tactique, Dessalines galvanisa ces masses sous son commandement exceptionnel. Au terme d&#8217;une lutte &#233;reintante de douze ann&#233;es (14 ao&#251;t 1791 &#8211; 1er janvier 1804), les premiers des Ha&#239;tiens parvinrent &#224; imposer leur ind&#233;pendance politique.</span></p><p><span>La r&#233;action internationale fut rapide et hostile. Alors que la France se trouvait incapable de contester la souverainet&#233; d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti sur le champ de bataille, d&#8217;autres puissances coloniales c&#233;d&#232;rent &#224; la panique. Les &#201;tats-Unis craignaient que leur propre population noire asservie n&#8217;imite la R&#233;volution ha&#239;tienne, tandis que la Grande-Bretagne, la Hollande, le Portugal et l&#8217;Espagne s&#8217;inqui&#233;taient pour la s&#233;curit&#233; de leurs possessions carib&#233;ennes voisines. Les nouvelles travers&#232;rent rapidement l&#8217;Atlantique, et les dirigeants ha&#239;tiens savaient que leur libert&#233; ch&#232;rement acquise fut pr&#233;caire.</span></p><p><span>Pour prot&#233;ger la nation, les premiers dirigeants construisirent plus d&#8217;une douzaine de fortifications militaires &#233;labor&#233;es &#224; travers le territoire. Conscients de la menace sur le flanc oriental, Dessalines mena une exp&#233;dition &#224; Santo Domingo en 1805 pour &#233;liminer la pr&#233;sence militaire fran&#231;aise r&#233;siduelle. L&#8217;Espagne avait c&#233;d&#233; les deux tiers orientaux de l&#8217;&#238;le &#224; la France lors du trait&#233; de B&#226;le en 1795, et Toussaint l&#8217;avait unifi&#233;e en f&#233;vrier 1801. Ainsi, &#224; sa fondation, Hayti englobait la totalit&#233; de l&#8217;&#238;le d&#8217;Hispaniola, devenue l&#8217;&#238;le d&#8217;Hayti.</span></p><p><span>Ce territoire avait &#233;t&#233; la colonie la plus riche du monde. Saint-Domingue approvisionnait l&#8217;Europe en sucre, caf&#233; et cacao extraits par une exploitation brutale, un syst&#232;me d&#233;crit de fa&#231;on saisissante par l&#8217;intellectuel ha&#239;tien Valentin Pomp&#233;e, baron de Vastey, dans son trait&#233; de 1814, </span><em><span>Le Syst&#232;me colonial d&#233;voil&#233;</span></em><span>. Pourtant, la brillante victoire militaire qui avait d&#233;mantel&#233; ce syst&#232;me fut rapidement sap&#233;e par des d&#233;faillances de gouvernance pr&#233;visibles, peut-&#234;tre m&#234;me in&#233;vitable, au regard des d&#233;fis consid&#233;rables, d&#233;clenchant une cha&#238;ne de crises structurelles.</span></p><p><strong><span>Le premier p&#233;ch&#233; originel d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti : La concentration du pouvoir autocratique</span></strong></p><p><span>Bien que Dessalines f&#251;t un strat&#232;ge militaire exceptionnel, ses aptitudes politiques s&#8217;av&#233;r&#232;rent insuffisantes. Il centralisa un pouvoir immense, se couronnant Empereur d&#8217;Hayti et codifiant son r&#232;gne dans la Constitution imp&#233;riale du 20 mai 1805.</span></p><p><span>Cette charte &#233;tait d&#233;pourvue de toute notion de s&#233;paration des pouvoirs selon Montesquieu. Dessalines concentrait entre ses mains les pouvoirs ex&#233;cutif et l&#233;gislatif et se r&#233;servait le droit exclusif d&#8217;instituer des tribunaux &#224; sa convenance. Ce faisant, il reproduisait les mod&#232;les de gouvernance autoritaire de l&#8217;empire m&#234;me qu&#8217;Ha&#239;ti venait de vaincre ; n&#8217;ayant aucun autre mod&#232;le politique sous la main, il adopta les pratiques autocratiques de la France. Par contraste, George Washington avait cr&#233;&#233; un pr&#233;c&#233;dent en se retirant apr&#232;s deux mandats pr&#233;sidentiels ; Dessalines, agissant ironiquement en bonapartiste, opta pour la monarchie absolue.</span></p><p><span>Cette concentration du pouvoir provoqua de vives frictions parmi ses principaux g&#233;n&#233;raux, notamment Henry Christophe et Alexandre P&#233;tion. Isol&#233; et politiquement vuln&#233;rable, Dessalines, qui avait nomm&#233; Christophe &#224; la t&#234;te des forces arm&#233;es, tomba victime d&#8217;un complot le 17 octobre 1806. Le haut commandement militaire l&#8217;embusqua au Pont-Rouge, au nord de Port-au-Prince, et l&#8217;assassina lors du premier coup d&#8217;&#201;tat militaire d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, moins de trois ans apr&#232;s l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance. L&#8217;&#201;tat ne s&#8217;est jamais pleinement remis de cette rupture fondatrice.</span></p><p><strong><span>Le deuxi&#232;me p&#233;ch&#233; originel d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti : La fragmentation g&#233;opolitique et la ran&#231;on de l&#8217;indemnit&#233;</span></strong></p><p><span>L&#8217;assassinat de Dessalines fit voler en &#233;clats le consensus r&#233;volutionnaire et fractura la vision fondatrice d&#8217;un &#201;tat unifi&#233;, patriotique et militairement s&#233;curis&#233;. Ce coup d&#8217;&#201;tat fondateur n&#8217;&#233;tait que le d&#233;but du cauchemar national. Ha&#239;ti ne s&#8217;est jamais relev&#233;e de ce s&#233;isme et de ses nombreuses r&#233;pliques, les acteurs internationaux venant alourdir le poids des al&#233;as de la construction de l&#8217;&#201;tat et de la nation.</span></p><p><span>Le pays se scinda en deux entit&#233;s bellig&#233;rantes. Dans le Nord, Christophe &#233;tablit un fief qui devint plus tard le Royaume d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, rejetant le titre de pr&#233;sident offert par l&#8217;&#233;lite politique du Sud. Dans l&#8217;Ouest et le Sud, P&#233;tion, un g&#233;n&#233;ral mul&#226;tre, fonda la R&#233;publique d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, consolidant plus tard son pouvoir aux c&#244;t&#233;s d&#8217;Andr&#233; Rigaud du d&#233;partement m&#233;ridional.</span></p><p><span>Le baron de Vastey, agissant en tant que principal intellectuel &#224; la cour du roi Henry Christophe, d&#233;non&#231;a avec v&#233;h&#233;mence cette division. Il soutint la ligne ferme de Christophe contre l&#8217;&#233;lite mul&#226;tre du Sud, qu&#8217;il accusait de maintenir une posture de compromission envers la France.</span></p><p><span>Paris profita de ces divisions internes pour r&#233;imposer son influence. La France d&#233;p&#234;cha des commissaires exigeant le paiement d&#8217;une somme colossale au titre d&#8217;&#171; indemnisation &#187; pour les anciens propri&#233;taires de plantations, afin de compenser la perte de leurs biens &#8212; y compris des &#234;tres humains asservis &#8212; en &#233;change de la reconnaissance diplomatique. Alors que Christophe fit arr&#234;ter et ex&#233;cuter l&#8217;&#233;missaire fran&#231;ais envoy&#233; dans le Nord, le pr&#233;sident Jean-Pierre Boyer (qui avait unifi&#233; la R&#233;publique apr&#232;s la mort de P&#233;tion) capitula : le 17 avril 1825, Boyer signa une ordonnance acceptant de verser &#224; la France une ran&#231;on &#233;crasante de 150 millions de francs, assortie de tarifs douaniers pr&#233;f&#233;rentiels.&#251;</span></p><p><strong><span>Le troisi&#232;me p&#233;ch&#233; originel d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti : L&#8217;instabilit&#233; territoriale et le pi&#232;ge &#233;conomique</span></strong></p><p><span>Pour honorer le paiement de cette ran&#231;on et rembourser des emprunts &#224; taux usuraires aupr&#232;s de banques fran&#231;aises et am&#233;ricaines, Ha&#239;ti hypoth&#233;qua durablement son avenir budg&#233;taire. Simultan&#233;ment, l&#8217;&#201;tat se vit contraint de d&#233;fendre son territoire contre les agressions ext&#233;rieures.</span></p><p><span>En 1821, les dirigeants dominicains de l&#8217;Est proclam&#232;rent leur ind&#233;pendance vis-&#224;-vis de l&#8217;Espagne, mais redoutaient une reconqu&#234;te espagnole rapide. Boyer acc&#233;da &#224; leurs demandes de protection, &#233;tendant la juridiction ha&#239;tienne &#224; l&#8217;ensemble de l&#8217;&#238;le en 1822. Cependant, les tensions politiques internes conduisirent au renversement de Boyer en 1843, provoquant la s&#233;cession de la R&#233;publique dominicaine le 27 f&#233;vrier 1844.</span></p><p><span>L&#8217;effondrement de l&#8217;unit&#233; de l&#8217;&#238;le et les couts y aff&#233;rents, combin&#233; aux int&#233;r&#234;ts compos&#233;s de la dette ext&#233;rieure, plongea Ha&#239;ti dans un cycle perp&#233;tuel d&#8217;instabilit&#233; politique et d&#8217;insolvabilit&#233; budg&#233;taire, une spirale infernale dont la nation peine encore &#224; s&#8217;extraire aujourd&#8217;hui</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong><span>Une dimension souvent n&#233;glig&#233;e de la crise structurelle d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti r&#233;side dans son incapacit&#233; &#224; b&#226;tir une &#233;conomie productive nationale, surtout de forger une &#233;lite &#233;conomique issue de la majorit&#233; noire. Ha&#239;ti manque d&#8217;une &#233;lite &#233;conomique noire, un facteur qui s&#8217;est r&#233;v&#233;l&#233; flou et pr&#233;judiciable pour la construction de la nation, la coh&#233;sion nationale et sa pleine souverainet&#233;.</span></strong></p></div><p><strong><span>L&#8217;absence d&#8217;autonomie &#233;conomique et l&#8217;&#233;mergence de la capture de l&#8217;&#201;tat</span></strong></p><p><span>Une dimension souvent n&#233;glig&#233;e de la crise structurelle d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti r&#233;side dans son incapacit&#233; &#224; b&#226;tir une &#233;conomie productive nationale, surtout de forger une &#233;lite &#233;conomique issue de la majorit&#233; noire. Ha&#239;ti manque d&#8217;une &#233;lite &#233;conomique noire, un facteur qui s&#8217;est r&#233;v&#233;l&#233; flou et pr&#233;judiciable pour la construction de la nation, la coh&#233;sion nationale et sa pleine souverainet&#233;. Au lendemain de l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance, les &#233;lites politiques &#233;mergentes ne pouvaient, ni ne voulaient, contraindre la population lib&#233;r&#233;e &#224; retourner au travail forc&#233; dans les plantations.</span></p><p><span>&#192; la place, les chefs militaires morcel&#232;rent les anciens domaines fran&#231;ais, attribuant de vastes &#233;tendues de terre aux officiers de haut rang. P&#233;tion justifia notoirement l&#8217;assassinat de Dessalines en l&#8217;accusant d&#8217;accaparer les terres tout en laissant les simples soldats d&#233;munis. La majorit&#233; des Ha&#239;tiens noirs s&#8217;installa sur de petites parcelles improductives, pratiquant une agriculture de subsistance.</span></p><p><span>Pendant ce temps, les acteurs &#233;trangers dominaient le secteur commercial : marchands britanniques venus de Jama&#239;que et des Bahamas, investisseurs am&#233;ricains, restes de l&#8217;&#233;lite mul&#226;tre align&#233;e sur la France, puis plus tard, immigrants allemands, italiens et levantins. La majorit&#233; noire resta cantonn&#233;e au m&#233;tayage, au travail informel et au commerce sur les march&#233;s en plein air, comme le c&#233;l&#232;bre March&#233; en Fer construit au c&#339;ur de Port-au-Prince.</span></p><p><span>Cette exclusion structurelle de la majorit&#233; noire du capital commercial signifiait que la promotion sociale devenait indissociable de l&#8217;&#233;migration ou de l&#8217;emploi public. Aujourd&#8217;hui, la classe moyenne ha&#239;tienne &#224; l&#8217;int&#233;rieur du pays a virtuellement disparu, r&#233;duite aux &#233;lus, aux hauts fonctionnaires et &#224; une mince couche de cadres du secteur priv&#233;. Une classe moyenne ha&#239;tienne bien plus vaste r&#233;side d&#233;sormais au Canada, aux &#201;tats-Unis et &#224; travers la diaspora plut&#244;t qu&#8217;en Ha&#239;ti m&#234;me.</span></p><p><span>En cons&#233;quence, Ha&#239;ti a d&#233;velopp&#233; un syst&#232;me pr&#233;dateur fond&#233; sur une double &#233;lite :</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Une poign&#233;e d&#8217;&#233;lites &#233;conomiques &#224; peau claire contr&#244;le le capital priv&#233;, les monopoles commerciaux et le grand commerce.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Une &#233;lite politique majoritairement noire contr&#244;le l&#8217;appareil d&#8217;&#201;tat.</span></p></li></ul><p><span>Au lieu de servir l&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;t g&#233;n&#233;ral, ces deux factions ont form&#233; une alliance symbiotique vou&#233;e &#224; la capture de l&#8217;&#201;tat. Les &#233;lites politiques se livrent &#224; la corruption, au n&#233;potisme et au client&#233;lisme tout en s&#8217;abstenant de faire appliquer les lois. En &#233;change, l&#8217;&#233;lite &#233;conomique arrose les officiels, fraude l&#8217;imp&#244;t et maintient un contr&#244;le monopsonistique sur l&#8217;&#233;conomie. Ces deux groupes entretiennent une adversit&#233; de fa&#231;ade qui m&#233;prise la notion d&#8217;&#233;conomie politique, selon laquelle l&#8217;&#233;lite intellectuelle r&#233;fl&#233;chit et propose, l&#8217;&#233;lite politique promulgue des lois et applique des politiques &#233;conomiques et sociales en partenariat avec les &#233;lites &#233;conomiques, tandis que les &#233;lites sociales tentent de corriger les effets ind&#233;sirables des politiques publiques et du march&#233;. C&#8217;est une construction artificielle qui condamne Ha&#239;ti &#224; la dystopie, &#224; une pauvret&#233; &#233;crasante, &#224; la violence et &#224; la domination &#233;trang&#232;re.</span></p><p><span>Ensemble, ces groupes trouvent leur compte dans le maintien d&#8217;une Ha&#239;ti institutionnellement faible, &#233;conomiquement stagnante et d&#233;pourvue de mobilit&#233; sociale. Pour conserver le contr&#244;le, les factions politiques ont historiquement arm&#233; des acteurs non &#233;tatiques, une filiation qui va des </span><em><span>Cacos</span></em><span> du XIXe et du d&#233;but du XXe si&#232;cle aux gangs lourdement arm&#233;s d&#8217;aujourd&#8217;hui, en passant par les Tontons Macoutes du r&#233;gime Duvalier et les </span><em><span>chim&#232;res</span></em><span> &#8211; jeunes gens d&#233;s&#339;uvr&#233;s arm&#233;s &#8211; du d&#233;but des ann&#233;es 2000 attribu&#233;s &#224; Pr&#233;sident Jean-Bertrand Aristide. </span></p><p><span>Le massacre d&#8217;environ 50 personnes &#224; Kenscoff le 23 ao&#251;t d&#233;coule directement de cette capture de l&#8217;&#201;tat et de la lutte pour le partage du g&#226;teau ; il n&#8217;est en rien </span><em><span>sui generis</span></em><span>. Sa t&#226;che souille l&#8217;ensemble des pi&#232;ces du tissu national. La communaut&#233; internationale, quant &#224; elle, s&#8217;est livr&#233;e &#224; sa tendance au myopie voyeuriste lors d&#8217;une &#171; session d&#8217;urgence &#187; du Conseil de s&#233;curit&#233; de l&#8217;ONU demand&#233;e par les r&#233;dacteurs du dossier ha&#239;tien, le Panama et les &#201;tats-Unis, ainsi que par la Colombie, tenue le 28 septembre. Ce fut le spectacle d&#8217;une indignation feinte et, pire encore, une d&#233;claration de soutien aux souffrances de la masse ha&#239;tienne, ne s&#8217;accompagnant d&#8217;aucune action susceptible d&#8217;aider &#224; mettre fin au cauchemar que ces m&#234;mes acteurs &#233;trangers ont contribu&#233; &#224; entretenir en Ha&#239;ti.</span></p><p><span>Cette semaine, depuis le massacre de Kenscoff, le gouvernement dirig&#233; par le Premier ministre Fils-Aim&#233; ne montre aucune capacit&#233; accrue &#224; mener Ha&#239;ti vers la transformation. Au contraire, sa promesse d&#8217;&#233;lections le 13 d&#233;cembre se heurte &#224; son refus ou &#224; son incapacit&#233; &#224; restaurer l&#8217;autorit&#233; de l&#8217;&#201;tat. Se pose ensuite la question imp&#233;rative de la r&#233;forme constitutionnelle pour &#233;liminer les complications d&#8217;un pouvoir ex&#233;cutif bic&#233;phale, d&#8217;un parlement bicam&#233;ral et d&#8217;un pouvoir judiciaire binaire au sommet, avec une Cour de Cassation et un Conseil constitutionnel. L&#8217;avenir d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti ressemble ainsi de plus en plus &#224; son pass&#233;, comme si le temps s&#8217;&#233;tait arr&#234;t&#233;.</span></p><p><strong><span>La fuite des cerveaux et la sous-traitance de la gouvernance</span></strong></p><p><span>Cons&#233;quence de cet environnement pr&#233;dateur persistant, Ha&#239;ti subit une fuite des cerveaux s&#233;chante et ininterrompue. Alors que les &#233;poques pr&#233;c&#233;dentes ont produit des intellectuels de stature internationale comme Ant&#233;nor Firmin et Jean Price-Mars, les intellectuels contemporains trouvent souvent la s&#233;curit&#233; et le succ&#232;s &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger, &#224; l&#8217;instar de figures litt&#233;raires c&#233;l&#233;br&#233;es comme Edwidge Danticat &#224; Miami ou Dany Laferri&#232;re, install&#233; &#224; Montr&#233;al et d&#233;sormais &#171; immortalis&#233; &#187; &#224; l&#8217;Acad&#233;mie fran&#231;aise.</span></p><p><span>Priv&#233; de ressources par le fardeau de la dette initiale et la mauvaise gestion interne, le syst&#232;me &#233;ducatif national n&#8217;a jamais re&#231;u les investissements n&#233;cessaires pour former une main-d&#8217;&#339;uvre moderne ou proposer des politiques publiques efficaces, malgr&#233; de grands efforts des parents ha&#239;tiens.</span></p><p><span>Cette fragilit&#233; interne a ouvert la voie &#224; une domination &#233;trang&#232;re sans fard. Ainsi, le 17 d&#233;cembre 1914, les Marines am&#233;ricains saisirent les r&#233;serves financi&#232;res d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti pour le compte de la National City Bank of New York, afin d&#8217;asseoir les int&#233;r&#234;ts financiers am&#233;ricains face &#224; leurs rivaux allemands et fran&#231;ais. Encore une fois, le jeu g&#233;opolitique fut n&#233;faste &#224; Ha&#239;ti. Le 28 juillet 1915, les &#201;tats-Unis lan&#231;aient une occupation militaire d&#8217;envergure, qui dura jusqu&#8217;au 15 ao&#251;t 1934, sous pr&#233;texte de restaurer la stabilit&#233;.</span></p><p><span>Depuis cette invasion, les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes ont &#224; maintes reprises sous-trait&#233; la gouvernance du pays &#224; des acteurs &#233;trangers. De l&#8217;occupation am&#233;ricaine aux interventions internationales successives, incluant la Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Ha&#239;ti (MINUSTAH, 2004&#8211;2017), la Mission multinationale d&#8217;appui &#224; la s&#233;curit&#233; (MMAS, 2024-2026), et la Force de r&#233;pression des gangs autoris&#233;e depuis par le Conseil de s&#233;curit&#233; le 30 septembre 2025 (mais pas encore suffisamment d&#233;ploy&#233;e faute de financements), le leadership national a abdiqu&#233; sa responsabilit&#233; de gouverner.</span></p><p><span>Aujourd&#8217;hui, des coalitions de gangs lourdement arm&#233;es m&#232;nent une guerre asym&#233;trique contre ce qu&#8217;il reste de l&#8217;&#201;tat, r&#233;sistant &#224; la fois aux forces nationales et aux missions de s&#233;curit&#233; soutenues par l&#8217;&#233;tranger. Cette crise n&#8217;est pas un accident de l&#8217;histoire ; elle est l&#8217;aboutissement logique des deux maux jumel&#233;s d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti : la permanence des ing&#233;rences &#233;trang&#232;res et la trahison syst&#233;matique de la nation par ses &#233;lites dirigeantes.</span></p><p><span>Cette semaine, le gouvernement Fils-Aim&#233; a d&#233;montr&#233; son incapacit&#233; &#224; conduire Ha&#239;ti vers une transformation nationale. Il est &#233;vident pour tous qu&#8217;il n&#8217;y aura pas d&#8217;&#233;lections le 13 d&#233;cembre. La s&#233;curit&#233; requise contredit la propagande gouvernementale quant &#224; une pr&#233;tendue am&#233;lioration sur le terrain. Le Conseil de s&#233;curit&#233; de l&#8217;ONU contredit lui-m&#234;me cette propagande en d&#233;plorant la persistance de la violence.</span></p><p><span>Pour sa part, le massacre de Kenscoff met &#224; nu l&#8217;ab&#238;me institutionnel et le d&#233;ficit de leadership, alors m&#234;me que l&#8217;ambassadeur sortant du Canada, le comique </span><a href="https://lenouvelliste.com/article/271198/andre-francois-giroux-m-fils-aime-est-un-partenaire-responsable-et-reactif"><span>Andr&#233; Fran&#231;ois Giroux, f&#233;licite Fils-Aim&#233; d&#8217;&#234;tre un &#171; Premier ministre responsable et r&#233;actif &#187;, selon des propos rapport&#233;s par </span></a><em><a href="https://lenouvelliste.com/article/271198/andre-francois-giroux-m-fils-aime-est-un-partenaire-responsable-et-reactif"><span>Le Nouvelliste</span></a></em><a href="https://lenouvelliste.com/article/271198/andre-francois-giroux-m-fils-aime-est-un-partenaire-responsable-et-reactif"><span> </span></a><span>auquel Giroux a accord&#233; un entretien d&#8217;adieu. Pendant ce temps, le peuple ha&#239;tien attend toujours la r&#233;ponse &#171; r&#233;active &#187; et ferme du gouvernement Fils-Aim&#233; face aux terroristes qui ont massacr&#233; la population &#224; Kenscoff. &#192; la place, les Ha&#239;tiens r&#233;coltent toujours davantage de mis&#232;re, toujours plus de violence, et aucune perspective de renouveau national.</span></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-23-au-29-aout-en-haiti?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Haiti Files and More! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-23-au-29-aout-en-haiti?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-23-au-29-aout-en-haiti?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Week of 23 to 29 August in Haiti]]></title><description><![CDATA[Haiti&#8217;s twin evils: foreign meddling and the decline of national leadership]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-week-of-23-to-29-august-in-haiti</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-week-of-23-to-29-august-in-haiti</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2026 18:40:24 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/78d908b1-c861-457d-b779-d8ad49cf5198_957x543.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>The Architecture of Decline: Foreign Meddling, State Capture, and the Three Original Sins of Haiti</strong></p><p>Haiti began its trajectory as a nation with immense promise. The military leadership that achieved independence set out to build a sovereign state from scratch. As post-colonial societies often evolve, the generalissimo who commanded the revolutionary army became the new nation&#8217;s head of state. Thus, Jean-Jacques Dessalines assumed leadership of the newly born State of Hayti, much as Toussaint Louverture had served as Governor-General of the French colony of Saint-Domingue just three years prior.</p><p>Dessalines&#8217; leadership, however, represented a radical rupture rather than a continuation of Toussaint&#8217;s vision. While Toussaint intended to govern an autonomous French overseas territory, naming himself &#8220;Governor-General for life&#8221; in a move mimicking his nemesis, Napol&#233;on BonaparteDessalines took a vastly different path. Learning from Toussaint&#8217;s untimely demise, Dessalines opted &#8220;to renounce France forever,&#8221; as proclaimed in Haiti&#8217;s Independence Declaration on 1 January 1804. Emerging from Toussaint&#8217;s shadow, Dessalines led the colony&#8217;s African majority to an epic, unprecedented victory.</p><p>This triumph was a feat of strategic genius, ranking among the extraordinary achievements in world history. No subjugated people anywhere has ever replicated it. The victory was all the more remarkable given the oppressive constraints of <em>Le Code Noir</em> (The Black Code). Governing French colonies from Qu&#233;bec to Louisiana and Saint-Domingue, the code forbade Africans from practicing any religion other than Roman Catholicism, barred them from learning to read and write, and strictly prohibited them from possessing weapons unless mandated and supervised by European enslavers.</p><p>As the revolution reached its climax, a panicked France sought to crush the uprising. In early 1802, Bonaparte dispatched an expeditionary force of roughly 25,000 soldiers aboard fifty ships under the command of his brother-in-law, General Charles Leclerc. Through deceit, Leclerc invited Toussaint to negotiate the governance of Saint-Domingue, only to kidnap him and deport him to France. Toussaint ultimately succumbed to isolation and harsh imprisonment, dying on 7 April 1803, in a cold cell in the Jura Mountains.</p><p>Undeterred by his predecessor&#8217;s fate, Dessalines, a wily, brilliant, and disciplined deputy, learned the lessons of Leclerc&#8217;s betrayal. He consolidated control over the formerly enslaved population. Though comparatively lacking in formal equipment and tactical training, these masses were galvanized under Dessalines&#8217; command. Through a grueling twelve-year struggle (14 August 1791 &#8211; 1 January 1804), early Haitians successfully imposed their political independence.</p><p>The global reaction was swift and hostile. While France was temporarily unable to contest Haiti&#8217;s sovereignty on the battlefield, other colonial powers panicked. The United States feared its own enslaved Black population would emulate the Haitian Revolution, while Britain, Holland, Portugal, and Spain worried for the security of their nearby Caribbean possessions. News traveled fast across the Atlantic, and Haitian leaders knew their hard-won freedom was precarious.</p><p>To safeguard the nation, early leaders constructed over a dozen elaborate military fortifications across the territory. Recognizing the threat along their eastern flank, Dessalines mounted an expedition to Santo Domingo in 1805 to eliminate the remaining French military presence. Spain had ceded the eastern two-thirds of the island to France in the 1795 Treaty of Basel, and Toussaint had unified the island in February 1801. Thus, at its founding, Hayti encompassed the entire island of Hispaniola, which became the island of Hayti.</p><p>This territory had been the wealthiest colony in the world. Saint-Domingue supplied Europe with sugar, coffee, and cacao extracted through brutal exploitation, a system vividly documented by Haitian intellectual Valentin Pomp&#233;e Baron de Vastey in his 1814 treatise, <em>Le Syst&#232;me colonial d&#233;voil&#233;</em> (The Colonial System Unveiled). Yet, the brilliant military victory that dismantled this system was soon undermined by understandable governance failures, launching a sequence of structural crises.</p><p><strong>Haiti&#8217;s First Original Sin: The Concentration of Autocratic Power</strong></p><p>While Dessalines was an exceptional military strategist, his political aptitude proved lacking. He centralized immense authority, crowning himself <em>Empereur d&#8217;Hayti</em> and codifying his rule in the Imperial Constitution of 20 May 1805.</p><p>This charter lacked any concept of Montesquieu&#8217;s separation of powers. Dessalines concentrated both executive and legislative authority in his own hands and reserved the exclusive right to establish courts as he saw fit. In doing so, he mirrored the authoritarian governance models of the very empire Haiti had defeated; having no alternative political blueprint readily available, he adopted the autocratic practices of France. By contrast, George Washington had set a precedent by stepping down after two presidential terms; Dessalines, ironically acting as a Bonapartist, chose absolute monarchy.</p><p>This concentration of power triggered intense friction among his top generals, including Henry Christophe and Alexandre P&#233;tion. Isolated and politically vulnerable, Dessalines, who had appointed Christophe commander of the armed forces, fell victim to an assassination plot on 17 October 1806. Dessalines&#8217; military command ambushed him at Pont-Rouge, north of Port-au-Prince, and assassinated him in Haiti&#8217;s first military coup less than three years after independence. The state never fully recovered from this foundational rupture.</p><p><strong>Haiti&#8217;s Second Original Sin: Geopolitical Fragmentation and the Indemnity Ransom</strong></p><p>Dessalines&#8217; assassination shattered the revolutionary consensus and fractured the nation&#8217;s founding vision of a unified, patriotic, and militarily secure state. This seminal coup d&#8217;Etat was merely the beginning of the national nightmare. Haiti never recovered from this earthquake and its many aftershocks, as international actors added to the pressure of the vagaries of nation and state-building.</p><p>The country split into two warring entities. In the North, Christophe established a fiefdom that later became the Kingdom of Haiti, rejecting the presidential title offered by the southern political elite. In the West and South, P&#233;tion, a mulatto general, founded the Republic of Haiti, later consolidating power alongside Andr&#233; Rigaud.</p><p>Baron de Vastey, serving as the chief intellectual in King Henry Christophe&#8217;s court, fiercely denounced this division. He backed Christophe&#8217;s firm stance against the southern mulatto elite, whom he accused of maintaining a compromised posture toward France.</p><p>Paris seized upon these internal divisions to reassert influence. France dispatched commissioners demanding a massive financial &#8220;indemnification&#8221; for former plantation owners to compensate for their lost property, including enslaved human beings, in exchange for diplomatic recognition. While Christophe arrested and executed the French emissary sent to the North, President Jean-Pierre Boyer (who had unified the Republic after P&#233;tion&#8217;s death) capitulated. On 17 April 1825, Boyer signed an ordinance agreeing to pay France a crushing ransom of 150 million francs alongside preferential trade tariffs.</p><p><strong>Haiti&#8217;s Third Original Sin: Territorial Instability and Economic Entrapment</strong></p><p>To meet the ransom payments and service high-interest loans from French and American banks, Haiti crippled its own fiscal future. Simultaneously, the state was forced to defend its territory against foreign aggression.</p><p>In 1821, Dominican leaders in the east declared independence from Spain but feared a swift Spanish reconquest. Boyer acquiesced to their requests for protection, extending Haitian jurisdiction over the entire island in 1822. However, internal political strains led to Boyer&#8217;s overthrow in 1843, triggering the secession of the Dominican Republic on 27 February 1844.</p><p>The collapse of island unity, coupled with compound interest on foreign debt, plunged Haiti into a perpetual cycle of political instability and fiscal insolvency, a downward spiral the nation still struggles to escape today.</p><p><strong>The Absence of Economic Autonomy and the Rise of State Capture</strong></p><p>An often overlooked dimension of Haiti&#8217;s structural crisis is its failure to build an indigenous, Black-owned productive economy. Haiti lacks a Black economic elite, a factor that has proven nebulous to its nation-building, national cohesion and full sovereignty. Following independence, nascent political elites could not, and would not, force the liberated population back into plantation labor.</p><p>Instead, military leaders carved up former French estates, allocating vast tracts of land to high-ranking officers. P&#233;tion famously justified Dessalines&#8217; assassination by accusing him of hoarding land while leaving common soldiers landless. The majority of Black Haitians settled on small, unproductive plots, practicing subsistence agriculture.</p><p>Meanwhile, foreign actors dominated commercial enterprise, including British merchants from Jamaica and the Bahamas, American investors, remnants of the French-aligned mulatto elite, and later, German, Italian, and Levantine immigrants. The Black majority remained restricted to tenant farming, informal labor, and vendors in open-air markets like the famous <em>March&#233; en Fer</em> (Iron Market) built in downtown Port-au-Prince.</p><p>This structural exclusion of the Black majority from commercial capital meant that social mobility became inextricably tied to emigration or state employment. Today, the Haitian middle class within the country has virtually vanished, reduced to elected officials, state appointees, and a small layer of private sector managers. A far larger Haitian middle class now resides in Canada, the United States, and across the diaspora than within Haiti itself.</p><p>Consequently, Haiti developed a predatory dual-elite system:</p><ul><li><p>A tiny light-skin economic elite controls private capital, market monopolies, and commercial trade.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>A largely Black political elite controls the machinery of the state.</p></li></ul><p>Rather than serving the public interest, these two factions formed a symbiotic alliance dedicated to state capture. Political elites indulge in corruption, nepotism, and patronage while failing to enforce the law. In exchange, the economic elite pays off officials, evades taxes, and maintains monopsonistic control of the economy. These two groups maintain a farcical adversity that frowns upon the notion of political economy, according to which the intellectual elite cogitates and proposes, the political elite promulgates laws and implement economic and social policies in partnership with the economic elites, while social elites attempt to correct the unintended consequences of public policies and the market economy. It is an artificial construct that consigns Haiti to dystopia, crushing poverty, violence and foreign domination.</p><p>Together, these groups benefit from keeping Haiti institutionally weak, economically stagnant, and devoid of upward mobility. To maintain control, political factions have historically armed non-state actors, a lineage extending from the <em>Cacos</em> of the 19th century and early 20th and the Duvalier regime&#8217;s <em>Tontons Macoutes</em>, to the <em>chim&#232;res</em> of the early 2000s and today&#8217;s heavily armed gangs. The massacre of about 50 people in Kenscoff on 23 August results from the capture of the state and the fight for the spoils; it is not <em>sui generis</em>. Its stain spoils all of the patches of the national quilt. </p><p>The international community, for its part, indulged its tendency to voyeuristic myopia through a UN Security Council &#8220;emergency session&#8221; requested by Haiti penholders Panama and the U.S. as well as Colombia held on 28 September. It was quite a spectacle of faux outrage and even worse declaration of support to the suffering Haitian masse, backed by no action susceptible to help end the nightmare that these very foreign actors helped foster in Haiti.</p><p>This week, since the Kenscoff massacre, the government led by Premier Minister Fils-Aim&#233;, shows no improved ability to lead Haiti to transformation. Rather, its promise of elections on 13 December butts against its refusal or inability to restore state authority. Then, there is the imperative question of constitutional reform to remove the complications of a dual executive branch, a bicameral legislature and a binary judicial power at the top, with a <em>Cour de Cassation</em> and a Constitutional Council. Haiti&#8217;s future, thus, looks more like its past, as if time stood still.</p><p><strong>Brain Drain and the Outsourcing of Governance</strong></p><p>As a consequence of this enduring predatory environment, Haiti has suffered a severe, continuous brain drain. While earlier eras produced world-class intellectuals like Ant&#233;nor Firmin and Jean Price-Mars, modern intellectuals often find safety and success abroad, as exemplified by celebrated literary figures like Edwidge Danticat in Miami and Dany Laferri&#232;re, who settled in Montreal and is now &#8220;immortalised&#8221; in the <em>Acad&#233;mie fran&#231;aise</em>. Starved of resources by original debt burdens and domestic mismanagement, the national education system has never received the investment required to build a modern workforce or proposed effective public policies.</p><p>This domestic fragility opened the door to outright foreign domination. Thus, on 17 December 1914, U.S. Marines seized Haiti&#8217;s financial reserves on behalf of National City Bank of New York to secure American financial interests over French and German rivals. By 28 July 1915, the United States launched a full scale military invasion, lasting until 15 August 1934, under the banner of restoring stability.</p><p>Since that invasion, Haitian elites have repeatedly outsourced the nation&#8217;s governance to foreign actors. From the U.S. occupation to successive international interventions, including the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH, 2004&#8211;2017), the Multinational Security Support (MSS) mission (2024-2026), and the subsequent Gang Suppression Force authorised by the Security Council since 30 September 2025, but not yet sufficiently deployed due to lack of funding, domestic leadership has abdicated its responsibility to govern.</p><p>Today, heavily armed gang coalitions engage in asymmetric warfare against what remains of the state, resisting both domestic forces and foreign-backed security missions. This crisis is not an accident of history; it is the logical culmination of Haiti&#8217;s twin evils: persistent foreign intervention and the systematic betrayal of the nation by its governing elites.</p><p>This week, the Fils-Aime government demonstrated its incapacity to lead Haiti to national transformation. It is plain for all to see that there will not be elections on 13 December. The requisite security elides the  government&#8217;s propaganda regarding improving security. The UN Security Council contradicts that propaganda by deploring persistent violence. </p><p>For its part, the Kenscoff massacre lays bare the leadership and institutional abyss, even as Canada&#8217;s outgoing ambassador, the comical <a href="https://lenouvelliste.com/article/271198/andre-francois-giroux-m-fils-aime-est-un-partenaire-responsable-et-reactif">Andr&#233; Fran<span>&#231;</span>ois Giroux, felicitates Fils-Aim&#233; for being &#8220;a responsible and reactive Prime Minister,&#8221; as reported by </a><em><a href="https://lenouvelliste.com/article/271198/andre-francois-giroux-m-fils-aime-est-un-partenaire-responsable-et-reactif">Le Nouvelliste</a></em> to which Giroux gave a farewell interview. Meanwhile, the Haitian people await the reactive Fils-Aim&#233; government&#8217;s robust response to the terrorists who massacred people in Kenscoff. Instead, Haitians reap more misery, more violence, and no chance for national renewal.</p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-week-of-23-to-29-august-in-haiti?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Haiti Files and More! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-week-of-23-to-29-august-in-haiti?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-week-of-23-to-29-august-in-haiti?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Neutraliser la Criminalité qui entrave la transformation d’Haïti]]></title><description><![CDATA[D&#233;barrasser Ha&#239;ti de ses &#233;l&#233;ments criminels est la seule issue pour sortir du gouffre ; cela doit constituer l&#8217;objectif central des dirigeants ha&#239;tiens et de leurs alli&#233;s internationaux.]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/neutraliser-la-criminalite-qui-entrave</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/neutraliser-la-criminalite-qui-entrave</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 20:52:50 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/692a5c15-36cb-4bde-aec8-c2d16a97e805_211x148.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Le monde demeure abasourdi par l&#8217;&#233;tat perp&#233;tuel de chaos, de d&#233;tresse sociale, d&#8217;effondrement &#233;conomique, de violence dystopique et par l&#8217;absence de vision transformatrice en Ha&#239;ti. &#192; </span><em><span>The Haiti Files</span></em><span>, nous avons r&#233;guli&#232;rement critiqu&#233; les &#233;lites nationales ha&#239;tiennes ainsi que leurs alli&#233;s &#233;trangers pour avoir captur&#233; l&#8217;&#201;tat et maintenu leur emprise sur lui. Toutefois, notre constat demeure in&#233;branlable : la responsabilit&#233; principale de cette crise persistante incombe aux &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes, corrompues, incomp&#233;tentes, irresponsables, opaques et antipatriotiques. Il leur appartient de mettre un terme &#224; leurs pratiques d&#233;sastreuses et de r&#233;engager Ha&#239;ti sur la voie de son potentiel irr&#233;alis&#233;.</span></p><p><span>La seule strat&#233;gie offrant aux Ha&#239;tiens &#233;clair&#233;s et &#233;pris de civisme, tout comme aux acteurs internationaux, une chance de succ&#232;s r&#233;side dans la neutralisation syst&#233;matique des &#233;l&#233;ments criminels au sein du leadership ha&#239;tien. L&#8217;impunit&#233; a d&#233;truit le tissu social du pays ; neutraliser ces acteurs signifie &#233;liminer leur capacit&#233; &#224; capturer, d&#233;tourner, affaiblir ou supplanter l&#8217;&#201;tat.</span></p><p><span>Neutraliser les criminels ha&#239;tiens ainsi que les acteurs &#233;trangers malveillants qui contribuent &#224; les maintenir n&#233;cessite leur ostracisme, des poursuites et des peines syst&#233;matiques. Cela comprend leur isolement quasi-total, dont la r&#233;vocation des visas, le gel et la confiscation des avoirs, le cas &#233;ch&#233;ant, les inculpations p&#233;nales ainsi que la traque arm&#233;e des gangs violents et leurs fournisseurs. Les membres des groupes arm&#233;s ne devraient se voir proposer un acc&#232;s au cadre de D&#233;mobilisation, D&#233;sarmement et R&#233;int&#233;gration (DDR) qu&#8217;apr&#232;s avoir d&#233;pos&#233; les armes, renonc&#233; &#224; la violence et abandonn&#233; leurs gains illicites. Mais cela ne constitue qu&#8217;une r&#233;ponse partielle &#224; la fragmentation structurelle d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti. L&#8217;autre volet consiste &#224; appliquer la m&#234;me s&#233;v&#233;rit&#233; aux politiciens corrompus, aux hauts fonctionnaires et au personnel de s&#233;curit&#233; compromis. Enfin, la neutralisation implique l&#8217;&#233;limination physique lorsque les criminels r&#233;sistent violemment &#224; l&#8217;autorit&#233; de la loi.</span></p><p><strong><span>La Responsabilit&#233; de la Dystopie ha&#239;tiennes</span></strong></p><p><span>Les Ha&#239;tiens attribuent fr&#233;quemment l&#8217;effondrement de leur pays &#224; la communaut&#233; internationale. M&#234;me lorsqu&#8217;ils reconnaissent les d&#233;faillances locales, les commentateurs ha&#239;tiens minimisent souvent le vide de leadership national qui a trahi les aspirations du pays.</span></p><p><span>Les acteurs internationaux ont eux aussi syst&#233;matiquement d&#233;pass&#233; leurs pr&#233;rogatives. Ils violent couramment l&#8217;article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies relatif &#224; l&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; souveraine des &#201;tats, ainsi que l&#8217;article 41 des Conventions de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques et consulaires concernant la non-ing&#233;rence dans les affaires int&#233;rieures. Bien que la doctrine de la &#171; Responsabilit&#233; de prot&#233;ger &#187; (R2P) soit &#233;merg&#233;e comme une exception reconnue pour pr&#233;server les populations vuln&#233;rables de violations massives des droits humains, les logiques de sph&#232;res d&#8217;influence et les rivalit&#233;s entre grandes puissances ont &#224; maintes reprises sap&#233; l&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; souveraine &#224; l&#8217;&#233;chelle mondiale. Les cadres g&#233;opolitiques historiques, de la doctrine Monroe de 1823 &#224; l&#8217;Organisation du Trait&#233; de l&#8217;Atlantique Nord (OTAN) apr&#232;s la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en passant par divers trait&#233;s de d&#233;fense bilat&#233;raux, illustrent cette dynamique. En Ha&#239;ti, l&#8217;ing&#233;rence &#233;trang&#232;re demeure toutefois singuli&#232;re par son ampleur.</span></p><p><span>Ha&#239;ti a jalousement d&#233;fendu son ind&#233;pendance de 1804 &#224; 1914, r&#233;ussissant &#224; se pr&#233;server de toute agression militaire &#233;trang&#232;re, m&#234;me lors de crises diplomatiques majeures avec la France en 1825 (l&#8217;imposition de la ran&#231;on de l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance) et l&#8217;Allemagne en 1897 (l&#8217;affaire Luders), respectivement. Cependant, depuis 1914, date &#224; laquelle les Marines am&#233;ricains ont saisi 500 000 dollars en or dans les coffres de la Banque Nationale d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, la souverainet&#233; de la nation a subi une &#233;rosion externe continue.</span></p><p><span>N&#233;anmoins, depuis la fin de l&#8217;occupation am&#233;ricaine en 1934, la menace principale pour la souverainet&#233; d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti r&#233;side dans l&#8217;&#233;chec de ses propres dirigeants &#224; moderniser les institutions et &#224; favoriser la stabilit&#233; politique et l&#8217;essor &#233;conomique. Le traumatisme de ces 19 ann&#233;es d&#8217;occupation demeure une caract&#233;ristique marquante de l&#8217;&#233;volution d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti en tant qu&#8217;&#201;tat souverain. D&#8217;autres nations, comme la R&#233;publique dominicaine voisine, ont &#233;galement subi l&#8217;intervention am&#233;ricaine, mais ont su b&#226;tir le consensus national n&#233;cessaire pour aller de l&#8217;avant. Aujourd&#8217;hui, malgr&#233; ses propres d&#233;fis, la R&#233;publique dominicaine s&#8217;enorgueillit de l&#8217;une des &#233;conomies les plus dynamiques de la r&#233;gion. La diff&#233;rence d&#233;terminante r&#233;side dans la qualit&#233; du leadership national : tandis que la R&#233;publique dominicaine s&#8217;est modernis&#233;e, les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes sont rest&#233;es paralys&#233;es, abdiquant leur devoir de garantes du progr&#232;s national.</span></p><p><span>Attribuer l&#8217;&#233;chec de l&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien exclusivement &#224; des forces ext&#233;rieures revient &#224; adh&#233;rer implicitement &#224; une baisse de doctrine erron&#233;e : l&#8217;id&#233;e que les Ha&#239;tiens seraient incapables de se gouverner eux-m&#234;mes. Ce r&#233;cit est archifaux, m&#234;me raciste. Les p&#232;res fondateurs d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti l&#8217;ont prouv&#233; en pulv&#233;risant les forces napol&#233;oniennes pour &#233;tablir l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance. Aussi, entre 1801 et 1844, Ha&#239;ti a consolid&#233; sa domination sur l&#8217;ensemble de l&#8217;&#238;le, bien qu&#8217;elle ait accept&#233; en 1825 de payer la ran&#231;on extorqu&#233;e par la France, qui fut r&#233;gl&#233;e d&#233;finitivement en 1947. Le v&#233;ritable obstacle n&#8217;a jamais &#233;t&#233; un manque de capacit&#233;, mais plut&#244;t le refus syst&#233;matique des &#233;lites successives &#224; s&#8217;unir autour de la vision fondatrice : la Doctrine Dessalinienne, ou le R&#234;ve ha&#239;tien.</span></p><p><strong><span>Changement de Paradigme : Ce qu&#8217;Ha&#239;ti exige des &#201;lites et des partenaires internationaux</span></strong></p><p><span>Les acteurs &#233;trangers ne peuvent nier leur r&#244;le dans l&#8217;aggravation de la crise actuelle, ni se soustraire &#224; leur obligation d&#8217;accompagner un changement de paradigme. Inversement, les &#233;lites nationales ne peuvent continuer &#224; faire des intervenants ext&#233;rieurs des boucs &#233;missaires pour masquer des faiblesses structurelles internes. Historiquement, les interventions internationales ont soutenu des structures corrompues, laissant la population ha&#239;tienne subir les cons&#233;quences de leurs &#233;checs. Depuis la chute de Jean-Claude Duvalier le 7 f&#233;vrier 1986, des organismes supranationaux, notamment l&#8217;Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU), l&#8217;Organisation des &#201;tats Am&#233;ricains (OEA) et la Communaut&#233; de la Cara&#239;be (CARICOM), ont d&#233;ploy&#233; de nombreuses missions destin&#233;es &#224; stabiliser la nation, en vain :</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>ONUGVE (1990&#8211;1991) :</span></strong><span> Groupe d&#8217;observateurs des Nations Unies pour la v&#233;rification des &#233;lections en Ha&#239;ti.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>MICIVIH (1993&#8211;2000) :</span></strong><span> Mission civile internationale ONU-OEA en Ha&#239;ti (droits humains).</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>UNMIH (1993&#8211;1996) :</span></strong><span> Mission des Nations Unies en Ha&#239;ti (maintien de la paix).</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>MNF (1994&#8211;1995) :</span></strong><span> Force multinationale sous conduite am&#233;ricaine (</span><em><span>Op&#233;ration Uphold Democracy</span></em><span>).</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>UNSMIH (1996&#8211;1997) :</span></strong><span> Mission de soutien des Nations Unies en Ha&#239;ti.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>UNTMIH (1997) :</span></strong><span> Mission de transition des Nations Unies en Ha&#239;ti.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>MIPONUH (1997&#8211;2000) :</span></strong><span> Mission de police civile des Nations Unies en Ha&#239;ti.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>MICAH (2000&#8211;2001) :</span></strong><span> Mission internationale civile d&#8217;appui en Ha&#239;ti.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>MINUSTAH (2004&#8211;2017) :</span></strong><span> Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Ha&#239;ti.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>MINUJUSTH (2017&#8211;2019) :</span></strong><span> Mission des Nations Unies pour l&#8217;appui &#224; la justice en Ha&#239;ti.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>BINUH (2019&#8211;Pr&#233;sent) :</span></strong><span> Bureau int&#233;gr&#233; des Nations Unies en Ha&#239;ti.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>MSS (2024&#8211;2026) :</span></strong><span> Mission multinationale d&#8217;appui &#224; la s&#233;curit&#233;.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>GSF / UNSOH (2025&#8211;Pr&#233;sent) :</span></strong><span> Force de suppression des gangs &amp; Bureau d&#8217;appui des Nations Unies.</span></p></li></ul><p><span>Au lieu de soutenir une gouvernance effective, les interventions ext&#233;rieures ont souvent supplant&#233; l&#8217;autorit&#233; locale. Financer des mesures palliatives sur le territoire ha&#239;tien n&#8217;est pas viable ; Ha&#239;ti requiert une r&#233;forme structurelle interne radicale pour briser sa d&#233;pendance &#224; l&#8217;aide &#233;trang&#232;re. Le soutien budg&#233;taire direct s&#8217;av&#232;re contre-productif lorsque les r&#233;formes structurelles sont ignor&#233;es. Les organisations internationales et les ONG ne doivent plus se substituer durablement aux responsabilit&#233;s r&#233;galiennes de gouvernance publique, telles que la gestion des fonds &#233;lectoraux (PNUD, Programme des Nations Unies pour le d&#233;veloppement) ou le syst&#232;me de sant&#233; (M&#233;decins sans Fronti&#232;res) pendant que des responsables corrompus d&#233;tournent les deniers publics au profit d&#8217;un luxe priv&#233;, de l&#8217;&#233;vasion fiscale, ou pour financer les &#233;tudes et les soins de sant&#233; de leurs proches &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger.</span></p><p><span>Un v&#233;ritable changement de paradigme exige que les partenaires bilat&#233;raux et multilat&#233;raux d&#233;noncent et sanctionnent activement la corruption. Les r&#233;gimes de sanctions actuels, appliqu&#233;s par les &#201;tats-Unis, le Canada, la R&#233;publique dominicaine, l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne et l&#8217;ONU, au gr&#233; de leurs int&#233;r&#234;ts, doivent &#234;tre coordonn&#233;s et syst&#233;matiquement &#233;largis. L&#8217;aide future doit &#234;tre conditionn&#233;e &#224; des indicateurs clairs, imposant une discipline strat&#233;gique pour contraindre &#224; la redevabilit&#233;.</span></p><p><strong><span>Terminer la D&#233;pendance de l&#8217;Aide gr&#226;ce au mod&#232;le de &#171; Financement bas&#233; sur les r&#233;sultats &#187;</span></strong></p><p><span>Les partenaires techniques et financiers (PTF) internationaux doivent lier toute assistance &#224; des crit&#232;res tangibles : renforcement de l&#8217;&#201;tat de droit, d&#233;veloppement des infrastructures, am&#233;lioration de la sant&#233; et de l&#8217;&#233;ducation, modernisation &#233;conomique (notamment dans l&#8217;agriculture et l&#8217;&#233;nergie) et protection de l&#8217;environnement.</span></p><p><span>Contrairement aux interventions pass&#233;es, les cadres de s&#233;curit&#233; doivent reconna&#238;tre qu&#8217;une stabilit&#233; durable doit reposer sur une gouvernance transparente, la lutte contre la corruption, la fourniture de services publics de qualit&#233; et la mise en place de filets de s&#233;curit&#233; sociale robustes. La crise ha&#239;tienne n&#8217;est pas une fatalit&#233; ; elle est le r&#233;sultat direct de dirigeants d&#233;faillants et de la complaisance internationale. Dans le cadre d&#8217;un mod&#232;le de d&#233;veloppement bas&#233; sur les r&#233;sultats (</span><em><span>Pay for Success</span></em><span>), les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes ne pourraient plus exploiter la bonne volont&#233; internationale tout en pillant les ressources publiques. Les pays de destination, o&#249; les avoirs vol&#233;s sont couramment blanchis dans l&#8217;immobilier, des comptes priv&#233;s ou des affaires louches, doivent enqu&#234;ter avec fermet&#233; et geler ces actifs.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong><span>Il est temps d&#8217;imposer aux &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes une pleine redevabilit&#233;. Les acteurs corrompus du secteur priv&#233; comme du secteur public ne doivent plus disposer d&#8217;aucun endroit pour dissimuler leurs gains illicites ou jouir d&#8217;une impunit&#233; totale.</span></strong></p></div><p><span>Pour la R&#233;publique dominicaine, l&#8217;absorption des capitaux de l&#8217;&#233;lite ha&#239;tienne offre un gain &#224; court terme au prix d&#8217;un co&#251;t d&#233;sastreux &#224; long terme, car la gestion de l&#8217;instabilit&#233; transfrontali&#232;re, de l&#8217;immigration ill&#233;gale et des menaces s&#233;curitaires surpasse largement les retomb&#233;es financi&#232;res. Le d&#233;mant&#232;lement des circuits financiers illicites, ainsi que la contrebande op&#233;r&#233;e depuis son territoire vers Ha&#239;ti, est essentiel pour la stabilit&#233; bilat&#233;rale, m&#234;me r&#233;gionale. Les instances sous-r&#233;gionales, telles que la CARICOM, devraient imposer cette redevabilit&#233; en fixant des crit&#232;res de r&#233;forme stricts et en les liant &#224; la possibilit&#233; pour Ha&#239;ti d&#8217;acc&#233;der au CSME (March&#233; et &#233;conomie uniques de la CARICOM). Une strat&#233;gie internationale coordonn&#233;e alliant sanctions cibl&#233;es, saisies d&#8217;avoirs, poursuites judiciaires internes obligatoires et mod&#232;les de d&#233;veloppement conditionnels repr&#233;sente la seule voie viable.</span></p><p><span>Les acteurs internationaux doivent cesser de combler le vide politique en Ha&#239;ti en dictant les calendriers &#233;lectoraux et en soutenant des r&#233;gimes compromis. En finan&#231;ant, armant et prot&#233;geant les gangs criminels, les &#233;lites &#233;conomiques et politiques corrompues d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti se sont r&#233;v&#233;l&#233;es &#234;tre le pire des maux. Aucun individu, qu&#8217;il op&#232;re dans la sph&#232;re publique ou priv&#233;e, ne devrait continuer &#224; jouir de l&#8217;immunit&#233; ou trouver un refuge face &#224; la justice, o&#249; que ce soit.