<script data-pm-proxy="intercept"></script><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity]]></title><description><![CDATA[Notes from Adaptive Strategy, Industrial Competitiveness, Networks and Economics. 
The essential mindset and tools that any leader or team needs to have to move from Shock to Action. Sometimes in English, sometimes in Spanish. Always thought provoking....]]></description><link>https://pradojj.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oYph!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36407890-43ae-437a-88ef-fc2f3e6a8a7e_1254x1254.png</url><title>The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity</title><link>https://pradojj.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2026 02:04:57 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/__u/pradojj.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Julio Jose Prado]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[julio@strategicdoing.net]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[julio@strategicdoing.net]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Julio José Prado]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Julio José Prado]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[julio@strategicdoing.net]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[julio@strategicdoing.net]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Julio José Prado]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Can a Civic Movement "Save" Guayaquil?]]></title><description><![CDATA[How a single meeting that shifted the narrative and the focus inspired the rebirth of Guayaquil's Junta C&#237;vica