</span></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/neutraliser-la-criminalite-qui-entrave?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Haiti Files and More! 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To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Neutralising the Haitian Criminals]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ridding Haiti of its Criminal Elements is the Only Way out of Its Abyss; that must be the objective of Haitian Elites and their International Allies.]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/neutralising-the-haitian-criminals</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/neutralising-the-haitian-criminals</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 19:03:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/27081137-7de3-47ab-8245-0de7ace5f613_211x148.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The world remains flummoxed by Haiti&#8217;s perpetual state of chaos, social despair, economic collapse, dystopian violence, and lack of a transformative vision. At <em>The Haiti Files</em>, we have consistently criticised both Haiti&#8217;s domestic elites and their foreign allies for capturing and maintaining a stranglehold on the state. However, we remain firm in our assessment: the primary fault for Haiti&#8217;s persistent crisis lies with its corrupt, incompetent, irresponsible, opaque and unpatriotic elites. They bear the responsibility to end their disastrous practices and set Haiti on the path toward its unrealised potential.</p><p>The only strategy that offers enlightened, civic-minded Haitians and international actors a chance of success is to systematically neutralise the criminal elements within Haitian leadership. Impunity has destroyed Haiti&#8217;s social fabric; neutralising these actors means eliminating their ability to hijack, weaken, or supplant the state.</p><p>Neutralising Haitian criminals as well the malign foreign actors who help sustain them, requires systematic ostracisation, prosecution, and punishment. This includes visa revocations, asset freezes and forfeitures, as appropriate, criminal indictments, and the armed pursuit of violent gangs. Members of armed groups should be offered entry into Demobilisation, Disarmament, and Reintegration (DDR) framework only after surrendering their weapons, renouncing violence, and forfeiting ill-gotten gains. But that is only a partial solution to Haiti&#8217;s structural fragmentation. The other aspect is to apply equal severity to corrupt politicians, officials, and compromised security personnel. Finally, neutralisation entails physical elimination when criminals violently resist lawful authority.</p><p><strong>The Responsibility for Haiti&#8217;s Dystopia</strong></p><p>Haitians frequently attribute their country&#8217;s collapse to the international community. Even when acknowledging local failures, Haitian commentators often downplay the domestic leadership vacuum that has betrayed Haiti&#8217;s national aspirations.</p><p>International actors have also consistently overstepped their limits. They routinely violate Article 2 of the UN Charter regarding the sovereign equality of states, as well as Article 41 of the Vienna Conventions on Diplomatic and Consular Relations regarding non-interference in internal affairs. While the &#8220;Responsibility to Protect&#8221; (R2P) doctrine emerged as a recognised exception to guard vulnerable populations from massive human rights violations, spheres of influence and great-power rivalries have repeatedly undermined sovereign equality globally. Historical geopolitical frameworks, the 1823 Monroe Doctrine to the post-world war II North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and various bilateral defense treaties, demonstrate this dynamic. In Haiti, foreign overreach remains distinct in its scope.</p><p>Haiti guarded its independence fiercely from 1804 until 1914, successfully steering clear of foreign military aggression even during major diplomatic crises with France and Germany in 1825 and 1897 respectively. However, since 1914, when U.S. Marines seized $500,000 in gold from Haiti&#8217;s National Bank, the nation&#8217;s sovereignty has suffered continuous foreign erosion.</p><p>Nevertheless, since the end of the U.S. occupation in 1934, the primary threat to Haiti&#8217;s sovereignty has been its own leadership&#8217;s failure to modernise institutions and foster economic stability. The trauma of the 19-year occupation remains a feature of Haiti&#8217;s evolution as an sovereign state. Other nations, such as the neighboring Dominican Republic, also experienced U.S. intervention but eventually built the national consensus required to move forward. Today, despite its own challenges, the Dominican Republic boasts one of the region&#8217;s most dynamic economies. The defining difference lies in the quality of national leadership: while the Dominican Republic modernised, Haiti&#8217;s elites remain paralysed, abdicating their duty as guardians of national progress.</p><p>Attributing Haiti&#8217;s state failure entirely to external forces implicitly embraces a flawed premise: that Haitians are incapable of self-governance. That narrative is false. Haiti&#8217;s founders proved this when they defeated Napoleon&#8217;s forces to establish independence. Between 1801 and 1844, Haiti consolidated its dominion over the island, despite agreeing in 1825 to pay extortionate indemnities to France, which it finally settled in 1947. The core impediment has never been a lack of capability, but rather the failure of subsequent elites to unite around the founding vision: the Dessalinean Doctrine, or the Haitian Dream.</p><p><strong>Paradigm Shift: What Haiti Requires from Elites and International Partners</strong></p><p>Foreign actors cannot deny their role in enabling Haiti&#8217;s current crisis, nor can they escape their obligation to support a paradigm shift. Conversely, domestic elites cannot continue scapegoating outsiders for national structural failures. Historically, international interventions have propped up corrupt structures, leaving the Haitian public to bear the fallout. Since Jean-Claude Duvalier&#8217;s departure on February 7, 1986, supranational bodies, including the United Nations (UN), Organisation of American States (OAS), and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), have deployed numerous missions designed to stabilise the nation, to absolutely no avail:</p><ul><li><p><strong>ONUGVE (1990&#8211;1991):</strong> UN Observer Group for the Verification of Elections.</p></li><li><p><strong>MICIVIH (1993&#8211;2000):</strong> Joint UN-OAS Civilian Mission in Haiti (human rights).</p></li><li><p><strong>UNMIH (1993&#8211;1996):</strong> UN Mission in Haiti (peacekeeping).</p></li><li><p><strong>MNF (1994&#8211;1995):</strong> U.S.-led Multinational Force (<em>Operation Uphold Democracy</em>).</p></li><li><p><strong>UNSMIH (1996&#8211;1997):</strong> UN Support Mission in Haiti.</p></li><li><p><strong>UNTMIH (1997):</strong> UN Transition Mission in Haiti.</p></li><li><p><strong>MIPONUH (1997&#8211;2000):</strong> UN Civilian Police Mission in Haiti.</p></li><li><p><strong>MICAH (2000&#8211;2001):</strong> International Civilian Support Mission in Haiti.</p></li><li><p><strong>MINUSTAH (2004&#8211;2017):</strong> UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti.</p></li><li><p><strong>MINUJUSTH (2017&#8211;2019):</strong> UN Mission for Justice Support in Haiti.</p></li><li><p><strong>BINUH (2019&#8211;Present):</strong> UN Integrated Office in Haiti.</p></li><li><p><strong>MSS (2024&#8211;2026):</strong> Multinational Security Support Mission.</p></li><li><p><strong>GSF / UNSOH (2025&#8211;Present):</strong> Gang Suppression Force &amp; UN Support Office.</p></li></ul><p>Instead of supporting effective governance, external interventions have often supplanted local authority. Funding palliative measures on Haitian territory is unsustainable; Haiti requires radical domestic structural reform to break its reliance on foreign aid. Direct budget support is counterproductive when structural reform is ignored. International organisations and NGOs should not permanently substitute for basic public governance responsibilities, like managing elections funds (UNDP, the United Nations Development programme) health systems while corrupt officials divert public funds for private luxury, tax evasion, and overseas education for their children and medical care.</p><p>A true paradigm shift requires bilateral and multilateral partners to actively expose and penalise corruption. Existing sanction regimes, which are currently enforced by the U.S., Canada, the Dominican Republic, the EU, and the UN, must be coordinated and systematically expanded. Future aid must be conditional on clear benchmarks, applying strategic discipline to force accountability.</p><p><strong>Ending Aid Dependency Through &#8220;Pay for Success&#8221;</strong></p><p>International Technical and Financial Partners (TFPs) must tie all assistance to tangible metrics: institutional rule of law, infrastructure expansion, healthcare, education, and economic modernisation across agriculture, energy, among other sectors, and environmental protection.</p><p>Unlike past interventions, security frameworks must acknowledge that sustainable stability rests on transparent governance, anti-corruption enforcement, public service delivery, and robust social safety nets. Haiti&#8217;s crisis is not an anomaly of nature; it is the direct outcome of failed leadership and external enablement. Under a &#8220;Pay for Success&#8221; development model, Haitian elites would no longer exploit international goodwill while looting public funds. Destination countries, where stolen wealth is routinely laundered into real estate and private accounts, must aggressively investigate and freeze these assets.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>It is time to hold Haitian elites fully accountable. Corrupt actors in both the private and public sectors must have nowhere to hide their ill-gotten gains or to enjoy complete impunity.</strong></p></div><p>For the Dominican Republic, absorbing Haitian elite capital provides short-term gain at a disastrous long-term cost, as managing cross-border instability, illegal immigration, and security threats far outweighs financial inflows. Shutting down illicit financial pipelines, as well as smuggling from across its territory into Haiti, is critical for broader regional stability. Subregional bodies, such as CARICOM, should enforce accountability by setting firm reform benchmarks and tying them to enabling Haiti to accede to the CSME (CARICOM Single Market and Economy). A coordinated strategy combining targeted sanctions, asset seizures, mandatory domestic prosecutions, and conditional development models represents the only viable path forward.</p><p>International actors must end the practice of filling Haiti&#8217;s political vacuum by dictating election timelines and propping up compromised regimes. By funding, arming, and shielding criminal gangs, Haiti&#8217;s corrupt economic and political elites have proven themselves to be the greater evil. No individual, whether operating in the public or private realm, should continue to enjoy immunity or find a safe harbor from justice, anywhere.</p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/neutralising-the-haitian-criminals?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Haiti Files and More! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/neutralising-the-haitian-criminals?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/neutralising-the-haitian-criminals?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or PAID subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Aperçus de la Dystopie haïtienne ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Les pratiques qui doivent changer pour qu&#8217;Ha&#239;ti atteigne son destin national]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/apercus-de-la-dystopie-haitienne</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/apercus-de-la-dystopie-haitienne</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 20:30:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6f25c94e-1ccc-46b4-a57e-6b97efb905d0_1408x768.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Ha&#239;ti existe avec un &#201;tat comateux. Son fonctionnement laborieux perdure depuis pr&#232;s de 70 ans, englobant les 29 ans de la dictature des Duvalier (1957&#8211;1986) et les quatre d&#233;cennies d&#8217;&#233;rosion institutionnelle qui ont suivi. D&#8217;ici 2027, alors qu&#8217;Ha&#239;ti marquera 223 ans d&#8217;existence, le pays franchira le seuil de l&#8217;abime &#224; travers un effondrement prolong&#233;. Les experts le consid&#232;rent comme un cas d&#8217;&#233;cole d&#8217;&#201;tat failli parfait pour y tester toutes les th&#233;ories de redressement.</span></p><p><span>Pourquoi cette paralysie a-t-elle dur&#233; si longtemps ? En peu de mot, la l&#233;thargie ha&#239;tienne perdure parce que les &#233;lites &#233;conomique, intellectuelle et politique d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti ont fait de l&#8217;attente d&#8217;un salut international leur strat&#233;gie principale de gouvernance. Pour les forces sociales modernistes et progressistes, cette abdication totale de la responsabilit&#233; des &#233;lites constitue le mal absolu qui doit &#234;tre syst&#233;matiquement d&#233;mantel&#233;.</span></p><p><span>Les &#233;v&#233;nements r&#233;cents offrent un aper&#231;u saisissant de la mani&#232;re dont cette d&#233;pendance perp&#233;tue le statut d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti en tant qu&#8217;&#201;tat mal gouvern&#233;, violent et instable. Prenez la visite du 16 au 19 ao&#251;t d&#8217;Albert Ramdin, secr&#233;taire g&#233;n&#233;ral de l&#8217;Organisation des &#201;tats am&#233;ricains (OEA). Au cours de son s&#233;jour, </span><a href="https://www.oas.org/fr/centre_medias/communique_presse.asp?sCodigo=F-090/26"><span>l&#8217;OEA et le Japon ont sign&#233; un accord de coop&#233;ration au si&#232;ge de l&#8217;Office national d&#8217;identification (ONI) d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti</span></a><span>. Le Japon promet de financer l&#8217;initiative &#224; hauteur de 3 millions de dollars sous forme de subvention afin d&#8217;&#233;largir l&#8217;acc&#232;s aux cartes d&#8217;identit&#233; nationale (CIN) et, &#224; terme, aux services sociaux.</span></p><p><span>Les deux partenaires internationaux ont r&#233;alis&#233; leur coup m&#233;diatique en pr&#233;sence du ministre ha&#239;tien de la Justice et de la S&#233;curit&#233; publique, Patrick P&#233;lissier, et de la ministre des Affaires &#233;trang&#232;res, Raina Forbin. Ni l&#8217;OEA ni le Japon n&#8217;ont le moindre mandat l&#233;gal pour fournir des cartes d&#8217;identit&#233; aux citoyens ha&#239;tiens. En sous-traitant l&#8217;&#233;tat civil, le socle m&#234;me de la souverainet&#233; nationale, &#224; des entit&#233;s multilat&#233;rale et bilat&#233;rale, les ministres P&#233;lissier et Forbin, nomm&#233;s par le Premier ministre Fils-Aim&#233; en mars dernier, ont fait preuve d&#8217;une m&#233;connaissance totale des fonctions &#233;l&#233;mentaires d&#8217;un &#201;tat. Dans un syst&#232;me m&#251; par les sin&#233;cures et le n&#233;potisme, ces responsables agissent en politiciens marionnettes, souriant devant les cam&#233;ras pendant que des diplomates &#233;trangers usurpent leurs attributions r&#233;galiennes.</span></p><p><span>Ce mod&#232;le de charit&#233; internationale envenime la d&#233;faillance institutionnelle. Selon le communiqu&#233; de presse, gr&#226;ce &#224; une subvention ant&#233;rieure de 8 millions de dollars accord&#233;e par le Japon, l&#8217;ONI a trait&#233; plus d&#8217;un million de demandes de CIN. Pourtant, des centaines de milliers d&#8217;entre elles restent non distribu&#233;es en raison d&#8217;une incapacit&#233; logistique. Par ailleurs, certaines des cartes sont si mal fabriqu&#233;es que le film plastique se d&#233;colle, provoquant leur fissuration en morceaux et les rendant inutilisables. Plut&#244;t que de corriger ces lacunes op&#233;rationnelles par une budg&#233;tisation ad&#233;quate et une administration publique rigoureuse, le gouvernement se contente de mendier aupr&#232;s des partenaires internationaux.</span></p><p><span>Ainsi, le Japon versera 3 millions de dollars &#224; l&#8217;OEA, qui pr&#233;l&#232;vera des frais administratifs pouvant atteindre 10 %. Ensuite, l&#8217;ONI recevra des versements &#233;chelonn&#233;s destin&#233;s aux fournisseurs de mat&#233;riel. Quant &#224; l&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien, il se retrouve rel&#233;gu&#233; au r&#244;le de payeur de salaires et de loyers, demeurant un spectateur passif de sa propre gouvernance. D&#8217;autres partenaires internationaux reproduisent cette pratique dans d&#8217;innombrables institutions publiques ha&#239;tiennes, r&#233;duisant l&#8217;&#201;tat &#224; une coquille vide.</span></p><p><span>Cette subversion de la souverainet&#233; nationale s&#8217;&#233;tend directement aux man&#339;uvres politiques visant un changement de r&#233;gime. Au cours des trois derniers mois, quatre membres de l&#8217;&#233;lite ha&#239;tienne m&#8217;ont contact&#233; au sujet de plans visant &#224; destituer le Premier ministre Alix Didier Fils-Aim&#233;, quand bien m&#234;me son bilan au gouvernement s&#8217;av&#232;re catastrophique.</span></p><p><span>Premi&#232;rement, un ancien commandant des Forces arm&#233;es a sollicit&#233; mon soutien pour administrer un r&#233;gime post-coup d&#8217;&#201;tat, m&#8217;assurant que le renversement &#233;tait une &#171; affaire r&#233;gl&#233;e &#187;. J&#8217;ai exprim&#233; mon incr&#233;dulit&#233; et mon opposition de principe de ce proc&#233;d&#233;, tout en d&#233;plorant leur attente d&#8217;un soutien &#233;tranger pour renverser un gouvernement, nonobstant son caract&#232;re ill&#233;gitime.</span></p><p><span>Deuxi&#232;mement, des semaines plus tard, un autre compatriote m&#8217;a inform&#233; que la &#171; communaut&#233; internationale &#187; soutenait pleinement l&#8217;&#233;viction imminente du Premier ministre par des Ha&#239;tiens dont il a refus&#233; de divulguer l&#8217;identit&#233;. Je lui ai exprim&#233; la m&#234;me aversion &#224; l&#8217;irresponsabilit&#233; des &#233;lites et l&#8217;ing&#233;rence &#233;trang&#232;re qu&#8217;elle engendre.</span></p><p><span>Troisi&#232;mement, le m&#234;me jour, une personne que je ne connaissais pas auparavant a demand&#233; &#224; m&#8217;appeler pour organiser une conversation &#224; trois avec un individu affirmant qu&#8217;une personne en Ha&#239;ti b&#233;n&#233;ficiait du soutien direct du D&#233;partement d&#8217;&#201;tat am&#233;ricain pour s&#8217;emparer du pouvoir. J&#8217;ai expliqu&#233; mon opposition aux d&#233;marches d&#8217;Ha&#239;tiens sollicitant l&#8217;aide &#233;trang&#232;re pour perp&#233;tuer le chaos en Ha&#239;ti, et je les ai &#233;conduits, et ce, sans ambages, ni faux fuyants.</span></p><p><span>Quatri&#232;mement, le week-end dernier, la deuxi&#232;me personne qui m&#8217;avait inform&#233; du soi-disant changement de r&#233;gime avec soutien international m&#8217;a fait savoir qu&#8217;elle avait appris que &#171; Marco Rubio avait approuv&#233; &#187; le putsch imminent. Lorsque j&#8217;ai exprim&#233; mon opposition totale aux intrigues sponsoris&#233;es par l&#8217;&#233;tranger, qu&#8217;il s&#8217;agisse de nommer, de maintenir au pouvoir ou de renverser un dirigeant ha&#239;tien, m&#234;me un officiel que je n&#8217;appr&#233;cie pas, il a fustig&#233; mon scepticisme, pr&#233;tendant que j&#8217;agissais comme si j&#8217;&#233;tais la seule personne &#224; tout savoir. C&#8217;est une faute grave en Haiti de questionner le comportement d&#8217;un &#233;l&#233;ment des &#233;lites qui se croie dans le secret des &#233;trangers, surtout au D&#233;partement d&#8217;&#201;tat &#224; Washington.</span></p><p><span>Voil&#224; la triste r&#233;alit&#233; des &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes. Elles pr&#233;tendent que toutes les souffrances nationales d&#233;coulent de l&#8217;ing&#233;rence &#233;trang&#232;re, tout en orchestrant activement cette m&#234;me ing&#233;rence pour garantir leur pouvoir personnel. Par exemple, certains entrepreneurs fortun&#233;s et acteurs politiques d&#233;pensent entre 30 000 et 50 000 dollars par mois pour les services de lobbyistes &#224; Washington afin de prot&#233;ger des privil&#232;ges commerciaux (facilit&#233;s HELP/HOPE), d&#8217;obtenir un appui diplomatique pour des intrigues politiques en Ha&#239;ti, ou de conserver leurs visas am&#233;ricains.</span></p><p><span>De leur c&#244;t&#233;, les omnipr&#233;sentes ONG ha&#239;tiennes de droits humains r&#233;pondent aux attentes de leurs bailleurs de fonds en leur fournissant des rapports de dysfonctionnement qui justifient leur ing&#233;rence grossi&#232;re dans la gouvernance d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, condition essentielle pour maintenir le flux de leur assistance financi&#232;re. Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;une cabale endog&#232;ne et exog&#232;ne mutuellement b&#233;n&#233;fique, mais d&#233;sastreuse pour le peuple ha&#239;tien.</span></p><p><span>Quant aux intellectuels ha&#239;tiens, ils sont nombreux &#224; &#234;tre confortablement install&#233;s au Canada, en France, aux &#201;tats-Unis ou m&#234;me en R&#233;publique dominicaine, tout en pontifiant sur un pays natal o&#249; ils n&#8217;osent pas r&#233;sider. Le syst&#232;me universitaire ha&#239;tien n&#8217;est plus qu&#8217;une coquille vide qui r&#233;alise peu de recherches, dispense un enseignement rudimentaire et n&#8217;offre que tr&#232;s peu de r&#233;flexions viables sur les probl&#232;mes structurels nationaux.</span></p><p><span>Pendant ce temps, alors que des d&#233;l&#233;gations officielles ha&#239;tiennes s&#8217;envolent, avec de rares ressources publiques, pour assister &#224; des sommets internationaux comme la 81e session ordinaire de l&#8217;Assembl&#233;e g&#233;n&#233;rale des Nations unies le mois prochain, et que les institutions &#233;tatiques ach&#232;tent des v&#233;hicules de luxe qui arpentent les rues d&#233;fonc&#233;es d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, au lieu de fournir des services de base de qualit&#233; et d&#8217;investir dans les infrastructures et les industries de substitution, la crise interne s&#8217;aggrave.</span></p><p><span>Pour preuve, les gangs arm&#233;s contr&#244;lent environ 90 % de Port-au-Prince et des r&#233;gions agricoles cl&#233;s de l&#8217;Artibonite. Ils bloquent les routes nationales, perturbant le commerce interne et provoquant une forte inflation et pi&#233;geant 7 millions d&#8217;Ha&#239;tiens dans l&#8217;ins&#233;curit&#233; alimentaire, tandis qu&#8217;ils ont forc&#233; 1,5 million de personnes &#224; fuir leur domicile. M&#234;me l&#8217;&#201;tat a abandonn&#233; les infrastructures publiques, de l&#8217;h&#244;pital g&#233;n&#233;ral de Port-au-Prince situ&#233; pr&#232;s du Palais national jusqu&#8217;&#224; l&#8217;appareil judiciaire et au syst&#232;me d&#8217;&#233;tat civil d&#233;faillant. M&#234;me l&#8217;a&#233;roport international de Port-au-Prince, principale porte d&#8217;entr&#233;e d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti sur le monde, reste ferm&#233; aux vols commerciaux internationaux depuis le 11 novembre 2024, le jour de l&#8217;investiture du premier ministre Fils-Aim&#233;.</span></p><p><span>Et les forces de s&#233;curit&#233; nationale, malgr&#233; une pr&#233;paration tactique d&#233;montr&#233;e pour intervenir, enregistrent des failles de commandement et de contr&#244;le. Aussi, Premier Ministre Fils-Aim&#233;, selon une source bien indiqu&#233;e refuse d&#8217;op&#233;rationnaliser le Conseil de s&#233;curit&#233; nationale et l &#8217;Agence nationale de renseignement, voire de fournir des &#233;quipements appropri&#233;s pour permettre aux forces de s&#233;curit&#233; de neutraliser les gangs. Des forces occultes amassent une fortune colossale dans le vide d&#8217;autorit&#233; de l&#8217;&#201;tat que l&#8217;absence de volont&#233; politique engendre. Ha&#239;ti attend donc le d&#233;ploiement hypoth&#233;tique d&#8217;une Force de r&#233;pression des gangs autoris&#233;e par le Conseil de s&#233;curit&#233; de l&#8217;ONU le 30 septembre 2025 pour neutraliser les gangs terroristes.</span></p><p><strong><span>Comment la Communaut&#233; internationale peut, efficacement, apporter son aide</span></strong></p><p><span>La communaut&#233; internationale, l&#8217;OEA, l&#8217;ONU, les &#201;tats-Unis d&#8217;Am&#233;rique, le Canada et le Japon, doit cesser de financer et de l&#233;gitimer ce syst&#232;me dysfonctionnel. Les diplomates &#233;trangers ne doivent plus d&#233;barquer &#224; Port-au-Prince comme les gouverneurs g&#233;n&#233;raux coloniaux d&#8217;autrefois pour assumer des responsabilit&#233;s r&#233;galiennes aux c&#244;t&#233;s de dirigeants nationaux complices. Ils doivent changer de paradigme d&#8217;assistance et mettre fin &#224; cette pratique consistant &#224; d&#233;signer les gagnants et les perdants ha&#239;tiens dans un jeu st&#233;rile de chaises musicales politiques.</span></p><p><span>Le peuple ha&#239;tien ne pourra se lib&#233;rer de ce cauchemar que lorsque cette alliance d&#8217;&#233;lites endog&#232;nes et exog&#232;nes d&#233;sinvoltes sera vaincue, et que des citoyens patriotiques et anim&#233;s d&#8217;un esprit civique restaureront l&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien dans son r&#244;le l&#233;gitime de v&#233;ritable L&#233;viathan capable d&#8217;exercer pleinement son autorit&#233;, d&#8217;imposer l&#8217;ordre, d&#8217;assurer la s&#233;curit&#233;, d&#8217;am&#233;liorer le climat des affaires et des investissements, et d&#8217;&#233;tablir une gouvernance fond&#233;e sur le m&#233;rite, la comp&#233;tence, des r&#233;sultats durables et la dignit&#233; nationale.</span></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/apercus-de-la-dystopie-haitienne?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Haiti Files and More! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/apercus-de-la-dystopie-haitienne?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/apercus-de-la-dystopie-haitienne?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or PAID subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Insights Into Haiti’s Dystopia]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Practices that must change for Haiti to reach its National Destiny]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/insights-into-haitis-dystopia</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/insights-into-haitis-dystopia</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 16:33:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/955e2278-a3ca-487f-8c22-70245e4e7e74_1408x768.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Haiti remains in suspended animation, a state that is usually temporary as an entity regains its strength. In Haiti&#8217;s case, however, this national hibernation has endured for nearly 70 years, spanning the 29-year Duvalier dictatorship (1957&#8211;1986) and the four decades of institutional erosion that followed. By 2027, as Haiti marks 223 years of existence, it will reach a critical milestone of prolonged collapse. </p><p>Why has this paralysis lasted so long? Because Haiti&#8217;s economic, intellectual, and political elites have elevated waiting for international salvation into a primary strategy of governance. To modernist and progressive social forces, this total abdication of elite responsibility is the absolute evil that must be systematically dismantled.</p><p>Recent events offer a stark window into how this dependency perpetuates Haiti&#8217;s status as a badly governed, violent, and unstable state. Consider the 16 to 19 August visit of Albert Ramdin, Secretary General of the Organisation of American States (OAS). During his visit, <a href="https://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-090/26">the OAS and Japan signed a cooperation agreement at the headquarters of Haiti&#8217;s National Office of Identification (ONI)</a>. Japan promises to fund the initiative with a $3 million grant to expand access to identification cards and, ultimately, social services.</p><p>The two international partners conducted the ceremony in the presence of Haiti&#8217;s Minister of Justice and Public Security, Patrick P&#233;lissier, and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Raina Forbin. Neither the OAS nor Japan has any legal mandate to provide identification cards to Haitian citizens. By subcontracting the civil registry, the very bedrock of national sovereignty, to multilateral and foreign entities, P&#233;lissier and Forbin, whom Prime Minister Fils-Aim&#233; appointed last March, have demonstrated a complete lack of understanding of the basic functions of a state. In a system driven by sinecures and nepotism, these officials act as political hacks, smiling for cameras while foreign diplomats usurp their core duties.</p><p>This international charity masquerading as cooperation model actively reinforces institutional failure. According to the press release, under a previous $8 million grant from Japan, ONI processed over a million cards. Yet hundreds of thousands remain undelivered due to logistical incompetence. The physical cards themselves are so poorly manufactured that the plastic film peels off, causing the cards to crack into pieces, rendering them useless. Rather than fixing these operational failures through proper budgeting and public administration, ONI&#8217;s leadership simply begs international partners to handle their logistical mess.</p><p>Hence, Japan will wire $3 million to the OAS, which will skim an administrative fee of up to 10%. Then, ONI will receive incremental payouts to vendors for supplies. As for the Haitian states, it is relegated to paying salaries and rent while the state remains a passive spectator in its own governance. Other international partners replicate this practice in countless Haitian public institutions, rendering the state a hollow shell.</p><p>This subversion of national sovereignty extends directly into political maneuvers for regime change. Over the past three months, four members of Haiti&#8217;s elite contacted me regarding plans to unseat Prime Minister Alix Didier Fils-Aim&#233;, albeit his performance in office is nothing short of catastrophic. </p><p>First, a former Armed Forces major solicited my support for a post-coup regime, assuring me the overthrow was a &#8220;done deal.&#8221; I expressed incredulity and wished him and his associates well, even as I deplored their expectation of foreign support to overthrow albeit an illegitimate government. </p><p>Second, weeks later, another contact assured me that the &#8220;international community&#8221; fully backed the imminent removal of the Prime Minister by Haitians whose identity he refused to divulge. </p><p>Third, the same day, a person I did not know previously requested to call me to arrange a three-way call with an individual claiming someone in Haiti had direct U.S. State Department backing to seize power. I explained my opposition to Haitians seeking foreign assistance to perpetuate chaos in Haiti, and sent them packing, albeit politely. </p><p>Fourth, last weekend, the second person, who had informed me of the purported regime change with international backing informed me he learned that &#8220;Marco Rubio approved&#8221; the imminent putsch. When I expressed total opposition to foreign-sponsored intrigue, whether to appoint, keep in power or overthrow a Haitian leader, even one I dislike, he berated my skepticism, claiming I act as if I am the only person who knows everything.</p><p>This is the pathetic reality of Haiti&#8217;s elites. They claim all national suffering stems from foreign interference, yet they actively engineer that very interference to secure personal power. For instance, some wealthy entrepreneurs and political operatives spend $30,000 to $50,000 a month on Washington lobbyists to protect commercial privileges, secure diplomatic backing for political interference in Haiti&#8217;s governance, or to retain U.S. visas. </p><p>For their part, the ubiquitous Haitian human rights NGOs cater to their donors&#8217; preferences for receiving reports of dysfunction that justify their gross interference in Haiti&#8217;s governance, while these civil society organisations keep foreign assistance flowing. It&#8217;s a mutually reinforcing cabal operating at the expense of the Haitian people.</p><p>As for Haiti&#8217;s intellectuals, many are comfortably ensconced in Canada, France, the U.S. and even the Dominican Republic while pontificating about a country they do not dare reside in. Haiti&#8217;s university system is a hollowed shell that does little research, that provides a rudimentary education and that offers few viable reflections on vexing national structural problems.</p><p>Meanwhile, as official Haitian delegations jet off, with scarce government resources, to international summits like the upcoming 81st ordinary session of the UN General Assembly, and state institutions purchase luxury vehicles that ply Haiti&#8217;s potholed streets, instead of providing quality basic services and investing in infrastructures and substitution industries the domestic crisis worsens. Armed gangs control about 90% of Port-au-Prince and key agricultural regions in the Artibonite, blocking national roads, driving severe inflation, and trapping 7 million Haitians in food insecurity, while armed gangs have compelled 1.5 million people to flee their homes. Even the state has abandoned public infrastructures, from Haiti&#8217;s main general hospital near the National Palace to Haiti&#8217;s judiciary and the broken civil registration system. Even Port-au-Prince&#8217;s international airport, Haiti&#8217;s main gateway to the world remains closed to international commercial flights.</p><p>And the national security forces, despite demonstrated tactical readiness to act, lack the apparatus, including a national security council, an intelligence service and the equipment as well as manpower to be effective. Thus Haiti awaits the hypothetical deployment of a Gang Suppression Force the UN Security Council authorized on 30 September 2025 to neutralise the terrorist gangs.</p><p><strong>How the International Community Can, Effectively, Help</strong></p><p>The international community, the OAS, the UN, the U.S., Canada, and Japan, must stop funding and legitimising this dysfunctional system. Foreign must no longer descend upon Port-au-Prince like colonial governors-general of yore to assume sovereign state responsibilities alongside complicit local officials. They must change the assistance paradigm and the practice of deciding Haitian  winners and losers in a sterile game of shifting political chairs.</p><p>The Haitian people can only break free from this nightmare when this self-serving alliance of endogenous and exogenous elites is defeated, and civic-minded and patriotic citizens restore the Haitian state to its rightful place as a true Leviathan that is capable of fully exercising its authority, imposing order, enforcing security, improving the business and investment climate, and establishing leadership built on merit and competence and governance based on durable results and national dignity.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Week of 9 to 15 August in Haiti]]></title><description><![CDATA[Update on the Electoral Process: The Impossibility of Holding Credible Elections in Haiti at this Time]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-week-of-9-to-15-august-in-haiti</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-week-of-9-to-15-august-in-haiti</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 2026 19:27:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ab65831f-0ba6-4eb8-9232-105397d2f544_1536x2048.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Contextualising the Electoral Process</strong></p><p>Haiti&#8217;s structural crisis does not date back merely to the most recent elections; it has been unfolding for much longer. Regarding the present situation, the Haitian State offered the public an opportunity to exercise its sovereignty through the 2015 elections. However, these contests were quickly challenged by a recalcitrant political faction that favored anarchy, which Professor Sauveur Pierre-&#201;tienne aptly termed &#8220;the protagonists of chaos&#8221; contrasted with a constructive opposition that respects democratic norms. This opposition contested the results under the pretext that President Michel Joseph Martelly had manipulated the presidential election in favor of his hand-picked candidate.</p><p>In reality, Haitian political actors, aware of their inability to win even the most transparent election, blocked the completion of the process. Consequently, President Martelly&#8217;s term ended on February 7, 2016, without the public being able to elect his successor. As a result, Jocelerme Privert, then President of the Senate and the National Assembly, had himself elected by the Assembly as President of the Republic in an indirect election, in violation of the Constitution.</p><p>A year later, on 7 February 2017, following the rerun of the presidential election, Jovenel Mo&#239;se took the oath of office as President of the Republic. Like his elected predecessor, Mo&#239;se&#8217;s legitimacy and his willingness to organize democratic elections at the end of his five-year term in 2021 were contested by the same political actors. Throughout his mandate, these same opponents imposed the &#8220;pays lock&#8221; (countrywide shutdown) phenomenon on the Haitian population. In fact, a fierce opponent of Mo&#239;se had declared that he would &#8220;rather reduce the country to ashes if Jovenel Mo&#239;se became president.&#8221; On 7 July 2021, his warning proved prophetic: President Mo&#239;se was assassinated, plunging Haiti back into a nightmare of heightened instability and marking the return of transitional regimes. Since 2016, no Haitian leader has enjoyed popular legitimacy.</p><p><strong>The Weight of History</strong></p><p>The case of Mo&#239;se, far from being an isolated incident, has become routine. Indeed, the refusal of political alternation and succession disputes constitute a recurring feature of Haitian political practice. Political actors frequently prove to be sore losers: like pre programmed robots, they create obstacles under the pretext of anticipating potential legal violations by the incumbent head of state. This is the original sin of Haitian politics.</p><p>In fact, on 17 October 1806, less than three years after the proclamation of independence, General P&#233;tion and his associates assassinated the nation&#8217;s founding father, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, amidst troubled political circumstances. To justify this act, P&#233;tion accused Dessalines of having been a &#8220;tyrant&#8221; who usurped the title of Emperor for personal gain and without the knowledge of his former comrades-in-arms (de Pradine<em>, Recueil des Actes et lois d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, Tome 1, 1804-1808, second edition, </em>Paris, Auguste Durand, 1851,<em> </em>&#8220;Relation de la Campagne ha&#239;tienne contre la tyrannie du 13 au 17 octobre,&#8221; pp. 161-162).</p><p>Incapable of uniting around a common national vision and its implementation, the fledgling Haitian political class fragmented. Haiti has never fully recovered from this initial fratricidal rupture, its original sin. Ever since, blind sides, low blows and tactical counterattacks have shaped the country&#8217;s political history. Rigor in the application of laws has never been successfully established, and power dynamics have almost always favored upheaval over institutional stability.</p><p>This policy of perpetual rupture explains why, by way of comparison, Haiti has already had 59 heads of state over its 223 years of independence (including the Transitional Presidential Council (2024-2026)), whereas the United States of America has known only 47 presidents in nearly two and a half centuries of existence.</p><p><strong>Restoring State Authority: An Indispensable Condition for Elections</strong></p><p>Organizing credible elections cannot be reduced to a mere political calendar; it requires the prior restoration of the sovereign capabilities of the State. Today, the persistence of the security and humanitarian crisis constitutes an insurmountable obstacle to holding a democratic vote:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Territorial Control by Armed Groups and Voter Exclusion:</strong> Terrorist gangs control strategic portions of the Ouest Department (which accounts for roughly 34% of potential voters), Artibonite (16%), and Centre (roughly 7%) (Haitian Institute of Statistics and Information Technology (IHSI)<em>, Disaggregated Population Estimates, </em>Distribution of Population by Department, July 2024, p. 21). At present, no viable mechanism exists to allow the affected populations to exercise their right to vote.</p></li><li><p><strong>Sluggish Voter Registration:</strong> The Provisional Electoral Council (CEP) launched a voter registration campaign that has proven laborious. The population is concerned about security, material survival, mental, physical and spiritual health; it is tired of the vicissitudes of the elites whom it considers incompetent, irresponsible, rapacious and as criminal as the terrorists. At this pace, it appears technically and materially unrealistic to hold elections by December 13, the date set by the CEP for the first round of voting as well as for the constitutional consultation, a process that essentially amounts to a referendum in disguise.</p></li><li><p><strong>Humanitarian Crisis and Massive Displacement:</strong> According to official data, more than 1.5 million people are currently internally displaced due to the terror imposed by armed gangs, rendering electoral mapping and the assignment of polling stations inapplicable across a large portion of the territory.</p></li><li><p><strong>Logistical Incapacity and Citizenship:</strong> While registration targets potential voters equipped with national identification cards (CIN), millions of citizens do not yet possess the CIN required to register. The State continues to demonstrate a persistent inability to issue the CIN to every citizen aged 18 and older, depriving a major portion of the population of their fundamental right to vote.</p></li><li><p><strong>Social Emergency and Famine:</strong> Nearly seven million people suffer from acute food insecurity bordering on famine, relegating political participation to their last concern given the imperatives of daily survival.</p></li><li><p><strong>Economic Collapse:</strong> Haiti is experiencing its eighth consecutive year of negative economic growth, ruining public financial capacities and suffocating the socio-economic fabric essential for national stability.</p></li></ul><p>Without reclaiming public space and resolving these structural emergencies, claiming to organize an election remains a democratic illusion.</p><p><strong>Electoral Calendar: Local Governance, and Constitutional Reform</strong></p><p>A clinical analysis of Haiti&#8217;s repeated political crises reveals that they stem, in large part, from major institutional design flaws that must imperatively be corrected before any election is held:</p><ul><li><p><strong>The Incoherence of Executive Diarchy:</strong> Within the executive branch itself, the coexistence of a President and a Prime Minister remains a concept foreign to Haitian political culture. Since its introduction, this binary executive model has continuously generated destructive rivalries and chronic instability, from the Aristide era to the Mo&#239;se presidency, up through the recent formula of the Transitional Presidential Council. This conflict-prone structure cannot be allowed to persist.</p></li><li><p><strong>The Deficit of Territorial Representation and Failure of Departmental Delegations:</strong> The constitutional framework neglected essential levels of local governance. Departments and Arrondissements, which form the primary and secondary geographical subdivisions of the country, suffer from a cruel lack of legitimate political representation. The mechanism of departmental delegates appointed by the central government has proven to be a clear failure. Consequently, decentralisation has remained a pious wish, preventing any genuine deconcentration of public services.</p></li><li><p><strong>The Imperative for Effective Decentralisation in a Unitary State:</strong> Exorcising the demons of instability requires confronting local governance head-on. This demands a genuine devolution of political and administrative powers, along with guaranteed access to financial resources for local authorities. Being closest to citizens, these local entities are best suited to respond directly to their vital needs, according to relevant universal norms. Although critics of local governance often point out that Haiti does not have a federal system, a state by no means needs to be federal to provide its local authorities with the political legitimacy and financial means necessary to ensure sanitation, access to drinking water, and other essential public services.</p></li></ul><p>This is why a national consensus has emerged regarding the absolute necessity of adopting these constitutional reforms before holding any election. The only snag is the appropriate methodology, as is always the case in Haiti, even one a consensus exists. The stakes are fundamental: it is a matter of restructuring the institutional and territorial architecture to prevent the immediate resurfacing of political gridlock as soon as newly elected leaders take office. Without this prior foundation, the root causes of the crisis will remain intact, condemning future governance to the same institutional instability.</p><p><strong>Electoral Calendar: Registration of Political Parties and Coalitions</strong></p><p>On August 14, the Provisional Electoral Council (CEP) declared in a press release that by the established deadline, no political coalition (<em>regroupement politique</em>) had registered. Consequently, the electoral institution indicated that it would proceed with the process using 105 approved political entities, divided between 17 political alliances (<em>groupements politiques</em>) and 88 political parties.</p><p>The CEP is thus performing a painstaking job of preparing for the elections, in accordance with the mandate entrusted to it by the Pact and the directives of the Government while the security challenges persist. However, a crucial question remains unanswered: how will these 105 political entities be able to campaign across a national territory where terrorist gangs control access to major highways, where potential voters hesitate to register, where severe difficulties persist regarding the CINs required to vote, and while the project of constitutional reform remains unresolved?</p><p>Furthermore, on what territorial administration framework will these elections take place? Will they still rely on the traditional structure of 30 senators (3 per department), 119 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, as well as the current municipal framework based on three-member panels (<em>cartels</em>)? Clearly, three senators per department is chaotic and financially costly, as recent events have demonstrated. Furthermore, how can the judiciary be modernised to restore its autonomy and strengthen its efficiency? For example, by adopting a Supreme Court to replace the Court of Cassation and the Constitutional Council, which currently overburden the justice system. Also, there is the issue of <em>d&#233;charge</em>, determining whether public officials managed lawfully, or sanctioning them for proven corruption; the fact that elected officials use cash monies for corrupt purposes; and the question of the absolute immunity that elected officials and other public servants enjoy to capture the state and engage in rampant corruption without fear of being held accountable for their crimes (unchecked impunity).</p><p>It appears far more prudent, first and foremost, to clarify and formalise these major institutional aspects before rushing headlong into an electoral quagmire that risks indefinitely prolonging Haiti&#8217;s political crisis. This precaution is all the more essential given that the Gang Suppression Force, charged by the United Nations Security Council, with assisting Haitian security forces to neutralise armed gangs, estimates it needs until 30 September 2028, to fulfill its mission and enable the Haitian government to sustainably consolidate security gains on the ground.</p><p><strong>Political Climate and the Electoral Trap</strong></p><p>In light of all these factors, a pressing question arises: could Prime Minister Alix Didier Fils-Aim&#233; and his government, by any objective and constructive assessment, be setting the CEP up to take the blame for the failure to hold elections? The head of government knows full well, as do all honest and putative informed brokers of the crisis, that the current situation in Haiti in no way lends itself to holding credible elections.</p><p>Everyone must keep in mind that in 2015 and 2016, <a href="https://data.ipu.org/parliament/HT/HT-LC01/election/HT-LC01-E20150809/">only about 18% of registered voters went to the polls</a>. Yet, Haiti enjoyed relative tranquility then compared to the dystopian, widespread violence that prevails today. How on earth would it be possible, in such a hellscape, to convince more than 50% of Haitians to vote in order to guarantee the broadest possible legitimacy for newly elected officials?</p><p>This is not a challenge that the CEP can resolve on its own or fix through technical adjustments. It is an exclusive sovereign responsibility that rests squarely on the shoulders of the government.</p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-week-of-9-to-15-august-in-haiti?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Haiti Files and More! 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To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or PAID subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La semaine du 9 au 15 août en Haïti]]></title><description><![CDATA[Mise au point sur le processus &#233;lectoral : de l&#8217;impossibilit&#233; des &#233;lections cr&#233;dibles en Ha&#239;ti actuellement]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-9-au-15-aout-en-haiti</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-9-au-15-aout-en-haiti</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 2026 19:01:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/16d05e20-9038-4699-b60f-e94331fa2ed1_1536x2048.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span>Mise en contexte du Processus &#233;lectoral</span></strong></p><p><span>La crise structurelle ha&#239;tienne ne date pas des derni&#232;res &#233;lections. Elle dure depuis bien plus longtemps. S&#8217;agissant du pr&#233;sent, l&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien a offert au peuple l&#8217;opportunit&#233; d&#8217;exercer sa souverainet&#233; &#224; travers les &#233;lections de 2015. Cependant, ces joutes furent rapidement contest&#233;es par une frange politique r&#233;fractaire, privil&#233;giant l&#8217;anarchie (ce que Professeur Sauveur Pierre-Etienne a &#226;prement d&#233;sign&#233; &#171; les protagonistes du chaos &#187;) au lieu d&#8217;une opposition constructive et respectueuse des r&#232;gles d&#233;mocratiques. Cette opposition contesta les r&#233;sultats sous pr&#233;texte que le pr&#233;sident Michel Joseph Martelly aurait manipul&#233; l&#8217;&#233;lection pr&#233;sidentielle en faveur de son poulain.</span></p><p><span>En r&#233;alit&#233;, des acteurs politiques ha&#239;tiens, conscients de leur incapacit&#233; &#224; emporter m&#234;me le scrutin le plus transparent, bloqu&#232;rent l&#8217;aboutissement du processus. Par cons&#233;quent, le mandat du pr&#233;sident Martelly termina le 7 f&#233;vrier 2016 sans que le peuple n&#8217;ait pu &#233;lire son successeur. Par cons&#233;quent, Jocelerme Privert, alors pr&#233;sident du S&#233;nat et de l&#8217;Assembl&#233;e nationale, se fit &#233;lire par cette derni&#232;re comme Pr&#233;sident de la R&#233;publique au second degr&#233;, en violation de la Constitution.</span></p><p><span>Un an plus tard, le 7 f&#233;vrier 2017, &#224; l&#8217;issue de la reprise de la pr&#233;sidentielle, Jovenel Mo&#239;se pr&#234;ta serment comme Pr&#233;sident de la R&#233;publique. &#192; l&#8217;instar de son pr&#233;d&#233;cesseur &#233;lu, la l&#233;gitimit&#233; de Mo&#239;se et sa volont&#233; d&#8217;organiser des &#233;lections d&#233;mocratiques &#224; l&#8217;issue de son quinquennat en 2021 furent contest&#233;es par les m&#234;mes acteurs politiques. D&#8217;ailleurs pendant son mandat, les m&#234;mes opposants impos&#232;rent au peuple ha&#239;tien le ph&#233;nom&#232;ne de  &#171; pays lock &#187;. D&#8217;ailleurs, un opposant farouche de Moise avait scand&#233; qu&#8217;il &#171; pr&#233;f&#232;rerait r&#233;duire le pays en cendre si Jovenel Mo&#239;se devint pr&#233;sident. &#187; Ainsi, le 7 juillet 2021, son avertissement fut pr&#233;monitoire, car des opposants assassin</span>&#232;<span>rent pr&#233;sident Mo&#239;se, replongeant Ha&#239;ti dans le cauchemar de l&#8217;instabilit&#233; accrue et marquant le retour des r&#233;gimes de transition. Ainsi, depuis 2016, aucun dirigeant ha&#239;tien n&#8217;a joui d&#8217;une l&#233;gitimit&#233; populaire.</span></p><p><strong><span>Le Poids de l&#8217;Histoire</span></strong></p><p><span>Le cas de Mo</span>&#239;<span>se, loin d&#8217;&#234;tre un incident isol</span>&#233;<span>, est devenu routine. En effet, le refus de l&#8217;alternance et les querelles de succession fatales constituent une caract&#233;ristique r&#233;currente de la pratique politique en Ha&#239;ti. Les acteurs politiques s&#8217;y r&#233;v&#232;lent souvent de mauvais perdants : comme des robots ainsi programm</span>&#233;s, <span>ils cr&#233;ent des obstacles sous pr&#233;texte d&#8217;anticiper d&#8217;&#233;ventuelles violations de la loi par le chef de l&#8217;&#201;tat en fonction. C&#8217;est le p&#233;ch&#233; originel de la politique ha&#239;tienne. </span></p><p><span>En effet, d&#232;s le 17 octobre 1806, moins de trois ans apr&#232;s la proclamation de l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance, le g&#233;n&#233;ral P&#233;tion et ses collaborateurs assassin&#232;rent le fondateur de la nation, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, dans des circonstances politiques troubl&#233;es. Pour justifier cet acte, P&#233;tion accusa Dessalines d&#8217;avoir &#233;t&#233; un &#171; tyran &#187; ayant usurp&#233; le titre d&#8217;empereur &#224; des fins personnelles et &#224; l&#8217;insu de ses anciens compagnons d&#8217;armes (</span><em><span>de Pradine, Recueil des Actes et lois d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, Tome 1, 1804-1808, </span></em><span>deuxi&#232;me &#233;dition, Paris, Auguste Durand, 1851, &#171; Relation de la Campagne ha&#239;tienne contre la tyrannie du 13 au 17 octobre, pp. 161-162).</span></p><p><span>Incapable de s&#8217;unir autour d&#8217;une vision nationale commune et de sa concr&#233;tisation, la classe politique ha&#239;tienne en gestation se fragmenta. Ha&#239;ti ne se releva jamais pleinement de cette fracture fratricide initiale, son p&#233;ch&#233; originel. D&#232;s lors, les coups bas et les contrecoups tactiques ont fa&#231;onn&#233; l&#8217;histoire politique du pays. La rigueur dans l&#8217;application des lois n&#8217;a jamais pu s&#8217;imposer, et les rapports de force politique ont presque toujours favoris&#233; la rupture au d&#233;triment de la stabilit&#233; institutionnelle.</span></p><p><span>Cette politique de rupture permanente avec la norme &#233;tablie explique pourquoi, &#224; titre de comparaison, Ha&#239;ti compte d&#233;j&#224; 59 chefs d&#8217;&#201;tat en 222 ans d&#8217;ind&#233;pendance (en incluant le Conseil pr&#233;sidentiel de transition (2024-2026)), tandis que les &#201;tats-Unis d&#8217;Am&#233;rique n&#8217;ont connu que 47 pr&#233;sidents en 250 ann</span>&#233;<span>es.</span></p><p><strong><span>R&#233;tablir l&#8217;Autorit&#233; de l&#8217;&#201;tat : Condition indispensable pour les &#201;lections</span></strong></p><p><span>L&#8217;organisation d&#8217;&#233;lections cr&#233;dibles ne saurait se r&#233;duire &#224; un simple calendrier politique ; elle exige la restauration pr&#233;alable des capacit&#233;s r&#233;galiennes de l&#8217;&#201;tat. Aujourd&#8217;hui, la persistance de la crise s&#233;curitaire et humanitaire constitue un obstacle insurmontable &#224; la tenue d&#8217;un scrutin d&#233;mocratique avec un taux de participation qui favorise la l</span>&#233;<span>gitimit</span>&#233;<span> m&#234;me minimale :</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Emprise territoriale des groupes arm&#233;s et exclusion des &#233;lecteurs : </span></strong><span>Les gangs terroristes contr&#244;lent des portions strat&#233;giques du d&#233;partement de l&#8217;Ouest (qui concentre environ 34 % des &#233;lecteurs potentiels), de l&#8217;Artibonite (16 %) et du Centre (environ 7 %) , selon les donn</span>&#233;es de l&#8217;<span>Institut ha&#239;tien de statistiques et d&#8217;Informatique (IHSC) : </span><em><span>Estimations d&#233;sagr&#233;g&#233;es de la Population</span></em><span>, R&#233;partition de la population par d&#233;partement, juillet 2024, p. 21.  &#192; l&#8217;heure actuelle, il n&#8217;existe aucun m&#233;canisme viable permettant aux populations concern&#233;es d&#8217;exercer leur droit de vote.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Lenteurs de l&#8217;enregistrement &#233;lectoral : </span></strong><span>Le Conseil &#201;lectoral Provisoire (CEP) a lanc&#233; une campagne d&#8217;enregistrement des &#233;lecteurs qui s&#8217;av&#232;re laborieuse. La population est se pr</span>&#233;occupe de la s&#233;curit&#233;, de sa survie mat&#233;rielle, de sa sant&#233; mentale, physique et spirituelle ; elle se lasse des vicissitudes des &#233;lites qu&#8217;elle estime incomp&#233;tentes, irresponsables, rapaces et aussi criminelles que les terroristes. <span>&#192; ce rythme, il appara&#238;t techniquement et mat&#233;riellement irr&#233;aliste de pouvoir tenir des &#233;lections d&#8217;ici le 13 d&#233;cembre, date fix&#233;e par le CEP pour le premier tour des scrutins ainsi que pour la consultation constitutionnelle, une d&#233;marche qui s&#8217;apparente, par essence, &#224; un r&#233;f&#233;rendum d&#233;guis&#233;.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Crise humanitaire et d&#233;placements massifs : </span></strong><span>Selon les donn&#233;es officielles, plus de 1,5 million de personnes sont actuellement d&#233;plac&#233;es internes en raison de la terreur impos&#233;e par les bandes arm&#233;es, rendant la cartographie &#233;lectorale et l&#8217;assignation des bureaux de vote inapplicables sur une grande partie du territoire.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Incapacit&#233; logistique et citoyennet&#233; : </span></strong><span>Tandis que l&#8217;enregistrement cible les &#233;lecteurs potentiels munis de leurs cartes d&#8217;identification nationale, des millions de citoyennes et de citoyens ne poss&#232;dent pas encore la CIN pour pouvoir se faire enregistrer. L&#8217;&#201;tat fait preuve d&#8217;une incapacit&#233; persistante &#224; d&#233;livrer la CIN &#224; chaque citoyen &#226;g&#233; d&#8217;au moins 18 ans, privant une part majeure de la population de son droit de vote fondamental.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Urgence sociale et famine : </span></strong><span>Pr&#232;s de 7 millions de personnes souffrent d&#8217;une ins&#233;curit&#233; alimentaire aigu&#235; fr&#244;lant la famine, rel&#233;guant la participation politique au dernier rang plan face aux imp&#233;ratifs de survie quotidienne.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Effondrement &#233;conomique : </span></strong><span>Ha&#239;ti traverse sa huiti&#232;me ann&#233;e cons&#233;cutive de croissance &#233;conomique n&#233;gative, ruinant les capacit&#233;s financi&#232;res publiques et asphyxiant le tissu socio-&#233;conomique indispensable &#224; la stabilit&#233; nationale.</span></p></li></ul><p><span>Sans une reprise en main de l&#8217;espace public et la r&#233;solution de ces urgences structurelles, pr&#233;tendre organiser un scrutin rel&#232;ve d&#8217;une illusion d&#233;mocratique.</span></p><p><strong><span>Calendrier &#233;lectoral : Gouvernance locale et R&#233;forme constitutionnelle</span></strong></p><p><span>L&#8217;analyse clinique des crises politiques ha&#239;tiennes r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;es r&#233;v&#232;le qu&#8217;elles d&#233;coulent, en grande partie, de vices de forme institutionnels majeurs qui doivent imp&#233;rativement &#234;tre corrig&#233;s avant la tenue de tout scrutin :</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>L&#8217;incoh&#233;rence du bic&#233;phalisme du pouvoir ex&#233;cutif :</span></strong><span> Au sein m&#234;me du pouvoir ex&#233;cutif, la coexistence d&#8217;un Pr&#233;sident et d&#8217;un Premier ministre demeure une notion &#233;trang&#232;re &#224; la culture politique ha&#239;tienne. Depuis son introduction, ce sch&#233;ma d&#8217;ex&#233;cutif binaire n&#8217;a cess&#233; de g&#233;n&#233;rer des rivalit&#233;s destructrices et une instabilit&#233; chronique, de l&#8217;&#232;re Aristide &#224; la pr&#233;sidence Mo&#239;se, jusqu&#8217;&#224; la formule r&#233;cente du Conseil Pr&#233;sidentiel de Transition (CPT). Cette structure conflictuelle ne saurait persister si l&#8217;on esp</span>&#232;<span>re r&#233;soudre la crise structurelle.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>D</span>&#233;centralisation et d&#233;concentration: l<span>e d&#233;ficit de repr&#233;sentation territoriale et l&#8217;&#233;chec de la d&#233;l&#233;gation d&#233;partementale :</span></strong><span> La Charte constitutionnelle a n&#233;glig&#233; les niveaux essentiels de la gouvernance locale. Les D&#233;partements et les Arrondissements, qui forment le premier et le second niveau de d&#233;coupage g&#233;ographique du pays, manquent cruellement de repr&#233;sentation politique l&#233;gitime. Le m&#233;canisme des d&#233;l&#233;gu&#233;s d&#233;partementaux nomm&#233;s par le pouvoir central s&#8217;est r&#233;v&#233;l&#233; &#234;tre un &#233;chec probant. En cons&#233;quence, la d&#233;centralisation est rest&#233;e un v&#339;u pieux, emp&#234;chant toute r&#233;elle d&#233;concentration des services publics.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>L&#8217;exigence d&#8217;une d&#233;centralisation effective sans f&#233;d&#233;ralisme :</span></strong><span> Chasser les d&#233;mons de l&#8217;instabilit&#233; exige d&#8217;aborder de front la gouvernance locale. Cela requiert une v&#233;ritable d&#233;volution des pouvoirs politiques et administratifs, assortie d&#8217;un acc&#232;s garanti aux ressources financi&#232;res pour les collectivit&#233;s territoriales. &#201;tant les plus proches des citoyens, selon les normes universelles, ces entit&#233;s locales sont les plus aptes &#224; r&#233;pondre directement &#224; leurs besoins vitaux. Bien que les critiques de la gouvernance locale soutiennent souvent qu&#8217;Ha&#239;ti ne dispose pas d&#8217;un syst&#232;me f&#233;d&#233;ral, un &#201;tat n&#8217;a nullement besoin d&#8217;&#234;tre f&#233;d&#233;ral pour offrir &#224; ses collectivit&#233;s locales la l&#233;gitimit&#233; politique et les moyens financiers n&#233;cessaires afin d&#8217;assurer l&#8217;assainissement, l&#8217;acc&#232;s &#224; l&#8217;eau potable et les autres services publics essentiels.</span></p></li></ul><p><span>C&#8217;est pourquoi il existe un consensus national sur la n&#233;cessit&#233; absolue d&#8217;adopter ces r&#233;formes constitutionnelles avant l&#8217;organisation de tout scrutin. Le seul accroc est la m</span>&#233;thode idoin<span>e, comme c&#8217;est toujours le cas en Ha&#239;ti, m&#234;me quand il existe un consensus. L&#8217;enjeu est fondamental : il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;assainir l&#8217;architecture institutionnelle et territoriale pour pr&#233;venir la r&#233;surgence imm&#233;diate du blocage politique d&#232;s la prise de fonction des prochains dirigeants &#233;lus. Sans cette refondation pr&#233;alable, les causes profondes de la crise demeureront intactes, vouant la future gouvernance &#224; la m&#234;me pr&#233;carit&#233; institutionnelle.</span></p><p><strong><span>Calendrier &#233;lectoral : Enregistrement des Partis et Regroupements politiques</span></strong></p><p><span>Le 14 ao&#251;t, le Conseil &#201;lectoral Provisoire (CEP) a d&#233;clar&#233; dans une note de presse qu&#8217;&#224; la date limite fix&#233;e, aucun regroupement politique ne s&#8217;&#233;tait inscrit. Par cons&#233;quent, l&#8217;institution &#233;lectorale a indiqu&#233; qu&#8217;elle poursuivrait le processus avec 105 structures politiques agr&#233;&#233;es, r&#233;parties entre 17 groupements politiques et 88 partis politiques.</span></p><p><span>Le CEP accomplit ainsi un travail m&#233;ticuleux de pr&#233;paration des scrutins, conform&#233;ment au mandat confi&#233; par le Pacte et aux directives du Gouvernement. Cependant, une question cruciale demeure sans r&#233;ponse : comment ces 105 entit&#233;s politiques pourront-elles mener campagne sur un territoire national o&#249; les gangs terroristes contr&#244;lent les acc&#232;s aux grands axes routiers, o&#249; les &#233;lecteurs potentiels h&#233;sitent l&#8217;enregistrement ainsi que de lourdes difficult&#233;s dans des CIN indispensables au vote, et alors m&#234;me que la probl&#233;matique de la r&#233;forme constitutionnelle demeure pendante ?</span></p><p><span>Par ailleurs, sur quel cadre d&#8217;administration territoriale reposera la tenue de ces &#233;lections ? S&#8217;agira-t-il toujours de maintenir la structure traditionnelle reposant sur 30 s&#233;nateurs (soit 3 par d&#233;partement), 119 si&#232;ges &#224; la Chambre des d&#233;put&#233;s ainsi que le d&#233;coupage municipal actuel fond&#233; sur des cartels &#224; trois membres ? Haiti, a-t-elle besoin d&#8217;un parlement bicam&#233;ral budgetivore de 149 membres, or que Petion cr&#233;a la republique avec uniquement le S&#233;nat ? De toute </span>&#233;vidence, trois s&#233;nateurs par d&#233;partement rel&#232;ve du chaos, comme les &#233;v&#233;nements r&#233;cents l&#8217;ont d&#233;montr&#233;. <span>Aussi, comment moderniser le pouvoir judiciaire pour lui rendre son autonomie et renforcer son efficacit&#233;, par exemple adopter une Cour supr&#234;me en place de la Cour de la Cassation et du Conseil constitutionnel, qui alourdissent la justice. Aussi, la question de d&#233;charge, ou de d&#233;bet et poursuite, des ordonnateurs publics ; le fait que les &#233;lus utilisent l&#8217;argent liquide </span>&#224;<span> des fins de corruption ; et la question de l&#8217;immunit&#233; absolue dont les &#233;lus et autres officiels se servent pour capturer l&#8217;&#201;tat et se lancer dans une corruption effr</span>&#233;<span>n</span>&#233;<span>e sans crainte d&#8217;&#234;tre redevables de leurs forfaits.</span></p><p><span>Il appara&#238;t plus judicieux de clarifier et de formaliser ces aspects institutionnels majeurs avant de se lancer t&#234;te baiss&#233;e dans un bourbier &#233;lectoral qui risque de prolonger ind&#233;finiment la crise politique ha&#239;tienne. Cette pr&#233;caution est d&#8217;autant plus essentielle que la Force de r&#233;pression des gangs charg&#233;e d&#8217;accompagner les forces de s&#233;curit&#233; ha&#239;tiennes pour neutraliser les gangs arm&#233;s estime avoir besoin d&#8217;un d&#233;lai allant jusqu&#8217;au 30 septembre 2028 pour accomplir sa mission et pour que le gouvernement ha&#239;tien puisse consolider durablement les acquis s&#233;curitaires sur le terrain.</span></p><p><strong><span>Conjoncture politique et Pi&#232;ge &#233;lectoral</span></strong></p><p><span>Au vu de l&#8217;ensemble de ces facteurs, une interrogation s&#8217;impose : le Premier ministre Alix Didier Fils-Aim&#233; et son gouvernement ne seraient-ils pas, selon toute &#233;valuation objective et constructive, en train de pi&#233;ger le CEP afin de lui faire porter le chapeau de l&#8217;&#233;chec de l&#8217;organisation des &#233;lections ? Le chef du gouvernement sait pertinemment, au m&#234;me titre que tous les acteurs honn&#234;tes et avis&#233;s de la crise, que la situation actuelle d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti ne pr&#234;te en aucun cas &#224; la tenue d&#8217;un scrutin cr&#233;dible.</span></p><p><span>Chacun doit garder en m&#233;moire qu&#8217;en 2015 et 2016, </span><a href="https://data.ipu.org/fr/parliament/HT/HT-LC01/election/HT-LC01-E20150809/"><span>environ 18 % des &#233;lecteurs inscrits s&#8217;&#233;taient rendus aux urnes</span></a><span>. Pourtant, Ha&#239;ti jouissait alors d&#8217;une relative tranquillit&#233; en comparaison avec la violence dystopique et g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233;e qui pr&#233;vaut aujourd&#8217;hui. Comment diable serait-il possible, dans un tel paysage d&#8217;enfer, de convaincre plus de 50 % des Ha&#239;tiens d&#8217;aller voter afin de garantir la plus large l&#233;gitimit&#233; possible aux futurs &#233;lus/es ?</span></p><p><span>Il ne s&#8217;agit pas d&#8217;un d&#233;fi que le CEP peut relever &#224; lui seul ou corriger par des ajustements techniques. C&#8217;est une responsabilit&#233; exclusive et r&#233;galienne qui incombe pleinement au gouvernement.</span></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-9-au-15-aout-en-haiti?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Haiti Files and More! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-9-au-15-aout-en-haiti?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-9-au-15-aout-en-haiti?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Diversifier les Partenariats de Développement d'Haïti]]></title><description><![CDATA[Les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes ont non seulement plong&#233; leur pays dans une dystopie, mais elles ont aussi dilapid&#233; sa souverainet&#233; en la rendant excessivement d&#233;pendante d'un seul partenaire international]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/diversifier-les-partenariats-de-developpement</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/diversifier-les-partenariats-de-developpement</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 21:37:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_c0b!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbff4dbc-5020-4feb-a460-75a546f78fe6_2048x1367.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Peu de gens r&#233;alisent que les deux plus anciens pays ind&#233;pendants du continent am&#233;ricain sont <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2003_num_90_340_4052">les &#201;tats-Unis d&#8217;Am&#233;rique en 1776 et Ha&#239;ti en 1804</a>. <span>Des deux pays, compte tenu de sa taille et de son &#233;chelle, la trajectoire d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti constitue le plus grand exploit historique. D&#8217;une part, alors qu&#8217;Ha&#239;ti a contribu&#233; &#224; s&#233;curiser l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance am&#233;ricaine lors de la bataille de Savannah contre l&#8217;irr&#233;dentisme britannique en 1779 et a catalys&#233; l&#8217;expansion territoriale des &#201;tats-Unis gr&#226;ce &#224; l&#8217;achat de la Louisiane en 1803, Washington a refus&#233; de mani&#232;re notoire de reconna&#238;tre l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti pendant 58 ans. Les &#201;tats-Unis craignaient ostensiblement que leur propre population r&#233;duite en esclavage n&#8217;imite l&#8217;&#233;crasante d&#233;faite inflig&#233;e par Ha&#239;ti &#224; la France napol&#233;onienne, au terme d&#8217;une guerre r&#233;volutionnaire de 12 ans ayant culmin&#233; avec l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance du 1er janvier 1804.</span></p><p>Lorsque la France a menac&#233; l'ind&#233;pendance d'Ha&#239;ti d'un retour &#224; la guerre coloniale &#8212; pratiquement depuis l'ind&#233;pendance jusqu'&#224; ce qu'Ha&#239;ti c&#232;de &#224; la demande de ran&#231;on fran&#231;aise le <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2003_num_90_340_4052">17 avril 1825</a>, la Doctrine Monroe officielle des &#201;tats-Unis, proclamant qu'ils &#233;taient la seule puissance dans les Am&#233;riques, &#233;tait d&#233;j&#224; vieille de deux ans. Pourtant, les &#201;tats-Unis n'avaient pas renvoy&#233; l'ascenseur &#224; Ha&#239;ti. En effet, ils n'avaient rien fait pour contrer la menace fran&#231;aise, alors m&#234;me que la demande de ran&#231;on inclut une clause rendant le commerce entre Ha&#239;ti et les &#201;tats-Unis plus co&#251;teux pour le commerce am&#233;ricain, la France imposant un droit pr&#233;f&#233;rentiel exemptant les navires marchands fran&#231;ais d'acquitter la totalit&#233; des frais de douane &#224; l'entr&#233;e et &#224; la sortie d'Ha&#239;ti.</p><p>Plus tard, lorsque la France, l'Espagne et l'Allemagne menac&#232;rent Ha&#239;ti de bombardements navals moyennant d'accepter leur demande de ran&#231;on, et d&#8217;autres exigences commerciales ou pour prot&#233;ger leurs citoyens et navires op&#233;rant en Ha&#239;ti, les &#201;tats-Unis ne firent rien pour contrecarrer l&#8217;ing&#233;rence fran&#231;aise. Ha&#239;ti n'est devenue pr&#233;cieuse pour les &#201;tats-Unis que lorsque ces derniers ont commenc&#233; &#224; mettre en &#339;uvre une politique avort&#233;e visant &#224; y rel&#233;guer une partie de leurs citoyens noirs, ainsi qu'au Liberia. C'est cet int&#233;r&#234;t am&#233;ricain qui a motiv&#233; la reconnaissance de l'ind&#233;pendance d'Ha&#239;ti par les &#201;tats-Unis, lorsque le pr&#233;sident Abraham Lincoln  nomma <a href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/whidden-benjamin-franklin">Benjamin Franklin Whidden</a> comme &#171; commissaire et consul g&#233;n&#233;ral &#187; en Ha&#239;ti le 12 juillet 1862. Pour sa part, Ha&#239;ti d&#233;signa le Colonel Ernest Roumain &#224; Washington, D.C., en tant que Consul g&#233;n&#233;ral et Charg&#233; d'affaires en f&#233;vrier 1863.</p><p><span>En &#233;tablissant ces relations, au-del&#224; d'un foyer potentiel pour des citoyens noirs per&#231;us comme encombrants, la politique de </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War"><span>Lincoln </span></a><span>&#224; l'&#233;gard d'Ha&#239;ti r&#233;pondait &#224; trois objectifs principaux :</span></p><ol><li><p><strong><span>Commerce strat&#233;gique et coton :</span></strong><span> L&#8217;arm&#233;e de l&#8217;Union avait bloqu&#233; les ports du Sud et les &#201;tats-Unis avaient d&#233;sesp&#233;r&#233;ment besoin de nouveaux partenaires commerciaux. Sous le mandat de Whidden, le commerce prosp&#232;ra ; d&#232;s 1864, le seul port ha&#239;tien des Gona&#239;ves exporta plus de 250 000 livres de coton vers l&#8217;Union.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Coop&#233;ration militaire :</span></strong><span> Le gouvernement ha&#239;tien autorisa la marine de l&#8217;Union &#224; utiliser Cap-Ha&#239;tien comme principale base op&#233;rationnelle pour son escadre des Indes occidentales (</span><em><span>West India Squadron</span></em><span>), une base vitale pour traquer les corsaires conf&#233;d&#233;r&#233;s dans la Cara&#239;be.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Le fiasco de la colonisation :</span></strong><span> Lincoln esp&#233;rait initialement &#233;tablir des colonies dans la Cara&#239;be pour les Afro-Am&#233;ricains &#233;mancip&#233;s. La mission de Whidden accompagna une entreprise d&#8217;&#233;migration d&#233;sastreuse, soutenue par le gouvernement am&#233;ricain, sur l&#8217;&#238;le ha&#239;tienne de l&#8217;&#206;le-&#224;-Vache. Des centaines de colonisateurs noirs libres  souffrirent de maladies et de famine avant que la marine am&#233;ricaine n&#8217;abandonna d&#233;finitivement la mission en 1864, amenant Lincoln &#224; renoncer pour toujours &#224; l&#8217;id&#233;e de colonisation.</span></p></li></ol><p><strong>Beyond the &#8220;shithole country&#8221; Paradigm</strong></p><p><strong><span>Au-del&#224; du Paradigme du &#171; pays de merde &#187;</span></strong></p><p><span>Aujourd&#8217;hui, Ha&#239;ti est prise entre le marteau d&#8217;une mauvaise gouvernance et l&#8217;enclume de la coop&#233;ration am&#233;ricaine avec les forces &#233;conomiques et politiques ha&#239;tiennes qui l&#8217;enfoncent dans son &#233;tat dystopique. Ha&#239;ti n&#8217;a pas toujours &#233;t&#233; aussi d&#233;pendante du soutien diplomatique et politique de Washington. Autrefois, comme indiqu&#233; plus haut, les &#201;tats-Unis consid&#233;raient Ha&#239;ti comme un enjeu strat&#233;gique et, pendant la Guerre froide, comme un vecteur potentiel d&#8217;&#233;largissement de l&#8217;influence sovi&#233;tique dans l&#8217;h&#233;misph&#232;re. Comme l&#8217;ambassadeur des &#201;tats-Unis en informait </span><a href="http://the hammer and the anvil">Washington par t&#233;l&#233;gramme</a>,</p><blockquote><p><em>J'ai &#224; l'esprit le danger qu'Ha&#239;ti ne menace &#224; tout le moins de se tourner vers les Sovi&#233;tiques pour obtenir de l'aide, ou que les Communistes de cet h&#233;misph&#232;re ou d'ailleurs ne tentent de faire de la propagande &#224; partir de notre non-reconnaissance prolong&#233;e [de la junte qui a gouvern&#233; Ha&#239;ti jusqu'&#224; ce que Duvalier devienne pr&#233;sident en 1957].</em></p></blockquote><p><span>&#192; partir de 1956, la junte, puis Duvalier par la suite, joua habilement une carte pourtant faible. Aujourd&#8217;hui, dans leur lutte prolong&#233;e pour maintenir leur mainmise sur l&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien captur&#233; et ses consid&#233;rables mannes &#233;conomiques, les &#233;lites &#233;conomiques et politiques ont mis&#233; les bijoux de la couronne sur le fait de rester dans les bonnes gr&#226;ces de Washington. De plus, la chute de l&#8217;ancien pr&#233;sident v&#233;n&#233;zu&#233;lien Nicol&#225;s Maduro et les annulations de visas de figures cl&#233;s de l&#8217;&#233;lite ha&#239;tienne semblent avoir r&#233;duit au silence jusqu&#8217;aux intellectuels ha&#239;tiens les plus critiques sur la vassalisation d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti par les &#201;tats-Unis. Ainsi, le contr&#244;le am&#233;ricain sur Ha&#239;ti est pratiquement total, car m&#234;me la plupart des intellectuels n&#8217;osent plus d&#233;noncer la politique am&#233;ricaine de peur de perdre leur visa.</span></p><p><span>Pourtant, aussi d&#233;sesp&#233;r&#233;es que paraissent les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes, elles peuvent recalibrer leur posture en concluant un accord avec l&#8217;administration Trump, de la m&#234;me mani&#232;re que les &#233;lites v&#233;n&#233;zu&#233;liennes et, d&#233;sormais, cubaines, ont r&#233;concili&#233; leurs ambitions politiques avec le corollaire Trump &#224; la doctrine Monroe. Ha&#239;ti a besoin de capitaux pour transformer son &#201;tat en une entit&#233; bien g&#233;r&#233;e, capable de stopper son d&#233;clin virtuel permanent. Pour sa part, l&#8217;administration Trump a besoin que les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes dotent leur pays d&#8217;une direction nettement am&#233;lior&#233;e, appuy&#233;e par un programme strat&#233;gique national &#224; long terme, afin de contenir la criminalit&#233; transnationale &#224; 700 milles des c&#244;tes du sud de la Floride.</span></p><p><span>Dans le m&#234;me temps, les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes doivent diversifier leurs partenariats internationaux. La R&#233;publique dominicaine (2018) et la Jama&#239;que (1972) ont &#233;tabli des relations diplomatiques et une coop&#233;ration au d&#233;veloppement avec la R&#233;publique populaire de Chine. Combien de temps Ha&#239;ti, &#171; pays le plus pauvre &#187; reconnu de l&#8217;h&#233;misph&#232;re, peut-elle ignorer la deuxi&#232;me &#233;conomie mondiale (la premi&#232;re selon certains indicateurs) et la deuxi&#232;me superpuissance g&#233;opolitique ? Sans vouloir offenser le peuple de la R&#233;publique de Chine (Ta&#239;wan), qui m&#233;rite le respect de ses aspirations d&#233;mocratiques, l&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;t d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti serait mieux servi par la reconnaissance du principe d&#8217;une seule Chine, comme le font les &#201;tats-Unis eux-m&#234;mes.</span></p><p><span>Cas concret : les &#201;tats-Unis ont d&#233;mantel&#233; leur Agence pour le d&#233;veloppement international (USAID) en 2025. Une d&#233;cennie plus t&#244;t, en 2016, la Chine achevait la construction de l&#8217;autoroute Nord-Sud de la Jama&#239;que dans une zone &#233;conomique sp&#233;ciale. Les &#201;tats-Unis ne proposaient aucune alternative, bien qu&#8217;ils allouaient plus de 10 milliards de dollars par an &#224; l&#8217;USAID. Ce partenariat entre la Jama&#239;que et la Chine n&#8217;a menac&#233; aucun int&#233;r&#234;t strat&#233;gique am&#233;ricain. D&#8217;ailleurs, c&#8217;est un coup de g&#233;nie pragmatique pour Washington de maintenir leur sph&#232;re d&#8217;influence h&#233;misph&#233;rique en sous-traitant le d&#233;veloppement des infrastructures de ses voisins et fournir l&#8217;illusion d&#8217;influence strat&#233;gique &#224; la Chine. Il n&#8217;y a aucune preuve que la Chine ait exploit&#233; la Jama&#239;que &#224; travers cette formule concessionnelle de type </span><em><a href="https://china.aiddata.org/projects/64345/"><span>Build-Operate-Transfer</span></a></em><a href="https://china.aiddata.org/projects/64345/"><span> (BOT), construire-op</span>&#233;<span>rer-transf</span>&#233;<span>rer</span></a><span> :</span></p><blockquote><p><span>Le projet a &#233;t&#233; mis en &#339;uvre dans le cadre d&#8217;un partenariat public-priv&#233; (PPP) et financ&#233; selon un ratio dette/fonds propres de 75:25. Les propri&#233;taires de la JNSHC ont fourni 150 millions de dollars de fonds propres.</span></p><p><span>La </span><em><span>Jamaica North-South Highway Company Limited</span></em><span> (JNSHC) est une soci&#233;t&#233; de projet cr&#233;&#233;e le 13 septembre 2011 en Jama&#239;que par une soci&#233;t&#233; holding enregistr&#233;e &#224; la Barbade par CCCC International, China Harbor Engineering, CCCC </span><em><span>First Harbor Engineering</span></em><span>, CCCC </span><em><span>Second Highway Engineering</span></em><span> et CCCC </span><em><span>Second Highway Consultants</span></em><span>. La JNSHC est responsable du financement, de la conception, de la construction et de l&#8217;exploitation de l&#8217;autoroute &#224; p&#233;age de 66,47 km sur la base d&#8217;un contrat BOT avec une p&#233;riode de concession de 50 ans. &#192; l&#8217;&#233;ch&#233;ance de la concession, l&#8217;autoroute &#224; p&#233;age doit &#234;tre r&#233;troc&#233;d&#233;e gratuitement au gouvernement jama&#239;cain.</span></p></blockquote><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bbff4dbc-5020-4feb-a460-75a546f78fe6_2048x1367.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;L'autoroute Mandela en Jama&#239;que. Il n'existe rien de comparable en Ha&#239;ti, un pays 161 ans plus ancien que la Jama&#239;que et qui compte 2,83 millions d'habitants contre plus de 12 millions pour Ha&#239;ti. Il est grand temps qu'Ha&#239;ti d&#233;veloppe des partenariats alternatifs dans sa d&#233;marche de transformation, conform&#233;ment aux meilleures pratiques internationales. Son mod&#232;le diplomatique et de coop&#233;ration actuel est obsol&#232;te, aggravant son effondrement structurel et sa perte de souverainet&#233;.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bbff4dbc-5020-4feb-a460-75a546f78fe6_2048x1367.jpeg&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p><a href="/__u/www.google.com/search?q=China+built+a+four-lane+highway+in+Jamaica+for+%24700+million&amp;sca_esv=b56168057c9315cb&amp;rlz=1C1UEAD_enUS1125US1125&amp;biw=1024&amp;bih=468&amp;sxsrf=APpeQnsYreMcKCwxFvt8ILbvnN45n9UOGA%3A1786714922282&amp;ei=Kht_au3hEPitqtsPzJXckQw&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjtnofin6CWAxX4lmoFHcwKN8IQ4dUDCBA&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=China+built+a+four-lane+highway+in+Jamaica+for+%24700+million&amp;gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiO0NoaW5hIGJ1aWx0IGEgZm91ci1sYW5lIGhpZ2h3YXkgaW4gSmFtYWljYSBmb3IgJDcwMCBtaWxsaW9uMgUQABjvBTIIEAAYiQUYogQyBRAAGO8FMgUQABjvBUjUhAFQ2wxYjoEBcAJ4AZABAJgByASgAc5aqgEMMC40Ni44LjEuMi4zuAEDyAEA-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-SBw0yLjQxLjEwLjMuMi4zoAfwyQKyBw0wLjQxLjEwLjMuMi4zuAfqYsIHDDItMjguMTQuMTguMcgH6gaACAE&amp;sclient=gws-wiz-serp#sv=CAMSVhozKhFpYy1KVzNkRFA5Xzl5bnhOTTIOSlczZERQOV85eW54Tk06Dk1jcDhRbDVocjJtOWdNIAQqGwoEc3ZpbRIRaWMtSlczZERQOV85eW54Tk0YATABGAcg16H1jAs">Source</a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong><span>Stopper la Menace s&#233;curitaire r&#233;gionale repr&#233;sent&#233;e par Ha&#239;ti</span></strong></p><p><span>L&#8217;approche jama&#239;caine est un mod&#232;le &#224; &#233;muler. La R&#233;publique dominicaine a fait un calcul similaire en 2018 en rompant avec Ta&#239;wan pour d&#233;velopper un partenariat avec la Chine. Je sais que une frange de l&#8217;intelligentsia am&#233;ricaine et de celle de l&#8217;Union Europ</span>&#233;enne<span> ne cesse de r&#233;p&#233;ter que l&#8217;initiative chinoise des Nouvelles routes de la soie endette les pays partenaires pour des projets inutiles. Il n&#8217;en demeure pas moins vrai que si, &#224; l&#8217;instar de la Jama&#239;que, les &#233;lites &#233;conomiques et politiques ha&#239;tiennes savent ce qu&#8217;elles veulent obtenir pour leur pays, le r&#233;sultat n&#8217;a pas &#224; se solder par une main-mise par la Chine.</span></p><p><span>Et si les &#201;tats-Unis devaient s&#8217;y opposer, ce qu&#8217;ils n&#8217;ont aucun droit international de faire en vertu de l&#8217;article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies et de l&#8217;article 41 de la Convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques, les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes doivent exiger que Washington propose un mod&#232;le alternatif cr&#233;dible. Depuis trop longtemps, Ha&#239;ti tol&#232;re la domination am&#233;ricaine, comme elle l&#8217;a fait depuis le 17 d&#233;cembre 1914, lorsque les Marines am&#233;ricains saisirent un coffre-fort contenant l&#8217;&#233;quivalent de 500 000 dollars en or &#224; la Banque Nationale d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti. Et Ha&#239;ti n&#8217;a que sa dystopie &#224; montrer apr&#232;s 164 ans de relations bilat&#233;rales, malgr&#233; un soutien historique unilat&#233;ral apport&#233; aux &#201;tats-Unis par </span>Ha&#239;ti <span>d&#232;s 1779.</span></p><p><span>De nos jours, les relations ha&#239;tiennes et am&#233;ricaines se caract&#233;risent par des importations illicites et quasi incontr&#244;l&#233;es d&#8217;armes et de munitions, ainsi que par le d&#233;versement en Ha&#239;ti de fripes usag&#233;es, d&#8217;appareils m&#233;nagers hors d&#8217;usage, de matelas toxiques et de d&#233;chets informatiques, entre autres. La relation bilat&#233;rale n&#233;cessite une r&#233;initialisation urgente. Elle est devenue une menace pour la s&#233;curit&#233; des &#201;tats-Unis eux-m&#234;mes, car Ha&#239;ti ne peut m&#234;me plus gouverner son territoire face &#224; un terrorisme int&#233;rieur menant une guerre asym&#233;trique, et encore moins se prot&#233;ger des criminels transnationaux qui profitent de son vaste littoral pour inonder les &#201;tats-Unis de drogues.</span></p><p><span>Pour Ha&#239;ti, la relation bilat&#233;rale est devenue un cauchemar existentiel. En c&#233;dant au contr&#244;le am&#233;ricain, les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes ont abandonn&#233; jusqu&#8217;au choix de leur chef d&#8217;&#201;tat, leurs orientations &#233;conomiques, leurs partenariats diplomatiques et de d&#233;veloppement, ainsi que leurs politiques de s&#233;curit&#233; &#224; Washington ou aux organisations subr&#233;gionale, r&#233;gionale et multilat&#233;rales qu&#8217;elle contr&#244;le.</span></p><p><strong><span>Les Avantages de la Transformation d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti pour l&#8217;H&#233;misph&#232;re occidental</span></strong></p><p><span>Cette relation de soumission est devenue insoutenable pour les deux pays, qui devraient pourtant &#234;tre des voisins coop&#233;ratifs dans le cadre d&#8217;un rapport gagnant-gagnant. Contrairement &#224; la posture traditionnelle des &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes qui croient devoir c&#233;der les int&#233;r&#234;ts du pays &#224; des &#233;lites mondialistes ext&#233;rieures, elles doivent d&#233;sormais reconna&#238;tre que leur nation doit retrouver sa grandeur. Un tel changement de paradigme est dans l&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;t de l&#8217;h&#233;misph&#232;re occidental en g&#233;n&#233;ral, et de la R&#233;publique dominicaine, comme des &#201;tats-Unis, en particulier.</span></p><p><span>Ce nouvel ordre implique la n&#233;gociation d&#8217;un nouveau pacte binational gagnant-gagnant ancr</span>&#233;<span> sur la r</span>&#233;<span>ciprocit</span>&#233;<span> entre Ha&#239;ti et la R&#233;publique dominicaine. Comme </span><em><span>The Haiti Files</span></em><span> l&#8217;a soutenu de mani&#232;re constante, les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes et dominicaines ont tout &#224; gagner &#224; abandonner la politique actuelle du &#171; chacun pour soi &#187;, qui a contribu&#233; &#224; enrichir le voisin oriental de l&#8217;&#238;le aux d&#233;pens de Port-au-Prince et au d&#233;triment des deux peuples. En r&#233;alit&#233;, une analyse rigoureuse des relations bilat&#233;rales indique qu&#8217;il est dans l&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;t &#224; long terme des deux nations qu&#8217;Ha&#239;ti am&#233;liore son leadership et sa gouvernance.</span></p><p><span>Certaines v&#233;rit&#233;s ne peuvent plus &#234;tre ignor&#233;es :</span> </p><ul><li><p><span>Ha&#239;ti doit transformer sa gouvernance pour lib&#233;rer le potentiel de son peuple ;</span></p></li></ul><ul><li><p><span>Ha&#239;ti et la R&#233;publique dominicaine constituent un moteur &#233;conomique inexploit&#233; dans la sous-r&#233;gion cara&#239;be, o&#249; la plupart des &#238;les sont trop petites pour assurer leur autonomie alimentaire ;</span></p></li></ul><ul><li><p><span>Les voisins insulaires de la Cara&#239;be prosp&#232;ront ensemble ou p&#233;riront ensemble ;</span></p></li></ul><ul><li><p><span>Ils manquent de poids g&#233;opolitique et de ressources financi&#232;res pour surmonter seuls les menaces transnationales et les ravages du changement climatique ;</span></p></li></ul><ul><li><p><span>Une Ha&#239;ti perp&#233;tuellement scl&#233;ros&#233;e repr&#233;sente une menace internationale permanente qui ne peut plus &#234;tre tol&#233;r&#233;e au carrefour du bassin des Cara&#239;bes et de l&#8217;Oc&#233;an Atlantique.</span></p></li></ul><p>La seule pi&#232;ce manquante de ce puzzle transformateur r&#233;side dans le vide politique ha&#239;tien. Sur ce point, <a href="https://x.com/SG_OEA_OAS/status/2087238974683152769">l&#8217;Organisation des &#201;tats am&#233;ricains </a><span>a annonc&#233; la visite de son secr&#233;taire g&#233;n&#233;ral, Albert Ramdin, en Ha&#239;ti du 16 au 19 ao&#251;t :</span></p><blockquote><p><em><span>...Soutenir les autorit&#233;s ha&#239;tiennes dans leurs efforts en mati&#232;re de s&#233;curit&#233;, d&#8217;&#233;lections, de d&#233;veloppement et de renforcement institutionnel est une priorit&#233; pour l&#8217;Organisation. Nous sommes pr&#234;ts &#224; accomplir ce travail et &#224; soutenir les efforts nationaux en faveur de la stabilit&#233; et du processus d&#233;mocratique.</span></em></p><p><em><span>J&#8217;attends avec impatience ma prochaine visite en Ha&#239;ti du 16 au 19 ao&#251;t, aux c&#244;t&#233;s d&#8217;une d&#233;l&#233;gation de partenaires internationaux, afin de continuer &#224; approfondir notre coop&#233;ration au profit du peuple ha&#239;tien...</span></em></p></blockquote><p><span>Si l&#8217;organisation r&#233;gionale souhaite v&#233;ritablement contribuer &#224; la transformation durable d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, elle doit modifier son approche. Ramdin doit &#233;couter davantage les voix ha&#239;tiennes modernistes et progressistes. Il doit s&#8217;&#233;carter de la voie habituelle qui a contribu&#233; &#224; plonger Ha&#239;ti dans sa dystopie actuelle. Il doit comprendre que l&#8217;OEA ne peut pas continuer &#224; faire la m&#234;me chose en esp&#233;rant des r&#233;sultats diff&#233;rents, la d&#233;finition classique de la folie.</span></p><p><span>Le secr&#233;taire g&#233;n&#233;ral Ramdin devrait savoir que les &#233;lites &#233;conomiques et politiques traditionnelles d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti ont &#233;puis&#233; leur capital de leadership. Elles ne jouissent d&#8217;aucune cr&#233;dibilit&#233;. Le peuple ha&#239;tien ne compte pas sur elles pour sortir de la l&#233;thargie nationale. Le gouvernement actuel manque de l&#233;gitimit&#233;, de volont&#233; politique, de comp&#233;tence technique et de vision &#224; long terme. Ces &#233;lites restent accroch&#233;es aux m&#233;thodes anachroniques &#233;chou&#233;es qui ont engendr&#233; ce terrorisme dystopique et cette perte de souverainet&#233;.</span></p><p><strong><span>Les &#201;lites d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti Paient des Lobbyistes ; les Ha&#239;tiens cr</span></strong>&#232;<strong><span>vent de Famine</span></strong></p><p><em><span>The Haiti Files</span></em><span> a eu connaissance des d&#233;penses superflues engag&#233;es par la direction du gouvernement ha&#239;tien actuel :</span></p><p><span>Premi&#232;rement, le </span><em><span>Estopinan Group, LLC</span></em><span> (Arlington, Virginie), repr&#233;sent&#233; par son mandant le </span><em><span>National Movement To Rebuild And Reconcile Haiti</span></em><span> (Alexandrie, Virginie), a d&#233;pos&#233; une d&#233;claration FARA (</span><em><span>Foreign Agents Registration Act</span></em><span>) sign&#233;e le 25 f&#233;vrier 2025 par Arturo A. Estopinan, ayant souscrit un contrat avec un individu nomm&#233; David Alixis [sic], pr&#233;sent&#233; comme le &#8220;responsable officiel&#8221; ha&#239;tien pour reconstruire Ha&#239;ti en un pays prosp&#232;re et stable. La m&#233;thode &#233;nonc&#233;e consiste &#224; contacter les membres du Congr&#232;s am&#233;ricain, leurs &#233;quipes comp&#233;tentes sur Ha&#239;ti ainsi que les responsables du gouvernement am&#233;ricain, et d&#8217;organiser des r&#233;unions avec eux.</span></p><p>Selon le contrat annex&#233; au dossier <a href="http://Andrew Craig Cheatham">FARA Espinan et sa firme ont obtenu $ 15,000 mensuellement </a>&#224;<a href="http://Andrew Craig Cheatham"> compter du 8 f&#233;vrier 2025</a>. Ce contrat incluait le &#171; soutien &#224; la feuille de route de gouvernance du MORRN pr&#233;voyant le pr&#233;sident de la Cour de cassation comme pr&#233;sident provisoire d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti et un nouveau premier ministre &#187;. Le Premier ministre Fils-Aim&#233; &#233;tait pourtant chef du gouvernement lorsque ce contrat a &#233;t&#233; sign&#233;. Il est inconcevable qu&#8217;il ait pu accepter que le pr&#233;sident de la plus haute juridiction, la Cour de Cassation, soit nomm&#233; pr&#233;sident. En dehors de David Alixis, aucun officiel connu n&#8217;a sign&#233; au nom d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti. </p><p><span>Deuxi&#232;mement, selon</span> <a href="https://efile.fara.gov/docs/7613-Exhibit-AB-20250617-1.pdf">un enregistrement FARA, le 17 juin 2025, Emmanuel Vertilaire, ancien membre du Conseil Pr&#233;sidentiel de Transition, </a><span>inculp&#233; pour sollicitation de pot-de-vin aupr&#232;s du directeur d&#8217;une banque publique, Banque nationale de Cr</span>&#233;dit, est inscrit comme l&#8217;interlocuteur officiel ha&#239;tien de <em>Vision Communication et Consultation, LLC</em> (Jacksonville, Floride), repr&#233;sent&#233;e par Frantz Michel, un Ha&#239;tien Am&#233;ricain qui affirme dans sa d&#233;claration que,</p><blockquote><p><span>L&#8217;accord entre le d&#233;clarant et le mandant &#233;tranger repose sur une entente verbale. Le conseiller du pr&#233;sident d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti a d&#233;sign&#233; Frantz Michel et Marc Sony Jean Baptiste comme conseillers internationaux pour assister les questions de diplomatie, d&#8217;engagement international et de strat&#233;gie de politique &#233;trang&#232;re. Bien qu&#8217;aucun contrat &#233;crit formalis&#233; n&#8217;ait &#233;t&#233; ex&#233;cut&#233; &#224; ce jour, le d&#233;clarant s&#8217;attend &#224; recevoir une compensation pour ses services consultatifs ult&#233;rieurement. La dur&#233;e de l&#8217;engagement est ouverte et continue. Aucun paiement n&#8217;a &#233;t&#233; effectu&#233; &#224; la date de cette immatriculation, mais les conditions de r&#233;mun&#233;ration doivent &#234;tre n&#233;goci&#233;es ult&#233;rieurement.</span></p></blockquote><p><span>Personne dans le milieu des affaires &#233;trang&#232;res aux &#201;tats-Unis ou en Ha&#239;ti n&#8217;a jamais entendu parler de Frantz Michel ou de Marc Sony Jean Baptiste comme &#171; conseillers internationaux &#187;. En Ha&#239;ti, n&#8217;importe quel charlatan se pr&#233;tendant introduit au D&#233;partement d&#8217;&#201;tat peut m&#234;me recruter des mercenaires colombiens pour assassiner le pr&#233;sident, comme ce fut le cas pour le regrett&#233; Jovenel Mo&#239;se le 7 juillet 2021. M. Vertilaire n&#8217;&#233;tait pas pr&#233;sident. Il n&#8217;avait aucune autorit&#233; pour engager l&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien.</span></p><p><span>Le dossier FARA pr&#233;cise en outre :</span></p><blockquote><p><em><span>Le d&#233;clarant propose de s&#8217;engager dans des services de conseil international au nom du mandant &#233;tranger, incluant le rayonnement diplomatique, la consultation strat&#233;gique sur les affaires &#233;trang&#232;res, la facilitation de r&#233;unions avec des officiels am&#233;ricains et internationaux, l&#8217;&#233;laboration de strat&#233;gies de communication, la pr&#233;paration de documents d&#8217;information et de points de discussion, ainsi que la repr&#233;sentation des int&#233;r&#234;ts du mandant &#233;tranger...</span></em></p></blockquote><p><span>Le CPT n&#8217;avait qu&#8217;un seul mandat : restaurer l&#8217;autorit&#233; de l&#8217;&#201;tat et la s&#233;curit&#233; afin de ramener Ha&#239;ti vers une gouvernance l&#233;gitime d&#8217;ici le 7 f&#233;vrier 2026, ce qu&#8217;il n&#8217;a pas r&#233;ussi &#224; faire. Rien dans cette mission ne contraignait les neuf membres du CPT &#224; consulter des &#171; conseillers &#187; de capacit</span>&#233;<span>s douteuses, d&#233;pourvus de comp&#233;tences et d&#8217;acc&#232;s aux responsables am&#233;ricains. Telle est la vacuit&#233; des &#233;lites dirigeantes ha&#239;tiennes que des individus comme Michel et Baptiste pouvaient esp&#233;rer des contrats de plusieurs centaines de milliers de dollars sans rien faire.</span> L&#8217;entregistrement <a href="https://efile.fara.gov/docs/7613-Exhibit-AB-20250617-1.pdf">FARA n&#8217;a pas fourni le contrat</a>.</p><p><span>Pire encore, le contrat &#233;tait personnel &#224; M. Vertilaire, d&#233;sign&#233; comme &#171; mandant &#233;tranger &#187;. Vertilaire avait &#233;t&#233; nomm&#233; au CPT en tant que repr&#233;sentant de </span><em><span>Pitit Desalin</span></em><span>, le parti de Mo&#239;se Jean-Charles. Envisageait-il pouvoir faire lever l&#8217;annulation de visa de son patron ? Sur ce point, la d&#233;claration indique :</span></p><blockquote><p><em><span>Le d&#233;clarant pr&#233;voit de mener des activit&#233;s politiques au nom du mandant &#233;tranger pouvant inclure du lobbying et des d&#233;marches diplomatiques aupr&#232;s des responsables am&#233;ricains... Les moyens pour atteindre ces objectifs peuvent inclure des r&#233;unions en personne, de la correspondance officielle, la diffusion de documents d&#8217;information, la participation &#224; des forums publics et la coordination de strat&#233;gies de gestion de la perception pour promouvoir l&#8217;agenda du Conseiller-Pr&#233;sident...</span></em></p></blockquote><p><span>Le CPT disposait d&#8217;un mandat d&#8217;&#224; peine 18 mois pour &#171; restaurer la s&#233;curit&#233; &#187; et organiser des &#233;lections. Il n&#8217;avait ni le temps ni la capacit&#233; d&#8217;engager une &#171; r&#233;forme judiciaire &#187; ou le &#171; d&#233;veloppement &#233;conomique &#187;. Quiconque conna&#238;t un tant soit peu Ha&#239;ti sait qu&#8217;il s&#8217;agissait de pure corruption. Outre son inculpation pour corruption, M. Vertilaire avait r&#233;voqu&#233; un consul int&#233;rimaire d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti &#224; Santiago (R&#233;publique dominicaine) au motif que ce dernier n&#8217;avait pas offert un accueil de grand luxe &#224; sa famille en visite en 2025. Voil&#224; l&#8217;&#233;tat de ce qui sert d&#8217;&#233;lite politique en Ha&#239;ti. Il n&#8217;avait aucun &#8220;agenda&#8221; personnel auquel l&#8217;enregistrement pouvait se r</span>&#233;<span>f</span>&#233;<span>rer.</span></p><p><span>Troisi&#232;mement, le gouvernement du Premier ministre Alix Didier Fils-Aim&#233; a vers&#233; 314 940 dollars pour un an &#224;</span> <strong><a href="https://www.continentalstrategy.com/"><span>Continental Strategy LLC</span></a><span>, </span></strong><span>pour fournir des &#171; services de conseil strat&#233;gique, de relations gouvernementales et d&#8217;affaires publiques &#187; au gouvernement d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti. Pour cette somme exorbitante, Ha&#239;ti a obtenu trois d&#233;placements du Premier ministre &#224; Washington depuis avril dernier. Lors de ce voyage, il avait rencontr&#233; le secr&#233;taire d&#8217;&#201;tat Marco Rubio. M. Fils-Aim&#233; et ses pairs entrepreneurs paraissent trop na</span>&#239;<span>fs pour savoir que, par les canaux diplomatiques ordinaires, ils auraient pu obtenir cette r&#233;union pour 0 dollar.</span></p><p><span>Le principal op&#233;rateur de Continental est son fondateur, </span><a href="https://www.politico.com/newsletters/politico-influence/2025/05/09/japan-bosnia-hire-continental-00339240"><span>Carlos Trujillo, </span></a><span> ancien ambassadeur des &#201;tats-Unis aupr&#232;s de l&#8217;OEA. Trujillo et ses associ</span>&#233;s<span> font partie du r&#233;seau de lobbyistes qui profitent de la mis&#232;re des peuples mal dirig&#233;s. Selon le journal </span><em><span>Politico</span></em><span>, Continental g&#232;re de multiples comptes gouvernementaux d&#8217;Am&#233;rique latine et des Cara&#239;bes &#224; Washington. Ha&#239;ti y est une proie facile. Ces d&#233;marches co&#251;teuses et futiles incluent &#233;galement les 40 000 dollars vers&#233;s par l&#8217;Institut Macaya, un soi-disant &#171; think tank &#187; ha&#239;tien, </span>&#224; <em><span>Mercury Public Affairs</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>Du c&#244;t&#233; du secteur priv&#233; ha&#239;tien, l&#8217;argent manque pour payer les imp&#244;ts d&#251;s &#224; l&#8217;&#201;tat, mais il abonde pour r&#233;mun&#233;rer des lobbyistes am&#233;ricains. L&#8217;Institut Macaya paie non pas un, mais trois lobbyistes. Selon enregistrement FARA d&#233;pos&#233; le 14 ao&#251;t 2025, l&#8217;Institut Macaya r&#233;mun&#232;re &#233;galement </span><em><span>Follin and Associates LLC</span></em><span> (op&#233;rant sous le nom d&#8217;</span><em><span>Encounter Strategies</span></em><span>) :</span></p><blockquote><p><em><span>Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;une mission de conseil visant &#224; cr&#233;er un plan d&#8217;action et un document d&#8217;information associ&#233; pour la stabilisation et la croissance &#233;conomique d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti pour le compte de l&#8217;Institut Macaya. Il comprendra une analyse de la situation s&#233;curitaire d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, de la gouvernance, de l&#8217;aide humanitaire et de l&#8217;activit&#233; &#233;conomique. Le rapport ult&#233;rieur servira &#224; informer un document de synth&#232;se que l&#8217;Institut Macaya pourrait utiliser pour informer les officiels am&#233;ricains.</span></em></p></blockquote><p><span>Sean Follin, l&#8217;auteur du document intitul&#233; </span><em><span>&#171; Building An Action Plan For Haitian Stabilization and Growth &#187;</span></em><span>, n&#8217;a jamais mis les pieds en Ha&#239;ti. Le plan pr&#233;sent&#233; est d&#233;risoire, probablement g&#233;n&#233;r&#233; par un logiciel d&#8217;IA &#8212; ce que l&#8217;Institut Macaya aurait pu faire lui-m&#234;me gratuitement sur Google Gemini. </span></p><p> Selon le document &#171; un Plan d&#8217;Action pour la Stabilisation et la Croissance d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti &#187; dat&#233; du <a href="https://efile.fara.gov/docs/7635-Exhibit-AB-20250814-1.pdf"> 1er ao&#251;t 2025</a>, <span>(pages 11 &#224; 15 du dossier FARA), Follin, qui n&#8217;a jamais mis les pieds en Haiti, promet que le &#171; Plan d&#8217;action &#187; comprendrait :</span></p><blockquote><p><em><span>R&#233;sum&#233; ex&#233;cutif et diapositives de pr&#233;sentation : un r&#233;sum&#233; court et percutant du plan d&#8217;action sp&#233;cialement con&#231;u pour les pr&#233;sentations de haut niveau. Documentation d&#8217;appui (environ 15 &#224; 20 pages) fournissant des d&#233;tails suppl&#233;mentaires sur chaque pilier strat&#233;gique...</span></em></p></blockquote><p><span>Dans sa section consacr&#233;e &#224; la s&#233;curit&#233;, le projet propose de : </span></p><blockquote><p><em><span>d&#233;finir clairement des mesures de s&#233;curit&#233; op&#233;rationnelles n&#233;cessaires pour stabiliser imm&#233;diatement Ha&#239;ti &#8212; en maximisant les ressources existantes (par exemple la MMSS et les ressources de s&#233;curit&#233; priv&#233;es) et en d&#233;finissant le soutien suppl&#233;mentaire requis. &#187;</span></em><span> </span></p></blockquote><p><span>C&#8217;est une incomp&#233;tence qui s&#8217;apparente au vol : Follin a encaiss&#233; l&#8217;argent ha&#239;tien pour envisager le maintien de la Mission multinationale d&#8217;appui &#224; la s&#233;curit&#233; (MMAS), pourtant discr&#233;dit&#233;e et dont les effectifs ont quitt&#233; Ha&#239;ti sans bruit au d&#233;but de l&#8217;ann&#233;e. Deux mois apr&#232;s la signature du contrat promettant un plan incluant la MMAS plus tard, le 30 septembre 2025, le Conseil de s&#233;curit&#233; de l&#8217;ONU l&#8217;a remplac&#233;s par la Force de r</span>&#233;<span>pression des gangs. N&#8217;importe quel observateur aurait pu avertir l&#8217;Institut Macaya que la MMSS &#233;tait en fin de mission. Mais cela traduit le d&#233;connectif intellectuel, la na&#239;vet&#233; et l&#8217;indiff&#233;rence cynique ancr&#233;s au sein des &#233;lites &#233;conomiques.</span></p><p>Un autre gaspillage lucratif d&#8217;argent ha&#239;tien vers&#233; &#224; des agents politiques blancs de Washington (la firme de Follin cite trois hommes blancs comme &#171; experts &#187; charg&#233;s de pr&#233;parer le &#171; Plan d&#8217;action &#187;, dont lui-m&#234;me, Mehdi Bchir et Andrew Cheatham, dont aucun n&#8217;a jamais mis les pieds en Ha&#239;ti,  est un cadeau accord&#233; &#224; une autre entreprise par <a href="https://efile.fara.gov/docs/6399-Exhibit-AB-20251202-63.pdf">par la famille Deeb</a>, pour laquelle le <em>Sonoran Policy Group, LLC / Stryk Global Diplomacy</em> a d&#233;pos&#233; deux d&#233;clarations FARA fin 2025 en <a href="https://efile.fara.gov/docs/6399-Exhibit-AB-20251107-62.pdf">novembre</a> et en <a href="https://efile.fara.gov/docs/6399-Exhibit-AB-20251202-63.pdf">d&#233;cembre</a>, <span>2025 afin de tenter de faire lever les sanctions am&#233;ricaines visant Reynold Deeb. D&#8217;autres familles fortun&#233;es entretiennent leurs propres lobbyistes &#224; Washington.</span></p><p><em><span>Divulgation transparente :</span></em><span> l'une de ces familles a ignor&#233; le conseil que je lui avais donn&#233; en 2023  de savoir qu&#8217;aucun lobbyist, aussi ch&#232;rement pay&#233; soit-il, ne peut faire lever les sanctions am&#233;ricaines contre des entrepreneurs et politiciens ha&#239;tiens. J'avais expliqu&#233; qu'au vu de l'effondrement d'Ha&#239;ti, lever ces sanctions discr&#233;diterait la politique d'immigration ferme de l'administration Trump. Fid&#232;les &#224; elles-m&#234;mes, alors que les &#233;lites &#233;conomiques et politiques s'obstinent &#224; gaspiller les rares r&#233;serves de devises du pays dans du lobbying inutile, le peuple ha&#239;tien continue de subir leur incurie, leur corruption et leur aveuglement.</span></p><p><span>C&#8217;est l&#224; le comportement typique de ces &#233;lites : elles ne font pas confiance aux intellectuels ha&#239;tiens comp&#233;tents et ne reconnaissent m&#234;me pas leur existence. Leur r&#233;flexe est de tout sous-traiter  ,de la gouvernance &#224; l&#8217;&#233;conomie, en passant par l&#8217;&#233;ducation, la sant&#233;, le tourisme et la s&#233;curit&#233;, engrenant ainsi l&#8217;avenir du peuple. La plupart des &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes ne connaissent qu&#8217;une chose : acheter, revendre et utiliser Ha&#239;ti comme une jungle dont elles s&#8217;attribuent la part du lion.</span></p><p><span>La notion de partenariat public-priv&#233; ou de travail main dans la main avec le pouvoir politique pour mettre en &#339;uvre une vision transformatrice leur est totalement &#233;trang&#232;re. C&#8217;est dans ce m&#234;me esprit qu&#8217;il y a quelques mois, Richard Coles est intervenu sur Internet pour tenter de convaincre le public que le secteur priv&#233; ha&#239;tien avait chang&#233; de mentalit&#233;. Or, sa d&#233;marche par d&#233;faut a &#233;t&#233; de recruter Jacques Attali, devenu le charlatan de r&#233;f&#233;rence pour ceux qui ne ma&#238;trisent pas l&#8217;ABC du leadership national.</span></p><p><span>C&#8217;est &#233;galement dans cette lign&#233;e que le Premier ministre Fils-Aim&#233; poursuit ses 21 mois de politiques (au 11 ao&#251;t) qui ont aggrav&#233; la souffrance humanitaire : 800 000 d&#233;plac&#233;s internes suppl&#233;mentaires, la fermeture continue de l&#8217;a&#233;roport international de Port-au-Prince aux vols commerciaux depuis son entr&#233;e en fonction (11 novembre 2024), deux d&#233;partements suppl&#233;mentaires envahis par les gangs, et une 8e ann&#233;e cons&#233;cutive de contraction &#233;conomique sans fin en vue.</span></p><p><span>Pendant ce temps, Washington continue de soutenir Fils-Aim&#233; &#224; la t&#234;te du gouvernement. Des acteurs politiques tirent de substantiels profits du cauchemar ha&#239;tien, les fabricants et les trafiquants d&#8217;armes et de munitions continuent de s&#8217;enrichir en alimentant clandestinement les gangs, tandis que ces lobbyistes hors de prix s&#8217;av&#232;rent incapables de convaincre l&#8217;administration am&#233;ricaine de renouveler le Statut de Protection Temporaire (TPS) de 350 000 Ha&#239;tiens aux &#201;tats-Unis.</span></p><p><strong><span>L&#8217;&#233;mergence de nouvelles voix &#233;clair&#233;es en Ha&#239;ti</span></strong></p><p>Le constat est sans appel : depuis le renversement des Duvalier, Ha&#239;ti a succomb&#233; au r&#232;gne d'une alliance dystopique entre des &#233;lites nationales rapaces, leurs appuis internationaux bas&#233;s principalement aux &#201;tats-Unis et les gangs terroristes engendr&#233;s par ce syst&#232;me (le 22 octobre 2024, l'ambassadeur am&#233;ricain <a href="https://x.com/HaitiInfoProj/status/1850557021596344524">Dennis Hankins </a>d&#233;clarait &#224; la T&#233;l&#233; et Radio M&#233;tropole que son ambassade discutait r&#233;guli&#232;rement de sa s&#233;curit&#233; avec le puissant gang du quartier). </p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/09b9b904-2808-489d-8b26-16d95da15427_3577x2288.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;U.S. Amb. Dennis Hankins. Source: Haiti Info&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/09b9b904-2808-489d-8b26-16d95da15427_3577x2288.jpeg&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p><span>Le moyen le plus s&#251;r d&#8217;arracher Ha&#239;ti &#224; cette alliance est de faire &#233;merger de nouveaux dirigeants transformateurs.</span></p><div><hr></div><p><span>Ha&#239;ti, comme toute soci&#233;t&#233;, est plus grande que la somme de ses parties. Le Premier ministre Fils-Aim&#233; et l&#8217;Institut Macaya n&#8217;ont pas d&#233;montr&#233; que les &#233;l&#233;ments pr&#233;tendant incarner le secteur priv&#233; &#233;clair&#233; ont tir&#233; les le&#231;ons de la d&#233;g&#233;n&#233;rescence du pays. Ils n&#8217;ont fait que reconstituer le moule qui a produit le cauchemar qu&#8217;ils pr&#233;tendent vouloir stopper.</span></p><p><span>Aucun pays n&#8217;a &#233;merg&#233; du sous-d&#233;veloppement en sous-traitant des fonctions r&#233;galiennes telles que la s&#233;curit&#233;, l&#8217;organisation des &#233;lections, la r&#233;daction de plans strat&#233;giques ou en pr&#244;nant le lobbying &#233;tranger pour prot&#233;ger ses int&#233;r&#234;ts sectoriels. Les nations prosp&#232;rent gr&#226;ce &#224; un leadership remarquable, un syst&#232;me &#233;ducatif performant, des universit&#233;s et des centres de recherche d&#8217;excellence autonomes, et non gr&#226;ce aux mafias d&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;ts priv&#233;s qui prolif&#232;rent en Ha&#239;ti.</span></p><p><span>Les &#201;tats-Unis eux-m&#234;mes poursuivraient et emprisonneraient tout citoyen qui se livrerait aux agissements commis par le Premier ministre Fils-Aim&#233;, l&#8217;Institut Macaya et d&#8217;autres fractions des &#233;lites. Quant &#224;  Vertilaire, ses actes refl&#232;tent la profondeur de l&#8217;ab&#238;me dans lequel Ha&#239;ti s&#8217;est enfonc&#233;e. Pourtant, l&#8217;histoire enseigne qu&#8217;Ha&#239;ti est une nation ind&#233;pendante, souveraine et d&#8217;une port&#233;e historique &#233;gale &#224; celle des &#201;tats-Unis, au vu des exploits anticoloniaux et anti-esclavagistes de ses p&#232;res fondateurs. Elle m&#233;rite des &#233;lites conscientes de sa place dans l&#8217;histoire et pr&#234;tes &#224; en enrayer le d&#233;clin.</span></p><p><span>Ha&#239;ti n&#8217;a pas &#224; s&#8217;incliner devant des tuteurs &#233;trangers en mendiant le secours des administrations am&#233;ricaines successives, du Congr&#232;s ou des organisations supranationales. Ni les planteurs fran&#231;ais, ni les colonisateurs espagnols, ni les troupes britanniques &#224; Savannah en 1779, ni Napol&#233;on Bonaparte n&#8217;ont r&#233;ussi &#224; mettre ce peuple &#224; genoux. Seules ses &#233;lites d&#233;faillantes sont responsables de sa chute.</span></p><p><span>Tous les acteurs ext&#233;rieurs d&#233;sirant aider Ha&#239;ti doivent simplement cesser d&#8217;alimenter ce syst&#232;me d&#233;faillant. Ils doivent rechercher des voix ha&#239;tiennes &#233;clair&#233;es : des intellectuels visionnaires, des entrepreneurs patriotiques et des hommes politiques int&#232;gres. Nous existons, et nous sommes pr&#234;ts et capables de concevoir, r&#233;diger, ex&#233;cuter et &#233;valuer des plans strat&#233;giques pour Ha&#239;ti. Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;une t&#226;che n&#233;cessaire mais accessible, sans qu&#8217;il soit besoin de recourir &#224; des intervenants ext&#233;rieurs co&#251;teux ou &#224; l&#8217;OEA. Nous devons simplement affranchir notre pays de l&#8217;alliance entre &#233;lites corrompues, tuteurs internationaux et bandes arm&#233;es.</span></p><p><strong><span>Le Nouveau Paradigme ha&#239;tien de Leadership et de Gouvernance</span></strong></p><p><span>Dans ce nouveau paradigme transformateur, les Ha&#239;tiens prendront l&#8217;enti&#232;re responsabilit&#233; de leur gouvernance. Ils offriront une gestion redevable, appliqueront le droit international fond&#233; sur la Charte de l&#8217;ONU et la Convention de Vienne, et se conformeront &#224; la Doctrine Dessalinienne, le R&#234;ve Ha</span>&#239;<span>tien, d&#8217;une Nation lib&#233;r&#233;e de toute domination coloniale, bien gouvern&#233;e, paisible, prosp&#232;re et unie.</span></p><p><span>Le d&#233;sordre actuel est l&#8217;ennemi de cette vision. Il doit prendre fin et prendra fin, quel qu&#8217;en soit le prix. Des dizaines de milliers d&#8217;Ha&#239;tiens ont p&#233;ri sous les coups de cette alliance entre &#233;lites internes et tuteurs externes.</span></p><p><span>Enfin, il est de l&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;t des voisins r&#233;gionaux et de la communaut&#233; internationale qu&#8217;une grande Ha&#239;ti soit r&#233;tablie pour le bien de son peuple et pour la paix et la s&#233;curit&#233; internationales. Si le secr&#233;taire g&#233;n&#233;ral de l&#8217;OEA, Albert Ramdin, arrive dans cet esprit, sa visite est la bienvenue. Si, en revanche, il vient pour implanter la &#171; Feuille de route pour la stabilit&#233; et la paix en Ha&#239;ti &#187; de l&#8217;OEA d&#233;voil&#233;e en ao&#251;t 2025, il trouvera des intellectuels et des citoyens patriotes qui rejetteront sa d&#233;marche.</span></p><p><span>Quant aux &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes dans leur ensemble, nous avons le devoir d&#8217;examiner toute approche r&#233;volutionnaire et transformatrice susceptible d&#8217;arr&#234;ter le d&#233;clin du pays. Nos anc&#234;tres ont accompli la partie la plus difficile en mettant fin &#224; la colonisation et &#224; l&#8217;&#233;conomie d&#8217;esclavage. Ils ont ensuite prot&#233;g&#233; l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance de la Nation pendant plus d&#8217;un si&#232;cle. Aujourd&#8217;hui, des Ha&#239;tien/nes se trouvent partout dans le monde d&#232;s lors qu&#8217;on leur offre des opportunit&#233;s. </span></p><p><span>Oui, nous pouvons et devons accomplir les m&#234;mes prouesses de r</span>&#233;<span>ussite en Ha&#239;ti. Il suffit de briser les cha&#238;nes de la servilit&#233; pu</span>&#233;rile et obs&#233;quieuse, <span>de l&#8217;oppression et la timidit&#233; ainsi que nos d</span>&#233;faillances<span> techniques et notre recherche de sauvetage spirituel. Ha&#239;ti doit d&#233;velopper des partenariats pragmatiques avec des investisseurs et des &#201;tats de tous horizons susceptibles de contribuer &#224; son redressement.</span></p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/213f2ebf-90d2-4c45-bc33-b4e32690d2e1_672x526.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/213f2ebf-90d2-4c45-bc33-b4e32690d2e1_672x526.jpeg&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>Excelsior !</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Diversifying Haiti's Development Partnerships]]></title><description><![CDATA[Haitian elites have not only made their country dystopic, they have also squandered its sovereignty to an overdependence on only one international partner]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/diversifying-haitis-development-partnerships</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/diversifying-haitis-development-partnerships</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 19:11:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_c0b!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbff4dbc-5020-4feb-a460-75a546f78fe6_2048x1367.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Few people realise that the two oldest independent countries in the Western Hemisphere are <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2003_num_90_340_4052">the United States of America in 1776 and Haiti in 1804</a>. Of the two countries, accounting for size and scale, Haiti&#8217;s path is the greater historical exploit. For one thing, while Haiti helped secure U.S. independence at the Battle of Savannah against British irredentism in 1779 and catalysed U.S. territorial expansion via the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. Yet, notoriously the U.S.withheld recognition of Haiti&#8217;s independence for 58, ostensibly out of  fear that its own enslaved people would emulate Haiti&#8217;s crushing defeat of Napoleonic France, capping a 12-year revolutionary war, culminating in its independence on 1 January 1804. </p><p>When France threatened Haiti&#8217;s independence with a return to colonial warfare practically from independence until Haiti acceded to France&#8217;s ransom demand on <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2003_num_90_340_4052">17 April 1825</a>, the U.S.&#8217;s official Monroe Doctrine that it was the sole power in the Americas had been two years old. Yet the U.S. did not return Haiti&#8217;s earlier favour. It did nothing to counter the French threat, even as the ransom demand included a clause making trade between Haiti and the U.S. more expensive for U.S. commerce, as France imposed a preferential duty exempting French merchant ships arriving to and leaving Haiti from  paying the full customs fees.</p><p>Further along, when France, Spain and Germany threatened Haiti with naval bombardments for failing to accept their trade demands or to protect their citizens operating in Haiti,the U.S. did nothing. Haiti became valuable to the U.S. when it began implementing a failed policy of sending some of its Black citizens there and to Liberia. It was this U.S. interest that motivated U.S. recognition of Haiti&#8217;s independence, when President Lincoln appointed <a href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/whidden-benjamin-franklin">Benjamin Franklin Whidden</a> as &#8220;Commissioner and Consul General&#8221; to Haiti on <span>12 July 12 1862. For its part, Haiti reciprocated by appointing </span><a href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v06/pg_960"><span>Colonel Ernest Roumain</span></a> to Washington, D.C., as its first Consul General and Charg&#233; d'Affaires in February 1863.</p><p><span>In establishing relations, beyond a potential home for some burdensome Black citizens, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War"><span>Lincoln&#8217;s Haiti policy had three main objectives</span></a><span>:</span></p><ol><li><p><strong>Strategic Trade and Cotton:</strong> the Union Army had blockaded Southern ports, and the U.S. desperately needed new trade partners. Under Whidden's tenure, trade flourished; by 1864, the Haitian port of Gona&#239;ves alone exported over 250,000 pounds of cotton to the Union.</p></li><li><p><strong><span>Military Cooperation:</span></strong><span> The Haitian government permitted the Union Navy to use Cap-Ha&#239;tien as the primary operational base for its West India Squadron, which was a was vital base for hunting down Confederate commerce raiders in the Caribbean.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>The Colonisation Flop:</span></strong><span> Lincoln initially hoped to establish colonies in the Caribbean for emancipated African Americans. Whidden's mission overlapped with a disastrous, government-backed emigration venture on the Haitian island of &#206;le-&#224;-Vache. Hundreds of free Black colonists suffered from disease and starvation before the U.S. Navy ultimately aborted the mission in 1864, leading Lincoln to permanently abandon the idea of colonization.</span></p></li></ol><p><strong>Beyond the &#8220;shithole country&#8221; Paradigm</strong></p><p>Today, Haiti is caught between the the hammer of bad leadership and even worse governance and the anvil of U.S. cooperation with the Haitian economic and political forces that deepens it in its dystopian state. Haiti was not always so dependent on Washington&#8217;s diplomatic and political support. At one time, the U.S., as indicated above, viewed Haiti as a strategic challenge and, during the Cold War, as a potential for widening Soviet influence in the Hemisphere. As the U.S. ambassador informed <a href="http://the hammer and the anvil">Washington in a telegram</a>,</p><blockquote><p>I have in mind the danger that Haiti might at least threaten to turn to the Soviets for help or that the Communists on this hemisphere or elsewhere might try to make propaganda out of our protracted nonrecognition [of the junta that governed Haiti until Duvalier became president in 1957].</p></blockquote><p>Beginning in 1956, the junta and Duvalier, subsequently, played a weak hand deftly. Today, in their protracted struggle for holding on to the captured Haitian state and its considerable economic spoils, the economic and political elites have bet the national jewels on staying in Washington&#8217;s good graces. Undoubtedly, furthermore, former Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro&#8217;s demise and visa cancellations of key Haitian elites appear to have silenced even Haitian intellectual critics of the way Haiti has become a vassal state of the U.S. Thus, U.S. control of Haiti is practically complete, as even most Haitian intellectuals don&#8217;t dare denounce U.S. policy, fearing visa cancellations.</p><p>Still, however desperate Haitian elites appear, they can recalibrate by making a deal with the Trump administration, the same way Venezuelan elites and, now, Cuban ones, have reconciled their political aspirations to Trump&#8217;s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Haiti needs capital to transform its state into a well-run entity that can arrest its virtually permanent decline. For its part, the Trump administration needs Haitian elites to provide their country with much improved leadership backed by a long term national strategic programme as a way of checking transnational crimes 700 miles from South Florida. </p><p>At the same time, Haitian elites must diversify their international partnerships. The Dominican Republic (2018) and Jamaica (1972) established diplomatic relations and development cooperation with the People&#8217;s Republic of China. How long can Haiti, the Hemisphere&#8217;s acknowledged &#8220;poorest country&#8221; ignore the world second economy, the first by some economic measures, and its second geopolitical superpower? No offense to the people of the Republic of China, Taiwan, who deserve recognition of their democratic aspirations. Still, Haiti&#8217;s interest may be better served by recognising one-China, as the U.S. itself does.</p><p>Case in point, the U.S. dismantled its Agency for International development (USAID) in 2025. A decade before that, in 2016, China completed building Jamaica&#8217;s North-South Highway in a special economic zone. The U.S. did not provide an alternative, despite allocating about more than $10 billion yearly to USAID. This Jamaica-China partnership did not threaten any U.S. strategic interests. As a matter of fact, it is a pragmatic stroke of genius for Washington to maintain its hemispheric sphere of influence by subcontracting the development of its neighbors&#8217; infrastructures and providing the illusion of strategic influence to China. There is no allegation China took advantage of Jamaica, through a concessional, <em><a href="https://china.aiddata.org/projects/64345/">build operate and transfer</a></em><a href="https://china.aiddata.org/projects/64345/">, formula, as indicated below</a>:</p><blockquote><p><span>The project was implemented on a public-private partnership (PPP) and financed according to a debt-to-equity ratio of 75:25. The owners of JNSHC provided $150 million in equity contributions.<br><br>The Jamaica North-South Highway Company Limited (JNSHC) is a project company (special purpose vehicle) founded on September 13, 2011 in Jamaica by a holding company registered in Barbados by CCCC International, China Harbor Engineering, CCCC First Harbor Engineering, CCCC Second Highway Engineering, and CCCC Second Highway Consultants. JNSHC is responsible for financing, design, constructing and operating the 66.47 km toll road on a build-operate-transfer (BOT) basis and was given a concession period of 50 years. Upon completion of the concession, the toll road was to be handed back to the Government of Jamaica at no cost.</span></p></blockquote><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bbff4dbc-5020-4feb-a460-75a546f78fe6_2048x1367.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Jamaica's Mandela Highway. There is nothing even remotely similar in Haiti, a country that is 161 years older than Jamaica, which has 2.83 million people compared to Haiti's more than 12 million. It's well past the time Haiti develops alternative partnerships in its transformation drive, in line with international best practices. Its current diplomatic and cooperation paradigm is outdated, deepening its structural implosion and its loss of sovereignty.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bbff4dbc-5020-4feb-a460-75a546f78fe6_2048x1367.jpeg&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p><a href="/__u/www.google.com/search?q=China+built+a+four-lane+highway+in+Jamaica+for+%24700+million&amp;sca_esv=b56168057c9315cb&amp;rlz=1C1UEAD_enUS1125US1125&amp;biw=1024&amp;bih=468&amp;sxsrf=APpeQnsYreMcKCwxFvt8ILbvnN45n9UOGA%3A1786714922282&amp;ei=Kht_au3hEPitqtsPzJXckQw&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjtnofin6CWAxX4lmoFHcwKN8IQ4dUDCBA&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=China+built+a+four-lane+highway+in+Jamaica+for+%24700+million&amp;gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiO0NoaW5hIGJ1aWx0IGEgZm91ci1sYW5lIGhpZ2h3YXkgaW4gSmFtYWljYSBmb3IgJDcwMCBtaWxsaW9uMgUQABjvBTIIEAAYiQUYogQyBRAAGO8FMgUQABjvBUjUhAFQ2wxYjoEBcAJ4AZABAJgByASgAc5aqgEMMC40Ni44LjEuMi4zuAEDyAEA-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-SBw0yLjQxLjEwLjMuMi4zoAfwyQKyBw0wLjQxLjEwLjMuMi4zuAfqYsIHDDItMjguMTQuMTguMcgH6gaACAE&amp;sclient=gws-wiz-serp#sv=CAMSVhozKhFpYy1KVzNkRFA5Xzl5bnhOTTIOSlczZERQOV85eW54Tk06Dk1jcDhRbDVocjJtOWdNIAQqGwoEc3ZpbRIRaWMtSlczZERQOV85eW54Tk0YATABGAcg16H1jAs">Source</a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>The Imperative of Ending Haiti&#8217;s Regional Threat to Peace and Security</strong></p><p>This Jamaican approach is a model to emulate. The Dominican Republic made a similar calculation in 2018, when it broke off from Taiwan to develop a partnership with China. I know the U.S. intelligentsia keeps harping that China&#8217;s Belt and Road initiative saddles partner countries with debt for unnecessary projects. Still, if, as Jamaica has structured its deals, national economic and political elites know what they want to achieve for their countries, the outcome need not be a Chinese powergrab.</p><p>And if the U.S. should object, which it has no international right to do, based on Article 2 of the United Nations Charter and Article 41 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Haitian elites must insist that Washington provides a suitable alternative model. For too long, Haiti has countenanced U.S. domination, as it did from 17 December 1914, when U.S. Marines grabbed a safe with the equivalent of $ 500,000 in gold from the Banque Nationale d&#8217;Haiti. And Haiti has only its dystopia to show for 164 years of bilateral relations, despite one-way historical support to the U.S., beginning in 1779, as explained above.</p><p>Indeed, today, Haiti and the U.S.&#8217;s relations are characterised by practically unchecked illicit importations of guns and ammunitions as well as soiled used clothing and unusable old appliances, mattresses and computer and other junk to Haiti. The bilateral relation needs an urgent reset. It has become a security threat to the U.S., as Haiti cannot even govern its territory from homegrown terrorism conducting asymmetric warfare, let alone to guard against transnational criminals who take advantage of its huge litoral, partly, to flood the U.S. with Drugs. </p><p>For Haiti, the bilateral relationship has, regrettably, become an existential nightmare. To be sure, Haiti&#8217;s elites, acceding to U.S. control, have ceded even the election of their head of state, economic choices, diplomatic and development cooperation partnerships and security policies to Washington, or sub-regional, regional and multilateral organisations it controls.</p><p><strong>The Benefits of Haiti&#8217;s Transformation to the Western Hemisphere</strong></p><p>This supine relationship have become unsustainable for both countries, which should be cooperative neighbours in a win-win relationship. Contrarily to the traditional posture of Haitian elites, who believe they must cede their countries interests to exogenous &#8212; globalist elites, they must now acknowledge that their country must regain its greatness. Such a change of paradigm is in the interest of the Western  hemisphere, in general, and the Dominican Republic as well as the U.S., in particular. </p><p>The new dispensation entails the negotiation of a new binational compact between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. As <em>The Haiti Files</em> has advocated consistently, Haitian as well as Dominican elites stand to benefit even more than the current beggar-thy-neighbour policy that has helped to enrich the eastern neighbour on the island of Haiti at Port-au-Prince&#8217;s expense, and to the detriment of both peoples. In fact, a careful, not even all that sophisticated, approach to bilateral relations indicates that it is in either country&#8217;s long term interests that Haiti improves its national leadership and governance. </p><p>There are truisms that can no longer be ignored: </p><ul><li><p>That Haiti must transform its governance to unleash its people&#8217;s potentiel; </p></li><li><p>That Haiti and the Dominican Republic constitute an unexploited economic powerhouse in the Caribbean subregion, where most of the islands are too small to produce their own foods sufficiently;</p></li><li><p>That the insular neighbours in the Caribbean subregion can prosper together or perish as one;</p></li><li><p>That they lack geopolitical heft and financial resources to overcome transnational threats to their security as well as the ravages of climate change;</p></li><li><p>That a perpetually sclerotic Haiti is a permanent international threat that can no longer be tolerated at the crossroads of the Caribbean Basin and the Atlantic Ocean. </p></li></ul><p>The only missing piece of the transformative puzzle has been Haiti&#8217;s leadership vacuum. On that score, <a href="https://x.com/SG_OEA_OAS/status/2087238974683152769">the Organisation of American States has announced the visit of its secretary general, Albert Ramdin</a>, to Haiti on 16-19 August:</p><blockquote><p><span>&#8230;Supporting the Haitian authorities in their efforts on security, elections, development, and institutional strengthening is a priority for the Organization. We are ready to do this work and support national efforts toward stability and the democratic process.<br><br>I look forward to my upcoming visit to Haiti from August 16-19, alongside a delegation of international partners, to continue deepening our cooperation for the benefit of the Haitian people&#8230;</span></p></blockquote><p>If the regional organisation wishes truly to contribute to Haiti&#8217;s sustainable transformation, it will alter its current approach. Ramdin must listen to modernist and progressive Haitian voices. He must step back from the usual course, which has helped to consign Haiti to its current dystopia. He must understand that the OAS cannot continue doing the same thing while expecting different results, the classic definition of insanity. </p><p>Indeed, Secretary General Ramdin should know that Haiti&#8217;s traditional economic and political elites have depleted their leadership capitals. They have no credibility whatsoever. The Haitian people does not look to them to emerge from their national lethargy, which has lasted way too long. The current government lacks legitimacy, political will, technical competence and the appropriate long term vision. The economic and political elites still hew too closely to the failed approaches that begot this dystopic terrorism and loss of sovereignty.</p><p><strong>Haiti&#8217;s Elites Pay Failed Lobbyists Even as Haitians Can&#8217;t Eat a Meal Daily</strong></p><p><em>The Haiti Files</em> is aware that the current Haitian Government&#8217;s leadership undertook the following wasteful expenses:</p><p>One, the Estopinan Group, LLC of Arlington, Virginia, represented by its &#8220;principal&#8230;, National Movement To Rebuilt And Reconcile Haiti,&#8221; based in Alexandria, Virginia, filed a FARA disclosure on signed on 25 February 2025 by Arturo A. Estopinan, contracted with an individual named David Alixis [sic], who is listed as Haitian government official in charge. To rebuild Haiti as prosperous and stable country. The method Estopinan and the &#8230; listed is to Contact Members of Congress and their staff with pertinent jurisdiction of Haiti as well as U.S. Government officials &#8230; [and a]rrange meetings with and meet with Members of congress and their staff.&#8221;</p><p>According to a contract annexed to the <a href="http://Andrew Craig Cheatham">FARA filing Espinan and firm received $ 15,000 monthly as of 8 February 2025</a>. This contract included &#8220;Support of MORRN's governance roadmap with the Chief Justice of the Cassation Court as Provisional President of Haiti and a new Prime Minister[.]&#8221; Prime Minister Fils-Aime was head of government while the government signed the contract. It&#8217;s inconceivable he would have agreed that the head of Haiti&#8217;s highest court be appointed president. Aside from David Alixis, no known government official signed for Haiti. </p><p>Two, according to <a href="https://efile.fara.gov/docs/7613-Exhibit-AB-20250617-1.pdf">a FARA filing, on 17 June 2025, Emmanuel Vertilaire, a member of the Transitional Presidential Council, who is indicted for soliciting a bribe from a government bank&#8217;s manager, is listed as the Haitian counterpart to &#8220;Vision Communication et Consultation, LLC&#8221; based in Jacksonville, Florida, represented by Frantz Michel</a>, a Haitian American who claims in his FARA filing that,</p><blockquote><p>The agreement between the registrant and the foreign principal is based on an oral understanding. The Counselor to the President of Haiti has nominated Frantz Michel and Marc Sony Jean Baptiste as international advisors to assist in matters of diplomacy, international engagement, and foreign policy strategy. Although no formal written contract or exchange of correspondence has been executed to date, the registrant expects to receive compensation for its advisory services in the future. The duration of the engagement is open-ended and ongoing, based on the needs of the Counselor-President. No payments have been made as of the date of this registration, but compensation terms are anticipated to be negotiated and formalized at a later time.</p></blockquote><p>No one in the foreign affairs business in the U.S., or Haiti, has ever heard of Frantz Michel of Marc Sony Jean Baptiste &#8220;as international advisors.&#8221; In Haiti, any charlatan who presents himself as someone with connection in the State Department can even hire Colombia mercenaries to assassinate the president, as happened to the late Jovenel Moise on 7 July 2021. Vertilaire was not president. He had no authority to commit the Haitian state.</p><p>The FARA filing further states:</p><blockquote><p>The registrant proposes to engage in international advisory services on behalf of the foreign principal, including diplomatic outreach, strategic consultation on foreign affairs, facilitation of meetings with U.S. and international officials, development of communication strategies, preparation of briefing materials and talking points, and representation of the foreign principal&#8217;s interests in discussions related to international cooperation, judicial reform, and security. These activities aim to strengthen bilateral relations and support the foreign principal&#8217;s international objectives.</p></blockquote><p>The TPC had only one objective, to restore state authority, including security, in order to return Haiti to legitimate governance by 7 February 2026, something it failed to do. Nothing in that mission compelled the TPC&#8217;s nine members to consult not even half-baked &#8220;advisors&#8221; with no knowledge and even less access to U.S. officials. Such is the vapidity of Haiti&#8217;s ruling elites that individuals like Michel and Baptiste could expect hundreds of thousand of dollars for do-nothing contracts. Unfortunately, it could not be determined from the filing how much Haiti&#8217;s people paid for this fraud, as <a href="https://efile.fara.gov/docs/7613-Exhibit-AB-20250617-1.pdf">the FARA filing lacked a signed contract</a>.</p><p>Worse, the contract, according to the filing, was personal to Vertilaire, who is listed as the &#8220;foreign principal in the document. Vertilaire had been named to the TPC as the representative of Pitit Desalin, a party belonging personally to Mo&#239;se Jean-Charles, a failed presidential candidate in 2015-2016 and former senator. On this point, the FARA filing states:</p><blockquote><p>The registrant anticipates engaging in political activities on behalf of the foreign principal that may include lobbying and diplomatic outreach to U.S. government officials, agencies, and policymakers to influence and improve relations between the United States and Haiti. These efforts may focus on issues such as judicial reform, security collaboration, immigration policy, humanitarian assistance, and economic development. Means to achieve these objectives may include in-person meetings, official correspondence, the development and dissemination of informational materials such as briefing documents and policy proposals, participation in public forums, media engagement, and coordination of perception management strategies to promote the Counselor President's agenda and reinforce a positive image of Haiti's transitional leadership</p></blockquote><p>The TPC had a barely 18-month mandate &#8220;to restore security&#8221; and hold elections. It had no time, nor capacity to implement &#8220;judicial reform&#8221; or &#8220;economic development.&#8221; Anyone who knows the slightest thing about Haiti is aware that this was sheer corruption. In addition to his indictment for corruption, Vertilaire fired a Haitian interim Consul in Santiago, Dominican Republic, for not providing luxurious support to his visiting family in 2025. Such is the state of what passes for political elite in Haiti.</p><p>Three, the government of Prime Minister Alix Didier Fils-Aim&#233; paid $ 314,940 for one one year to <strong><a href="https://www.continentalstrategy.com/"><span>Continental Strategy LLC</span></a><span>, </span></strong><span>which</span> FARA, Foreign Agents Registration Act, disclosure documents revealing an agreement to provide strategic &#8220;consulting, government relations, and public affairs services&#8221; to the Government of Haiti.  For this exorbitant sum, Haiti got three trips Prime Minister made to Washington since April this year. On the latter trip, he met with Secretary of State Marco Rubio. Fils-Aim&#233; and his ilk are too incompetent and ignorant to know that through normal diplomatic channels, they could have obtained this meeting for $ 0. </p><p>Continental&#8217;s principal operative is its f<span>ounder, </span><a href="https://www.politico.com/newsletters/politico-influence/2025/05/09/japan-bosnia-hire-continental-00339240"><span>Carlos Trujillo, who is a  former U.S. Ambassador to the Organization of American States</span></a><span>, who  manages it alongside key political operatives.</span> They are part of the revolving door of lobbyists who profit from the misery of badly led people like Haiti&#8217;s corrupt economic and political elites. <span>Continental, according to Politico, a U.S. publication, engages in federal lobbying and foreign principal representation under FARA guidelines, managing multiple Latin American and Caribbean governmental accounts in Washington, D.C.</span> Haiti is ripe for the picking. Such high priced, if futile Haitian lobbying, includes the $ 40,000 paid by <em>Institut Macaya</em>, a Haitian self-described &#8220;think tank. </p><p>As for Haiti&#8217;s private sector, there is scant money to pay appropriate taxes to the government, but ample to hire U.S. lobbyists. Shockingly, <em>Institut Macaya</em> is paying not just one, but three lobbyists, things are going so well financially for its members as Haiti descends into further dystopia. According to a FARA request filed on 14 August 2025, Institut Macaya is also paying Follin and Associates LLC (DBA Encounter Strategies), as follows:</p><blockquote><p>This is a consulting assignment to create an action plan and associated briefing document for Haiti Stabilization and Economic Growth on behalf of Institut Macaya. It will include analysis of Haiti's security situation, governance, humanitarian relief and economic activity. The subsequent report will inform a briefing document that Institut Macaya MAY use to brief US officials.</p></blockquote><p>Sean Follin who prepared a paper titled &#8220;Building An Action Plan For Haitian Stabilization and Growth&#8221; has never set foot on Haiti. The outline of the plan he presented is laughable, being probably prepared by AI software, something Institut Macaya could do itself on Google Gemini free of charge. <a href="https://efile.fara.gov/docs/7635-Exhibit-AB-20250814-1.pdf">According to Follin&#8217;s paper dated 1 August 2025</a>, the FARA filing at page 11-15, the &#8220;Action Plan&#8221; would include:</p><blockquote><p>Executive Summary and Briefing Slides: A short, compelling summary of the action plan tailored specifically for high-level presentations. Supporting Documentation (Approximately 15-20 pages): Supporting documentation providing additional detail regarding each strategic pillar, including timelines, roles, critical actions, and international partnerships. <em><strong>[It could not be determined how much Institut Macaya paid for the 15-20 pages that apparently no Haitian alive was deemed competent by IM&#8217;s wealthy folks to draft.]</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>In its security section, the contemplated &#8220;Plan&#8221; proposes: &#8220;Clearly define actionable security measures needed to immediately stabilize Haiti - maximizing existing resources (e.g. MSS and private security resources) and defining additional support needed.&#8221; This is incompetence bordering on criminality, as Follin obtained hard-earned Haitian money to envisage the discredited and failed Multinational Security Support Mission, which fled Haiti quietly earlier this year, could help &#8220;stabilise&#8221; Haiti. About two months later, on 30 September 2025, the UN Security Council replaced the MSS with the Gang Suppression Force. Any even passive observer could have told <em>Institut Macaya</em> and its overly paid firm controlled by Follin that the MSS was on its way out. But that&#8217;s misunderstanding how the intellectual rot and naivete and callous indifference are entrenched among Haiti&#8217;s elites, particularly the most influential segment of its economic elite.</p><p>Another lucrative Haitian waste of money given to White male political operatives in Washington (Follin&#8217;s firm lists three White men as &#8220;experts&#8221; who would prepare the &#8220;Action Plan, &#8221; including himself, Mehdi Bchir and and Andrew Cheatham, none of whom ever set foot in Haiti, in an arms&#8217; length transaction) is a sop to another company by <a href="https://efile.fara.gov/docs/6399-Exhibit-AB-20251202-63.pdf">the Deeb Family</a>, for whom the &#8220;Sonoran Policy Group, LLC D/B/A Stryk Global Diplomacy&#8221; filed two FARA disclosures in <a href="https://efile.fara.gov/docs/6399-Exhibit-AB-20251107-62.pdf">November</a> and <a href="https://efile.fara.gov/docs/6399-Exhibit-AB-20251202-63.pdf">December 2025</a>, which controls Bongu, a slew of imported foods that is quite wealthy and influential in Haiti, and which wishes to reverse sanctions against Reynold Deeb. Other relatively fabulously wealthy families, by Haitian standards, have their own paid lobbyists in Washington. </p><p>Full disclosure: one of these families disregarded this writer&#8217;s advice, back in 2023, that no lobbyist, no matter how well paid, can reverse U.S. sanctions against Haitian entrepreneurs and politicians. I explained that given Haiti&#8217;s protracted domestic implosion, reversing sanctions would discredit the Trump administration&#8217;s hardline immigration policies in Haiti. True to form, as the Haitian naive economic elites and even more obdurate political elites have doubled down on wasting scarce Haitian foreign currency reserves on useless lobbying, the Haitian people continue to suffer from their neglect, corruption and outright stupidity.</p><p>This is typical of what passes for Haiti&#8217;s economic and political elites. They do not trust, or even acknowledge that Haiti possesses competent intellectuals. Their entire operative reflex is to outsource everything that Haiti can (barely) pay off, essentially mortgaging the Haitian people&#8217;s future, from governance, to economy, education, health care, tourism, and even, shockingly, security. Most Haitian elites, not all, as there are a few conscientious ones, know only one thing, buying and reselling and using Haiti as a jungle where as the lions they can extract whatever blood they want. </p><p>The notion of public-private partnership, of working hand in glove with the political elite to implement a transformative vision is incomprehensible to them. It is in that same spirit that, a few months ago, Richard Coles took to the internet to convince the Haitian people that their country&#8217;s private sector had changed its mentality. Only his trusted default approach was to hire Jacques Attali, a French quack, who has become the go-to charlatan for people who do understand the ABC&#8217;s of national leadership and governance. </p><p>It is also in the same vein that Prime Minister Fils-Aime pursues his 21 months, as of 11 August, of policies that have deepened Haiti&#8217;s humanitarian suffering, with an increase, during that span, of about 800,000 more displaced people; the continued suspension of Haiti&#8217;s main international airport, in Port-au-Prince, its capital, to international flights since the day he took office (11 november 2024); two more departments invaded by gangs from two, when he took office; and, alas Haiti is registering its 8th year of economic contraction, with no end in sight.</p><p>Thus, Washington continues to prop Fils-Aime as head of government. Former Trump MAGA operatives like Carlos Trujillo make mounds of dollars from Haitian&#8217;s nightmare, guns and ammunitions makers keep making money from supplying gangs illicitly in Haiti, even as the same shockingly paid lobbyists by Haitian economic and state elites cannot convince the Trump administration to renew the Temporary Protected Status of Haitians in the U.S. even as Haiti&#8217;s bad governance and its attendant security challenges worsen.</p><p><strong>The New, More Enlightened Voices Emerging in Haiti</strong></p><p>The record is clear, since the Duvaliers&#8217; overthrow, Haiti has succumbed to the reign of a dystopic alliance between ravenous and incompetent national elites, their international backers based mostly in the U.S. and the terrorist gangs that alliance has spawned (on 22 October 2024, <a href="https://x.com/HaitiInfoProj/status/1850557021596344524">U.S. Ambassador Dennis Hankins had told Haitian Radio and Television Metropole that his embassy regularly discussed ambassy security with the neighbourhood gang</a>). </p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/09b9b904-2808-489d-8b26-16d95da15427_3577x2288.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;U.S. Amb. Dennis Hankins. Source: Haiti Info&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/09b9b904-2808-489d-8b26-16d95da15427_3577x2288.jpeg&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>The surest way to wrest Haiti from this alliance and the gangs they tolerated is to cultivate new, transformative voices and leaders in Haiti.</p><div><hr></div><p>Haiti, like most societies, is greater than the sum of its parts. The usual denizens of anarchy and chaotic narrative in Haiti can only offer more of the same. Prime Minister Fils-Aim&#233; and <em>Institut Macaya</em> have, unfortunately, not demonstrated that the purportedly enlightened elements of Haiti&#8217;s private sector have learned the lessons of Haiti&#8217;s degenerescence. They have merely reconstituted the mold that produced the nightmare they claim to want to end. </p><p>So far, not good. Their records portend more of the same. For, no country has evolved from bad leadership and worse governance through outsourcing eminently sovereign functions like providing security and holding periodic elections, drafting national strategic action plans, conduct intellectual deliberations, or lobbying foreign governments to protect the personal and sectarian interests of well entrenched elites. Rather countries thrive on stellar leadership, excellent school systems, including universities, research institutions, and yes, think tanks, not the rabid private interests mafia that proliferate in Haiti. The more they promise to change, the more they keep proceeding from the same failed practices they learned from the outdated playbook.</p><p>The U.S. itself would prosecute and jail any of its citizens who indulge in the conduct Prime Minister Fils-Aim&#233;, <em>Institut Macaya</em> and other elite elements have carried out recently. As for Vertilaire, he is such a brazen, callours, ignorant and malevolent individual, the model of Haitian incompetence and criminality, that he should have been anywhere near Haiti&#8217;s presidency. But his political ascendency reflects the depth of the abyss this once proud Nation has descended. Still, as history teaches, Haiti is an independent, sovereign and as great as the U.S. in historical relevance, given its  unprecedented and never emulated successfully anti-colonisation and anti -slavery exploits of its founding fathers. It deserves elites who understand their country&#8217;s place in history and who are prepared to reverse its decline.</p><p>Haiti needs not genuflect to White men, wherever they are, by begging the successive U.S. regimes, the U.S. Congress or supranational organisations for rescue. Indeed, neither French plantation owners, Spanish colonisers, British redcoats seeking to reverse U.S. independence, as at Savannah in 1779, Napoleon Bonaparte, before and after he dispatched tens of thousands of troops more than 40 vessels and powerful guns and ammunitions to keep its colony from becoming independent Hayti managed to bring the country to its knees. Only its hapless elites are responsible for its catastrophic fall.</p><p>All outsiders who wish to help end Haiti&#8217;s dismal leadership and governance simply need to starve the beast. They need to seek enlightened Haitian voices, including competent as well as visionary intellectuals, patriotic entrepreneurs and politicians. We do exist, and we are ready and able to lead, to study, conceive, draft, implement, monitor, evaluate and adjust, as necessary, strategic plans for Haiti. This is a necessary but not complicated task that is so difficult Haitians must contract with Sean Follin and his charlatans and other quacks like Jacques Attali, Continental and Mercury, Sonoran, Estopinan and others, or even the OAS. We simply need to rid our country of the alliance between the corrupt elites, their international puppeteers as well the gangs that alliance has fostered.</p><p><strong>The New Transformative Haitian Leadership and Governance Approach</strong></p><p>In this new transformative paradigm Haitians will take responsibility for Haiti&#8217;s governance. They will provide accountable governance. They will apply international law based on the UN Charter and the Vienna Convention. They will abide by the Dessalinean Doctrine of a Hayti free of colonial domination and slavery as well as the Haitian Dream of a well governed, peaceful, prosperous and stable and united Nation that regains the fullness of its independence and sovereignty. </p><p>The current maelstrom is the enemy of this vision. It must end, and will, whatever the cost. The Haitian people have had enough of it. Tens of thousands of Haitians have perished from the dismal alliance of the supine endogenous elites and their exogenous overlords as well as the dystopic terrorist they have created and abetted. </p><p>Lastly, it is in the interest of Haiti&#8217;s subregional and regional neighbours as well as the international community at large that this Great Haiti be made Great Again for the better of its people and for international peace and security. If OAS Secretary General Albert Ramdin arrives with this mindset, he is welcome to visit. If, on the other hand, he comes to survey Haiti in order to implant the &#8220;Roadmap for Stability and Peace in Haiti&#8221; he unveiled in august 2025, he will find intellectuals who will reject his visit and civic-minded and patriotic Haitians who will not countenance his presence.</p><p>As for Haiti&#8217;s elites at large, we have the duty to examine and consider any approach we deem revolutionary, transformative and susceptible to end our country&#8217;s decline. Our African and mixed ancestors accomplished the hardest part, which was to end colonisation and the chattel-based economy. Subsequently, they protected its independence with personal sacrifice and deft management of foreign affairs for well over 100 years, until its wayward elites succumbed to shortsighted vision and political decay. Technology has evolved. Haitians thrive everywhere on planet earth where they find opportunities for educational, economic and scientific advancement. </p><p>Yes we can do the same in Haiti. Simply, we need to cut the chains of slavishness, as well as intellectual, technical and spiritual oppression. Haiti must develop partnerships will investors and states of every stripe that can contribute to the reversal of its decline.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/213f2ebf-90d2-4c45-bc33-b4e32690d2e1_672x526.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/213f2ebf-90d2-4c45-bc33-b4e32690d2e1_672x526.jpeg&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>Excelsior!</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Changer la Conception de l’État en Haïti]]></title><description><![CDATA[Les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes doivent changer leur conception de l&#8217;&#201;tat ; les projets &#233;trangers de renforcement des capacit&#233;s institutionnelles ne r&#233;soudront pas le probl&#232;me de leadership]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/changer-la-conception-de-letat-en</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/changer-la-conception-de-letat-en</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 14:30:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/01234e26-fcb5-4720-8269-5f61661b0e12_500x361.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Ha&#239;ti n&#8217;a pas simplement souffert d&#8217;institutions faibles ; elle a &#233;galement endur&#233; une longue crise de l&#233;gitimit&#233; de l&#8217;&#201;tat. L&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien est souvent per&#231;u non pas comme un instrument commun visant &#224; prot&#233;ger la population, mais comme un butin &#224; capturer, par la force si n&#233;cessaire. Ainsi, tout au long de l&#8217;histoire d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, &#224; quelques rares exceptions pr&#232;s, les &#233;lites ont utilis&#233; l&#8217;&#201;tat non pas comme le bien commun, mais comme une source de privil&#232;ges. De leur c&#244;t&#233;, la grande majorit&#233; des citoyens ont consid&#233;r&#233; l&#8217;&#201;tat comme une autorit&#233; distante op&#233;rant par la coercition, l&#8217;application s&#233;lective de la loi, la taxation, la n&#233;gligence constante et la manipulation politique. Ces perceptions contradictoires ne sont pas apparues par hasard ; elles ont &#233;t&#233; entretenues par des &#233;checs r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;s de leadership. D&#232;s lors, les probl&#232;mes structurels fr&#233;quemment cit&#233;s par les observateurs nationaux comme &#233;trangers ne sont pas la cause profonde de l&#8217;effondrement de l&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien ; ils en sont les cons&#233;quences directes.</span></p><p><span>Par exemple, en janvier 2026, Chatham House a publi&#233; </span><em><span>&#171; Une feuille de route pour la r&#233;forme de la s&#233;curit&#233; et de la gouvernance en Ha&#239;ti : Comment faire face &#224; la rupture multilat&#233;rale et &#224; l&#8217;effondrement de l&#8217;&#201;tat &#187;</span></em><span> (mise &#224; jour en mai 2026). Le document propose &#171; une feuille de route sur trois ans pour les r&#233;formes du secteur de la s&#233;curit&#233; et de la gouvernance &#187;. Pourtant, sa formule suit un mod&#232;le international familier qui suppose qu&#8217;Ha&#239;ti peut &#234;tre amen&#233;e &#224; fonctionner comme les syst&#232;mes politiques occidentaux, tels que ceux des &#201;tats-Unis, du Canada ou des &#201;tats membres de l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne. Cette hypoth&#232;se constitue une faille fondamentale dans les approches internationales &#224; l&#8217;&#233;gard des &#201;tats souverains. Tout comme les initiatives pr&#233;c&#233;dentes de l&#8217;Organisation des &#201;tats am&#233;ricains (OEA) et des Nations Unies, cette feuille de route ne r&#233;pond pas aux v&#233;ritables d&#233;ficiences structurelles d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti.</span></p><p><span>Certainement, la crise structurelle d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti r&#233;siste aux mod&#232;les pr&#233;con&#231;us. La faille la plus profonde r&#233;side dans l&#8217;attachement &#224; des normes internationales de construction de l&#8217;&#201;tat qui n&#233;gligent les r&#233;alit&#233;s historiques et sociales d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti. Le probl&#232;me structurel central du pays est la pi&#232;tre qualit&#233; de son leadership &#233;conomique, intellectuel et politique. Par cons&#233;quent, son architecture institutionnelle, sa conception sous-jacente de l&#8217;&#201;tat, reste inadapt&#233;e aux besoins de d&#233;veloppement &#224; long terme du pays.</span></p><p><span>Les racines historiques de cette d&#233;ch&#233;ance intellectuelle, &#233;conomique et politique sont profondes et nombreuses, pour citer Toussaint Louverture, le pr&#233;curseur de l&#8217;Ind&#233;pendance d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti. Au cours des 70 derni&#232;res ann&#233;es, cette crise persistante du leadership vielle de 220 ans a acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233; l&#8217;effondrement de l&#8217;&#201;tat. Il suffit de rappeler les manifestations majeures de la d&#233;g&#233;n&#233;rescence ha&#239;tienne :</span></p><ul><li><p><span>l&#8217;assassinat de Dessalines suivi de la scission du pays en trois entit&#233;s politiques ;</span></p></li><li><p><span>l&#8217;acceptation de la ran&#231;on de l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance par Jean-Pierre Boyer ;</span></p></li><li><p><span>la perte de la portion orientale de l&#8217;ile d&#8217;Ha</span>&#239;<span>ti avec la concession de l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance de la R&#233;publique dominicaine le 27 f&#233;vrier 1844 ;</span></p></li><li><p><span>l&#8217;&#233;mergence des groupes criminels comme les cacos instrumentalis&#233;s pour d&#233;stabiliser le pays ;</span></p></li><li><p><span>les macoutes de Duvalier et leurs d&#233;riv&#233;s post-Duvalier 1957-1986 et apr</span>&#232;<span>s ;</span></p></li><li><p><span>les chim&#232;res d&#8217;Aristide et les &#171; bases &#187; politiques transform&#233;es en gangs arm&#233;s terroristes).</span></p></li></ul><p><span>Aucune transformation d&#8217;Ha</span>&#239;<span>ti n&#8217;est possible si l&#8217;on aborde mal le bilan historique de l&#8217;&#233;chec du mod&#232;le de leadership endog&#232;ne. Ha&#239;ti a besoin de son propre leadership national et de son propre cadre politique pour &#233;tayer sa transformation, &#224; l&#8217;instar de Singapour dans les ann&#233;es 1960 ou du Rwanda au milieu des ann&#233;es 1990 &#224; la suite d&#8217;&#233;v&#233;nements nationaux transformateurs. La transformation d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti doit &#234;tre endog&#232;ne, avec un apport ext&#233;rieur minimal, voire inexistant. Lorsque la coop&#233;ration internationale est n&#233;cessaire, elle devrait &#234;tre principalement financi&#232;re et orient&#233;e vers des investissements productifs plut&#244;t que d&#8217;alimenter le complexe politico-humanitaire traditionnel, un appareil qui a historiquement affaibli et, &#224; son tour, vid&#233; l&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien de sa substance.</span></p><p><span>L&#8217;ins&#233;curit&#233; chronique, la corruption, l&#8217;exclusion sociale, l&#8217;insuffisance des services publics et l&#8217;absence d&#8217;un projet national sont les sympt&#244;mes d&#8217;un leadership inad&#233;quat, et non la cause premi&#232;re de la crise structurelle d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti. Changer la mentalit&#233; de la population &#224; l&#8217;&#233;gard de l&#8217;&#201;tat exige plus que de l&#8217;&#233;ducation civique, des appels moraux ou des projets de renforcement des capacit&#233;s g&#233;r&#233;s par des &#171; experts &#187; &#233;trangers. Cela n&#233;cessite avant tout une transformation structurelle de la qualit&#233;, de la conduite et de la finalit&#233; du leadership de l&#8217;&#201;tat.</span></p><p><strong><span>La Qualit&#233; du Leadership : l&#8217;&#201;tat comme Patrimoine commun</span></strong></p><p><span>Un &#201;tat moderne doit contr&#244;ler et prot&#233;ger son territoire, orienter sa population, faire respecter l&#8217;&#201;tat de droit, fournir des m&#233;canismes pour une alternance politique ordonn&#233;e tout en pr&#233;servant la continuit&#233; institutionnelle. Aussi, doit-il promouvoir le bien-&#234;tre g&#233;n&#233;ral en pr&#233;levant des recettes publiques pour construire des infrastructures critiques. L&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien faillit &#224; ces devoirs parce qu&#8217;il a &#233;t&#233; captur&#233; par des &#233;lites nationales et internationales. Trop souvent, malgr&#233; un d&#233;part prometteur, au cours de ses 223 ans, Ha&#239;ti a manqu&#233; d&#8217;un leadership ad&#233;quat.</span></p><p><span>Les dirigeants ha&#239;tiens doivent investir dans une initiative nationale d&#8217;&#233;ducation globale dont l&#8217;objectif est d&#8217;inculquer un principe fondamental : l&#8217;&#201;tat n&#8217;appartient ni &#224; un pr&#233;sident, ni &#224; un parti politique, ni &#224; une classe sociale, ni &#224; des groupes arm&#233;s, ni &#224; des r&#233;seaux d&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;ts priv&#233;s, ni aux ambassades &#233;trang&#232;res et organisations supranationales, ni aux organisations non gouvernementales internationales. L&#8217;&#201;tat appartient plut&#244;t au peuple ha&#239;tien. Sa l&#233;gitimit&#233; d&#233;pend de la capacit&#233; des citoyens &#224; voir des preuves tangibles que le pouvoir public est exerc&#233; conform&#233;ment &#224; la loi, que les dirigeants rendent des comptes, que les services de base sont fournis &#233;quitablement et que les droits et devoirs s&#8217;appliquent universellement.</span></p><p><span>Parce que l&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien n&#8217;a pas r&#233;ussi &#224; assurer la defense nationale et la s&#233;curit&#233; publique, la justice, les soins de sant&#233; et les opportunit&#233;s &#233;conomiques, les citoyens retirent naturellement leur confiance. Consid&#233;rant l&#8217;&#201;tat comme inutile ou hostile, certains se tournent vers la criminalit&#233;. Des jeunes vuln&#233;rables sont fr&#233;quemment instrumentalis&#233;s par des acteurs puissants &#224; des fins politiques et &#233;conomiques. Beaucoup ont &#233;volu&#233; vers des entit&#233;s criminelles organis&#233;es. Certains de ces groupes colludent avec des r&#233;seaux transnationaux pour le trafic de drogues et d&#8217;armes, tandis que d&#8217;autres se sont m&#233;tastas&#233;s en groupes arm&#233;s &#224; part enti&#232;re qui contestent l&#8217;autorit&#233; de l&#8217;&#201;tat par le biais d&#8217;un conflit asym</span>&#233;<span>trique.</span></p><p><span>En Ha&#239;ti, cette rupture entre l&#8217;&#201;tat et la soci&#233;t&#233; est profonde. De nombreux citoyens n&#8217;interagissent avec les institutions publiques qu&#8217;&#224; travers la frustration : des &#233;coles non fonctionnelles, des tribunaux incapables de garantir la justice, des forces de s&#233;curit&#233; sous-&#233;quip&#233;es, un registre civil inaccessible, des h&#244;pitaux d&#233;pourvus de fournitures et des administrations r&#233;actives uniquement envers les &#233;lites influentes qui ont captur&#233; l&#8217;&#201;tat. </span></p><p><span>Dans un tel contexte, les citoyens apprennent &#224; survivre malgr&#233; l&#8217;&#201;tat plut&#244;t qu&#8217;&#224; travers lui. Pour obtenir des services de base, les Ha&#239;tiens sont souvent contraints de recourir &#224; des manifestations publiques. Des acteurs criminels exploitent fr&#233;quemment ces manifestations justifi&#233;es pour d&#233;truire des infrastructures publiques et priv&#233;es, notamment des commissariats de police, des banques et des r&#233;seaux de distribution de carburant.</span></p><p><span>Les r&#233;seaux informels, les transferts de fonds de la diaspora, les organisations religieuses, les associations de quartier, la s&#233;curit&#233; priv&#233;e et la prise en charge &#233;trang&#232;re des fonctions nationales comblent souvent le vide laiss&#233; par les institutions publiques. Bien que ces m&#233;canismes de survie soient compr&#233;hensibles, ils renforcent la conviction que l&#8217;&#201;tat n&#8217;a aucune pertinence dans la vie collective. Pendant ce temps, les diplomates &#233;trangers, principalement des &#201;tats-Unis d&#8217;Am&#233;rique, de l&#8217;ONU, des institutions de Bretton Woods et leurs semblables, de l&#8217;OEA et de la CARICOM, se pr&#233;sentent comme des observateurs impartiaux tout en agissant comme des acteurs d&#233;cisifs dans les luttes de pouvoir internes en Ha&#239;ti. </span></p><p><span>Aujourd&#8217;hui, le pouvoir ex&#233;cutif op&#232;re dans ce contexte compromis, o&#249; le plus haut responsable, le Premier ministre, doit son maintien au pouvoir au soutien diplomatique ext&#233;rieur plut&#244;t qu&#8217;&#224; une l&#233;gitimit&#233; populaire quelconque. Des gangs arm&#233;s contr&#244;lent des territoires vitaux, imposent des p&#233;ages ill&#233;gaux, pr&#233;l&#232;vent des impots fonciers, comme le fait le ca</span>&#239;<span>d terroriste de Carrefour, </span>&#224;<span> moins de cinq kilom</span>&#232;<span>tres du Palais national, ainsi que d&#8217;autres taxes arbitraires. Ils r&#232;gnent par la violence et l&#8217;intimidation tandis que l&#8217;&#201;tat &#233;choue &#224; exercer son monopole fondamental sur la force l&#233;gitime. </span></p><p><span>La pr&#233;sence de l&#8217;&#201;tat se r&#233;duit souvent &#224; des agissements des potentats qui s&#8217;assimilent </span>&#224;<span> des dirigeants et des fonctionnaires publics. Avec leurs v&#233;hicules utilitaires sportifs (SUV) blind&#233;s de luxe transportant ces agents publics oisifs circulent agressivement dans des rues d&#233;fonc&#233;es et jonch&#233;es de d&#233;tritus dans les zones restreintes de la capitale encore sous contr&#244;le gouvernemental. Les citoyens ordinaires rencontrent l&#8217;&#201;tat principalement &#224; travers la figure populaire du &#171; chef &#187;, l&#8217;incarnation mal&#233;fique d&#8217;un pouvoir sans reddition de comptes.</span></p><p><span>De m&#234;me, les acteurs &#233;trangers reproduisent la conduite des responsables ha&#239;tiens : ils se d&#233;placent dans leurs SUV blind&#233;s, avec les m&#234;mes sir&#232;nes hurlantes et les m&#234;mes gyrophares bleus et rouges dans un confort splendide, pour participer &#224; des r&#233;unions qui ne produisent aucun r&#233;sultat concret pour les Ha&#239;tiens. Les ONG internationales compl&#232;tent ce tableau par une posture tout aussi distante, alors que les Ha&#239;tiens luttent pour manger, s&#8217;instruire, se soigner, voyager, ouvrir des entreprises ou jouir du moindre semblant de loisir. Les &#233;lites endog&#232;nes et exog&#232;nes ont bel et bien rel&#233;gu&#233; les Ha&#239;tiens dans un paysage infernal. Le peuple ha&#239;tien est donc pris en otage par des bandes mafieuses en costumes, nationales et internationales, et des brebis ha&#239;tiennes &#233;gar&#233;es arm&#233;es.</span></p><p><strong><span>La Probl&#233;matique du Leadership</span></strong></p><p><span>Ha&#239;ti ne manque ni de citoyens intelligents, ni d&#8217;&#233;nergie civique, ni d&#8217;esprit d&#8217;entreprise, ni de cr&#233;ativit&#233; culturelle ou technologique, ni de sentiment patriotique. Ce qui lui a manqu&#233; tout au long de son histoire, c&#8217;est un mod&#232;le de leadership qui traite la fonction publique comme une responsabilit&#233; d&#8217;intendance plut&#244;t que comme une propri&#233;t&#233; personnelle. De plus, Ha&#239;ti a manqu&#233; d&#8217;une p&#233;riode soutenue de modernisation et de progr&#232;s au milieu d&#8217;une instabilit&#233; politique perp&#233;tuelle.</span></p><p><span>Le dilemme du leadership en Ha&#239;ti a de profondes racines historiques. Un tournant critique s&#8217;est produit le 17 octobre 1806, lorsque des chefs militaires et politiques ont assassin&#233; Jean-Jacques Dessalines, le premier chef d&#8217;&#201;tat d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, moins de trois ans apr&#232;s l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance. Alexandre P&#233;tion et d&#8217;autres leaders du coup d&#8217;&#201;tat ont accus&#233; Dessalines de despotisme et de trahison des objectifs r&#233;volutionnaires. Bien que Dessalines demeure une figure de lib&#233;ration v&#233;n&#233;r&#233;e, les pr&#233;c&#233;dents de gouvernance &#233;tablis au lendemain de l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance ont instaur&#233; un sch&#233;ma d&#8217;instabilit&#233; politique et de trahison des &#233;lites qui fl&#233;trit Ha&#239;ti depuis lors. L&#8217;opportunisme politique a remplac&#233; la r&#233;solution des probl&#232;mes fond&#233;e sur des normes.</span></p><p><span>Trop de dirigeants ha&#239;tiens ont consid&#233;r&#233; l&#8217;&#201;tat comme un outil pour exercer un pouvoir illimit&#233;, souvent &#171; &#224; vie &#187;, pour s&#8217;enrichir personnellement, pour se prot&#233;ger de toute reddition de comptes ou pour distribuer des faveurs. Cette approche a d&#233;grad&#233; les institutions publiques et enseign&#233; aux citoyens une le&#231;on pr&#233;judiciable : les dirigeants traitent l&#8217;&#201;tat comme une propri&#233;t&#233; priv&#233;e ; chaque individu ambitieux m&#233;rite son tour aux commandes de l&#8217;&#201;tat, </span><em><span>&#171; naj&#233; pou&#8217;w sorti &#187;</span></em><span> (luttez pour survivre au cauchemar), selon la formule m&#233;morable de feu le pr&#233;sident Ren&#233; Garcia Pr&#233;val. </span></p><p><span>Il n&#8217;existe presque aucune notion de poursuite du bien commun. Cette dynamique a cr&#233;&#233; les conditions de la crise s&#233;curitaire actuelle, alors que des jeunes marginalis&#233;s, initialement arm&#233;s par des politiciens et certains entrepreneurs, ont utilis&#233; la violence pour acqu&#233;rir du pouvoir et des ressources &#233;conomiques.</span></p><p><span>En cons&#233;quence, de nombreux jeunes Ha&#239;tiens grandissent en croyant que la fonction publique est une voie assur&#233;e vers le confort et les privil&#232;ges : v&#233;hicules de luxe, derniers mod&#232;les de t&#233;l&#233;phones, opportunit&#233;s n&#233;potistes et sin&#233;cures pour proches et associ&#233;s. M&#234;me certains policiers et soldats du rang ont acc&#232;s &#224; des SUV et pickups r&#233;cents, parfois utilis&#233;s &#224; des fins personnelles. Pendant ce temps, les responsables pr&#233;tendent manquer de ressources pour &#233;quiper les forces de s&#233;curit&#233; afin de neutraliser les gangs, ramasser les ordures, ou payer &#224; temps et de mani&#232;re ad&#233;quate les enseignants, les diplomates en poste &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger et les autres fonctionnaires.</span></p><p><span>Cette culture du privil&#232;ge est d&#8217;autant plus troublante qu&#8217;elle coexiste avec la revendication r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;e selon laquelle le gouvernement ha&#239;tien manque de ressources pour &#233;quiper ses forces de s&#233;curit&#233;. Chacun des 18 ministres du gouvernement dispose d&#8217;un SUV de luxe blind&#233; avec chauffeur, ainsi que de v&#233;hicules de s&#233;curit&#233; suppl&#233;mentaires occup&#233;s par des policiers ou des soldats. Des dizaines de secr&#233;taires d&#8217;&#201;tat, de directeurs g&#233;n&#233;raux et de fonctionnaires de rang similaire b&#233;n&#233;ficient d&#8217;avantages analogues. Pourtant, le pays continue de solliciter une &#171; assistance arm&#233;e &#187; aupr&#232;s de la communaut&#233; internationale, tandis que le personnel de s&#233;curit&#233; est affect&#233; &#224; la protection des fonctionnaires et de leurs familles plut&#244;t que d&#8217;&#234;tre convenablement &#233;quip&#233; et d&#233;ploy&#233; pour affronter les gangs arm&#233;s. Le foss&#233; entre le discours de raret&#233; et les pratiques de privil&#232;ge nuit gravement &#224; la cr&#233;dibilit&#233; de l&#8217;&#201;tat.</span></p><p><span>Le cas d&#8217;Emmanuel Vertilaire illustre cette absence de reddition de comptes. En 2025, Vertilaire, alors membre du Conseil pr&#233;sidentiel de transition compos&#233; de neuf personnes, avait r&#233;voqu&#233; un consul en poste en R&#233;publique dominicaine sous pr&#233;texte qu&#8217;il n&#8217;aurait pas apport&#233; un soutien ad&#233;quat &#224; son &#233;pouse et &#224; ses enfants en visite. Selon les informations rapport&#233;es, le consul avait utilis&#233; des ressources publiques consid&#233;rables, notamment une carte de cr&#233;dit d&#233;livr&#233;e par l&#8217;&#201;tat, pour payer la nourriture et un h&#233;bergement de luxe aux membres de la famille de M. Vertilaire. R&#233;cemment, la Cour sup&#233;rieure des comptes et du contentieux administratif d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti a, dans une d&#233;cision surprenante, r&#233;tabli le consul dans ses fonctions avec rappel de solde. Pourtant, Vertilaire, aujourd&#8217;hui &#233;cart&#233; du pouvoir, aurait cr&#233;&#233; un parti politique afin de se pr&#233;senter &#224; la pr&#233;sidence, sans qu&#8217;un d&#233;bat national s&#233;rieux n&#8217;ait eu lieu sur l&#8217;utilisation priv&#233;e des ressources de l&#8217;&#201;tat ou sur la responsabilit&#233; due au public.</span></p><p><span>De son c&#244;t&#233;, le Premier ministre Fils-Aim&#233; s&#8217;est rendu au Vatican pour prier et rencontrer le pape L&#233;on XIV, puis a assist&#233; &#224; des matchs de la Coupe du Monde de la FIFA, dont un voyage &#224; bord d&#8217;un avion priv&#233; affr&#233;t&#233; par le gouvernement ha&#239;tien. Depuis le 7 f&#233;vrier dernier, date &#224; laquelle il a commenc&#233; &#224; cumuler les fonctions pr&#233;sidentielles et de chef de gouvernement en violation de l&#8217;esprit de la constitution ha&#239;tienne, il a voyag&#233; &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger &#224; huit reprises sans que le public ne re&#231;oive d&#8217;informations claires sur l&#8217;objet ou les r&#233;sultats de ces d&#233;placements. Les sommes consid&#233;rables d&#233;pens&#233;es pour ces voyages auraient pu contribuer &#224; &#233;quiper les forces de s&#233;curit&#233; ou &#224; construire des &#233;coles. Qui pis est, nous nous attendons &#224; un d&#233;placement pl&#233;thorique d&#8217;officiels en septembre &#224; la session ordinaire annuelle de l&#8217;Assembl&#233;e g&#233;n&#233;rale des Nations Unies pour que le chef du gouvernement prononce un discours vide de sens &#224; la tribune de l&#8217;ONU.</span></p><p><span>Le contraste est particuli&#232;rement frappant lorsque les Forces arm&#233;es d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti demandent aux nouvelles recrues de se pr&#233;senter &#224; l&#8217;entra&#238;nement de base avec leur propre brosse &#224; dents, shampooing, draps et tenue de sport, faute de moyens financiers pour fournir ces articles &#233;l&#233;mentaires aux jeunes arrivants.</span></p><p><span>De son c&#244;t&#233;, la communaut&#233; internationale s&#8217;accommode trop souvent de ce syst&#232;me corrompu. Elle a parfois refus&#233; de reconna&#238;tre des d&#233;cisions souveraines ha&#239;tiennes lorsque celles-ci mena&#231;aient le maintien au pouvoir de responsables qu&#8217;elle soutient. Par exemple, l&#8217;insistance des chefs de missions diplomatiques am&#233;ricains et canadiens avaient annul&#233; la r&#233;vocation du Premier ministre Fils-Aim&#233; par le Conseil pr&#233;sidentiel de transition en janvier, au nom de la continuit&#233;. M. Fils-Aim&#233; avait refus&#233; de d&#233;missionner. Pour le peuple ha&#239;tien, cette collusion entre &#233;lites &#233;trang&#232;res et ha&#239;tiennes demeure l&#8217;un des obstacles centraux &#224; un leadership comp&#233;tent, transparent et redevable. De plus, les fonctionnaires corrompus &#233;chappent souvent aux poursuites en quittant Ha&#239;ti, notamment en tant que r&#233;sidents aux &#201;tats-Unis et au Canada, lorsqu&#8217;ils sont accus&#233;s de corruption durant leur mandat.</span></p><p><span>Cet &#233;chec du leadership a favoris&#233; un cynisme g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233;. Les promesses r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;s non tenues, les fonds publics d&#233;tourn&#233;s, la justice s&#233;lective et la corruption impunie ont &#233;rod&#233; la foi du public dans la possibilit&#233; d&#8217;une r&#233;forme structurelle. Lorsque l&#8217;impunit&#233; devient normalis&#233;e, la relation entre le citoyen et l&#8217;&#201;tat se d&#233;t&#233;riore. Une mentalit&#233; d&#233;mocratique ne peut s&#8217;&#233;panouir lorsque l&#8217;autorit&#233; est utilis&#233;e uniquement pour pr&#233;server les privil&#232;ges d&#8217;une minorit&#233; &#233;litiste tandis que la grande majorit&#233; de la population vit dans la mis&#232;re et l&#8217;ins&#233;curit&#233; totales.</span></p><p><span>Mes analyses de la crise ha&#239;tienne soulignent que son effondrement s&#233;curitaire est fondamentalement une crise de leadership et de gouvernance. L&#8217;absence d&#8217;autorit&#233;s &#233;lues, l&#8217;&#233;rosion de la l&#233;gitimit&#233; institutionnelle et l&#8217;expansion des groupes arm&#233;s sont des probl&#232;mes qui se renforcent mutuellement. Relever ces d&#233;fis exige des r&#233;formes men&#233;es par les Ha&#239;tiens, une vision strat&#233;gique &#233;conomique et sociale nationale, l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance de la justice, des forces de s&#233;curit&#233; professionnalis&#233;es et la fourniture de services publics de qualit&#233;. L&#8217;&#201;tat ne pourra regagner la confiance du public que si son leadership fait preuve de comp&#233;tence, de respect des normes l&#233;gales et de la capacit&#233; &#224; pr&#233;server l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance et la souverainet&#233; nationales dans un monde hostile.</span></p><p><span>Lorsque le leadership national faillit, les acteurs priv&#233;s s&#8217;adaptent de mani&#232;res qui fragmentent davantage Ha&#239;ti : les entrepreneurs se concentrent sur des mod&#232;les d&#8217;import-revente et investissent leurs capitaux &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger, ceux qui en ont les moyens envoient leurs familles &#233;tudier et se soigner &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger, et les citoyens qualifi&#233;s &#233;migrent. La population restante et les secteurs &#233;conomiques fragiles coexistent difficilement. Inverser cette spirale infernale n&#233;cessite plus que des interventions techniques ou militaires en aval ; cela exige de traiter la cause profonde en amont gr&#226;ce &#224; un leadership responsable.</span></p><p><strong><span>Changer les Mentalit&#233;s en changeant les Pratiques</span></strong></p><p><span>Il est souvent affirm&#233; que les Ha&#239;tiens doivent changer de mentalit&#233; envers l&#8217;&#201;tat. Bien que vraie, cette affirmation est incompl&#232;te. Les mentalit&#233;s ne changent pas par des discours moralisateurs ; elles changent lorsque les citoyens font l&#8217;exp&#233;rience de nouvelles r&#233;alit&#233;s et que les &#233;lites montrent l&#8217;exemple. Que les comportements corrompus engendrent l&#8217;impunit&#233;, l&#8217;instabilit&#233; et la violence est un truisme. Lorsque les institutions publiques fonctionnent l&#233;galement, que la police prot&#232;ge les communaut&#233;s au lieu de les ran&#231;onner, que les tribunaux appliquent la loi de mani&#232;re impartiale et que les dirigeants communiquent honn&#234;tement tout en fournissant des services de base, la perception du public se transforme. L&#8217;&#201;tat cesse d&#8217;&#234;tre vu comme un pr&#233;dateur, un oppresseur ou une fiction ; il commence &#224; &#234;tre reconnu comme une structure protectrice.</span></p><p><strong><span>L&#8217;exigence imp&#233;rative : un Leadership national Comp&#233;tent, Responsable et Honn&#234;te</span></strong></p><p><span>Un leadership national comp&#233;tent et honn&#234;te est indispensable. Les citoyens ne peuvent s&#8217;unir autour d&#8217;un &#201;tat dont les communications officielles sont des d&#233;clarations propagandistes reposant sur le d&#233;ni ou la manipulation. Ha&#239;ti a besoin de dirigeants qui disent la v&#233;rit&#233; sur la crise, r&#233;sistent aux ing&#233;rences &#233;trang&#232;res, acceptent la responsabilit&#233; nationale et affrontent directement la corruption en poursuivant les criminels dans toutes les sph&#232;res de la soci&#233;t&#233;, et pas seulement les gangs arm&#233;s. (En 21 mois de mandat, tr&#232;s exactement le 11 ao&#251;t, le jour de la r&#233;daction de cet essai) le Premier ministre Fils-Aim&#233; n&#8217;a toujours pas tenu une seule conf&#233;rence de presse, ni accord&#233; d&#8217;interview &#224; un journaliste ha&#239;tien en Ha&#239;ti. Pourtant, il a accord&#233; deux entretiens complaisants &#224; H.R. McMaster de la Hoover Institution, un groupe de r&#233;flexion californien, et &#224; Christiane Amanpour de CNN dans le but de conserver le soutien de son tuteur &#233;tranger.)</span></p><p><span>Les dirigeants ha&#239;tiens ne ressentent pas le besoin de rendre des comptes au peuple ha&#239;tien. C&#8217;est &#224; peine une arri&#232;re-pens&#233;e. Par exemple, une r&#233;forme significative de la gouvernance commencerait par traiter les all&#233;gations de corruption de longue date au sein d&#8217;agences publiques cl&#233;s, telles que les Archives nationales. Des rapports constants indiquent que l&#8217;obtention de documents d&#8217;identit&#233; civile de base, qui sont n&#233;cessaires pour obtenir les cartes d&#8217;identification nationale, les passeports et d&#8217;autres services essentiels, exige des citoyens qu&#8217;ils paient des frais exorbitants &#224; des employ&#233;s des Archives nationales, d&#233;passant de loin les tarifs officiels. Pourtant, le directeur g&#233;n&#233;ral des Archives nationales occupe son poste depuis les ann&#233;es 1980, alors m&#234;me que l&#8217;institution est devenue la firme priv&#233;e de ses employ&#233;s publics, y compris lui-m&#234;me. L&#8217;on suppose que sa pr&#233;sence au sein de l&#8217;institution est v&#233;n&#233;r&#233;e tant sa gestion est opaque, mais il demeure ferme &#224; la barre.</span></p><p><span>De plus, le contr&#244;le public concernant des hauts fonctionnaires menant des trains de vie somptueux ou d&#233;tenant des int&#233;r&#234;ts commerciaux offshore avec de modestes salaires publics doit donner lieu &#224; des enqu&#234;tes formelles et &#224; des poursuites, plut&#244;t qu&#8217;&#224; l&#8217;indiff&#233;rence officielle. Que des parlementaires cr&#233;ent des entreprises bidons de location de voitures et de fourniture de toutes sortes de biens et de services ne pr&#233;occupe personne. Pire, ces malfaiteurs connus de tous s&#8217;octroient le pr&#233;cieux d&#233;charge de leurs forfaits. Dans un cadre de gouvernance fonctionnel, les institutions publiques doivent faire l&#8217;objet d&#8217;audit p&#233;riodique syst&#233;matique, des poursuites pour corruption lorsque cela est appropri&#233; et des sanctions claires en cas de condamnation.</span></p><p><span>Un leadership redevable exige &#233;galement de r&#233;former la culture des privil&#232;ges officiels, des allocations de per diem opaques et des d&#233;penses non contr&#244;l&#233;es. Les hauts fonctionnaires re&#231;oivent r&#233;guli&#232;rement d&#8217;importantes allocations quotidiennes pour leurs d&#233;placements &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger. Pourtant, beaucoup empochent cet argent tandis que les ambassades ha&#239;tiennes paient leurs frais de logement et de nourriture. Pendant ce temps, les informations relatives aux salaires officiels, aux avantages et aux frais de d&#233;placement restent inaccessibles au public, bien que la constitution ha&#239;tienne garantisse l&#8217;acc&#232;s &#224; l&#8217;information publique.</span></p><p><span>De temps en temps, des rapports publics remettent en question l&#8217;utilisation des &#171; de renseignement &#187; de la pr&#233;sidence, de la primature et de diverses autres entit&#233;s. Cependant, les pratiques opaques se poursuivent et les forces de s&#233;curit&#233; manquent de renseignements humains et technologiques ad&#233;quats pour prot&#233;ger le public du terrorisme int&#233;rieur. Il existe m&#234;me des rapports cr&#233;dibles faisant &#233;tat de fonctionnaires d&#233;posant des fonds publics sur leurs comptes priv&#233;s ou accordant des subventions en esp&#232;ces &#224; leurs proches. Toutes ces pratiques sont courantes dans l&#8217;administration publique ha&#239;tienne, mais tr&#232;s peu de fonctionnaires, voire aucun, ne sont jamais poursuivis pour corruption. Lors d&#8217;un &#233;pisode r&#233;v&#233;lateur en 1904, l&#8217;administration de Pierre Nord Alexis a poursuivi des fonctionnaires pour corruption &#8212; le &#171; Proc&#232;s de la Consolidation &#187;, notamment au sein de la banque centrale d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti. Tous ceux qui ont &#233;t&#233; condamn&#233;s sont par la suite devenus pr&#233;sidents d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti.</span></p><p><span>Cette culture du privil&#232;ge, qui s&#8217;apparente en r&#233;alit&#233; &#224; du vol pur et simple, contraste vivement avec les affirmations r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;es de l&#8217;&#201;tat concernant le manque de ressources. Alors que les ministres du gouvernement et les hauts administrateurs utilisent des v&#233;hicules blind&#233;s de luxe et des escortes de s&#233;curit&#233; d&#233;di&#233;es, les forces de s&#233;curit&#233; publique restent sous-&#233;quip&#233;es, les fonctionnaires, y compris les diplomates ha&#239;tiens en poste &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger, font face &#224; des mois de retards de salaire, et les services publics de base restent sous-financ&#233;s. Le contraste est d&#8217;autant plus frappant lorsque les forces arm&#233;es contraignent les nouvelles recrues militaires &#224; fournir leurs propres articles d&#8217;hygi&#232;ne, leur literie et leurs tenues de sport lors de leur arriv&#233;e &#224; l&#8217;entra&#238;nement de base en raison de contraintes budg&#233;taires. Ce foss&#233; entre le discours officiel de raret&#233; et les pratiques visibles de privil&#232;ge nuit gravement &#224; la cr&#233;dibilit&#233; de l&#8217;&#201;tat.</span></p><p><span>Les acteurs ext&#233;rieurs aggravent fr&#233;quemment ces d&#233;faillances de reddition de comptes nationales, souvent en comblant les vides cr&#233;&#233;s par la pr&#233;varication officielle. D&#8217;ailleurs ces instances exog&#232;nes entreprennent des lev&#233;es de fonds pour lesquelles elles re&#231;oivent un pourcentage comme &#171; frais de gestion &#187; au nom du peuple ha&#239;tien. Donc, l&#8217;on s&#8217;enrichit sur les malheurs du peuple ha&#239;tien. De plus, les organismes internationaux et les missions diplomatiques &#233;trang&#232;res ont parfois accord&#233; la priorit&#233; &#224; la stabilit&#233; politique &#224; court terme au d&#233;triment de l&#8217;int&#233;grit&#233; institutionnelle, prot&#233;geant des structures de gouvernance compromises de la pression interne l&#233;gitime. En outre, les juridictions &#233;trang&#232;res servent trop souvent de refuges pour les anciens fonctionnaires accus&#233;s d&#8217;avoir d&#233;tourn&#233; des fonds publics ha&#239;tiens. Lorsqu&#8217;ils sont somm&#233;s de rendre des comptes sur leur gestion des institutions publiques, les anciens fonctionnaires ha&#239;tiens s&#8217;enfuient tout simplement au Canada, aux &#201;tats-Unis, en France pour la plupart, ou ailleurs.</span></p><div><hr></div><p><strong><span>Recommandations pour Am&#233;liorer le Leadership ha&#239;tien</span></strong></p><ol><li><p><strong><span>&#201;tablir une &#233;thique du leadership ax&#233;e sur le service :</span></strong><span> La fonction publique doit &#234;tre trait&#233;e comme une responsabilit&#233; temporaire exerc&#233;e au nom de la nation, et non comme un droit acquis. Cette &#233;thique doit &#234;tre promue au sein des partis politiques, de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile, des universit&#233;s et des associations professionnelles, les dirigeants &#233;tant &#233;valu&#233;s sur des r&#233;sultats v&#233;rifiables plut&#244;t que sur de la rh&#233;torique.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Op&#233;rationnaliser des m&#233;canismes de reddition de comptes ind&#233;pendants :</span></strong><span> Les institutions anticorruption, le pouvoir judiciaire et les organismes d&#8217;audit doivent &#234;tre prot&#233;g&#233;s des ing&#233;rences politiques. Les march&#233;s publics doivent &#234;tre transparents, la d&#233;claration de patrimoine rendue obligatoire et la mauvaise gestion financi&#232;re strictement sanctionn&#233;e.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Prioriser la continuit&#233; institutionnelle :</span></strong><span> La gouvernance doit reposer sur des r&#232;gles durables et des proc&#233;dures administratives plut&#244;t que sur des personnalit&#233;s individuelles. Le recrutement fond&#233; sur le m&#233;rite dans la fonction publique et la professionnalisation de la formation administrative sont essentiels pour assurer la continuit&#233; de l&#8217;&#201;tat &#224; travers les transitions politiques.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>D&#233;finir une vision nationale strat&#233;gique claire :</span></strong><span> Le leadership doit &#233;tablir des priorit&#233;s transparentes ax&#233;es sur la s&#233;curit&#233;, la r&#233;forme judiciaire, l&#8217;&#233;ducation, la sant&#233; publique, les infrastructures, le d&#233;veloppement &#233;conomique et le filet de s&#233;curit&#233; sociale. Ce plan doit inclure des jalons explicites, des calendriers et des budgets ouverts afin que les citoyens puissent suivre les progr&#232;s.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>R&#233;tablir la s&#233;curit&#233; publique comme premi&#232;re fonction de l&#8217;&#201;tat :</span></strong><span> La r&#233;forme de la s&#233;curit&#233; exige des forces arm&#233;es et de police professionnalis&#233;es, un contr&#244;le rigoureux des ant&#233;c&#233;dents du personnel, un suivi judiciaire efficace, la protection des t&#233;moins et des mesures cibl&#233;es pour d&#233;manteler les r&#233;seaux financiers et d&#8217;approvisionnement en armes illicites.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>D&#233;centraliser et relier l&#8217;&#201;tat aux communaut&#233;s locales :</span></strong><span> Les structures de gouvernance locale doivent &#234;tre renforc&#233;es afin que les citoyens b&#233;n&#233;ficient de services d&#8217;&#201;tat fonctionnels, tels que des tribunaux, des &#233;coles, des cliniques et des commissariats, en dehors de la capitale. Les entit&#233;s g&#233;ographiques d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, y compris les d&#233;partements et les arrondissements, doivent disposer d&#8217;un leadership politique redevable ainsi que de la base l&#233;gale pour percevoir des recettes afin de fournir les services de base.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Respecter les normes internationales de non-ing&#233;rence :</span></strong><span> Les missions diplomatiques &#233;trang&#232;res, les organisations internationales et les organisations non gouvernementales internationales doivent respecter l&#8217;article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies et l&#8217;article 41 de la Convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques. Les acteurs ext&#233;rieurs doivent cesser de se substituer aux institutions nationales. Parall&#232;lement, les gouvernements &#233;trangers doivent coop&#233;rer pour renvoyer les anciens fonctionnaires accus&#233;s de corruption afin qu&#8217;ils r&#233;pondent de leurs actes devant la justice en Ha&#239;ti.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>S&#8217;engager en faveur d&#8217;une gouvernance transparente :</span></strong><span> Les dirigeants nationaux doivent communiquer en toute franchise sur les capacit&#233;s de l&#8217;&#201;tat, les contraintes budg&#233;taires, l&#8217;accomplissement officiel des devoirs et les d&#233;fis structurels. Accepter la responsabilit&#233; nationale des &#233;checs de gouvernance est essentiel pour instaurer la confiance du public.</span></p></li></ol><p><strong><span>L&#8217;objectif ultime : Changer la Conception de l&#8217;&#201;tat</span></strong></p><p><span>La transformation de la perception de l&#8217;&#201;tat par le peuple ha&#239;tien ne peut commencer en bl&#226;mant aveugl&#233;ment &#171; le syst&#232;me &#187; ; instaurer la reddition de comptes doit commencer par la r&#233;forme du leadership lui-m&#234;me. Les citoyens feront confiance &#224; l&#8217;autorit&#233; publique lorsque les institutions agiront conform&#233;ment &#224; la loi, de mani&#232;re transparente et pr&#233;visible.</span></p><p><span>Le renouveau d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti repose sur un tr&#233;pied : premi&#232;rement, les dirigeants doivent traiter l&#8217;intendance de l&#8217;&#201;tat comme un d&#233;p&#244;t public sacr&#233; ; deuxi&#232;mement, les citoyens doivent disposer de bases concr&#232;tes pour voir l&#8217;&#201;tat non pas comme un instrument d&#8217;extraction, mais comme le socle partag&#233; de la dignit&#233; nationale, de la justice et du d&#233;veloppement ; et troisi&#232;mement, les acteurs &#233;trangers doivent &#233;viter toute ing&#233;rence dans les affaires int&#233;rieures d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti et laisser les Ha&#239;tiens gouverner leur pays.</span></p><p><span>Pourquoi des &#233;trangers, &#224; travers leurs missions diplomatiques, dictent-ils qui doit diriger Ha&#239;ti ? Comment le pays d&#233;pense ses fonds &#233;lectoraux, dont le budget est contr&#244;l&#233; par le Programme des Nations Unies pour le d&#233;veloppement (PNUD) ? Pourquoi une agence onusienne, le Programme alimentaire mondial (PAM), se substitue-t-elle de fait au programme national de cantines scolaires ha&#239;tien, allant jusqu&#8217;&#224; g&#233;rer des dons pour l&#8217;achat de fournitures, au nom de la coop&#233;ration internationale ?</span></p><p><span>Ces &#233;trangers pr&#233;tendent combler le vide laiss&#233; par les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes, qu&#8217;ils accusent d&#8217;incomp&#233;tence et de corruption. Pour mettre hors d&#8217;&#233;tat de nuire ces cabales mondialistes et leur complexe industriel d&#8217;assistance, il est temps que les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes assurent le leadership n&#233;cessaire &#224; l&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. 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This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/changer-la-conception-de-letat-en?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/changer-la-conception-de-letat-en?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div><hr></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Changing the Conception of the State in Haiti (Revised on 12 August)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Haiti needs to change its elites' conception of its state; foreign institutional capacity-building projects can't fix the leadership problem]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/changing-the-conception-of-the-state</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/changing-the-conception-of-the-state</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2026 18:34:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9181685b-f309-4fbc-ad62-ac646a5d17cb_500x361.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Haiti has not simply suffered from weak institutions; also, it has endured a long crisis of state legitimacy. The Haitian state is often perceived not as a common instrument for protecting the population, but as a prize to be captured, by force, as necessary. Hence, throughout Haiti&#8217;s history, with few exceptions, elites have used the state not as common weal, but as a source of privilege. For their part, the vast majority of the people have viewed the state as a distant authority operating through coercion, selective application of the law, taxation, constant neglect and political manipulation. These clashing perceptions not emerge by accident; they have been sustained by repeated failures of leadership. Hence, the structural problems frequently cited by domestic and foreign observers alike are not the root cause of Haiti&#8217;s state collapse; they are its direct consequences.</span></p><p><span>For example, in January 2026, Chatham House published </span><em><span>&#8220;A roadmap for security and governance reform in Haiti: How to address multilateral breakdown and state collapse&#8221;</span></em><span> (updated in May 2026). The paper proposes &#8220;a three-year roadmap for security-sector and governance reforms.&#8221; Yet its prescription follows a familiar international template that assumes Haiti can be made to function like western political systems such as the United States, Canada, or European Union member states. That assumption is a fundamental flaw in international approaches to sovereign states. Like previous initiatives by the Organisation of American States (OAS) and the United Nations, this roadmap falls short of addressing Haiti&#8217;s real structural deficiency.</span></p><p><span>To be sure, Haiti&#8217;s structural crisis resists templates. The deeper flaw lies in an attachment to international state-building norms that overlook Haiti&#8217;s historical and social realities. Haiti&#8217;s central structural problem is the poor quality of its economic, intellectual, and political leadership. Consequently, its institutional architecture &#8212; its underlying concept of the state &#8212; remains ill-suited to the country&#8217;s long-term development needs. </span></p><p><span>Over the past 70 years, this persistent leadership crisis has accelerated state collapse. </span>The historical roots of this intellectual, economic, and political decay run deep and wide, to echo the prose of Toussaint Louverture, the precursor of Haitian independence. This 220-year-old leadership crisis has severely accelerated the collapse of the Haitian state. One need only look at the defining chapters of Haiti&#8217;s decline:</p><ul><li><p>The assassination of Dessalines on 17 October 1806, followed by the fracturing of the nation into three political entities;</p></li><li><p>Jean-Pierre Boyer&#8217;s acceptance of the independence ransom in 1825;</p></li><li><p>The loss of the eastern portion of the island following the independence of the Dominican Republic on 27 February 1844;</p></li><li><p>The rise of criminal factions like the <em>Cacos</em>, weaponised by political hacks to destabilise the country;</p></li><li><p>Duvalier&#8217;s <em>Macoutes</em> and their post-Duvalier offshoots (1957-1986);</p></li><li><p>Aristide&#8217;s <em>Chim&#232;res</em> and the political &#8220;bases&#8221; that have evolved into the current armed terrorist gangs, practically since the Duvaliers&#8217; overthrow.</p></li></ul><p>No transformation of Haiti is possible without frankly confronting the historic failure of its endogenous leadership model.</p><p><span>Haiti requires its own homegrown leadership and political framework to undergird its transformation, much like Singapore in the 1960s or Rwanda in the mid-1990s following transformative national events. Haiti&#8217;s transformation must be endogenous, with minimal external input, if any. Where international cooperation is necessary, it should be primarily financial and oriented toward productive investments rather than sustaining the traditional aid-industrial complex &#8212; an apparatus that has historically further weakened and, in turn, eviscerated the Haitian state.</span></p><p><span>Chronic insecurity, corruption, social exclusion, inadequate public services, and the absence of a national project are symptoms of inadequate leadership, not the primary cause of Haiti&#8217;s structural crisis. Changing the public&#8217;s mentality toward the state requires more than civic education, moral appeals, or capacity-building projects managed by foreign &#8220;experts.&#8221; Above all, it requires a structural transformation in the quality, conduct, and purpose of state leadership.</span></p><p><strong><span>The Quality of Leadership: The State as a Common Estate</span></strong></p><p><span>A modern state must control and protect its territory, orient its people, uphold the rule of law, provide mechanisms for orderly political transition while preserving institutional continuity, and promote the general welfare by collecting public revenue to build critical infrastructures. The Haitian state fails in these duties because it has been captured by national and international elites. Too often, despite a promising start, Haiti has lacked proper leadership.</span></p><p><span>Haiti&#8217;s leaders must invest in a comprehensive national education initiative whose objective is to instill a fundamental principle: the state belongs neither to a president, a political party, a social class, armed groups, private-interest networks, foreign embassies and supranational organisations, nor international non-governmental organisations. Rather, the state belongs to the Haitian people. Its legitimacy depends on whether citizens see tangible proof that public power is exercised according to the law, leaders are held accountable, basic services are delivered fairly, and rights and duties apply universally.</span></p><p><span>Because the Haitian state has failed to provide basic security, justice, health care, and economic opportunities, citizens naturally withdraw their trust. Viewing the state as either useless or hostile, some turn to criminality. Vulnerable young men are frequently instrumentalised by powerful actors for political and economic gain. Many have evolved into organised criminal entities. Some of these groups collude with transnational networks to traffic drugs and weapons, while others have metastasised into full-fledged armed groups that contest the state&#8217;s authority through asymmetric conflict.</span></p><p><span>In Haiti, this rupture between state and society runs deep. Many citizens interact with public institutions purely through frustration: non-functioning schools, courts that fail to guarantee justice, under-resourced security forces, inaccessible civil registries, unsupplied hospitals, and administrations responsive only to well-connected elites. In such a context, citizens learn to survive despite the state rather than through it. To obtain basic services, Haitians are often forced to resort to public protests. Criminal actors frequently exploit these demonstrations to destroy public and private infrastructures, including police stations, banks, and fuel distribution networks.</span></p><p><span>Informal networks, remittances, religious organisations, neighborhood associations, private security, and foreign takeover of national functions often fill the vacuum left by public institutions. While these survival mechanisms are understandable, they reinforce the belief that the state is irrelevant to collective life. Meanwhile, foreign diplomats &#8212; primarily from the U.S., the UN, the Bretton Woods institutions and their ilk, the OAS, and CARICOM &#8212; present themselves as impartial observers while acting as decisive players in Haiti&#8217;s domestic power struggles. Today, the executive branch operates within this compromised context, where the highest official, the prime minister, owes his continued tenure to external diplomatic backing, rather than popular legitimacy.</span></p><p><span>Currently, armed gangs control vital territory, impose illegal tolls, and levy arbitrary taxation. They rule through violence and intimidation while the state fails to exercise its basic monopoly on legitimate force. The state&#8217;s presence is often reduced to luxury armored sport utility vehicles ferrying do-nothing officials through the potholed, garbage-strewn streets in the diminishing areas of the capital under government control. Ordinary citizens encounter the state primarily through the vernacular figure of the </span><em><span>&#8220;chef&#8221; </span></em><span>&#8212; an embodiment of unaccountable power. </span></p><p><span>Likewise, foreign actos mirror the Haitian officials&#8217; conduct, as they travel in their armored SUVs, with the same blaring sirens and blue and red light shows in splendid comfort, attending meetings that yield no good results for Haitians. International NGOs complete the picture in similarly aloof posture, as Haitians struggle to eat, obtain an education, health care, travel, open businesses, or enjoy any semblance of leisure. The endogenous and exogenous elites have relegated Haitians to a hellscape, indeed.</span></p><p><strong><span>The Leadership Problem</span></strong></p><p><span>Haiti does not lack intelligent citizens, civic energy, entrepreneurial spirit, cultural or technological creativity, or patriotic sentiment. What it has lacked throughout its history is a leadership model that treats public office as a stewardship rather than personal property. Also, Haiti has lacked a sustained period of modernisation and progress amidst the perennial political instability. </span></p><p><span>Haiti&#8217;s leadership conundrum has deep historical roots. A critical turning point occurred on 17 October 1806, when fellow military and political leaders assassinated Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Haiti&#8217;s first head of state, less than three years after independence. Alexandre P&#233;tion and other coup leaders accused Dessalines of despotism and betraying revolutionary objectives. While Dessalines remains a revered figure of liberation, the governance precedents set in the aftermath of his assassination instituted a pattern of political instability and elite betrayal that has plagued Haiti ever since. Political expediency has replaced norm-based problem-solving.</span></p><p><span>Too many Haitian leaders have viewed the state as a tool for exercising unlimited power, often &#8220;for life,&#8221; personal enrichment, a shield against accountability, or a mechanism for distributing favors. This approach has degraded public institutions and taught citizens a damaging lesson: leaders treat the state as private property; every ambitious individual deserves a turn at the wheels of state &#8212; </span><em><span>naj&#233; pou&#8217;w sorti</span></em><span>, struggle to survive the nightmare, in the memorable words of the late president Ren&#233; Garcia Pr&#233;val. There is scant notion of pursuing the common good. This dynamic created the conditions for the current security crisis, as disenfranchised young men, initially armed by politicians and business interests, used violence to gain power and economic resources.</span></p><p><span>As a result, many young Haitians grow up believing that public office is an assured path to comfort and privilege, including luxury vehicles, the latest phones, nepotistic opportunities, and sinecures for associates and relatives. Even some police officers and rank-and-file soldiers have access to recent SUVs and pickup trucks, which are sometimes used for personal purposes. Meanwhile, officials claim they lack resources to equip the security forces to neutralize the gangs, to collect garbage, pay diplomats posted overseas, teachers and other civil servants timely and adequately.</span></p><p><span>This culture of privilege is especially troubling precisely because it coexists with the repeated claim that the Haitian government lacks the resources to equip its security forces. Each of the 18 government ministers has a chauffeur-driven luxury SUV, many of them armoured, as well as additional security vehicles staffed by police officers or soldiers. Dozens of director-generals and officials of similar rank receive similar perks. Yet the country continues to request &#8220;armed assistance&#8221; from the international community, while security personnel are assigned to protect officials and their families rather than being adequately equipped and deployed to confront the armed gangs. The gap between the language of scarcity and the practices of privilege deeply undermines the credibility of the state.</span></p><p><span>The Emmanuel Vertilaire case illustrates this absence of accountability. In 2025, Vertilaire, then a member of Haiti&#8217;s nine-person Transitional Presidential Council, dismissed a consular official posted in the Dominican Republic for allegedly failing to provide adequate support to  Vertilaire&#8217;s visiting wife and children. Reportedly, the consul had used considerably public resources, including a government-issued credit card,  to pay for food and luxury lodging for Vertilaire&#8217;s visiting family members. Recently, Haiti&#8217;s Court of Auditors and Administrative Disputes, in a surprising decision, restored the consul to his post with back pay. Yet Vertilaire, now out of power, has created a political party so he can run for president, without a serious national debate over the private use of state resources or the accountability owed to the public.</span></p><p><span>For his part, Prime Minister Fils-Aim&#233; traveled to the Vatican to pray and meet Pope Leo XIV, and later attended FIFA World Cup matches, including one trip on a private plane leased by the Haitian government. Since 7 February, when he began combining presidential and head-of-government functions in violation of the spirit of Haiti&#8217;s constitution, he has traveled abroad eight times without the public receiving clear information about the purpose or results of those trips. </span>Worse, we expect a large number of officials to attend the annual session of the United Nations General Assembly in September so that the head of government can deliver a meaningless speech at the UN podium. </p><p><span>The substantial sums spent on travel could have contributed to equipping the security forces or building schools. The contrast is particularly striking because the Haitian Armed Forces asked new recruits to report to basic training with their own toothbrush, shampoo, linen, and running gear, as it lacked the funds to provide such basic items to young people reporting for basic military training. </span></p><p><span>For their part, the international community too often accommodates this corrupt system. It has at times refused to recognize sovereign Haitian decisions when they threatened the hold on power of officials they support. For instance, the insistence of U.S. and Canadian chiefs of diplomatic missions canceled the Transitional Presidential Council dismissal of Prime Minister Fils-Aim&#233; in January in the name of continuity. Fils-Aim</span>&#233; refused to step down. <span>For the Haitian people, this collusion of foreign and Haitian elites remains one of the central obstacles to competent, transparent, and accountable leadership. Also, corrupt officials often escape prosecution by leaving Haiti, as residents of the U.S. and Canada, in particular, when accused of corruption during their tenure.</span></p><p><span>This failure of leadership has fostered widespread cynicism. Repeated unfulfilled promises, misused public funds, selective justice, and unpunished corruption have eroded public faith in the possibility of structural reform. When impunity becomes normalised, the relationship between citizen and state deteriorates. A democratic mentality cannot flourish when authority is used solely to preserve the privileges of an elite minority while the broader population lives in misery and insecurity.</span></p><p><span>My analyses of Haiti&#8217;s crisis emphasise that its security collapse is fundamentally a leadership and governance crisis. The absence of elected authorities, the erosion of institutional legitimacy, and the expansion of armed groups are mutually reinforcing problems. Addressing these challenges requires Haitian-led reforms, a strategic national vision, judicial independence, professionalised security forces, and providing quality public services. The state cannot regain public confidence unless its leadership demonstrates competence, respect for legal norms, and the ability to preserve national independence and sovereignty in a hostile world.</span></p><p><span>When national leadership fails, private actors adapt in ways that further fragment Haiti: entrepreneurs focus on import-resale models and invest capital abroad, those with means send their families overseas for education and medical care, and skilled citizens emigrate. The remaining population and fragile economic sectors coexist uneasily. Reversing this downward spiral requires more than technical or military interventions downstream; it requires addressing the root cause upstream through accountable leadership.</span></p><p><strong><span>Changing Mentality by Changing Practices</span></strong></p><p><span>It is often asserted that Haitians must change their mentality toward the state. While true, this assertion is incomplete. Mentalities do not change through moralising; they change when citizens experience new realities, as elites lead by example. That corrupt behavior begets impunity, instability and violence is a truism. When public institutions operate lawfully, police protect communities rather than preying on them, courts enforce the law impartially, and leaders communicate honestly, as they provide basic services, public perception transforms. The state ceases to be viewed as a predator, an oppressor or a fiction; it begins to be recognised as a protective structure.</span></p><p><span>Leadership reform must therefore precede and accompany civic transformation. Citizens cannot be lectured into trust by leaders who lack integrity, nor can they be expected to sacrifice for the common good while public resources are privatised. The primary form of civic education comes from concrete examples: transparent budgeting, regular financial reporting, merit-based civil service appointments, lawful procurement, the enforcement of anti-corruption standards.</span></p><p><strong><span>The Imperative Requirement: Honest National Leadership</span></strong></p><p><span>Honest national leadership is indispensable. Citizens cannot unite around a state whose official communications are propagandistic pronouncements that rely on denial or manipulation. Haiti requires leaders who speak truthfully about the crisis, resist foreign overreach, accept domestic responsibility, and confront corruption directly by pursuing criminals in all spheres of life, not just armed gangsters. (In 21 months in office, exactly today, Prime Minister Fils-Aim</span>&#233; has yet to hold a press conference, or give an interview to a Haitian journalist in Haiti. Yet he accorded two fawning interviews to H.R. McMaster of the Hoover Institution, a think tank in California and Christianne Amanpour of CNN in a bid to keep the support of his foreign overlord.)</p><p><span>Haitian leaders do not feel the need for accountable to the Haitian people. That s barely even an afterthought. For example, meaningful governance reform would begin by addressing long-standing allegations of corruption within key public agencies, such as the National Archives. Reports have consistently indicated that obtaining basic civil identity documents, which are necessary for national identification cards, passports, and other essential services, requires citizens to pay exorbitant fees to employees far exceeding official rates. Yet the National Archives&#8217; director general has held his post since the 1980s, even as the institution has become the private firm of its public employees, including himself. </span></p><p><span>Furthermore, public scrutiny regarding high-ranking officials who maintain lavish lifestyles or offshore business interests while holding modest public salaries must be met with formal investigations and prosecutions rather than official indifference. </span>No one seems to care that parliamentarians are creating sham car rental companies and supplying all sorts of goods and services to the state institutions they are supposed to oversee. Worse still, these notorious criminals are granting themselves the precious absolution of their crimes called &#8220;<em>d&#233;charge</em>&#8221; in Haiti. <span>In a functional governance framework, public institutions warrant systematic periodic auditing, prosecution for corruption, where appropriate, and clear sanctions upon convictions.</span></p><p><span>Accountable leadership also requires reforming the culture of official privileges, opaque per diem allowances, and unmonitored expenditures. Senior officials routinely receive substantial daily allowances for foreign travel. Yet many of them pocket the money while Haitian embassies pay their lodging and food costs. Meanwhile, information regarding official salaries, benefits, and travel expenditures remains inaccessible to the public, even though Haiti&#8217;s constitution mandates access to public information. </span></p><p><span>Every few months, public reports question the use of &#8220;intelligence funds&#8221; in the presidency, the prime minister&#8217;s office and various other entities. However, opaque practices continue, and the security forces lack adequate human and signal intelligence to protect the public from domestic terrorism. There are even credible reports of public officials depositing public funds in their private accounts, or giving cash subsidies to their cronies. All of these practices are routine in Haitian public administration, but few, if any officials, are ever prosecuted for corruption. In one telling episode, in 1904, the administration of Pierre Nord Alexis prosecuted public officials &#8212; the &#8220;consolidation trials,&#8221; including in Haiti&#8217;s central bank for corruption. All of those who were convicted became presidents of Haiti.</span></p><p><span>This culture of privilege, which, in effect, is outright theft,  stands in stark contrast to the state&#8217;s persistent claims of resource scarcity. While government ministers and senior administrators utilise luxury armored vehicles and dedicated security escorts, public security forces remain under-equipped, civil servants, including Haitian diplomats posted abroad, face months of delayed wages, and basic public services remain underfunded. The contrast is further highlighted when the armed forces compel military recruits to supply their own hygienic supplies, linen and running gear as they report to basic training due to budget constraints. This gap between official claims of poverty and visible elite privilege severely damages state credibility.</span></p><p><span>External actors frequently compound these domestic accountability failures, often by filling gaps created by official malfeasance. </span>Moreover, these exogenous bodies undertake fundraising for which they receive a percentage as &#8220;management fees&#8221; on behalf of the Haitian people. So, they are getting rich from the misfortunes of the Haitian people. <span>Typically, international bodies and foreign diplomatic missions have at times prioritised short-term political stability over institutional integrity, shielding compromised governance structures from legitimate domestic pressure. Furthermore, foreign jurisdictions too often serve as safe havens for former officials accused of embezzling Haitian public funds. When summoned to account for their management of public institutions, former Haitian public officials simply flee to Canada, the U.S, France, mostly, and elsewhere.</span></p><p><strong><span>Recommendations for Improving Haitian Leadership</span></strong></p><ol><li><p><strong><span>Establish a Service-Oriented Leadership Ethic:</span></strong><span> Public office must be treated as a temporary trust exercised on behalf of the nation, not an entitlement. This standard should be promoted across political parties, civil society, universities, and professional associations, with leaders evaluated on verifiable outcomes rather than rhetoric.</span></p></li></ol><ol start="2"><li><p><strong><span>Operationalise Independent Accountability Mechanisms:</span></strong><span> Anti-corruption agencies, judiciary bodies, and audit institutions must be insulated from political interference. Public procurement should be transparent, asset disclosures made mandatory, and financial mismanagement strictly penalized.</span></p></li></ol><ol start="3"><li><p><strong><span>Prioritise Institutional Continuity:</span></strong><span> Governance must rely on durable rules and administrative procedures rather than individual personalities. Establishing merit-based civil service recruitment and professionalising administrative training are essential to ensuring state continuity across political transitions.</span></p></li></ol><ol start="4"><li><p><strong><span>Define a Clear Strategic National Vision:</span></strong><span> Leadership must establish transparent priorities focused on security, judicial reform, education, public health, infrastructure, economic development and social safety net. This plan must include explicit benchmarks, timelines, and open budgets so citizens can monitor progress.</span></p></li></ol><ol start="5"><li><p><strong><span>Restore Public Security as the Primary State Function:</span></strong><span> Security reform requires professionalised armed forces and police forces, thorough background vetting, judicial follow-through, witness protection, and targeted measures to dismantle illicit financial and arms supply networks.</span></p></li></ol><ol start="6"><li><p><strong><span>Decentralise and Connect the State to Local Communities:</span></strong><span> Local governance structures must be strengthened so that citizens encounter functional state services &#8212; such as courts, schools, clinics, and police stations &#8212; outside the capital. Haiti&#8217;s geographical entities, including departments and </span><em><span>arrondissements</span></em><span> (counties) must have accountable political leadership as well as the legal basis to collect revenues in order to provide basic services.</span></p></li></ol><ol start="7"><li><p><strong><span>Uphold International Norms of Non-Interference:</span></strong><span> Foreign diplomatic missions, international organisations and international non governmental organisations must adhere to Article 2 of the UN Charter and Article 41 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. External actors should cease substituting themselves for domestic institutions. Concurrently, foreign governments should cooperate in returning former officials accused of corruption to face judicial proceedings in Haiti.</span></p></li></ol><ol start="8"><li><p><strong><span>Commit to Transparent Governance:</span></strong><span> National leaders must communicate candidly regarding state capabilities, budget constraints, official performance of duties and structural challenges. Accepting domestic accountability for governance failures is essential for building public trust.</span></p></li></ol><p><strong>The Ultimate Objective: Changing the Conception of the State</strong></p><p><span>Transforming the Haitian people&#8217;s perception of the state cannot begin by blithely blaming &#8220;the system,&#8221; Instilling accountability must begin with the reform of leadership itself. Citizens will trust public authority when institutions act lawfully, transparently, and predictably.</span></p><p><span>Haiti&#8217;s renewal depends on a three-legged stool: one, leaders must treat stewardship of the state as a sacred public trust; two, citizens must be given the concrete basis to view the state not as an instrument of extraction, but as the shared foundation for national dignity, justice, and development; and three, foreign actors must avoid interference in Haiti&#8217;s internal affairs, and let Haitians govern their country.</span></p><p><span>Why do foreigners dictate who must lead Haiti, as do their diplomatic missions? How it spends its elections funds, whose budget is controlled by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)? Or why does a UN agency, the World Food Programme (WFP), practically supplants Haiti&#8217;s national school lunch programme, even managing donated funds to purchase supplies, in the name of international cooperation ? </span></p><p><span>These foreigners claim they fill a leadership vacuum Haitian elites leave through neglect and corruption. To put these globalist cabals, the aid industrial complex, out of business, it is time Haitian elites provide the requisite leadership to the Haitian state.</span></p><div><hr></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or PAID subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/changing-the-conception-of-the-state?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Haiti Files and More! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/changing-the-conception-of-the-state?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/changing-the-conception-of-the-state?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La Semaine du 2 au 8 août en Haïti]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#201;lections ou Transformation : Ce dont Ha&#239;ti a visc&#233;ralement besoin]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-2-au-8-aout-en-haiti</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-2-au-8-aout-en-haiti</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 09 Aug 2026 23:15:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4f2232a0-7477-4778-b52c-68968978f059_500x361.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Au sein de la r</span>&#233;<span>daction </span><em><span>The Haiti Files</span></em><span>, nous sommes r&#233;solument optimistes quant &#224; l&#8217;avenir d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti ; et c&#8217;est pr&#233;cis&#233;ment en raison de cet optimisme que nous sommes obs&#233;d&#233;s par son pass&#233;. Nous sommes convaincus qu&#8217;Ha&#239;ti ne pourra gravir les &#233;chelons du d&#233;veloppement &#233;conomique et social sans un v&#233;ritable examen de conscience historique : le bon, le mauvais et le laid.</span></p><p><span>Par cons&#233;quent, nous rejetons les voies simplistes et les r&#233;flexes pavloviens. Nous n&#8217;avons pas embarqu&#233; &#224; bord du &#171; train des &#233;lections &#187; que beaucoup pr&#233;sentent comme le sentier id&#233;al vers une terre promise de stabilit&#233; et de croissance. Les chantres de l&#8217;&#233;lection &#224; tout prix font preuve de na&#239;vet&#233;, de m&#233;connaissance des r&#233;alit&#233;s, ou des deux. Selon nous, Ha&#239;ti doit imp&#233;rativement r&#233;soudre ses d&#233;ficits structurels de leadership, peu importe le temps que cela prendra, et cette qu&#234;te doit s&#8217;effectuer sans ing&#233;rence &#233;trang&#232;re. Ce d&#233;fi du leadership n&#8217;est d&#8217;ailleurs pas aussi insoluble qu&#8217;il n&#8217;y para&#238;t : Ha&#239;ti a connu, de temps &#224; autre, des leaders d&#8217;une qualit&#233; exceptionnelle.</span></p><p><span>Il n&#8217;existe pas de mod&#232;le universel pour moderniser une soci&#233;t&#233;, bien que certains pr&#233;alables soient incontournables. Pour Ha&#239;ti, le pr&#233;alable fondamental r&#233;side dans un profond travail de m&#233;moire et de lucidit&#233; historique. C&#8217;est uniquement en comprenant le cheminement de la nation que son peuple pourra b&#226;tir un avenir moderne. Pourtant, apr&#232;s une ann&#233;e pass&#233;e &#224; analyser dans cette tribune les tentatives h&#233;sitantes de construction nationale, un constat demeure frappant : si les Ha&#239;tiens partagent une histoire commune, leurs &#233;lites se sont rarement entendues sur les voies et moyens d&#8217;accomplir la transformation nationale.</span></p><p><span>C&#8217;est dans ce vide intellectuel, technique et politique que les puissances &#233;trang&#232;res sont r&#233;guli&#232;rement revenues s&#8217;immiscer, presque toujours avec des cons&#233;quences d&#233;vastatrices.</span></p><p><strong><span>La Trajectoire historique</span></strong></p><p><span>Pour comprendre la crise actuelle de la gouvernance en Ha&#239;ti, il convient de contraster le leadership d&#8217;aujourd&#8217;hui avec celui des p&#232;res fondateurs de la patrie. La nation se trouve actuellement dans une position structurellement inverse &#224; celle qui &#233;tait la sienne &#224; l&#8217;aube de la R&#233;volution fran&#231;aise en 1789.</span></p><p><span>En tant que colonie, Saint-Domingue &#233;tait la plus riche du monde. Elle g&#233;n&#233;rait d&#8217;immenses richesses pour la France gr&#226;ce au travail forc&#233; de quelque 500 000 Africains asservis &#224; son apog&#233;e. Lorsque deux ann&#233;es de requ&#234;tes aupr&#232;s de l&#8217;Assembl&#233;e nationale fran&#231;aise ne r&#233;ussirent pas &#224; garantir les droits humains fondamentaux, la population asservie et ses alli&#233;s affranchis lanc&#232;rent une r&#233;volution qui dura du 14 ao&#251;t 1791 au 1er janvier 1804. Face &#224; des obstacles inou&#239;s et &#224; une opposition coloniale d&#8217;une extr&#234;me brutalit&#233;, ils vainquirent la puissance militaire de la France napol&#233;onienne pour fonder la premi&#232;re r&#233;publique noire du monde.</span></p><p><span>S&#8217;il a jamais exist&#233; une &#171; Grande G&#233;n&#233;ration &#187; dans l&#8217;histoire universelle, c&#8217;est bien celle de Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Henri Christophe, Alexandre P&#233;tion et de leurs compagnons d&#8217;armes. Compte tenu des disproportions de forces et des &#233;carts technologiques colossaux entre les bellig&#233;rants, les temp&#234;tes qu&#8217;ils ont travers&#233;es &#233;taient infiniment plus redoutables que les d&#233;fis auxquels Ha&#239;ti fait face aujourd&#8217;hui.</span></p><p><span>De nos jours, le cadre g&#233;opolitique est en r&#233;alit&#233; beaucoup plus favorable :</span></p><ul><li><p><span>L&#8217;esclavage formel est universellement proscrit.</span></p></li><li><p><span>L&#8217;article 2.1 de la Charte des Nations Unies consacre l&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; souveraine des &#201;tats.</span></p></li><li><p><span>L&#8217;article 41 de la Convention de Vienne interdit explicitement toute ing&#233;rence &#233;trang&#232;re dans les affaires int&#233;rieures des &#201;tats souverains.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Les Ha&#239;tiens disposent d&#8217;un acc&#232;s &#224; des technologies et &#224; des r&#233;seaux mondiaux dont leurs anc&#234;tres ne pouvaient que r&#234;ver.</span></p></li></ul><p><span>Pourtant, malgr&#233; ces atouts, Ha&#239;ti reste &#224; l&#8217;arr&#234;t. La variable d&#233;terminante entre ces deux &#233;poques n&#8217;est pas la gravit&#233; de la menace ext&#233;rieure, mais bien la qualit&#233; et la vision du leadership national.</span></p><p><strong><span>L&#8217;Anatomie d&#8217;un </span>&#201;<span>chec syst&#233;mique</span></strong></p><p><span>Pourquoi Ha&#239;ti peine-t-elle &#224; consolider un &#201;tat fonctionnel ? Les racines du mal plongent dans une s&#233;rie de fractures historiques intervenues presque imm&#233;diatement apr&#232;s l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance :</span></p><p><strong><span>La rupture de 1806 :</span></strong><span> Deux ans &#224; peine apr&#232;s l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance, l&#8217;empereur Jean-Jacques Dessalines est assassin&#233; par ses propres compagnons de r&#233;volution devenus hommes d&#8217;&#201;tat. L&#8217;&#233;lite politico-militaire &#233;mergente se fragmente, finissant par scinder le pays entre le Royaume du Nord de Christophe et la R&#233;publique de l&#8217;Ouest et du Sud de P&#233;tion. Depuis lors, Ha&#239;ti n&#8217;a jamais r&#233;ussi &#224; forger un consensus durable au sein de ses &#233;lites.</span></p><p><strong><span>La spoliation &#233;conomique :</span></strong><span> Dans l&#8217;impossibilit&#233; de r&#233;tablir le servage colonial, les premiers dirigeants &#233;tablirent un syst&#232;me de distribution fonci&#232;re rappelant les </span><em><span>latifundia</span></em><span> de la fin de la R&#233;publique romaine. Les officiers militaires s&#8217;octroy&#232;rent de vastes domaines d&#8217;&#201;tat, ne laissant &#224; la majorit&#233; que des parcelles largement improductives. L&#8217;agriculture, v&#233;ritable colonne vert&#233;brale de l&#8217;&#233;conomie, en devint &#224; peine rentable, emp&#234;chant l&#8217;&#233;mergence d&#8217;une &#233;lite &#233;conomique autochtone noire dans un pays essentiellement agricole.</span></p><p><strong><span>L&#8217;extorsion externe et la domination marchande :</span></strong><span> Sous la menace permanente d&#8217;une r&#233;invasion coloniale, Ha&#239;ti engouffra des ressources colossales dans la construction de fortifications militaires. &#192; cela s&#8217;ajouta la d&#233;sastreuse indemnit&#233; fran&#231;aise de 1825, une ran&#231;on exorbitante exig&#233;e en &#233;change de la reconnaissance diplomatique, dont le solde ne fut apur&#233; qu&#8217;au milieu du XXe si&#232;cle, qui ass&#233;cha le Tr&#233;sor public. Dans le m&#234;me temps, des n&#233;gociants &#233;trangers originaires des &#201;tats-Unis et d&#8217;Europe prirent le contr&#244;le du commerce, formant une classe &#233;conomique isol&#233;e et sans v&#233;ritable ancrage dans la coh&#233;sion nationale.</span></p><p><span>Cette trajectoire a engendr&#233; une structure sociale profond&#233;ment fragment&#233;e qui perdure encore aujourd&#8217;hui, structur&#233;e autour de trois ensembles en tension constante :</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>L&#8217;&#233;lite pr&#233;datrice :</span></strong><span> Une infime relativement haute bourgeoisie &#233;conomique qui monopolise les richesses tout en se comportant, le plus souvent, avec le d&#233;tachement d&#8217;observateurs &#233;trangers.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>L&#8217;&#201;tat captur&#233; :</span></strong><span> Une couche interm&#233;diaire d&#8217;environ 70 000 fonctionnaires, cadres et politiciens qui consid&#232;rent l&#8217;appareil d&#8217;&#201;tat comme un instrument d&#8217;enrichissement personnel et d&#8217;ascension sociale plut&#244;t que de service public. Le d&#233;veloppement et la modernit&#233; ne font gu&#232;re partie de leurs pr&#233;occupations ; ils excellent en revanche dans l&#8217;auto-attribution de privil&#232;ges, le n&#233;potisme, le sin</span>&#233;<span>curisme et un grand banditisme d&#8217;&#201;tat. Cette </span>&#233;<span>lite politique avare, incomp</span>&#233;<span>tente, inconsciente et criminelle a favoris</span>&#233;<span> le terrorisme qui s</span>&#233;<span>vit actuellement en Ha</span>&#239;<span>ti.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Les masses d&#233;poss&#233;d&#233;es :</span></strong><span> Les elites privent la grande majorit&#233; de la population, survivant dans une &#233;conomie informelle improductive, de services publics essentiels, ce qui alimente des vagues successives d&#8217;&#233;migration vers la R&#233;publique dominicaine, l&#8217;Am&#233;rique du Sud et l&#8217;Am&#233;rique du Nord.</span></p></li></ul><p><span>Le conflit perp&#233;tuel entre les d&#233;tenteurs du pouvoir politique et les &#233;lites &#233;conomiques pour le partage des d&#233;pouilles de l&#8217;&#201;tat a fini par enfanter un r&#233;seau de protection mafieux m</span>&#233;<span>tamorphos</span>&#233;<span> en terrorisme, anc&#234;tre direct des gangs arm&#233;s qui terrorisent aujourd&#8217;hui le pays. Ces groupes ne constituent en rien un ph&#233;nom&#232;ne &#171; in&#233;dit &#187; : ils sont la d&#233;clinaison moderne des milices insurg&#233;es d&#8217;autrefois, comme les </span><em><span>Cacos</span></em><span>, instrumentalis&#233;es pendant des d&#233;cennies par des factions politiques pour orchestrer des coups d&#8217;&#201;tat et imposer leur loi en l&#8217;absence de l&#8217;&#201;tat de droit.</span></p><p><strong><span>Pourquoi des </span>&#201;<span>lections pr&#233;matur&#233;es et Aggraveront la Crise</span></strong></p><p><span>Depuis des d&#233;cennies, les acteurs internationaux op&#232;rent selon un postulat erron&#233; : l&#8217;organisation d&#8217;&#233;lections conf&#233;rerait une l&#233;gitimit&#233; aux gouvernements, et cette l&#233;gitimit&#233; engendrerait automatiquement de la capacit&#233; institutionnelle.</span></p><p><span>L&#8217;histoire d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti d&#233;ment formellement cette logique. Depuis 1988, une succession presque ininterrompue d&#8217;&#233;lections b&#226;cl&#233;es, contest&#233;es et parfois sanglantes, au nom d&#8217;une perp&#233;tuelle &#171; transition d&#233;mocratique &#187;, n&#8217;a produit qu&#8217;une instabilit&#233; plus profonde, la paralysie &#233;conomique, l&#8217;&#233;rosion des institutions et la balkanisation sociale. R&#233;clamer des &#233;lections imm&#233;diates dans les conditions actuelles, sous la pression internationale et selon le calendrier fix&#233; par le conseil &#233;lectoral pour d&#233;cembre prochain, revient purement et simplement &#224; recycler l&#8217;&#233;chec. Un gouvernement &#233;lu dans de telles conditions se heurterait imm&#233;diatement au mur des probl&#232;mes structurels historiques.</span></p><p><span>L&#8217;&#233;lection doit &#234;tre le </span><strong><span>couronnement</span></strong><span> d&#8217;un processus politique sain, et non le point de d&#233;part d&#8217;une transformation. Organiser un scrutin alors que des r&#233;seaux arm&#233;s contr&#244;lent le territoire, que la confiance citoyenne est au point mort et que les institutions sont confisqu&#233;es par des &#233;lites int&#233;rieures et ext&#233;rieures ne fait que valider un statu quo ill&#233;gitime.</span></p><p><strong><span>Transformation et </span>&#201;<span>lections</span></strong></p><p><span>Les deux aspects sont indispensables. Cependant, les &#233;lections doivent suivre l&#8217;amorce de la transformation nationale. Ha&#239;ti n&#8217;a pas besoin d&#8217;une &#233;lection h&#226;tive de plus ; elle a besoin d&#8217;un processus national de transformation structurelle. Cela exige un v&#233;ritable dialogue national afin de d&#233;gager un consensus entre tous les acteurs ha&#239;tiens sur des pr&#233;alables fondamentaux :</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>La rationalisation constitutionnelle :</span></strong><span> R&#233;viser la Constitution de 1987 pour corriger les d&#233;s&#233;quilibres institutionnels, rationaliser le pouvoir l&#233;gislatif au sein d&#8217;une Assembl&#233;e nationale unicam&#233;rale d&#8217;au maximum 100 membres, en abolissant le S&#233;nat ou en s&#8217;inspirant du mod&#232;le instaur&#233; par P&#233;tion en 1807, et instaurer une v&#233;ritable ind&#233;pendance judiciaire couronn&#233;e par une Cour supr&#234;me digne de ce nom, en remplacement de la Cour de cassation et du Conseil constitutionnel.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Une strat&#233;gie &#233;conomique &#224; long terme :</span></strong><span> &#201;tablir un cadre national de croissance et de d&#233;veloppement </span>&#233;<span>conomique sur 25 ans, assorti d&#8217;objectifs quinquennaux align&#233;s sur les mandats politiques, afin de sortir l&#8217;&#233;conomie de la logique de capture pour la r&#233;orienter vers une croissance productive.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>La gouvernance rationnelle et la s&#233;curit&#233; nationale :</span></strong><span> R&#233;tablir l&#8217;&#201;tat de droit et la s&#233;curit&#233; publique comme des piliers non n&#233;gociables, en veillant &#224; ce que l&#8217;appareil d&#8217;&#201;tat serve l&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;t g&#233;n&#233;ral au lieu de faire office de vache &#224; lait pour des int&#233;r&#234;ts priv&#233;s.</span></p></li></ul><p><span>La transformation ne saurait &#234;tre dict&#233;e de l&#8217;ext&#233;rieur, ni s&#8217;accomplir par des rituels d&#233;mocratiques de surface. Elle exige que le leadership des &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes &#8212; politiques, &#233;conomiques et sociales &#8212; mobilisent l&#8217;intelligence collective n&#233;cessaire &#224; la construction d&#8217;un &#201;tat p&#233;renne. Tant qu&#8217;Ha&#239;ti n&#8217;aura pas reb&#226;ti des institutions fonctionnelles en restaurant l&#8217;autorit&#233; de l&#8217;&#201;tat, la s&#233;curit&#233; et un projet national partag&#233;, incluant une Strat&#233;gie nationale de croissance et de d&#233;veloppement &#233;conomique sur 25 ans, les &#233;lections demeureront l&#8217;illusion du progr&#232;s plut&#244;t que sa r&#233;alit&#233;.</span></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-2-au-8-aout-en-haiti?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Haiti Files and More! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-2-au-8-aout-en-haiti?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/la-semaine-du-2-au-8-aout-en-haiti?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Week of 2 to 8 August in Haiti]]></title><description><![CDATA[What Does Haiti Critically Need? Elections versus Transformation]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-week-of-2-to-8-august-in-haiti</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-week-of-2-to-8-august-in-haiti</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 09 Aug 2026 21:25:58 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/80aebbff-eb7d-4178-8865-ee59c1892faf_1080x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>At <em>The Haiti Files</em>, we are bullish on Haiti&#8217;s future; and precisely because of that optimism, we are obsessed with its past. We believe Haiti cannot climb the economic and social ladders without first reckoning with its history: the good, the bad, and the ugly.</p><p>Consequently, we reject well-trodden, reflexive paths. We have not boarded the &#8220;elections train&#8221; that many insist will carry Haiti toward a promised land of stability and growth. The denizens of elections at all costs are naive, or badly informed, or both. In our view, Haiti must resolve its foundational leadership deficiencies, however long that takes, and this quest must proceed without foreign interference. The leadership challenge is not as intractable as it appears. Haiti has had excellent leadership in fits and starts.</p><p>There is no universal template for modernising a society, though certain prerequisites exist. For Haiti, the primary prerequisite is a deep historical reckoning. Only by understanding how Haiti evolved can its people construct a functional future. Yet, across a year of analysing Haiti&#8217;s halting attempts at nation-building, in this forum, one truth remains stark: while Haitians share a history, its elites have rarely agreed on the ways and means to achieve national transformation.</p><p>Into this intellectual, technical, and political vacuum, foreign powers have repeatedly stepped, almost always with devastating consequences.</p><p><strong>The Historical Arc</strong></p><p>To understand Haiti&#8217;s current crisis of governance, one must contrast today&#8217;s leadership with that of the country&#8217;s founders. Today, Haiti finds itself in the structural inverse of its position at the dawn of the French Revolution in 1789.</p><p>As a colony, Saint-Domingue was the richest in the world. It generated vast wealth for France through the forced labour of roughly 500,000 enslaved Africans, at its peak. When two years of petitions to the French National Assembly failed to secure basic human rights, the enslaved population and their <em>affranchis</em> (mulatto) allies launched a revolution lasting from 14 August 1791 to 1 January 1804. Against unfathomable odds and brutal colonial opposition, they defeated the military might of Napoleon Bonaparte&#8217;s France to establish the world&#8217;s first Black republic.</p><p>If ever a &#8220;Great Generation&#8221; existed in world history, it was that of Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Henri Christophe, and Alexandre P&#233;tion and others. Given the vast power disparities and technological gaps between the contending forces, the seas they navigated were infinitely more treacherous than the challenges Haiti faces today.</p><p>Today, the geopolitical framework is contextually more favorable:</p><ul><li><p>Formal slavery is universally outlawed.</p></li><li><p>Article 2.1 of the UN Charter enshrines the sovereign equality of states.</p></li><li><p>Article 41 of the Vienna Convention explicitly prohibits foreign interference in sovereign internal affairs.</p></li><li><p>Haitians possess access to technologies and global networks their ancestors could only dream of.</p></li></ul><p>Yet, despite these advantages, Haiti remains stalled. The defining variable across both eras is not the severity of external threat, but the <strong>quality and vision of national leadership</strong>.</p><p><strong>The Anatomy of Systemic Failure</strong></p><p>Why has Haiti struggled to consolidate a functional state? The roots lie in a series of historical fractures that began almost immediately after independence:</p><ol><li><p><strong>The Rupture of 1806:</strong> Just two years after independence, Emperor Jean-Jacques Dessalines&#8217; fellow revolutionaries-cum-statesmen assassinated him. The emerging military-political elite fragmented, eventually splitting the country between Christophe&#8217;s Northern Kingdom and P&#233;tion&#8217;s Southern Republic. Haiti has struggled to forge a durable elite consensus ever since.</p></li><li><p><strong>Economic Displacement:</strong> Unable to reimpose colonial plantation servitude, early leaders oversaw a land distribution system that resembled the <em>latifundia</em> of the late Roman Republic. Military officers granted themselves vast parcels of State land, leaving the majority with mostly unproductive parcels. Agriculture, the backbone of the economy, became barely Profitable.  And Haiti never developed a home-grown African economic elite.</p></li><li><p><strong>External Extortion and Mercantile Dominance:</strong> Facing the constant threat of colonial re-invasion, Haiti diverted vast resources into military fortifications. The disastrous 1825 French indemnity, an extortionate ransom paid for diplomatic recognition that was not fully cleared until, roughly, the mid-20th century, drained the treasury. Meanwhile, foreign merchants from the United States of America and europe dominated commercial trade, remaining an isolated economic class with little stake in national cohesion.</p></li></ol><p>This historical trajectory produced a deeply fragmented social structure that persists today, defined by three uneasy groups:</p><ul><li><p><strong>The Predatory Elite:</strong> A tiny economic upper class that controls wealth while operating, mostly, with the detachment of outsiders.</p></li><li><p><strong>The Captured State:</strong> A middle tier of roughly 70,000 civil servants, managers, and politicians who treat the state apparatus as a primary vehicle for wealth extraction and private mobility rather than public service. mostly, development and modernity are not their stock in trade; they excel in self-dealing, nepotism and sinecurism, as well as thuggery of the highest order.</p></li><li><p><strong>The Dispossessed Masses:</strong> The vast majority of the population, surviving in an unproductive formal economy without basic public goods, driving waves of migration to the Dominican Republic, South America and North America.</p></li></ul><p>The perpetual conflict between political officeholders and economic elites over state spoils eventually birthed a protection racket, which is the immediate ancestor of the armed gangs terrorising the country today. These groups are not an &#8220;unprecedented&#8221; phenomenon; they are the modern iteration of historical insurgent militias like the <em>Cacos</em>, deployed for decades by political factions to execute coups and enforce control in the absence of the rule of law.</p><p><strong>Why Premature Elections Will Deepen the Crisis</strong></p><p>For decades, international actors have operated under a flawed assumption: that holding elections endows governments with legitimacy, and that legitimacy automatically yields institutional capacity.</p><p>Haiti&#8217;s history contradicts this logic. Since 1988, a near-unbroken sequence of rushed, contested, and sometimes violent elections, in a perpetual proverbial democratic transition, has produced deeper instability, economic paralysis, institutional erosion and social balkanisation. Pushing for immediate elections under current conditions, such as those pushed by international pressure and which the electoral council set for next December, simply recycles the existing failure. A hypothetical elected government, given the challenges to holding the anticipated elections will confront the immediate need to tackle the perennial structural problems. </p><p>Elections must be the <strong>culmination</strong> of a healthy political process, not the foundation to a transformation process. Conducting a vote while armed networks control territory, public trust is bankrupt, and state institutions are captured by endogenous and exogenous elites merely validates an illegitimate status quo.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>The Path to Structural Reform</strong></p><p>Haiti does not need another hasty ballot; it needs a <em><strong>national process of structural transformation</strong></em>. This requires a genuine national dialogue to forge consensus among Haitian stakeholders on key prerequisites:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Constitutional Rationalisation:</strong> Amending the 1987 Constitution to repair institutional imbalances, streamlining the legislature into an efficient unicameral assembly with 100 members, at most, abolishing the senate, or leaving as said assembly based on the precedent established by P&#233;tion in 1807, and establishing a genuinely independent judiciary anchored by a proper Supreme Court in lieu of the <em>Cour de Cassation</em> and Constitutional Council.</p></li><li><p><strong>Long-Term Economic Strategy:</strong> Establishing a bipartisan, 25-year national development framework with clear 5-year benchmarks tied to legislative cycles, shifting the economy away from state capture toward productive growth.</p></li><li><p><strong>Institutional Security and Governance:</strong> Re-establishing the rule of law and public safety as non-negotiable foundations, ensuring that state machinery serves the public interest rather than acting as a private cash cow.</p></li></ul><p>Transformation cannot be dictated from abroad, nor can it be achieved through superficial democratic rituals. It demands that Haitian elites&#8217; leadership &#8212; political, economic, and civic &#8212; summons the collective intelligence needed to build an enduring state. Until Haiti establishes functional institutions by restoring state authority, security, and a shared national project, including a mandatory National Economic Growth and Development Strategy over 25 years, with five year incremental priorities, elections will remain an illusion of progress rather than the real thing.</p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-week-of-2-to-8-august-in-haiti?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Haiti Files and More! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-week-of-2-to-8-august-in-haiti?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-week-of-2-to-8-august-in-haiti?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Choice of Prosperity: A Perspective of Transformation for Haiti]]></title><description><![CDATA[Part Three: Implementing a National Strategy for Economic Growth and Social Development]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-of-prosperity-a-perspective</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-of-prosperity-a-perspective</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 08 Aug 2026 19:02:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/816e3ccd-57e4-4851-8018-8635718a4a0f_960x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Moving From Theory to Practice</strong></p><p>The debate over the causes of Haiti&#8217;s national decline pits two equally insufficient perspectives against each other. Various international actors have taken Haiti&#8217;s elites to task for their failures to take ownership of their country&#8217;s transformation process. </p><p>Bahamas&#8217;s prime minister even reportedly lambasted Haitian elites for their slave mentality. His counterpart in Saint Kitts and Nevis stated he would not accept Haitians in any migrant repatriation scheme with the Trump Administration. Dominican Republic President Luis Abinader Corona has adopted a policy to deport up to 10,000 Haitians weekly from his country, including summary executions in broad daylight of people believed to be Haitians by Dominican security officers. Most devastatingly, President Trump has labeled Haiti &#8220;a shithole country&#8221; and he and his Vice-President J.D. Vance have falsely accused Haitians of eating their neighbours&#8217; pets in Springfield, Ohio.</p><p>Many Haitian intellectuals have heard these calls for Haitian endogenous leadership and admonish exogenous actors to stand back and let Haiti sort out its structural deficiencies. Specifically, this three-part series answers their call. It distills two prevailing currents regarding Haiti&#8217;s dystopia. On one side, certain segments of the Haitian elite focus heavily on external constraints that have undermined national sovereignty. On the other, foreign observers attribute Haiti&#8217;s failures to an inherent incapacity for governance. </p><p>This strategy moves beyond both partial explanations. It builds upon the findings established in the first two parts of this series on Haiti&#8217;s transformation and translates them into an operational roadmap structured around a lucid diagnosis, shared responsibility, and a coherent long-term national framework.</p><p>This strategy begins with a more demanding premise: Haiti must acknowledge the weight of exogenous pressures, own its endogenous responsibilities, and commit, over a twenty-five-year horizon, to building a competent, responsible and transparent leadership, a data-driven system of results-oriented governance, and a national strategy articulated in five successive phases. This roadmap is presented as an integral part of the structural reforms required to lead Haiti out of its current dystopia.</p><p>It is useful to trace the origins of these doubts regarding Haiti&#8217;s capabilities. On one hand, many Haitians attribute the country&#8217;s collapse to an external conspiracy. Under this view, Haiti is seen as suffering an enduring historical punishment for being the only Black nation to rise up against European powers and vanquish them to impose its independence. Proponents of this argument frequently cite the indemnity imposed by France in 1825, as well as the historical economic dominance of British, German, American, French, and Italian financial interests in Haiti. </p><p>This foreign grip culminated in the seizure of the National Bank of Haiti&#8217;s gold reserves on 17 December 1914 by U.S. Marines, which foreshadowed the American military occupation from 28 July 1915 to 15 August 1934. Added to this was the gradual arrival, toward the end of the 19th century, of waves of Levant immigrants (notably Arab and Jewish communities) who eventually came to control vast sectors of the national economy.</p><p>Conversely, the predominant foreign perspective tends to lay the blame entirely on Haitians themselves, citing endemic corruption, political instability, and misrule. As Editor of <em>The Haiti Files</em>, I maintain that the truth lies at the intersection of these two narratives. To be sure, <em>The Haiti Files</em> rejects the reductive premise that the Haitian people are passive or child-like actors manipulated by covert internal and external forces.</p><p>To be sure, from the 1801 Constitution promulgated by Toussaint Louverture, which Napoleon Bonaparte viewed as a de facto declaration of independence, until 1914, Haiti preserved its sovereignty without relying on foreign military protection. Until 1844, the nation managed to govern, and until 1863, to defend the entire island against exogenous threats, all while paying the French ransom and the exorbitant interest on the loans contracted to fulfill it.</p><p>However, honesty requires admitting that Haiti has suffered from a chronic deficit of political leadership almost immediately after achieving independence. The Revolution devoured its own children: on 17 October 1806, Jean-Jacques Dessalines&#8217;s comrades-in-arms assassinated him in a political struggle for control of the Haitian state. This foundational act of instability triggered the 1807 partition of the country into three distinct entities (the North, the West, and the South). The West and South subsequently united into a Republic to confront Henri Christophe&#8217;s Kingdom of the North until 1820.</p><p>Ever since this geopolitical rift, Haiti has remained fragmented and plagued by systemic instability, despite brief periods of order and economic momentum. It remains legitimate to ask what Haiti&#8217;s modernisation path might have looked like without the crushing weight of the ransom and the immense financial sacrifices made until 1863 to maintain an effective military posture across the island.</p><p><strong>Toward Haiti&#8217;s Structural Transformation</strong></p><p>The first two installments of this series examined the historical, political, and social roots of the Haitian crisis through the lens of its National Doctrine: the <strong>Haitian Dream</strong>.</p><p>This third installment transforms that historical diagnosis into an actionable blueprint. It organises the national revival across <strong>five five-year phases, from 2026 to 2051</strong> <em>(implementation timelines may be calibrated based on the evolving structural crisis)</em>:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Phase I:</strong> Restore sovereignty by establishing public order and foundational governance frameworks;</p></li><li><p><strong>Phase II:</strong> Decentralise and deconcentrate state power while initiating major infrastructure projects;</p></li><li><p><strong>Phase III:</strong> Industrialise the economy and consolidate essential social services;</p></li><li><p><strong>Phase IV:</strong> Build a knowledge-based economy powered by energy independence;</p></li><li><p><strong>Phase V:</strong> Institutionalise shared prosperity driven by an expanded middle class.</p></li></ol><p>Structured in this way, the strategy connects institutional reform, economic expansion, and social priorities into a logical, measurable progression. Implementation follows a cumulative model: each phase consolidates the gains of the former before broadening the operational scope of the State, the private sector, and civil society.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Phase I (2026&#8211;2031): Restoring Sovereignty, Stabilisation, and Foundational Frameworks</strong></p><p><em>This initial five-year term lays the groundwork for the rule of law and national sovereignty. It restores state authority, initiates constitutional and institutional overhauls, establishes national security mechanisms, delivers urgent economic and social relief, and conducts the structural studies needed for upcoming major projects.</em></p><p><strong>1. Political Priorities</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Restoring State Authority:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Enforce the law strictly based on the principle of equality before the law as articulated in the 1805 Constitution, without distinction of color, class, or social standing.</p></li><li><p>Elevate political and administrative governance; adopt a National Defense and Security Strategy; secure the territory through the modernization of the armed forces and police; strengthen the judiciary; and implement a territorial development plan centered on accountable decentralization and deconcentration.</p></li></ul></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Defense and Security Sector Reform:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Operationalise the National Security Council and the National Intelligence Service.</p></li><li><p>Draft and regularly update the National Defense and Security Strategy.</p></li><li><p>Strengthen the National Police and authorise municipal police forces in municipalities with adequate financial resources.</p></li><li><p>Upgrade the human and material capabilities of the National Police and the Armed Forces of Haiti in line with national security risks and threats.</p></li></ul></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Constitutional and Institutional Overhaul:</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Executive Branch:</strong> Establish a strong presidential system with meaningful institutional checks and balances.</p></li><li><p><strong>Legislative Branch:</strong> Create a unicameral parliament consisting of a National Assembly capped at 100 deputies to ensure legislative efficiency and effective horizontal checks and balances.</p></li><li><p><strong>Judicial Branch:</strong> Establish effective judicial independence and create a Supreme Court (replacing the dual Court of Cassation and Constitutional Council model) empowered to hear final appeals and rule on the constitutionality of laws and executive acts.</p></li><li><p><strong>Decentralisation:</strong> Establish political leadership at the departmental and district (<em>arrondissement</em>) levels, complete with dedicated revenue streams to fund local administration and basic services.</p></li><li><p><strong>Deconcentration:</strong> Enable qualified municipalities to establish municipal police forces.</p></li><li><p><strong>National Dialogue:</strong> Sign a <strong>Pact for Good Governance and Responsible Citizenship</strong> between the State, the private sector, and civil society, setting binding standards for ethics, transparency, and tax compliance.</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Diplomacy and Regional Integration:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Redefine foreign policy around national ownership, strategic interest, and strict respect for sovereignty.</p></li><li><p>Integrate into the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) to leverage Haiti&#8217;s demographic size (over 50% of CARICOM&#8217;s population) and position the country as a regional production base and aviation hub.</p></li><li><p>Negotiate a balanced, reciprocal, win-win bilateral trade agreement with the Dominican Republic, envisioning the island as a unified market of 25 to 30 million consumers.</p></li><li><p><strong>Accountability:</strong> Strictly apply administrative and ministerial accountability principles in the spirit of Article 42 of the 1805 Constitution, anchoring them in all upcoming constitutional reforms.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p><strong>2. Economic Priorities</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs):</strong> Institutionalise regular consultation channels with business and labor leadership to pass urgent legal, tax, and regulatory reforms, and agree on import-substitution targets in strategic sectors.</p></li><li><p><strong>Business Climate:</strong> Stabilise the macroeconomy, streamline tax policy, and establish legal guarantees to protect investments and jumpstart job creation. Optimise bound (consolidated) and applied tariff schedules while making full use of Haiti&#8217;s current Least Developed Country (LDC) status within the World Trade Organization (WTO).</p></li><li><p><strong>Emergency Infrastructure:</strong> Mobilise private capital (domestic and international) under Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contracts and concessions to construct vital North-South and East-West road corridors, ports, and airports.</p></li><li><p><strong>Energy Transition:</strong> Build out the national power grid, launch PPP pilot projects (solar, localized hydro), and incentivize clean mini-grid installations.</p></li><li><p><strong>Tourism Revival:</strong> Secure and restore flagship historical sites (Citadelle Laferri&#232;re, Sans-Souci Palace, 365-Door Palace, post-independence fortifications) under sustainable revenue models to position Haiti as a top-tier destination in the Western Hemisphere once again.</p></li><li><p><strong>Food Sovereignty and Agriculture:</strong> Provide immediate support for high-potential agricultural value chains (organic produce, mangoes) to supply domestic institutional markets (school meals, hospitals, security forces) and expand exports to CARICOM.</p></li><li><p><strong>Strategic Import Substitution Study:</strong> Conduct tripartite consultations (State, private sector, labor/civil society) to identify sectors where Haiti holds a comparative advantage requiring strategic national protection.</p></li></ul><p><strong>3. Social Priorities, Spatial Planning, and Essential Services</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Social Safety Nets and Emergency Relief:</strong> Implement targeted social assistance programs for vulnerable households; reopen schools and health centers; repair road, water, and sanitation networks in stabilised regions.</p></li><li><p><strong>Public Sanitation:</strong> Execute a National Emergency Sanitation Plan (focused on urban centers) and commission a study for a decentralised national system for solid and industrial waste collection and processing. Reclaim coastal zones and zone them for tourism and public recreation.</p></li><li><p><strong>Higher Education Infrastructure (Feasibility Studies):</strong> Launch feasibility studies for a decentralised national university system structured across 4 regional hubs:</p><ul><li><p><strong>North:</strong> Expansion plan for the Limonade Campus (25,000 students).</p></li><li><p><strong>Artibonite &amp; Center:</strong> Campus study for the Central region in Gona&#239;ves, featuring an extension branch in Hinche (25,000 students).</p></li><li><p><strong>West:</strong> Master plan for a metropolitan national campus in Port-au-Prince (50,000 students).</p></li><li><p><strong>South:</strong> Development plan for Les Cayes Campus (25,000 students).</p></li></ul></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Public Health:</strong> Conduct a strategic development study to construct a modern regional referral hospital in each of the ten (10) departmental capitals, smaller hospitals in the Communes and health centres, as necessary in the local communities.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong>Phase II (2031&#8211;2036): Decentralisation, Major Infrastructure, and Agricultural Modernisation</strong></p><p>With stability restored and foundational frameworks established, the second phase operationalises decentralization, transfers resources to local governments, modernizes public administration, and begins construction on major regional, energy, agricultural, healthcare, and university infrastructure.</p><p><strong>1. Political Priorities</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Institutional Consolidation:</strong> Enforce the ethical, civic, and fiscal commitments codified in the Pact for Good Governance.</p></li><li><p><strong>Effective Decentralisation:</strong> Progressively transfer appropriate competencies, operational authority, and budget allocations to local authorities.</p></li><li><p><strong>Administrative Rationalisation and Digital Governance:</strong> Modernise civil service, professionalise public administration, eradicate patronage and nepotism, and fully integrate digital technologies across state agencies.</p></li></ul><p><strong>2. Economic Priorities and Strategic Logistics</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Renewable Energy Deployment:</strong> Finalise site selection and feasibility for PPP-funded solar parks, wind farms, and hydroelectric stations.</p></li><li><p><strong>Agro-Industry &amp; Export Growth:</strong> Initiate land tenure reform, establish land security, implement zoning laws, modernize irrigation systems, and build trade partnerships to supply the CARICOM market.</p></li><li><p><strong>Spatial Planning:</strong> Enact tax incentives and continue coastal rehabilitation efforts to attract investment beyond the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area.</p></li><li><p><strong>Logistics Networks:</strong> Build out major highway (North-South and East-West) corridors, sea ports, airports, and digital backbones via PPPs to facilitate the movement of goods, people, and services nationwide. Leverage Haiti geographic position at the crossroads of the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Basin, including building a Transshipment port in northwest Haiti in the M&#244;le Saint Nicolas area.</p></li></ul><p><strong>3. Social Priorities, Spatial Planning, and Essential Services</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Waste Management:</strong> Construct the first departmental waste sorting facilities and sanitary landfills.</p></li><li><p><strong>Local Taxation and Land Registry:</strong> Modernise property tax collection to guarantee the financial autonomy of departments and municipalities.</p></li><li><p><strong>Health and Education:</strong></p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Break ground on the university campuses in Gona&#239;ves, Port-au-Prince, and Les Cayes, while completing upgrades at Limonade.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Begin Phase I construction of regional referral hospitals in 5 priority departmental capitals.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Overhaul primary education curricula and elevate vocational and technical training (in keeping with Article 11 of the 1805 Constitution).</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong>Phase III (2036&#8211;2041): Industrialisation, Health Networks, and Special Economic Zones</strong></p><p><em>This phase shifts focus from infrastructure construction to national production. Departmental hospitals and university campuses open, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) drive industrial manufacturing, tourism and agro-industry reach scale, and formal employment becomes the primary engine for expanding the middle class.</em></p><p><strong>1. Political Priorities</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Economic Diplomacy:</strong> Strengthen Haiti&#8217;s leadership within CARICOM, positioning the nation as an attractive destination for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and diaspora capital.</p></li><li><p><strong>Democratic Continuity:</strong> Institutionalise peaceful political transitions, civic responsibility, and strict adherence to constitutional election schedules.</p></li><li><p><strong>National Defense &amp; Security:</strong> Ensure full operational readiness across all defence, intelligence, and public security forces.</p></li></ul><p><strong>2. Economic Priorities</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Special Economic Zones (SEZs):</strong> Establish green-energy-powered SEZs dedicated to value-added manufacturing and export to Caribbean and global markets.</p></li><li><p><strong>Tourism at Scale:</strong> Issue regulated private concessions for the commercial operation of restored heritage sites.</p></li><li><p><strong>Agro-Industrial Manufacturing:</strong> Accelerate processing capabilities in agricultural and light industrial sectors to boost exports and strengthen domestic value chains.</p></li><li><p><strong>Formal Employment Creation:</strong> Provide targeted tax incentives to companies absorbing skilled graduates from the newly expanded technical education network.</p></li></ul><p><strong>3. Social Priorities, Spatial Planning, and Essential Services</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Circular Economy (Waste-to-Energy):</strong> Convert organic and municipal waste into clean power and agricultural fertilizer.</p></li><li><p><strong>Healthcare &amp; Education Milestones:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Inaugurate all ten (10) departmental referral hospitals and roll out a public-backed universal health insurance scheme.</p></li><li><p>Open regional university campuses and welcome their inaugural student cohorts.</p></li></ul></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Water &amp; Sanitation:</strong> Expand clean water and sanitation grid connections across urban and rural communities.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong>Phase IV (2041&#8211;2046): Knowledge Economy, Energy Independence, and University Maturity</strong></p><p><em>By Phase IV, the State maintains full territorial control and shifts growth toward innovation, research, and climate resilience. The national university network operates at maturity, energy independence is secured through renewables, waste management is fully industrialized, and the digital economy thrives on modernized public infrastructure.</em></p><p><strong>1. Political Priorities</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Environmental Resilience:</strong> Implement watershed protection, mass reforestation, and advanced disaster management frameworks, building strong rapid-response capabilities for natural hazards.</p></li><li><p><strong>National Security Ownership:</strong> Maintain a fully autonomous defence and security apparatus to consolidate stability.</p></li><li><p><strong>Regional Influence:</strong> Assert Haiti&#8217;s cultural, academic, and economic leadership across the Caribbean basin.</p></li></ul><p><strong>2. Economic Priorities</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Green Energy Independence:</strong> Achieve a secure, affordable, and fully sovereign national energy matrix reliant on renewable sources.</p></li><li><p><strong>Digital Economy:</strong> Fully digitise public regional infrastructure and foster a national tech ecosystem supported by university research centers.</p></li></ul><p><strong>3. Social Priorities, Spatial Planning, and Essential Services</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Full University Capacity:</strong> Drive enrollment across the four regional campus hubs to their full operational capacity of <strong>125,000 students</strong>.</p></li><li><p><strong>Utility Grid Sustainability:</strong> Secure long-term operations, maintenance, and funding models for health, water, and sanitation networks.</p></li><li><p><strong>Urban Livability &amp; Housing:</strong> Achieve 100% waste collection and sorting coverage nationwide while delivering planned social housing developments.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong>Phase V (2046&#8211;2051): Shared Prosperity, Global Influence, and a Thriving Middle Class</strong></p><p><em>The final phase consolidates the <strong>Haitian Dream</strong> into permanent outcomes: stable republican institutions, fully operational national security, impactful diplomacy, a diversified economy, clean and self-sustaining cities, universal access to basic services, the eradication of extreme poverty, and a strong middle class anchoring long-term national stability.</em></p><p><strong>1. Political Priorities</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Republican Sustainability:</strong> Maintain a mature, transparent democratic system rooted in civic duty and constitutional integrity.</p></li><li><p><strong>Consolidated National Security:</strong> Ensure high operational readiness across the intelligence services, National Security Council, Police, and Armed Forces, continuously updating defense policy against emerging threats.</p></li><li><p><strong>Soft Power &amp; Influence:</strong> Project Haitian culture, scientific research, and development models internationally.</p></li></ul><p><strong>2. Economic Priorities</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Financial &amp; Commercial Maturity:</strong> Secure complete economic sovereignty, positioning Haiti as a premier trade and financial hub within the CSME.</p></li><li><p><strong>Capital Markets &amp; PPP Maturity:</strong> Mature domestic financial markets and channel private savings into long-term infrastructure and productive investments.</p></li><li><p><strong>Economic Diversification:</strong> Maintain a balanced economy spanning high-yield agriculture, thriving tourism, competitive manufacturing, and high-value service sectors.</p></li></ul><p><strong>3. Social Priorities, Spatial Planning, and Essential Services</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>A Thriving Middle Class:</strong> Enjoy clean, safe, modern cities funded by efficient local tax systems.</p></li><li><p><strong>Eradication of Extreme Poverty:</strong> Guarantee permanent, universal access to healthcare, clean drinking water, green electricity, and quality education for all citizens.</p></li><li><p><strong>Vulnerable Population Support:</strong> Maintain a permanent social safety net to prevent any return to the structural vulnerabilities of the 1990&#8211;2026 era.</p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-of-prosperity-a-perspective?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Haiti Files and More! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-of-prosperity-a-perspective?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-of-prosperity-a-perspective?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le Choix de la Prospérité : Une perspective de Transformation Pour Haïti ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Troisi&#232;me Partie : De la mise en &#339;uvre de la Strat&#233;gie nationale de croissance et de d&#233;veloppement &#233;conomiques et social]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/le-choix-de-la-prosperite-une-perspective</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/le-choix-de-la-prosperite-une-perspective</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 08 Aug 2026 17:41:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c3f9a0b4-6374-47a7-a0be-e81fa34538ed_960x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Passer des Th&#233;ories &#224; la Pratique</strong></p><p><span>Le d&#233;bat sur les causes de la d&#233;liquescence nationale d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti oppose deux lectures &#233;galement insuffisantes. </span>Divers acteurs internationaux ont critiqu&#233; les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes pour leur incapacit&#233; &#224; prendre en main le processus de transformation de leur pays. Le Premier ministre des Bahamas aurait m&#234;me fustig&#233; les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes pour leur mentalit&#233; servile. Son homologue de Saint-Kitts-et-Nevis a d&#233;clar&#233; qu&#8217;il n&#8217;accepterait aucun Ha&#239;tien dans le cadre d&#8217;un programme de rapatriement de migrants mis en place par l&#8217;administration Trump. Le pr&#233;sident de la R&#233;publique dominicaine, Luis Abinader Corona, a adopt&#233; une politique d&#8217;expulsion de pr&#232;s de 10&nbsp;000 Ha&#239;tiens par semaine, ce qui a occasionn&#233; des rapts publics et des ex&#233;cutions sommaires de ressortissants Ha&#239;tiens en pleine rue. Plus grave encore, le pr&#233;sident Trump a qualifi&#233; Ha&#239;ti de &#171;&nbsp;pays de merde&nbsp;&#187; et, avec son vice-pr&#233;sident J.D. Vance, il a faussement accus&#233; les Ha&#239;tiens de manger les animaux domestiques de leurs voisins &#224; Springfield, dans l&#8217;Ohio.</p><p>De nombreux intellectuels ha&#239;tiens ont entendu ces appels &#224; un leadership ha&#239;tien endog&#232;ne et exhortent les acteurs ext&#233;rieurs &#224; laisser Ha&#239;ti r&#233;soudre ses probl&#232;mes structurels. Cette s&#233;rie en trois parties r&#233;pond pr&#233;cis&#233;ment &#224; cet appel. Elle met en lumi&#232;re deux courants de pens&#233;e dominants concernant la situation dystopique d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti.</p><p><span>D&#8217;un c&#244;t&#233;, certains courants des &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes insistent sur les contraintes ext&#233;rieures qui ont pes&#233; sur la souverainet&#233; nationale. De l&#8217;autre, des observateurs &#233;trangers attribuent l&#8217;&#233;chec ha&#239;tien &#224; une incapacit&#233; intrins&#232;que de gouvernance. Cette strat&#233;gie d&#233;passe ces deux explications partielles. Elle prolonge les constats &#233;tablis dans les deux premi&#232;res parties de cette s&#233;rie sur la transformation d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti et les traduit en une d&#233;marche op&#233;rationnelle, structur&#233;e autour d&#8217;un diagnostic lucide, d&#8217;une responsabilit&#233; partag&#233;e et d&#8217;une feuille de route nationale coh&#233;rente &#224; long terme.</span></p><p><span>La pr&#233;sente strat&#233;gie part d&#8217;un constat plus exigeant : Ha&#239;ti doit reconna&#238;tre la part des pressions exog&#232;nes, assumer ses responsabilit&#233;s endog&#232;nes et se doter, sur vingt-cinq ans, d&#8217;un leadership comp&#233;tent, d&#8217;une gouvernance fond&#233;e sur des donn&#233;es fiables et d&#8217;une strat&#233;gie nationale articul&#233;e en cinq phases successives. Cette strat&#233;gie est propos&#233;e comme partie int&#233;grante de la r&#233;forme structurelle envisag&#233;e pour sortir Ha</span>&#239;<span>ti de sa dystopie.</span></p><p><span>Il est utile de retracer les sources de cette mise en doute des capacit&#233;s ha&#239;tiennes. D&#8217;un c&#244;t&#233;, de nombreux Ha&#239;tiens attribuent l&#8217;effondrement du pays &#224; un complot ext&#233;rieur. Selon cette perspective, Ha&#239;ti serait victime d&#8217;une punition historique pour avoir &#233;t&#233; la seule nation noire &#224; se soulever contre des puissances europ&#233;ennes et &#224; conqu&#233;rir son ind&#233;pendance. &#192; l&#8217;appui de cette th&#232;se, on cite souvent la ran&#231;on impos&#233;e par la France en 1825, ainsi que la mainmise d&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;ts financiers britanniques, allemands, am&#233;ricains, fran&#231;ais et italiens sur son &#233;conomie. </span></p><p><span>Cette emprise &#233;trang&#232;re culmina avec le pillage des r&#233;serves d&#8217;or de la Banque nationale d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, le 17 d&#233;cembre 1914, par les U.S. Marines, pr&#233;lude &#224; l&#8217;occupation militaire am&#233;ricaine du 28 juillet 1915 au 15 ao&#251;t 1934. &#192; cela s&#8217;ajoute l&#8217;arriv&#233;e progressive, vers la fin du 19</span><sup><span>e</span></sup><span> si&#232;cle, de vagues migratoires du Levant &#8212; notamment arabes et juives &#8212; qui en sont venues &#224; contr&#244;ler de vastes pans de l&#8217;&#233;conomie nationale.</span></p><p><span>&#192; l&#8217;inverse, la grille de lecture &#233;trang&#232;re tend &#224; rejeter l&#8217;int&#233;gralit&#233; de la faute sur les Ha&#239;tiens eux-m&#234;mes, d&#233;non&#231;ant une incurie et une mauvaise gestion intrins&#232;ques.</span></p><p><span>En tant qu&#8217;&#233;diteur de </span><em><span>The Haiti Files</span></em><span>, je soutiens que la r&#233;alit&#233; se situe &#224; l&#8217;intersection de ces deux r&#233;cits. </span><em><span>The Haiti Files</span></em><span> refuse la th&#232;se r&#233;ductrice d&#8217;un peuple ha&#239;tien pu&#233;ril et passif, qui serait instrumentalis&#233; par des forces endog&#232;nes et exog&#232;nes occultes. </span></p><p><span>En r&#233;alit&#233;, de la Constitution de 1801 promulgu&#233;e par Toussaint Louverture, que Napol&#233;on Bonaparte per&#231;ut comme une d&#233;claration d&#8217;ind&#233;pendance de fait, jusqu&#8217;en 1914, Ha&#239;ti pr&#233;serva sa souverainet&#233; sans recourir &#224; la protection militaire d&#8217;aucune puissance. Jusqu&#8217;en 1844, le pays parvint &#224; gouverner et, jusqu&#8217;en 1863, &#224; s&#233;curiser l&#8217;ensemble de l&#8217;&#238;le contre les menaces exog&#232;nes, tout en s&#8217;acquittant de la ran&#231;on fran&#231;aise et des int&#233;r&#234;ts exorbitants des emprunts contract&#233;s.</span></p><p><span>Cependant, la lucidit&#233; impose de reconna&#238;tre qu&#8217;Ha&#239;ti a souffert, d&#232;s le lendemain de son ind&#233;pendance, d&#8217;un d&#233;ficit chronique de leadership politique. La R&#233;volution d&#233;vora ses propres enfants : le 17 octobre 1806, Jean-Jacques Dessalines fut assassin&#233; par ses compagnons d&#8217;armes. Cet acte fondateur de l&#8217;instabilit&#233; provoqua, en 1807, la scission du pays en trois entit&#233;s distinctes (le Nord, l&#8217;Ouest et le Sud). L&#8217;Ouest et le Sud s&#8217;unirent ensuite en une R&#233;publique pour affronter le Royaume du Nord d&#8217;Henri Christophe jusqu&#8217;en 1820.</span></p><p><span>Depuis cette rupture g&#233;opolitique, Ha&#239;ti est demeur&#233;e balkanis&#233;e et frapp&#233;e d&#8217;instabilit&#233; syst&#233;mique, en d&#233;pit de rares parenth&#232;ses de calme et de dynamisme &#233;conomique. Il reste l&#233;gitime de se demander quel aurait &#233;t&#233; le parcours de modernisation du pays sans le poids asphyxiant de la ran&#231;on et les immenses sacrifices financiers consentis jusqu&#8217;en 1863 pour maintenir une posture de d&#233;fense militaire effective de l&#8217;&#238;le.</span></p><p><strong><span>Vers la Transformation structurelle d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti</span></strong></p><p><span>Les deux premi&#232;res parties de cette s&#233;rie ont diss&#233;qu&#233; les racines historiques, politiques et sociales de la crise ha&#239;tienne en les articulant autour de la Doctrine nationale : le </span><strong><span>R&#234;ve Ha&#239;tien</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><span>Cette troisi&#232;me partie transforme le diagnostic historique en feuille de route op&#233;rationnelle. Elle organise la refondation nationale en </span><strong><span>cinq phases quinquennales, de 2026 &#224; 2051</span></strong><span> </span><em><span>(le calendrier de mise en &#339;uvre pouvant &#234;tre ajust&#233; au gr&#233; de l&#8217;&#233;volution de la crise structurelle)</span></em><span> :</span></p><ol><li><p><strong><span>Phase I :</span></strong><span> Restaurer la souverainet&#233; en instaurant l&#8217;ordre public et les cadres fondateurs ;</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Phase II :</span></strong><span> D&#233;centraliser et d&#233;concentrer l&#8217;&#201;tat et lancer les grands chantiers ;</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Phase III :</span></strong><span> Industrialiser l&#8217;&#233;conomie et consolider les r&#233;seaux sociaux de base ;</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Phase IV :</span></strong><span> Faire &#233;merger une &#233;conomie du savoir adoss&#233;e &#224; l&#8217;autonomie &#233;nerg&#233;tique ;</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Phase V :</span></strong><span> Stabiliser une prosp&#233;rit&#233; partag&#233;e port&#233;e par une classe moyenne &#233;largie.</span></p></li></ol><p><span>Ainsi structur&#233;e, la strat&#233;gie relie les r&#233;formes institutionnelles, la croissance &#233;conomique et les priorit&#233;s sociales dans une progression logique et mesurable. La mise en &#339;uvre suit une logique cumulative : chaque phase consolide les acquis de la pr&#233;c&#233;dente avant d&#8217;&#233;largir le champ d&#8217;action de l&#8217;&#201;tat, du secteur priv&#233;, en particulier, et de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile, en g&#233;n&#233;ral.</span></p><div><hr></div><p><strong><span>Phase I (2026&#8211;2031) : Restaurer la souverainet&#233;, stabilisation et cadres fondateurs</span></strong></p><p><em><span>Ce premier quinquennat pose les fondations de l&#8217;&#201;tat de droit et de la souverainet&#233; nationale. Il r&#233;tablit l&#8217;autorit&#233; de l&#8217;&#201;tat, engage la r&#233;forme constitutionnelle et institutionnelle, met en place les m&#233;canismes de s&#233;curit&#233; nationale, relance les urgences &#233;conomiques et sociales, et lance les &#233;tudes structurantes qui pr&#233;pareront les grands chantiers des phases suivantes.</span></em></p><p><strong><span>1. Priorit&#233;s politiques</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>Restauration de l&#8217;Autorit&#233; de l&#8217;&#201;tat</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><span>Appliquer la loi dans toute sa rigueur, selon le principe de l&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; devant la loi de la Constitution de 1805, sans aucune consid</span>&#233;<span>ration de couleur, de classe ou de rang social ; am&#233;liorer la gouvernance administrative et politique ; adopter une strat&#233;gie de d&#233;fense et de s&#233;curit&#233; nationale ; consolider le territoire par la modernisation des forces arm&#233;es et de la police ; renforcer l&#8217;appareil judiciaire ; et mettre en place un plan d&#8217;am&#233;nagement du territoire ax&#233; sur une d&#233;centralisation et une d&#233;concentration redevables.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>R&#233;forme des secteurs de la d&#233;fense et de la s&#233;curit&#233; :</span></strong><span> Op&#233;rationnaliser le Conseil national de s&#233;curit&#233; et le Service national de renseignements ; &#233;laborer et mettre &#224; jour r&#233;guli&#232;rement la Strat&#233;gie nationale de d&#233;fense et de s&#233;curit&#233; ; renforcer la Police nationale ; cr&#233;er des forces de police municipale dans les communes qui disposent des moyens financiers n&#233;cessaires ; et accro&#238;tre les capacit&#233;s humaines et mat&#233;rielles de la Police nationale et des Forces Arm&#233;es d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti eu </span>&#233;<span>gard aux menaces et aux risques &#224; la s&#233;curit&#233; nationale.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>R&#233;forme constitutionnelle et refonte institutionnelle</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Pouvoir ex</span>&#233;<span>cutif :</span></strong><span> Instaurer un r&#233;gime pr&#233;sidentiel fort, assorti de balises importantes mais &#233;quilibr&#233;es ; </span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Pouvoir l</span>&#233;<span>gislatif :</span></strong><span> cr&#233;er un parlement monocam&#233;ral consistant d&#8217;une Assembl&#233;e nationale de 100 d</span>&#233;<span>put</span>&#233;<span>s, au grand maximum, afin de garantir la c&#233;l&#233;rit&#233; l&#233;gislative et l&#8217;efficacit</span>&#233;<span> du contr&#244;le horizontal ; </span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Pouvoir judiciaire :</span></strong><span> rendre l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance judiciaire effective et instituer une Cour supr&#234;me, en lieu et place du bin&#244;me</span> Cour de Cassation et Conseil constitutionnel, charg&#233;e de casser les d&#233;cisions <strong>et</strong> de d&#233;terminer la constitutionnalit&#233; des lois et des actes ex&#233;cutifs ; </p></li><li><p><strong><span>D</span>&#233;<span>centralisation :</span></strong><span> pr&#233;voir un leadership politique aux niveaux des d&#233;partements et des arrondissements, ainsi que des sources de revenus pour leur administration et la fourniture des services de base &#224; leurs populations ; et </span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>D</span>&#233;<span>concentration :</span></strong><span> stipuler que les communes disposant des moyens n&#233;cessaires puissent cr&#233;er des forces de police municipale.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Dialogue social :</span></strong><span> Signer un Pacte de Bonne Gouvernance et de Citoyennet&#233; Responsable entre l&#8217;&#201;tat, le secteur priv&#233;, en particulier, et la soci&#233;t&#233; civile, en g&#233;n&#233;ral, fixant des normes strictes d&#8217;&#233;thique, de transparence et de co-responsabilit&#233; fiscale.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong><span>Diplomatie et int&#233;gration r&#233;gionale</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><span>Red&#233;finir la politique &#233;trang&#232;re en la fondant sur l&#8217;appropriation nationale, les int&#233;r&#234;ts strat&#233;giques et le respect de la souverainet&#233;.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Int&#233;grer le March&#233; et l&#8217;&#201;conomie Uniques de la Communaut&#233; carib&#233;enne (CSME). L&#8217;objectif est d&#8217;exploiter le poids d&#233;mographique d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti (plus de 50 % de la population de la CARICOM) pour positionner le pays comme la plateforme de production et la plaque tournante du transport a&#233;rien de la sous-r&#233;gion.</span></p></li><li><p><span>N&#233;gocier un accord commercial binational et &#233;quilibr&#233; &#8211; ax&#233; sur la r&#233;ciprocit&#233; gagnant-gagnant &#8211; avec la R&#233;publique dominicaine, envisageant l&#8217;&#238;le comme un march&#233; unifi&#233; de 25 &#224; 30 millions de consommateurs.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong><span>Reddition de comptes : </span></strong><span>Appliquer rigoureusement les principes de redevabilit&#233; et de responsabilit&#233; administrative et minist&#233;rielle, dans l&#8217;esprit de l&#8217;article 42 de la Constitution de 1805, qui doit &#234;tre repris dans toute r&#233;forme constitutionnelle.</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>2. Priorit&#233;s &#233;conomiques</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Partenariats Public-Priv&#233; (PPP) : </span></strong><span>&#201;tablir des cadres de concertation formels r&#233;guliers avec la communaut&#233; des affaires et les syndicats pour adopter rapidement les r&#233;formes juridiques, fiscales et r&#233;glementaires ainsi que pour convenir des industries de substitution dans des fili&#232;res strat&#233;giques.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Climat des affaires : </span></strong><span>Stabiliser l&#8217;&#233;conomie, rationaliser la fiscalit&#233; et instaurer des garanties juridiques pour prot&#233;ger les investissements et stimuler la cr&#233;ation d&#8217;emplois. Am&#233;nager les tarifs consolid&#233;s et les tarifs appliqu&#233;s, tout en b&#233;n&#233;ficiant pleinement de la position actuelle d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti dans l&#8217;Organisation mondiale du Commerce comme Pays moins avanc&#233; (PMA).</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Infrastructures d&#8217;urgence : </span></strong><span>Mobiliser des capitaux priv&#233;s ha&#239;tiens et &#233;trangers afin de construire prioritairement les grands axes routiers Nord-Sud et Est-Ouest, ainsi que des ports et des a&#233;roports sous forme de contrats </span><em><span>Build-Operate-Transfer</span></em><span> et de concessions.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Transition &#233;nerg&#233;tique : </span></strong><span>Construire le r&#233;seau &#233;lectrique national et lancer des projets pilotes en PPP (solaire, hydro&#233;lectricit&#233; de proximit&#233;) et inciter la construction de mini-r&#233;seaux propres.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Relance du tourisme : </span></strong><span>S&#233;curiser et restaurer les sites patrimoniaux et historiques embl&#233;matiques (Citadelle Laferri&#232;re, Palais Sans-Souci, Palais aux 365 Portes, fortifications post-ind&#233;pendance), et y &#233;tablir une politique de gestion rentable ; &#233;tablir progressivement le retour d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti comme l&#8217;alternative de choix du tourisme dans l&#8217;H&#233;misph&#232;re occidental.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Souverainet&#233; alimentaire et agriculture : </span></strong><span>Soutenir imm&#233;diatement les fili&#232;res agricoles strat&#233;giques (produits biologiques, mangues) pour alimenter les circuits courts (cantines scolaires, h&#244;pitaux, forces de s&#233;curit&#233;) et l&#8217;exportation au sein de la CARICOM.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>&#201;tude des industries de substitution strat&#233;giques :</span></strong><span> &#192; l&#8217;aide du dialogue tripartite entre l&#8217;&#201;tat, le secteur priv&#233; et la soci&#233;t&#233; civile, y compris les syndicats, convenir des domaines dans lesquels Ha&#239;ti dispose d&#8217;un avantage comparatif et dont le caract&#232;re strat&#233;gique requiert une protection nationale.</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>3. Priorit&#233;s sociales, Am&#233;nagement territorial et Services de base</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Filets sociaux et urgences : </span></strong><span>&#201;tablir des programmes d&#8217;assistance cibl&#233;s pour les m&#233;nages vuln&#233;rables ; rouvrir les &#233;coles et les centres de sant&#233; ; r&#233;habiliter les r&#233;seaux routiers, d&#8217;eau potable et d&#8217;assainissement dans les zones pacifi&#233;es.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Salubrit&#233; publique : </span></strong><span>&#201;laborer un</span><strong><span> </span></strong><span>Plan d&#8217;urgence d&#8217;assainissement national, surtout urbain, et lancer une &#233;tude pour un Syst&#232;me national d&#233;concentr&#233; de collecte et de traitement des d&#233;chets m&#233;nagers et industriels. R&#233;cup&#233;rer le littoral et convenir de l&#8217;utilisation des sites &#224; potentiel touristique et de loisirs.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Infrastructures universitaires (&#201;tudes strat&#233;giques) : </span></strong><span>Lancer des &#233;tudes de faisabilit&#233; pour la cr&#233;ation d&#8217;un r&#233;seau universitaire d&#233;centralis&#233; structur&#233; en 4 grands campus :</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Nord : </span></strong><span>Extension du campus de Limonade (25 000 &#233;tudiants).</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Artibonite et Centre : </span></strong><span>Lancer l&#8217;&#233;tude du campus de la r&#233;gion Centre aux Gona&#239;ves et une antenne &#224; Hinche (25 000 &#233;tudiants).</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Ouest : </span></strong><span>Concevoir le plan d&#8217;un campus national m&#233;tropolitain de Port-au-Prince (50 000 &#233;tudiants).</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Sud : </span></strong><span>&#201;laborer le Plan d&#8217;am&#233;nagement du campus des Cayes (25 000 &#233;tudiants).</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong><span>Sant&#233; publique : </span></strong><span>Lancer l&#8217;&#201;tude strat&#233;gique de la construction d&#8217;un h&#244;pital moderne de r&#233;f&#233;rence dans chacune des dix (10) capitales d&#233;partementales.</span></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong><span>Phase II (2031&#8211;2036) : D&#233;centralisation, Grands chantiers et Modernisation agricole</span></strong></p><p><em><span>Gr&#226;ce &#224; la stabilit&#233; retrouv&#233;e et aux cadres fondateurs &#233;tablis lors de la premi&#232;re phase, le deuxi&#232;me quinquennat concr&#233;tise la d&#233;centralisation, transf&#232;re progressivement les ressources vers les collectivit&#233;s territoriales, modernise l&#8217;administration publique et met en chantier les infrastructures r&#233;gionales, &#233;nerg&#233;tiques, agricoles, sanitaires et universitaires.</span></em></p><p><strong><span>1. Priorit&#233;s politiques</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Consolidation institutionnelle : </span></strong><span>Appliquer strictement les engagements &#233;thiques et fiscaux du Pacte de Bonne Gouvernance.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>D&#233;centralisation effective : </span></strong><span>Transf&#233;rer progressivement les comp&#233;tences et les ressources budg&#233;taires n&#233;cessaires aux collectivit&#233;s territoriales.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Rationaliser l&#8217;Administration et Digitaliser l&#8217;&#201;tat : </span></strong><span>Moderniser l&#8217;administration et professionnaliser la fonction publique, tout en bannissant les sin&#233;cures et le n&#233;potisme ; utiliser les technologies num</span>&#233;<span>riques au maximum.</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>2. Priorit&#233;s &#233;conomiques et Grands r&#233;seaux logistiques</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>D&#233;ploiement des &#233;nergies renouvelables : </span></strong><span>Localiser et &#233;tudier l&#8217;implantation de parcs solaires, d&#8217;infrastructures &#233;oliennes et de centrales hydro&#233;lectriques construites en PPP.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Agro-industrie et exportation : </span></strong><span>Entamer la r&#233;forme fonci&#232;re, &#233;tablir la s&#233;curit&#233; fonci&#232;re, d&#233;finir le zonage, moderniser les techniques d&#8217;irrigation et d&#233;velopper des partenariats visant &#224; approvisionner le march&#233; de la CARICOM.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Am&#233;nagement territorial : </span></strong><span>Mettre en place un cadre fiscal incitatif et poursuivre la r&#233;cup&#233;ration du littoral afin d&#8217;attirer les investissements hors de la r&#233;gion m&#233;tropolitaine de la capitale.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Grands r&#233;seaux logistiques : </span></strong><span>D&#233;ployer, en PPP, les principaux corridors routiers, portuaires, a&#233;roportuaires et num&#233;riques n&#233;cessaires &#224; la circulation des biens, des personnes et des services sur l&#8217;ensemble du territoire. </span>Tirer parti de la position g&#233;ographique d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti au carrefour de l&#8217;Oc&#233;an Atlantique et du Bassin des Cara&#239;bes, notamment en construisant un port de transbordement dans le nord-ouest d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, dans la r&#233;gion du M&#244;le Saint Nicolas.</p></li></ul><p><strong><span>3. Priorit&#233;s sociales, Am&#233;nagement et Services de base</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Gestion des d&#233;chets : </span></strong><span>Construire les premiers centres de tri et d&#233;charges contr&#244;l&#233;es d&#233;partementales.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Fiscalit&#233; locale et cadastre : </span></strong><span>Moderniser la fiscalit&#233; fonci&#232;re pour assurer l&#8217;autonomie financi&#232;re progressive des d&#233;partements et des communes.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Sant&#233; et &#233;ducation :</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><span>Poser la premi&#232;re pierre des campus universitaires de Gona&#239;ves, de Port-au-Prince et des Cayes, et am&#233;nager le campus de Limonade.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Lancer la construction de la premi&#232;re tranche des h&#244;pitaux d&#233;partementaux de r&#233;f&#233;rence (5 chefs-lieux prioritaires).</span></p></li><li><p><span>Moderniser l&#8217;enseignement fondamental et valoriser la formation professionnelle (dans l&#8217;esprit de l&#8217;article 11 de la Constitution de 1805).</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong><span>Phase III (2036&#8211;2041) : Industrialisation, r&#233;seau sanitaire et zones &#233;conomiques</span></strong></p><p><em><span>Cette troisi&#232;me &#233;tape marque le passage des grands chantiers &#224; la production nationale. Les h&#244;pitaux d&#233;partementaux et les campus r&#233;gionaux entrent progressivement en service, les zones &#233;conomiques sp&#233;ciales soutiennent l&#8217;industrialisation, les fili&#232;res touristiques et agro-industrielles montent en puissance, et l&#8217;emploi formel devient l&#8217;un des principaux vecteurs d&#8217;&#233;largissement de la classe moyenne.</span></em></p><p><strong><span>1. Priorit&#233;s politiques</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Diplomatie &#233;conomique : </span></strong><span>Renforcer le r&#244;le central d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti au sein de la CARICOM et accro&#238;tre son attractivit&#233; pour les investissements directs &#233;trangers (IDE) et le capital de la diaspora.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Continuit&#233; d&#233;mocratique : </span></strong><span>Consolider les m&#233;canismes d&#8217;alternance politique et de responsabilit&#233; citoyenne ; tenir les &#233;lections r&#233;guli&#232;rement, dans les d&#233;lais impartis.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>D&#233;fense et s&#233;curit&#233; nationale : </span></strong><span>Le dispositif national de s&#233;curit&#233;, y compris les services de renseignement et les forces de d&#233;fense et de s&#233;curit&#233; publique, fonctionne &#224; plein rendement.</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>2. Priorit&#233;s &#233;conomiques</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Zones &#201;conomiques Sp&#233;ciales (ZES) : </span></strong><span>Cr&#233;er des ZES aliment&#233;es en &#233;nergie propre, pour transformer et exporter vers la Cara&#239;be.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Passage &#224; l&#8217;&#233;chelle touristique : </span></strong><span>Concessions priv&#233;es r&#233;gul&#233;es pour l&#8217;exploitation commerciale des grands sites touristiques r&#233;habilit&#233;s.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Industrialisation agro-industrielle et exportatrice : </span></strong><span>Acc&#233;l&#233;rer la transformation des fili&#232;res agricoles et manufacturi&#232;res afin d&#8217;accro&#238;tre les exportations, de renforcer les cha&#238;nes de valeur nationales et de soutenir les zones &#233;conomiques sp&#233;ciales.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Emploi formel : </span></strong><span>Incitations cibl&#233;es pour absorber des dipl&#244;m&#233;s issus du nouveau r&#233;seau de formation technique.</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>3. Priorit&#233;s sociales, Am&#233;nagement et Services de base</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>&#201;conomie circulaire (Waste-to-Energy) : </span></strong><span>Valoriser le potentiel &#233;nerg&#233;tique des d&#233;chets pour alimenter l&#8217;agriculture en engrais et soutenir le r&#233;seau &#233;lectrique.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Infrastructures de sant&#233; et d&#8217;&#233;ducation :</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><span>Inaugurer les dix (10) h&#244;pitaux d&#233;partementaux de r&#233;f&#233;rence et d&#233;ployer une assurance maladie universelle adoss&#233;e au secteur public.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Ouvrir progressivement les campus universitaires d&#233;centralis&#233;s et accueillir les premi&#232;res promotions.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Eau et assainissement : </span></strong><span>Raccorder massivement les m&#233;nages aux r&#233;seaux d&#8217;eau potable et d&#8217;assainissement.</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong><span>Phase IV (2041&#8211;2046) : &#201;conomie du savoir, autonomie &#233;nerg&#233;tique et maturit&#233; universitaire</span></strong></p><p><em><span>&#192; ce stade, l&#8217;&#201;tat consolide la ma&#238;trise du territoire et oriente la croissance vers la connaissance, la r&#233;silience et l&#8217;innovation. Le r&#233;seau universitaire atteint sa maturit&#233;, l&#8217;autonomie &#233;nerg&#233;tique repose sur un mix renouvelable, la gestion des d&#233;chets devient industrielle et l&#8217;&#233;conomie num&#233;rique s&#8217;appuie sur la recherche, les infrastructures publiques modernis&#233;es et les p&#244;les r&#233;gionaux de comp&#233;tence.</span></em></p><p><strong><span>1. Priorit&#233;s politiques</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>R&#233;silience environnementale : </span></strong><span>Mettre en &#339;uvre des politiques publiques de protection des bassins versants, de reboisement massif et de gestion avanc&#233;e des risques naturels, tout en renfor&#231;ant les capacit&#233;s d&#8217;intervention lors des catastrophes naturelles et des d&#233;sastres.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Prise en charge de la S&#233;curit&#233; nationale :</span></strong><span> Le dispositif national de d&#233;fense et de s&#233;curit&#233; fonctionne pleinement et consolide les acquis de la stabilit&#233;.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Rayonnement r&#233;gional : </span></strong><span>Affirmer le leadership culturel, acad&#233;mique et &#233;conomique d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti dans le bassin des Cara&#239;bes.</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>2. Priorit&#233;s &#233;conomiques</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Autonomie &#233;nerg&#233;tique verte : </span></strong><span>Renforcer la</span><strong><span> </span></strong><span>matrice &#233;nerg&#233;tique nationale reposant majoritairement sur un mix renouvelable, abordable et souverain.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>&#201;conomie num&#233;rique : </span></strong><span>Num&#233;riser int&#233;gralement les infrastructures r&#233;gionales et cr&#233;er un &#233;cosyst&#232;me national de </span><em><span>startups</span></em><span> adoss&#233; &#224; la recherche universitaire.</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>3. Priorit&#233;s sociales, am&#233;nagement et services de base</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Plein r&#233;gime universitaire : </span></strong><span>Les quatre campus r&#233;gionaux atteignent leur capacit&#233; maximale de 125 000 &#233;tudiants.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>P&#233;rennit&#233; des r&#233;seaux sociaux de base : </span></strong><span>Assurer la continuit&#233;, la maintenance et le financement durable des r&#233;seaux d&#8217;eau, d&#8217;assainissement et de sant&#233;, afin que les gains des phases pr&#233;c&#233;dentes deviennent irr&#233;versibles.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Cadre de vie et urbanisme : </span></strong><span>Assurer la gestion s&#233;lective des d&#233;chets sur l&#8217;ensemble du territoire national et d&#233;ployer des programmes d&#8217;acc&#232;s &#224; des logements sociaux viabilis&#233;s.</span></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong><span>Phase V (2046&#8211;2051) : Prosp&#233;rit&#233; partag&#233;e, rayonnement et &#233;mergence de la classe moyenne</span></strong></p><p><em><span>La derni&#232;re phase consolide le R&#234;ve Ha&#239;tien en r&#233;sultats durables : institutions r&#233;publicaines p&#233;rennes, s&#233;curit&#233; nationale pleinement op&#233;rationnelle, diplomatie d&#8217;influence, &#233;conomie diversifi&#233;e et comp&#233;titive, villes propres et autofinanc&#233;es, acc&#232;s universel aux services essentiels, recul d&#233;cisif de la pauvret&#233; extr&#234;me et &#233;mergence d&#8217;une classe moyenne capable de soutenir la stabilit&#233; nationale.</span></em></p><p><strong><span>1. Priorit&#233;s politiques</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>P&#233;rennit&#233; r&#233;publicaine : </span></strong><span>Consolider le mod&#232;le d&#233;mocratique mature, transparent et fond&#233; sur un civisme exemplaire.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>S&#233;curit&#233; nationale consolid&#233;e : </span></strong><span>Les services de renseignement, le Conseil national de s&#233;curit&#233;, la Police nationale et les Forces Arm&#233;es d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti fonctionnent &#224; plein rendement, surveillent et &#233;valuent constamment les menaces et les risques, et ajustent en cons&#233;quence la politique nationale de d&#233;fense et de s&#233;curit&#233;.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Diplomatie d&#8217;influence : </span></strong><span>Renforcer le rayonnement international de la culture, du mod&#232;le de d&#233;veloppement et de la recherche scientifique ha&#239;tiens.</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>2. Priorit&#233;s &#233;conomiques</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Maturit&#233; financi&#232;re et commerciale : </span></strong><span>Souverainet&#233; &#233;conomique &#233;tablie et positionnement d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti comme hub commercial incontournable du CSME.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Maturit&#233; des PPP et des march&#233;s financiers : </span></strong><span>Consolider les m&#233;canismes de financement public-priv&#233;, renforcer les march&#233;s financiers nationaux et orienter l&#8217;&#233;pargne vers les investissements productifs de long terme.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Diversification aboutie : </span></strong><span>Consolider un mod&#232;le &#233;conomique &#233;quilibr&#233; et comp&#233;titif, articul&#233; autour d&#8217;une agriculture &#224; fort rendement, d&#8217;un tourisme florissant, d&#8217;une industrie performante et de services &#224; haute valeur ajout&#233;e.</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>3. Priorit&#233;s sociales, am&#233;nagement et services de base</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>&#201;mergence d&#8217;une classe moyenne prosp&#232;re : </span></strong><span>Des villes propres, s&#251;res, modernis&#233;es et soutenues par une fiscalit&#233; locale efficiente.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>&#201;radication de la pauvret&#233; extr&#234;me : </span></strong><span>Garantir &#224; l&#8217;ensemble des citoyens l&#8217;acc&#232;s universel et permanent &#224; des soins de sant&#233; de haut niveau, &#224; l&#8217;eau potable, &#224; l&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233; verte et &#224; une &#233;ducation d&#8217;excellence.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Prise en charge accrue des couches les plus vuln&#233;rables : </span></strong><span>Consolider le filet de s&#233;curit&#233; sociale afin d&#8217;&#233;viter le retour aux d&#233;rives des ann&#233;es 1990 &#224; 2026.</span></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/le-choix-de-la-prosperite-une-perspective?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/le-choix-de-la-prosperite-une-perspective?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Choice to Be Poor: Learning From the Dessalinian Doctrine and the Haitian Dream]]></title><description><![CDATA[Part II: The Future of Haiti, or the Necessity of Unity Among its Elites]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-to-be-poor-learning-from</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-to-be-poor-learning-from</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 21:16:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87c73d4a-415c-4e7c-92d0-109df1b36b82_675x423.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>The Haitian Dream Exists: Haiti Requires a National Pact to Achieve It</strong></p><p>The Haitian tragedy is not an absence of vision. Since 1804, this vision has existed: freedom, sovereignty, national unity, productive work, and shared prosperity. The real challenge lies elsewhere: providing proper leadership accountable for results; and transforming this founding legacy into effective governance, an appropriate strategy, efficient institutions, and lasting tangible results for the population.</p><h3>I. The Starting Point: Rebuilding Haiti Around a Common Vision</h3><p>Haiti knows what it wants to become, again: a peaceful, prosperous, stable, and fully sovereign nation. But no nation is rebuilt through slogans. It revitalises itself through competent, accountable, responsible, transparent, and visionary leadership; through institutions that deliver results; through an economy capable of creating jobs; and through a State that inspires confidence. Without this reset of national leadership and public authority, the so-called democratic transition will remain a ritual without a future.</p><h4>Toward a National Strategy for Economic Growth and Development</h4><p>To offer the Haitian people genuine levers for social mobility and advancement, governance must rely on a clear economic strategy:</p><ul><li><p>Making the national market competitive;</p></li><li><p>Attracting foreign direct investments;</p></li><li><p>Basing commercial relations on reciprocity;</p></li><li><p>Promoting public-private partnerships; and</p></li><li><p>Expanding the middle class through the massive creation of jobs and wealth.</p></li></ul><p>This dynamic must also be accompanied by a social safety net capable of correcting the excesses of the market economy and strengthening national stability.</p><p>Despite two and a quarter centuries of a tumultuous history, this project of sovereignty and prosperity, the &#8220;Haitian Dream&#8221; laid out by its founders, remains unfinished. The persistent structural crisis only renders the urgency more visible and relevant: the elites must step away from the logic of fragmentation to rebuild national unity.</p><h3>II. Which Economic, Political, and Social Orientation for Haiti?</h3><p>Any national orientation presupposes, first and foremost, a shared sense of belonging. Yet, Haitian elites remain endogamous, dispersed, mistrustful, and incapable of building a common vision. This atomisation reflects a deeply fragmented political and social culture. After 223 years of independence, Haiti still struggles to consolidate its national fabric, despite the flag sewn by Catherine Flon on 18 May 1803, following the Congress of Arcahaie held to unite the emerging Haitian Nation.</p><p>The majority of Haitians remains proud of their origins and the accomplishments of their ancestors. However, the rupture of the post-independence pact, visible as early as 17 October 1806, was never fully repaired. This fracture gradually weakened the authority of the State and fueled the current debacle. We must now break away from this trajectory, alas.</p><p>Restoring the national pact requires revisiting history without &#8220;sterile nostalgia&#8221; or complacency. Great nations that managed to consolidate themselves, from the United States to Bismarckian Germany, from Gaullist France to Atat&#252;rk&#8217;s Turkey, up to contemporary Asian states, have endured deep internal shocks. However, they ultimately strengthened  themselves around a shared perspective. Haiti, the Great nation that distinguished itself through the epic nature of its historical journey, can do the same. Its current fate is not inevitable.</p><p>The Imperial Constitution of 20 May 1805, promulgated by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, provides the first institutional architecture of this Haitian Dream. It outlines a structured, cohesive, and sovereign State. History shows, however, that the missing link has always been political leadership: the inability of the elites to agree on the means to embody this vision. Current elites, however, possess more than two centuries of experience to break away from fatalistic reflexes, those that present Haiti as condemned to instability or foreign tutelage, and reclaim control over the national trajectory.</p><h3>III. The Haitian Dream: Rereading History to Act Rightly</h3><p>National recovery involves relying on history and drawing its necessary lessons in order to adapt them to the current context:</p><ul><li><p><strong>The Oath of 1804:</strong> Until 1825, when President Jean-Pierre Boyer agreed to pay a ransom to France in exchange for the recognition of independence, every head of state took the oath pronounced on January 1, 1804, by Dessalines in <em>The Proclamation of the General-in-Chief to the People of Hayti</em>:</p></li></ul><blockquote><p><em>Let us swear to the whole universe, to posterity, to ourselves, to renounce France forever, and to die rather than live under its domination; to fight until the last breath for the independence of our country.</em></p></blockquote><p><em>(Pradine, Linstant Le Bon, Recueil g&#233;n&#233;ral des lois et actes du gouvernement d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, Tome 1er, 1804-1808, Paris, A. Durand et P&#233;done Lauriel, Senior, 1886, pp. 5-6.)</em></p><ul><li><p><strong>The Decree of January 14, 1804:</strong> By this act, Dessalines ordered the payment of 40 gourdes to any captain of an American vessel bringing a Haitian back from the United States to Haiti. He intended to allow all Haitians to participate in national construction, at home and in their own country, contrary to current debates on the fate of Haitian nationals in the Dominican Republic and the United States of America.</p></li></ul><p><em>(Id., pp. 7-8.)</em></p><h3>IV. The Codification of the Haitian Dream: The Imperial Constitution of 20 May 1805</h3><p>Although the assassination of Dessalines revealed deep political divergences in national construction, the principles codified in the 1805 Constitution, inherited in part from Toussaint Louverture&#8217;s 1801 Constitution, were not challenged on their substance. Alexandre P&#233;tion and Henri Christophe both incorporated these fundamental provisions, which also appeared in the other constitutions of the Republic.</p><h4>4.1. The Haitian Dream in Key Provisions of the 1805 Constitution</h4><p><strong>Political and Civic Principles</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Art. 2.</strong> Slavery is forever abolished.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 3.</strong> Haitian citizens are brothers at home. Equality, in the eyes of the law, is incontestably recognised&#8230;</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 4.</strong> The law is one for all, whether it punishes or protects.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 6.</strong> Property is sacred, its violation will be rigorously prosecuted.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 8.*</strong> The status of citizen is suspended by the effect of bankruptcies and failures.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 9.*</strong> No one is worthy of being a Haitian if he is not a good father, a good son, a good husband, and especially a good soldier.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 10.</strong> Fathers and mothers are not granted the ability to disinherit their children.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 11.*</strong> Every citizen must possess a useful skill.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 12.*</strong> No white man, regardless of his nation, shall set foot on this territory in the capacity of master or proprietor; nor shall he acquire any property here in the future.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 13.*</strong> An exception is made for [...] [white] women [...] [and their] children [...] as well as Germans and Poles naturalised as Haitians by the government.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 14.*</strong> Any distinction of color necessarily having to cease... Haitians shall henceforth only be known under the generic denomination of black.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 15.*</strong> The empire of Hayti is one and indivisible. Its territory is divided into six military divisions.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Institutional Framework</strong></p><p>The 1805 Constitution proposed a fluid, transparent, and accountable political governance to ensure administrative efficiency and territorial control. For example, Art. 40: the Minister of Finance and the Interior; Art. 41: the Minister of War and the Navy; and Art. 44 relating to the Secretary of State, Keeper of the Seals, among other attributions.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Art. 42.</strong> Ministers are responsible for all offenses committed by them against security and the Constitution, for any attack on individual property and liberty, for any dissipation of funds entrusted to them; they are required to account every three months for the use of the sums placed at their disposal.</p></li></ul><p><strong>General Provisions</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Art. 18.*</strong> A Penal Code shall be published and strictly observed.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 19.</strong> In each military division, a public school shall be established for the instruction of youth.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 20.</strong> The national colors shall be black and red.</p></li></ul><p><strong>National Economy</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Art. 21.</strong> Agriculture, as the first, most noble, and most useful of all arts, shall be honored and protected.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 22.*</strong> Commerce, the second source of the prosperity of States, desires and knows no obstacle. It must be favored and specially protected.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 23.*</strong> In each military division, a commercial tribunal shall be formed, whose members shall be chosen from among merchants.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 24.*</strong> Good faith and loyalty in commercial transactions shall be religiously observed.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 25.*</strong> The government assures protection and safety to neutral and friendly nations that come to maintain commercial relations with this island; on the condition that they conform to the regulations, customs, and usages of this country.</p></li><li><p><strong>Art. 26.</strong> The offices and goods of foreigners shall be under the safeguard and guarantee of the State.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Civic Duty</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Art. 28.*</strong> At the first shot of the alarm cannon, the cities disappear, and the nation stands up.</p></li></ul><p><em>*(These provisions were repeatedly carried over into the Haitian constitutional tradition, from the Louverture period to the Constitution of December 27, 1806.)</em></p><h4>Taking into Account the Founding Principles of the 1805 Constitution</h4><p>Any national renaissance must start from a simple idea: Haiti is not starting from scratch. It must reactivate what, in its historical institutional continuity, remains useful, while responding lucidly to contemporary realities. If the country has plunged into its current dystopia, it is also because its elites gradually drifted away from the founding vision. The corrective attempt undertaken in 1987 did not produce the expected results. We must therefore take the debate back to its roots.</p><p>The failure stems largely from institutional mimicry: the importation of foreign models that reflect neither Haitian political culture nor customs. Transforming Haiti therefore implies a profound reform of the State&#8217;s architecture. A new constitutional framework should, at a minimum, reintegrate the structuring principles of the original 1805 Constitution, adapting them to the reaquirements of the 21st century.</p><p>It must also avoid the proliferation of useless institutions, notably budget-draining ministries, so-called independent and autonomous agencies, as well as poorly managed public enterprises. Instead of modernising governance and delivering quality basic services, including national security, the operation of current institutions absorbs 75 to 80% of public revenues, leaving few resources for structural investments. They constitute an endless source of corruption, embezzlement, extortion, and state capture for personal and disastrous ends.</p><h4>Perspectives to Reform the Three Branches of Government</h4><p>The hybrid binary executive branch consisting of a president and a prime minister engenders perpetual conflicts. Also, Haitians must question the utility of the following entities:</p><ul><li><p>Ministry of Women&#8217;s Affairs and Women&#8217;s Rights</p></li><li><p>Ministry of Communication</p></li><li><p>Ministry of Religious Affairs</p></li><li><p>Ministry of Culture</p></li><li><p>Ministry of Environment</p></li><li><p>Ministry of Haitians Living Abroad</p></li><li><p>Ministry of Planning and External Cooperation</p></li><li><p>Ministry of Tourism</p></li></ul><p>In reality, these ministries must be evaluated in light of their actual utility. The current dystopia teaches us that the more the political elite, with the guilty indifference and indulgence of economic and intellectual elites, multiplies institutions, the more costly, opaque, inefficient and conflict-prone the State becomes. In governance, it is not the number of institutions that counts, but the quality of the results delivered to the population. </p><p>Haitian national degeneration reveals the exhaustion of the current institutional framework, particularly the two-headed executive power consisting of a president and a prime minister. This executive setup generates constant conflicts at the top of the State. It must be rethought in favor of a President of the Republic who serves as both head of state and head of government.</p><p>Furthermore, ministerial attributions could be reorganised in a leaner and more coherent manner. For example, attributions relating to:</p><ul><li><p>Women&#8217;s affairs can be managed by the Ministry of social affairs;</p></li><li><p>Government communication falls under the presidency;</p></li><li><p>Religious affairs, culture, and tourism fall within the domain of the Ministry of the Interior;</p></li><li><p>Government planning is tied to its finances;</p></li><li><p>And finally, external cooperation and Haitians living abroad fall under the domain of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</p></li></ul><p>The same requirement applies to the judiciary. The practices observed from lawyers to judges reflect structural cumbersome processes and a deep dysfunction. Why maintain two jurisdictions, namely the Court of Cassation and the Constitutional Council, to handle ultimate appeals? The dominant trend in many modern systems consists of entrusting a single Supreme Court with both the appeal of judicial decisions and the constitutional review of laws and government acts.</p><p>What is the utility today of a bicameral Parliament in Haiti? The question deserves to be asked directly. In its current form, Haitian legislative power is bloated, corrupt, costly, and deeply discredited. Far from constituting an effective institutional counterweight, it has become one of the most visible symbols of state failure.</p><p>With 119 deputies and 30 senators, three senators for each of the ten departments, Haiti maintains a heavy parliamentary architecture, the cost of which is disproportionate to the results. This institutional inflation would already be difficult to justify in a wealthy and stable country; it becomes almost indefensible in a State facing quasi-permanent insecurity, the collapse of public services, and a chronic governance crisis.</p><p>The problem is not merely numerical; it is also moral and political. A portion of the parliamentary class has distinguished itself through opacity, corrupt practices by demanding bribes to fulfill obligations mandated by the Constitution. Added to this is an even graver responsibility for Haiti&#8217;s dystopia: during electoral campaigns, certain candidates, like many presidential contenders, weaponised vulnerable youth, thereby contributing to fueling the armed groups that today wage an asymmetrical war against the Haitian State.</p><p>International comparison makes this imbalance even more striking. Israel, a very wealthy country equipped with vastly more performing institutions, operates with a Knesset of 120 members. The U.S. allocates two senators for each state. Haiti maintains 149 parliamentarians for weak legislative output and largely insufficient democratic oversight, in addition to corruption and violence.</p><p>Under these conditions, reform is essential. A unicameral national assembly of roughly 100 deputies would reduce costs, simplify the legislative process, and make the political accountability of elected officials clearer. It would not merely be about eliminating a chamber, but rethinking national representation around a simple principle: fewer positions, reduce costs, standards, greater transparency, and increased accountability to citizens.</p><h4>The Major Challenge: Rethinking Leadership and Establishing a Culture of Results</h4><p>The Haitian challenge is therefore not reduced to holding elections. The country must first produce competent, accountable, responsible, and visionary leadership. No institutional reform will succeed if the offer of leadership remains unchanged. This paradox is striking: outside Haiti, Haitian professionals excel in environments built on transparency, accountability, and measurable results. In their own country, the absence of a culture of results and effective enforcement of the law has contributed to the current terrorist dystopia.</p><h3>V. Conclusion: Finally Choosing the Path of Historical Responsibility</h3><p>Haiti&#8217;s existential quest is thus not merely institutional; it is also moral and historical. The principles formulated as early as 1805 do not belong to patriotic memory alone: they still form a matrix of sovereignty, public responsibility, and national cohesion. Contemporary elites must now stop treating this memory as a static monument and convert it into a national strategy.</p><p>The Haitian Dream will not survive as a mere incantation. It will take shape only if it becomes a collective discipline: proper leadership, political stability, economic prosperity, freedom, justice, security, and social progress. In other words, it must move from memory and muse to action, from discourse to execution, from promise to proof.</p><p>It must be stated clearly: the current crisis is not a Haitian fatality; it is the result of a long deficit of commitment, competence, and responsibility. The Strategy accompanying this analysis, which will be <strong>Part III of this series</strong>, aims to reverse this trajectory. It calls upon a generation to pick up the interrupted thread of 1804 and 1805: to build a sovereign, organized, prosperous nation that is master of its destiny. True tribute to the founders does not consist of celebrating them; it consists of completing their work.</p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-to-be-poor-learning-from?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-to-be-poor-learning-from?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or PAID subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le Choix d'être Pauvre : de la Doctrine Dessalinenne et du Rêve Haïtien]]></title><description><![CDATA[Deuxi&#232;me Partie : L&#8217;Avenir d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, ou de la N&#233;cessit&#233; de l&#8217;Unit&#233; de ses &#201;lites]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/le-choix-detre-pauvre-de-la-doctrine</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/le-choix-detre-pauvre-de-la-doctrine</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 20:34:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9c880cc8-52c5-42cc-9bd5-3e59dc7a4ba0_675x423.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span>Le R&#234;ve Ha&#239;tien Existe : Ha</span>&#239;<span>ti N&#233;cessite un Pacte national pour le R&#233;aliser</span></strong></p><div class="pullquote"><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Le drame ha&#239;tien n&#8217;est pas l&#8217;absence de vision. Depuis 1804, cette vision existe : libert&#233;, souverainet&#233;, unit&#233; nationale, travail productif et prosp&#233;rit&#233; partag&#233;e. Le vrai d&#233;fi est ailleurs : fournir le leadership idoine redevable des r</span>&#233;<span>sultats ; et transformer cet h&#233;ritage fondateur en gouvernance efficace, en strat&#233;gie appropri</span>&#233;<span>e, en institutions efficaces et en r&#233;sultats tangibles pour la population.</span></em></p></div><p><strong><span>I. Le Point de D&#233;part : Refaire Ha</span>&#239;<span>ti Autour d&#8217;Une Vision commune</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ha&#239;ti sait ce qu&#8217;elle veut redevenir : une nation paisible, prosp&#232;re, stable et pleinement souveraine. Mais aucune nation ne se reconstruit par slogans. Elle se reconstruit par un leadership comp&#233;tent, redevable, responsable, transparent et visionnaire ; par des institutions qui livrent des r&#233;sultats ; par une &#233;conomie capable de cr&#233;er des emplois ; et par un &#201;tat qui inspire confiance. Sans cette refondation du leadership national et de l&#8217;autorit&#233; publique, la transition dite d&#233;mocratique restera un rituel sans lendemain.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Pour une Strat&#233;gie nationale de Croissance et de D&#233;veloppement</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pour offrir au peuple ha&#239;tien de v&#233;ritables leviers de mobilit&#233; et d&#8217;ascension sociales, la gouvernance doit s&#8217;appuyer sur une strat&#233;gie &#233;conomique claire : </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>rendre le march&#233; national comp&#233;titif;</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>attirer les investissements directs &#233;trangers ;</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>fonder les relations commerciales sur la r&#233;ciprocit&#233; ;</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>promouvoir les partenariats public-priv&#233; ; et </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#233;largir la classe moyenne par la cr&#233;ation massive d&#8217;emplois et de richesses. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cette dynamique doit aussi s&#8217;accompagner d&#8217;un filet de s&#233;curit&#233; sociale capable de corriger les exc&#232;s de l&#8217;&#233;conomie de march&#233; et de renforcer la stabilit&#233; nationale.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Malgr&#233; deux si&#232;cles et quart d&#8217;une histoire tumultueuse, ce projet de souverainet&#233; et de prosp&#233;rit&#233; &#8212; le &#171; R&#234;ve ha&#239;tien &#187; des fondateurs &#8212; demeure inachev&#233;. La crise actuelle ne fait que rendre l&#8217;urgence plus visible, plus pertinente : les &#233;lites doivent sortir de la logique de fragmentation pour reconstruire l&#8217;unit&#233; nationale.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>II. Quelle Orientation &#233;conomique, politique et sociale pour Ha&#239;ti ?</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Toute orientation nationale suppose d&#8217;abord un sentiment partag&#233; d&#8217;appartenance. Or, les &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes restent endogames, dispers&#233;es, m&#233;fiantes et souvent incapables de construire une vision commune. Cette atomisation traduit une culture politique et sociale profond&#233;ment fragment&#233;e. Apr&#232;s 223 ans d&#8217;ind&#233;pendance, Ha&#239;ti peine encore &#224; consolider son tissu national, malgr</span>&#233;<span> le drapeau cousu par Catherine Flon le 18 mai 1803 </span>&#224;<span> l&#8217;issue du Congr</span>&#232;<span>s de l&#8217;Arcahaie.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La majorit&#233; des Ha&#239;tiens demeure fi&#232;re de ses origines et des accomplissements de ses a&#239;eux. Pourtant, la rupture du pacte postind&#233;pendance, visible d&#232;s le 17 octobre 1806, n&#8217;a jamais &#233;t&#233; pleinement r&#233;par&#233;e. Cette fracture a progressivement affaibli l&#8217;autorit&#233; de l&#8217;&#201;tat et nourri la d&#233;b&#226;cle actuelle. Il faut d&#233;sormais rompre avec cette trajectoire.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Restaurer le pacte national impose de revisiter l&#8217;histoire sans &#8220;nostalgie st&#233;rile&#8221; ni complaisance. Des grandes nations qui ont su se consolider &#8212; des &#201;tats-Unis &#224; l&#8217;Allemagne bismarckienne, de la France gaulliste &#224; la Turquie d&#8217;Atat&#252;rk, jusqu&#8217;aux &#201;tats asiatiques contemporains &#8212; ont travers&#233; de profonds chocs internes. Cependant, elles ont fini par s&#8217;ordonner autour d&#8217;une perspective partag&#233;e. Ha&#239;ti, la Grande nation qui s&#8217;est distingu</span>&#233;<span>e par l&#8217;</span>&#233;<span>pop</span>&#233;<span>e de sa trajectoire historique, peut faire de m&#234;me. Son sort n&#8217;est pas une fatalit&#233;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La Constitution imp&#233;riale du 20 mai 1805, promulgu&#233;e par Jean-Jacques Dessalines, fournit la premi&#232;re architecture institutionnelle de ce R&#234;ve ha&#239;tien. Elle esquisse un &#201;tat structur&#233;, solidaire et souverain. L&#8217;histoire montre toutefois que le maillon manquant a toujours &#233;t&#233; le leadership politique : l&#8217;incapacit&#233; des &#233;lites &#224; s&#8217;entendre sur les moyens d&#8217;incarner cette vision. Les &#233;lites actuelles disposent pourtant de plus de deux si&#232;cles d&#8217;exp&#233;rience pour rompre avec les r&#233;flexes fatalistes &#8212; ceux qui pr&#233;sentent Ha&#239;ti comme condamn&#233;e &#224; l&#8217;instabilit&#233; ou &#224; la tutelle &#233;trang&#232;re &#8212; et reprendre la ma&#238;trise de la trajectoire nationale.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>III. Le R&#234;ve ha&#239;tien : Relire l&#8217;Histoire pour Agir Bien</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Le redressement national implique de s&#8217;appuyer sur les faits marquants de l&#8217;histoire fondatrice et d&#8217;en tirer les enseignements n&#233;cessaires afin de les adapter au contexte actuel :</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Le Serment de 1804 :</span></strong><span> Jusqu&#8217;en 1825, date &#224; laquelle le pr&#233;sident Jean-Pierre Boyer accepta le paiement de verser une ran&#231;on &#224; la France en &#233;change de la reconnaissance de l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance, chaque chef d&#8217;&#201;tat pr&#234;tait le serment &#233;nonc&#233; le 1er janvier 1804 par Dessalines dans </span><em><span>La Proclamation du g&#233;n&#233;ral en chef au peuple d&#8217;Hayti</span></em><span> :</span></p></li></ul><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#171; </span><em><span>Jurons &#224; l&#8217;univers entier, &#224; la post&#233;rit&#233;, &#224; nous-m&#234;mes, de renoncer &#224; jamais &#224; la France, et de mourir plut&#244;t que de vivre sous sa domination ; de combattre jusqu&#8217;au dernier soupir pour l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance de notre pays.</span></em><span> &#187;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>(Pradine, Linstant Le Bon, Recueil g&#233;n&#233;ral des lois et actes du gouvernement d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, Tome 1er, 1804-1808, Paris, A. Durand et P</span>&#233;<span>done Lauriel, Senior, 1886, pp. 5-6.)</span></em></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Le D&#233;cret du 14 janvier 1804 :</span></strong><span> Par cet acte, Dessalines ordonna le versement de 40 gourdes &#224; tout capitaine de navire am&#233;ricain ramenant un Ha&#239;tien des &#201;tats-Unis vers Ha&#239;ti. Il entendait permettre &#224; tous les Ha&#239;tiens de participer &#224; la construction nationale, chez eux et dans leur propre pays, &#224; rebours des d&#233;bats actuels sur le sort des ressortissants ha&#239;tiens en R&#233;publique dominicaine et aux &#201;tats-Unis d&#8217;Am&#233;rique.</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>(Id., pp. 7-8.)</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>IV. La Codification du R&#234;ve Ha&#239;tien : La Constitution Imp&#233;riale du 20 Mai 1805</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bien que l&#8217;assassinat de Dessalines ait r&#233;v&#233;l&#233; de profondes divergences politiques dans la construction nationale, les principes codifi&#233;s dans la Constitution de 1805, h&#233;rit&#233;s pour partie de la Constitution de Toussaint Louverture de 1801, n&#8217;ont pas &#233;t&#233; remis en cause sur le fond. Alexandre P&#233;tion et Henri Christophe ont tous deux int&#233;gr&#233; ces dispositions fondamentales, lesquelles ont irrigu&#233;, aussi, les autres constitutions de la R&#233;publique.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>4.1. Le R</span>&#234;<span>ve Ha</span>&#239;<span>tien dans les Dispositions Cl&#233;s de la Constitution de 1805</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Principes politiques et civiques</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Art. 2.</span></strong><span> L&#8217;esclavage est &#224; jamais aboli.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 3.</span></strong><span> Les citoyens ha&#239;tiens sont fr&#232;res chez eux. L&#8217;&#233;galit&#233;, aux yeux de la loi, est incontestablement reconnue&#8230;</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 4.</span></strong><span> La loi est une pour tous, soit qu&#8217;elle punisse, soit qu&#8217;elle prot&#232;ge.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 6.</span></strong><span> La propri&#233;t&#233; est sacr&#233;e, sa violation sera rigoureusement poursuivie.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 8.</span></strong><span>* La qualit&#233; de citoyen est suspendue par l&#8217;effet des banqueroutes et des faillites.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 9.</span></strong><span>* Nul n&#8217;est digne d&#8217;&#234;tre ha&#239;tien s&#8217;il n&#8217;est bon p&#232;re, bon fils, bon &#233;poux, surtout bon soldat.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 10.</span></strong><span> La facult&#233; n&#8217;est point accord&#233;e aux p&#232;res et m&#232;res de d&#233;sh&#233;riter leurs enfants.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 11.</span></strong><span>* Tout citoyen doit poss&#233;der un art m&#233;canique.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 12.</span></strong><span>* Aucun blanc, quelle que soit sa nation, ne mettra le pied sur ce territoire &#224; titre de ma&#238;tre ou de propri&#233;taire ; et ne pourra &#224; l&#8217;avenir y acqu&#233;rir aucune propri&#233;t&#233;.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 13.</span></strong><span>* Fait exception [&#8230;] [les] femmes blanches [&#8230;] [et leurs] enfants [&#8230;] ainsi que les Allemands et Polonais naturalis&#233;s ha&#239;tiens par le gouvernement.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 14.</span></strong><span>* Toute acception de couleur devant n&#233;cessairement cesser&#8230; les Ha&#239;tiens ne seront d&#233;sormais connus que sous la d&#233;nomination g&#233;n&#233;rique de noirs.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 15.</span></strong><span>* L&#8217;empire d&#8217;Hayti est un et indivisible. Son territoire est divis&#233; en six divisions militaires.</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Charpente institutionnelle</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><span>La constitution de 1805 proposait une gouvernance politique fluide, transparente et redevable, afin d&#8217;assurer l&#8217;efficacit&#233; administrative et le contr&#244;le du territoire. Par exemple, l&#8217;</span><strong><span>Art. 40 </span></strong><span>portant sur le Ministre des Finances et de l&#8217;Int&#233;rieur ;</span><strong><span> l&#8217;Art. 41</span></strong><span> concernant le Ministre de la Guerre et de la Marine ; et l&#8217;</span><strong><span>Art. 44 </span></strong><span>relatif au Secr&#233;taire d&#8217;&#201;tat, garde des sceaux, entre autres attributions.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 42.</span></strong><span> Les ministres sont responsables de tous les d&#233;lits commis par eux contre la s&#251;ret&#233; et la Constitution, de tout attentat &#224; la propri&#233;t&#233; et &#224; la libert&#233; individuelles, de toute dissipation de deniers &#224; eux confi&#233;s ; ils sont tenus de rendre compte tous les trois mois de l&#8217;emploi des sommes mises &#224; leur disposition.</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Dispositions g&#233;n&#233;rales</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Art. 18.</span></strong><span>* Un Code p&#233;nal sera publi&#233; et strictement observ&#233;.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 19.</span></strong><span> Dans chaque division militaire, une &#233;cole publique sera &#233;tablie pour l&#8217;instruction de la jeunesse.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 20.</span></strong><span> Les couleurs nationales seront noires et rouges.</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#201;conomie nationale</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Art. 21.</span></strong><span> L&#8217;agriculture, comme le premier, le plus noble et le plus utile de tous les arts, sera honor&#233;e et prot&#233;g&#233;e.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 22.</span></strong><span>* Le commerce, seconde source de la prosp&#233;rit&#233; des &#201;tats, ne veut et ne conna&#238;t point d&#8217;entrave. Il doit &#234;tre favoris&#233; et sp&#233;cialement prot&#233;g&#233;.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 23.</span></strong><span>* Dans chaque division militaire, un tribunal de commerce sera form&#233;, dont les membres seront choisis parmi les n&#233;gociants.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 24.</span></strong><span>* La bonne foi, la loyaut&#233; dans les op&#233;rations commerciales seront religieusement observ&#233;es.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 25.</span></strong><span>* Le gouvernement assure protection et s&#251;ret&#233; aux nations neutres et amies qui viendront entretenir, avec cette &#238;le, des rapports commerciaux ; &#224; la charge par elles de se conformer aux r&#232;glements, us et coutumes de ce pays.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Art. 26.</span></strong><span> Les comptoirs, les marchandises des &#233;trangers seront sous la sauvegarde et la garantie de l&#8217;&#201;tat.</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Civisme</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Art. 28.</span></strong><span>* Au premier coup de canon d&#8217;alarme, les villes disparaissent, et la nation est debout.</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>* Ces dispositions ont &#233;t&#233; reprises de mani&#232;re r&#233;currente dans la tradition constitutionnelle ha&#239;tienne, de la p&#233;riode louverturienne jusqu&#8217;&#224; la Constitution du 27 d&#233;cembre 1806.</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>De la Prise en Compte des Principes fondateurs de la Constitution de 1805</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Toute renaissance nationale doit partir d&#8217;une id&#233;e simple : Ha&#239;ti ne repart pas de z&#233;ro. Elle doit r&#233;activer ce qui, dans sa continuit&#233; institutionnelle historique, demeure utile, tout en r&#233;pondant lucidement aux r&#233;alit&#233;s contemporaines. Si le pays a sombr&#233; dans la dystopie actuelle, c&#8217;est aussi parce que ses &#233;lites se sont progressivement &#233;loign&#233;es de la vision fondatrice. La tentative de correction engag&#233;e en 1987 n&#8217;a pas produit les r&#233;sultats attendus. Il faut donc reprendre le d&#233;bat &#224; la racine.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>L&#8217;&#233;chec tient en grande partie au mim&#233;tisme institutionnel : l&#8217;importation de mod&#232;les exog&#232;nes qui ne traduisent ni la culture politique ni les m&#339;urs ha&#239;tiennes. Transformer Ha&#239;ti suppose donc une r&#233;forme profonde de l&#8217;architecture de l&#8217;&#201;tat. Une nouvelle charpente constitutionnelle devrait, au minimum, r&#233;int&#233;grer les principes structurants de la Constitution originelle de 1805, en les adaptant aux exigences du XXIe si&#232;cle.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Elle doit aussi &#233;viter la prolif&#233;ration d&#8217;institutions inutiles, notamment de minist&#232;res budg&#233;tivores, d&#8217;organismes dits ind&#233;pendants et autonomes, ainsi que d&#8217;entreprises publiques mal g&#233;r&#233;es. Au lieu de moderniser la gouvernance et de fournir des services de base de qualit&#233;, dont la s&#233;curit&#233; nationale, le fonctionnement des institutions actuelles absorbe 75 &#224; 80 % des recettes publiques, laissant peu de ressources aux investissements structurants. Elles constituent une source in&#233;puisable de corruption, de malversations, de concussion et de capture de l&#8217;&#201;tat &#224; des fins personnelles et funestes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Pistes de r</span>&#233;<span>forme des Trois Pouvoirs de l&#8217;</span>&#201;<span>tat</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Les ha&#239;tiens doivent questionner l&#8217;utilit&#233; des entit&#233;s suivantes :</span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Minist&#232;re &#224; la Condition f&#233;minine et aux Droits de la Femme</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Minist&#232;re de la Communication</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Minist&#232;re des Cultes</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Minist&#232;re de la Culture</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Minist&#232;re de l&#8217;Environnement</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Minist&#232;re des Ha&#239;tiens vivant &#224; l&#8217;&#201;tranger</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Minist&#232;re de la Planification et de la Coop&#233;ration externe</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Minist&#232;re du Tourisme</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>En r&#233;alit&#233;, ces minist&#232;res doivent &#234;tre &#233;valu&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;aune de leur utilit&#233; r&#233;elle. La dystopie actuelle enseigne que plus l&#8217;&#233;lite politique, dans l&#8217;indiff</span>&#233;<span>rence et l&#8217;indulgence coupables des elites economique et intellectuelle, multiplie les structures, plus l&#8217;&#201;tat devient co&#251;teux, opaque et inefficace. En mati&#232;re de gouvernance, ce n&#8217;est pas le nombre d&#8217;institutions qui compte, mais la qualit&#233; des r&#233;sultats livr&#233;s &#224; la population. La d&#233;g&#233;n&#233;rescence nationale r&#233;v&#232;le l&#8217;&#233;puisement de la charpente institutionnelle actuelle, notamment le pouvoir ex</span>&#233;<span>cutif bic</span>&#233;<span>phale, consistant d&#8217;un pr</span>&#233;<span>sident et d&#8217;un premier ministre. Ce dispositif ex</span>&#233;cutif g&#233;n&#232;re des conflits constants au sommet de l&#8217;&#201;tat. <span>Il doit </span>&#234;<span>tre repens</span>&#233;<span> au profit d&#8217;un Pr</span>&#233;<span>sident de la R</span>&#233;<span>publique, chef de l&#8217;</span>&#201;<span>tat et du gouvernement. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Aussi, les attributions minist</span>&#233;<span>rielles pourraient &#234;tre r&#233;organis&#233;es de mani&#232;re plus sobre et plus coh&#233;rente. Par exemple les attributions relatives :</span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>aux affaires dites f&#233;minines peuvent &#234;tre g&#233;r&#233;es par le Minist&#232;re ayant les affaires sociales dans ses attributions ;</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;">&#224;<span> la communication gouvernementale rel&#232;ve de la pr&#233;sidence ;</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>aux cultes, </span>&#224; <span>la culture et au tourisme sont du ressort du Minist&#232;re de l&#8217;Int&#233;rieur ;</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;">&#224; la planification gouvernementale est li&#233;e &#224; ses finances ;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;">et, enfin, &#224; la coop&#233;ration externe et les Ha&#239;tiens vivant &#224; l&#8217;&#201;tranger sont du ressort du Minist&#232;re des Affaires &#233;trang&#232;res.</p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La m&#234;me exigence vaut pour le pouvoir judiciaire. Les pratiques observ&#233;es des avocats aux juges traduisent une lourdeur structurelle et une dysfonction profonde. Pourquoi maintenir deux instances, notamment la Cour de cassation et le Conseil constitutionnel, pour traiter des recours ultimes ? La tendance dominante, dans de nombreux syst&#232;mes modernes, consiste &#224; confier &#224; une Cour supr&#234;me unique la cassation des d&#233;cisions judiciaires et le contr&#244;le de constitutionnalit&#233; des lois et des actes du gouvernement.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Quelle est, aujourd&#8217;hui, l&#8217;utilit&#233; d&#8217;un Parlement bicam&#233;ral en Ha&#239;ti ? La question m&#233;rite d&#8217;&#234;tre pos&#233;e sans d&#233;tour. Dans sa forme actuelle, le pouvoir l&#233;gislatif ha&#239;tien est &#224; la fois pl&#233;thorique, co&#251;teux et profond&#233;ment discr&#233;dit&#233;. Loin de constituer un contrepoids institutionnel efficace, il est devenu l&#8217;un des symboles les plus visibles de la faillite de l&#8217;&#201;tat.</span></p><p><span>Avec 119 d&#233;put&#233;s et 30 s&#233;nateurs &#8212; soit trois s&#233;nateurs pour chacun des dix d&#233;partements &#8212; Ha&#239;ti entretient une architecture parlementaire lourde, dont le co&#251;t est disproportionn&#233; au regard des r&#233;sultats. Cette inflation institutionnelle serait d&#233;j&#224; difficile &#224; justifier dans un pays riche et stable ; elle devient presque ind&#233;fendable dans un &#201;tat confront&#233; &#224; l&#8217;ins&#233;curit&#233;, &#224; l&#8217;effondrement des services publics et &#224; une crise chronique de gouvernance.</span></p><p><span>Le probl&#232;me n&#8217;est pas seulement num&#233;rique. Il est aussi moral et politique. Une partie de la classe parlementaire s&#8217;est distingu&#233;e par son opacit&#233;, par des pratiques de corruption et, parfois, par l&#8217;exigence de pots-de-vin pour accomplir des obligations pourtant pr&#233;vues par la Constitution. &#192; cela s&#8217;ajoute une responsabilit&#233; plus grave encore : lors des campagnes &#233;lectorales, certains candidats, &#224; l&#8217;instar de plusieurs pr&#233;tendants &#224; la pr&#233;sidence, ont instrumentalis&#233; des jeunes vuln&#233;rables, contribuant ainsi &#224; nourrir les groupes arm&#233;s qui m&#232;nent aujourd&#8217;hui une guerre asym&#233;trique contre l&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien.</span></p><p><span>La comparaison internationale rend ce d&#233;s&#233;quilibre encore plus frappant. Isra&#235;l, pays richissime et dot&#233; d&#8217;institutions autrement plus performantes, fonctionne avec une Knesset de 120 membres. Ha&#239;ti, elle, maintient 149 parlementaires pour une production l&#233;gislative faible et un contr&#244;le d&#233;mocratique largement insuffisant.</span></p><p><span>Dans ces conditions, une r&#233;forme s&#8217;impose. Une assembl&#233;e nationale monocam&#233;rale d&#8217;environ 100 d&#233;put&#233;s permettrait de r&#233;duire les co&#251;ts, de simplifier le processus l&#233;gislatif et de rendre plus lisible la responsabilit&#233; politique des &#233;lus. Il ne s&#8217;agirait pas seulement de supprimer une chambre, mais de repenser la repr&#233;sentation nationale autour d&#8217;un principe simple : moins de postes, plus d&#8217;exigence, plus de transparence et davantage de responsabilit&#233; devant les citoyens.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Le D&#233;fi majeur : Repenser le Leadership et Instaurer la Culture du R&#233;sultat</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Le d&#233;fi ha&#239;tien ne se r&#233;duit donc pas &#224; l&#8217;organisation d&#8217;&#233;lections. Le pays doit d&#8217;abord produire un leadership comp&#233;tent, redevable, responsable et visionnaire. Aucune r&#233;forme institutionnelle ne pourra r&#233;ussir si l&#8217;offre de leadership reste inchang&#233;e. Ce paradoxe est frappant : hors d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti, les cadres ha&#239;tiens excellent dans des environnements fond&#233;s sur la transparence, la redevabilit&#233; et les r&#233;sultats mesurables. Dans leur propre pays, l&#8217;absence d&#8217;une culture du r&#233;sultat et de l&#8217;application effective de la loi a contribu&#233; &#224; la dystopie terroriste actuelle.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>V. Conclusion : Choisir enfin la Voie de la Responsabilit&#233; historique</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La question pos&#233;e &#224; Ha&#239;ti n&#8217;est donc pas seulement institutionnelle. Elle est historique. Les principes formul&#233;s d&#232;s 1805 ne rel&#232;vent pas du souvenir patriotique : ils forment encore une matrice de souverainet&#233;, de responsabilit&#233; publique et de coh&#233;sion nationale. Les &#233;lites contemporaines doivent d&#233;sormais cesser de traiter cette m&#233;moire comme un monument immobile et la convertir en strat&#233;gie nationale.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Le R&#234;ve ha&#239;tien ne survivra pas comme incantation. Il ne prendra corps que s&#8217;il devient une discipline collective : leadership idoine, stabilit&#233; politique, prosp&#233;rit&#233; &#233;conomique, libert&#233;, justice, s&#233;curit&#233; et progr&#232;s social. Autrement dit, il doit passer de la m&#233;moire &#224; l&#8217;action, du discours &#224; l&#8217;ex&#233;cution, de la promesse &#224; la preuve.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Il faut le dire nettement : la crise actuelle n&#8217;est pas une fatalit&#233; ha&#239;tienne ; elle est le r&#233;sultat d&#8217;un long d&#233;ficit d&#8217;engagement, de comp&#233;tence et de responsabilit&#233;. La Strat&#233;gie qui accompagne cette analyse, </span><strong><span>la Troisi</span>&#232;<span>me Partie de cette s</span>&#233;<span>rie</span></strong><span>, vise &#224; inverser cette trajectoire. Elle appelle une g&#233;n&#233;ration &#224; reprendre le fil interrompu de 1804 et de 1805 : b&#226;tir une nation souveraine, organis&#233;e, prosp&#232;re et ma&#238;tresse de son destin. Le v&#233;ritable hommage aux fondateurs ne consiste pas &#224; les c&#233;l&#233;brer. Il consiste &#224; achever leur &#339;uvre.</span></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/le-choix-detre-pauvre-de-la-doctrine?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/le-choix-detre-pauvre-de-la-doctrine?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or PAID subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Choice to Be Poor: How Haiti’s Elites Engineered Its National Collapse]]></title><description><![CDATA[Part One of a Three-Part Series on Haitian Transformation]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-to-be-poor-how-haitis</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-to-be-poor-how-haitis</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 19:41:15 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6a8898e2-35ce-481d-8fd4-15ee1db09848_675x423.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3><strong><span>The Problem to Solve</span></strong></h3><p><span>While Haiti sits on hundreds of thousands of hectares of fertile, abandoned farmland, the nation has been reduced to importing its most basic necessities: garlic, bananas, cabbage, and onions, among other agricultural staples. Even worse, it now imports its leadership, public policies, intellectual thought, healthcare, and security.</span></p><p><span>This structural crisis is not an inevitable byproduct of the market economy. It is the direct consequence of choices dictated by an elite that knowingly disinherits the vast majority of its compatriots.</span></p><p><span>Haiti has settled into a political rent economy dominated by </span><em><strong><span>abolotyo, </span></strong></em><span>the precise term in the Haitian vernacular for the reckless, technically incompetent figures who manage both public and private institutions. Supported by a globalist consensus, namely the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations, the Organization of American States, and the Caribbean Community, that imposes a neoliberal paradigm, this system condemns Haiti to a state of economic abyss.</span></p><p><span>To sustain this cycle of dependency, the system relies on several key pillars:</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Monopolised Imports:</span></strong><span> A minority of entrepreneurs, predominantly from the merchant elite, monopolises the importation of agricultural goods and ultra-processed foods of negligible nutritional value (cheap U.S.-grown rice and other cereals, cheap oils, chemical bouillon cubes, and the like), tailored to mimic local tastes. Others control the import of basic raw materials like flour and pasta.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>The Parallel Economy:</span></strong><span> The diaspora and informal traders feed a secondary market in </span><em><span>p&#232;p&#232;</span></em><span> &#8212; secondhand clothing, obsolete home appliances, used tires, and electronic waste, alongside a steady flow of arms and ammunition originating primarily from the United States.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Political Complicity:</span></strong><span> A largely incompetent, corrupt, resigned, and complacent political class rubber-stamps this economic order. It is this process of institutionalised abandonment that a new generation of Haitian economists aptly terms the </span><strong><span>&#8220;choice to be poor.&#8221;</span></strong></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Intellectual Marginalisation:</span></strong><span> Local intellectuals are routinely sidelined by political and economic elites in favor of foreign &#8220;experts&#8221; of every stripe, yielding solutions completely detached from Haitian realities. Unsurprisingly, higher education in Haiti is virtually dysfunctional. How can a country transform itself without universities equipped to meet its intellectual and technological challenges?</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Foreign Diplomacy:</span></strong><span> Foreign diplomats routinely align themselves with these shortsighted elites. Together, they have captured the Haitian state, stripping it of its authority and effectively neutralising its independence and exercising its sovereignty in the name of its people.</span></p></li></ul><p><span>Haiti is trapped in a dystopia: a failing political system, an extractive economic model, and the total absence of a social safety net.</span></p><div><hr></div><p><strong><span>The Striking Contrast Across the Border</span></strong></p><p><span>Directly across the border, Dominican elites have capitalised on Haiti&#8217;s vulnerabilities. Despite a public rhetoric steeped in prejudice and ostracism toward Haiti, Dominican authorities and the private sector welcome Haitian capital with open arms.</span></p><p><span>Haitian politicians and business leaders, most of whom accumulated their fortunes through state capture, prefer to park their ill-gotten gains in the Dominican Republic, flaunting their &#8220;success&#8221; on social media. To absolve themselves of guilt, they hypocritically invoke Haiti&#8217;s rampant insecurity and political instability, conveniently ignoring that they were the primary architects of that decay. They treat their motherland like a jungle to be fled, even as their wealth stems exclusively from its plunder. Meanwhile, Haitian parents across all social classes spend tens of millions of dollars educating their children abroad, in a country that has been exporting its talent and professionals for decades.</span></p><div><hr></div><p><strong><span>The Urgency of a National Awakening</span></strong></p><p><span>Since the assassination of President Jovenel Mo&#239;se on 7 July 2021, Haiti has crossed a dangerous new rubicon of institutional degeneration. Yet, the lesson remains unlearned. Even as they face Dominican deportations, harsher U.S. immigration policies, and targeted international sanctions, the elites paradoxically cling to the illusion of an external rescue in the form of a divine or international providence.</span></p><p><span>The resurgence of the traditional economico-political elite at the helm of the state, operating without checks, balances, or counterweights, merely perpetuates the old playbook: state capture, opaque governance, illicit enrichment, rampant smuggling, lost political independence, and the erosion of national sovereignty.</span></p><p><span>Mistrust and evasion rule the day. Haiti remains the kingdom of unspoken truths and political </span><em><strong><span>marronnage</span></strong></em><span>. Once used by enslaved ancestors as a vital tool of resistance, </span><em><span>marronnage</span></em><span> has devolved into a tactic of evasion for elites who refuse to engage in real dialogue or confront the country&#8217;s historical demons: colour divisions, lack of national cohesion, deep social inequalities, intellectual disdain, and factional infighting.</span></p><p><span>The current leadership model is merely one more interregnum in a continuous trajectory of national neglect that began in 1986:</span></p><ol><li><p><strong><span>Intellectual Exodus:</span></strong><span> While Haitian intellectuals collect literary prizes across North America and Europe, hundreds of thousands of young people flee the country, braving the Dari&#233;n Gap, Dominican crackdowns, and tightening U.S. immigration enforcement in search of survival.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Rural Displacement and Domestic Terrorism:</span></strong><span> Others abandon the land to crowd into urban centers, where some, weaponised by corrupt politicians and greedy entrepreneurs, join armed groups, waging asymmetric warfare against the state and a suffering populace.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Institutional Plunder:</span></strong><span> To maintain their lifestyles, numerous actors plunder public resources and privatise state institutions, the National Archives and Foreign Affairs being prime examples. Business leaders break every rule to extract local wealth before shipping their fortunes and families abroad, displaying utter contempt for Haiti&#8217;s future.</span></p></li></ol><p><strong><span>A System on the Brink of Existential Disaster</span></strong></p><p><span>This logic of national resignation in pursuit of foreign salvation has reached its nadir. International sanctions are mounting; multiple nations are canceling visas for members of the elite, ranging from prominent business figures and politicians to gang leaders. This vise is finally tightening around those who previously profited from a bankrupt system, one already severely battered by climate risks and natural disasters.</span></p><p></p><p><span>From the organized private sector to gang leaders enriched by terror, from politicians seeking mandates through endlessly postponed elections to a disenfranchised citizenry, Haiti is collapsing under the weight of sheer improvisation and structural neglect.</span></p><p><strong><span>The Reality on the Ground</span></strong></p><p><span>This dystopian reality is laid bare by alarming indicators:</span></p><ol><li><p><strong><span>Economy</span></strong></p></li></ol><p><span>The country is suffering through its </span><strong><span>eighth consecutive year</span></strong><span> of economic contraction.</span></p><ol start="2"><li><p><strong><span>Governance</span></strong></p></li></ol><p><span>No elections have been held for a decade under successive administrations&#8212;whether elected (the Mo&#239;se administration) or transitional.</span></p><ol start="3"><li><p><strong><span>Security &amp; Sovereignty</span></strong></p></li></ol><p><span>Overwhelmed by armed gangs that have routed state forces, the government has been reduced to pleading for foreign military intervention, trapping the country in a de facto foreign protectorate, a self-perpetuating cycle since 1991.</span></p><ol start="4"><li><p><strong><span>Humanitarian Crisis</span></strong></p></li></ol><p><span>Gang terror has forcibly displaced </span><strong><span>1.5 million people</span></strong><span> internally. More than half the population faces acute hunger. And the healthcare system has collapsed, while Haiti&#8217;s environment is in a catastrophic state.</span></p><p><span>Facing this abyss, what remains of Haiti&#8217;s elites must overcome the shock of their own failures. They must step forward to provide the leadership required for a total institutional overhaul and the creation of a genuine national strategy for economic and social development.</span></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-to-be-poor-how-haitis?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Haiti Files and More! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-to-be-poor-how-haitis?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/the-choice-to-be-poor-how-haitis?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The Haiti Files and More is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Pourquoi Haïti Importe Tout et Exporte sa Propre Misère ?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Premi&#232;re Partie d'une s&#233;rie en trois parties sur la Transformation ha&#239;tienne]]></description><link>https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/pourquoi-haiti-importe-tout-et-exporte</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/pourquoi-haiti-importe-tout-et-exporte</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pierre Antoine LOUIS]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 19:08:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b9f928ed-6dac-44bf-a6b7-251e10ee8047_675x423.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Le Probl&#232;me &#224; Resoudre</h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Alors qu&#8217;Ha&#239;ti dispose de centaines de milliers d&#8217;hectares de terres fertiles abandonn&#233;es, le pays en est r&#233;duit &#224; importer ses produits de premi&#232;re n&#233;cessit&#233; : ail, bananes, choux, oignons, entre autres produits agricoles, mais aussi son leadership, ses politiques publiques, sa pens&#233;e intellectuelle, ses soins de sant&#233;, et, pire, sa s&#233;curit&#233;. Cette crise structurelle n&#8217;est pas la fatalit&#233; de l&#8217;&#233;conomie de march&#233;, mais le produit direct de choix dict&#233;s par des &#233;lites qui d&#233;sh&#233;ritent sciemment la majorit&#233; de leurs compatriotes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Le pays s&#8217;est install&#233; dans une &#233;conomie de rentes politiques domin&#233;e par des &#171; </span><em><span>abolotyo</span></em><span> &#187; &#8212; le mot juste du vernaculaire haitien qui caract&#233;rise des figures irresponsables et sans comp&#233;tences techniques qui g&#232;rent les institutions publiques et priv&#233;es. Soutenu par un consensus mondialiste (notamment la Banque mondiale, le Fonds mon&#233;taire international, l&#8217;Organisation des Nations Unies, l&#8217;Organisation des &#201;tats am&#233;ricains et la Communaut&#233; carib&#233;enne) qui impose un paradigme dit n&#233;olib&#233;ral, ce syst&#232;me condamne Ha&#239;ti &#224; une &#233;conomie exsangue.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pour entretenir cette d&#233;pendance :</span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Une minorit&#233; d&#8217;entrepreneurs</span></strong><span>, principalement issus de l&#8217;&#233;lite commer&#231;ante, monopolise l&#8217;importation de denr&#233;es agricoles et d&#8217;aliments ultra-transform&#233;s de faible valeur nutritive (huiles bon march&#233;, cubes culinaires chimiques, etc.), ajust&#233;s pour singer les go&#251;ts locaux. D&#8217;autres importent les mati&#232;res premi&#232;res de base, comme la farine et les p&#226;tes.</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La diaspora et certains commer&#231;ants</span></strong><span> alimentent un commerce parall&#232;le de </span><em><span>p&#232;p&#232;</span></em><span> (friperies, &#233;lectrom&#233;nager v&#233;tuste, pneus usag&#233;s et d&#233;chets &#233;lectroniques) ainsi que des armes et des munitions venus principalement des &#201;tats-Unis d&#8217;Am</span>&#233;rique<span>.</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La classe politique</span></strong><span>, largement incomp&#233;tente, corrompue, r&#233;sign&#233;e et complaisante, valide cet ordre &#233;conomique. C&#8217;est ce processus d&#8217;abandon institutionnalis&#233; que certains jeunes &#233;conomistes qualifient de &#171; choix d&#8217;&#234;tre pauvre &#187;.</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Des intellectuels</span></strong><span> que les &#233;lites &#233;conomique et politique m&#233;prisent au profit des &#8220;experts&#8221; &#233;trangers de tout poil et des solutions inadapt&#233;es aux r&#233;alit&#233;s ha&#239;tiennes. D&#8217;ailleurs, sans surprise, l&#8217;universit</span>&#233;<span> ha</span>&#239;<span>tienne est dysfonctionnelle. Comment transformer un pays sans une universit</span>&#233;<span> qui r</span>&#233;<span>pond aux d</span>&#233;<span>fis et enjeux intellectuels et technologiques ?</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Des diplomates &#233;trangers</span></strong><span>, qui s&#8217;allient &#224; ces &#233;lites irresponsables et sans vision. Ensemble ils ont captur&#233; l&#8217;&#201;tat ha&#239;tien qui a perdu son autorit&#233; et qui n&#8217;exerce presque plus son ind&#233;pendance et sa souverainet&#233; au nom de son peuple</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ha&#239;ti est pi&#233;g&#233;e dans une dystopie : un syst&#232;me politique d&#233;faillant, un mod&#232;le &#233;conomique extractif et une absence totale de filet de s&#233;curit&#233; sociale.</span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Le Contraste Saisissant avec la R&#233;publique dominicaine</span></strong></h4><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>De l&#8217;autre c&#244;t&#233; de la fronti&#232;re, les &#233;lites dominicaines ont su tirer profit des faiblesses ha&#239;tiennes. Malgr&#233; une rh&#233;torique teint&#233;e de pr&#233;jug&#233;s et d&#8217;ostracisme envers Ha&#239;ti, les autorit&#233;s et le secteur priv&#233; dominicains accueillent &#224; bras ouverts les capitaux ha&#239;tiens.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Des politiciens et hommes d&#8217;affaires ha&#239;tiens, pour la plupart, ayant accumul&#233; des biens mal acquis gr&#226;ce &#224; la capture de l&#8217;&#201;tat, pr&#233;f&#232;rent placer leurs fortunes en R&#233;publique dominicaine et en &#233;taler le &#171; succ&#232;s &#187; sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux. Pour se d&#233;douaner, ils invoquent l&#8217;ins&#233;curit&#233; et l&#8217;instabilit&#233; politique d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti &#8212; oubliant hypocritement qu&#8217;ils sont les premiers artisans de cette d&#233;cr&#233;pitude. Ils traitent leur propre pays comme une jungle &#224; fuir, alors m&#234;me que leur richesse provient exclusivement de son pillage. Des parents ha</span>&#239;<span>tiens de toutes les classes sociales d</span>&#233;<span>pensent des dizaines de millions de dollars pour </span>&#233;<span>duquer leurs enfants a l&#8217;</span>&#233;<span>tranger dans un pays qui exporte des cadres depuis des d</span>&#233;<span>cennies.</span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>L&#8217;Urgence du R&#233;veil national</span></strong></h4><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Depuis l&#8217;assassinat du pr&#233;sident Jovenel Mo&#239;se le 7 juillet 2021, Ha&#239;ti a franchi un cap in&#233;dit dans la d&#233;g&#233;n&#233;rescence institutionnelle. Pourtant, la le&#231;on ne semble pas retenue. Malmen&#233;es par les expulsions dominicaines et la s&#233;v&#233;rit&#233; des politiques migratoires et des sanctions individuelles am&#233;ricaines, les &#233;lites demeurent paradoxalement accroch&#233;es &#224; l&#8217;illusion d&#8217;un sauvetage ext&#233;rieur ou d&#8217;une providence th&#233;ocratique et/ou internationale.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Le retour en force de l&#8217;&#233;lite politique traditionnelle au sommet de l&#8217;</span>&#201;<span>tat, sans contre pouvoir, ni &#233;quilibre, ne fait que perdurer les vieilles pratiques : capture de l&#8217;&#201;tat, gouvernance opaque, accumulation de richesses mal acquises, contrebande effr&#233;n&#233;e, perte d&#8217;ind&#233;pendance politique et effritement de la souverainet&#233;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La m</span>&#233;<span>fiance et l&#8217;absence de dialogue ont libre cours en Ha&#239;ti. Le pays demeure le royaume des non-dits et du marronnage politique et social. Utilis&#233; jadis par les esclaves comme outil de r&#233;sistance, ce marronnage est devenu aujourd&#8217;hui une tactique d&#8217;esquive pour des &#233;lites qui refusent de dialoguer et de confronter les d&#233;mons historiques du pays : divisions de couleur, absence de coh&#233;sion nationale, in&#233;galit&#233;s sociales, m&#233;pris intellectuel et luttes de clans.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Le mod&#232;le de leadership actuel n&#8217;est qu&#8217;un interr&#232;gne de plus dans le d&#233;laissement national entam&#233; en 1986 :</span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Chaque fraction de l&#8217;&#233;lite porte sa part de responsabilit&#233; dans cet abandon national. Pendant que les intellectuels accumulent les prix litt&#233;raires en Am&#233;rique du Nord et en Europe, des centaines de milliers de jeunes fuient le pays pour braver la jungle du Dari&#233;n, les rapts dominicains et le raidissement de la politique migratoire am&#233;ricaine en qu&#234;te d&#8217;opportunit&#233;s. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>D&#8217;autres abandonnent le travail de la terre pour s&#8217;exiler dans les centres urbains, tandis que certains, instrumentalis&#233;s par des politiciens v&#233;reux et des entrepreneurs avares, rejoignent des groupes terroristes et m&#232;nent une guerre asym&#233;trique contre l&#8217;&#201;tat et la majorit&#233; souffrante. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>De leur c&#244;t&#233;, de nombreux citoyens pillent les ressources publiques et privatisent les institutions publiques &#8212; les Archives nationales et les affaires </span>&#233;<span>trangeres n&#8217;en sont pas </span>&#233;<span>pargn</span>&#233;<span>es, pour maintenir leur train de vie. Aussi, des entrepreneurs violent toutes les r&#232;gles pour s&#8217;enrichir localement avant d&#8217;exp&#233;dier leurs fortunes et leurs familles &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger, au m&#233;pris le plus total de l&#8217;avenir d&#8217;Ha&#239;ti.</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cette logique de d&#233;mission nationale au profit d&#8217;un regard tourn&#233; vers l&#8217;ext&#233;rieur a atteint ses limites. Les sanctions internationales s&#8217;accumulent : plusieurs pays annulent d&#233;sormais les visas de membres de l&#8217;&#233;lite, qu&#8217;il s&#8217;agisse d&#8217;hommes d&#8217;affaires, de politiciens ou de chefs de gangs terroristes. D&#233;sormais, cet &#233;tau commence &#224; impacter ceux qui profitaient jusqu&#8217;ici d&#8217;un syst&#232;me en faillite, d&#233;j&#224; fragilis&#233; par les al&#233;as climatiques et les catastrophes naturelles.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Du secteur priv&#233; organis&#233; aux chefs de gangs enrichis par la terreur, en passant par des politiciens en qu&#234;te de mandats &#224; travers des &#233;lections sans cesse repouss&#233;es et des citoyens d&#233;s&#339;uvr&#233;s, Ha&#239;ti s&#8217;effondre sous le poids de l&#8217;improvisation et du m&#233;pris des probl&#232;mes structurels. Ce syst&#232;me dystopique se traduit par des indicateurs alarmants :</span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#201;conomie :</span></strong><span> Le pays enregistre sa huiti&#232;me ann&#233;e cons&#233;cutive de contraction &#233;conomique.</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Gouvernance :</span></strong><span> Aucun scrutin n&#8217;a &#233;t&#233; organis&#233; depuis une d&#233;cennie par les gouvernements successifs, qu&#8217;ils soient &#233;lu, dont l&#8217;administration Mo&#239;se, ou de transition.</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>S&#233;curit&#233; et Souverainet&#233; :</span></strong><span> D&#233;pass&#233; par des bandes arm&#233;es qui mettent l&#8217;&#201;tat en d&#233;route, le gouvernement en est r&#233;duit &#224; r&#233;clamer un appui arm&#233; international, confinant le pays &#224; un protectorat &#233;tranger d&#233;guis&#233;, et ce dernier, depuis 1991.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Crise humaine :</span></strong><span> La terreur des gangs a forc&#233; 1,5 million de personnes au d&#233;placement interne, plus de la moiti&#233; de la population souffre de la faim, le syst&#232;me de sant&#233; est aux abois et l&#8217;environnement est dans un &#233;tat catastrophique.</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Face &#224; cette d&#233;ch&#233;ance, il est imp&#233;ratif que ce qui reste des &#233;lites ha&#239;tiennes surmonte le choc de ses propres d&#233;boires afin de fournir le leadership n&#233;cessaire &#224; une refonte institutionnelle et &#224; l&#8217;&#233;laboration d&#8217;une v&#233;ritable strat&#233;gie nationale de d&#233;veloppement &#233;conomique et social.</span></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pierreantoinelouisesq.substack.com/p/pourquoi-haiti-importe-tout-et-exporte?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Haiti Files and More! 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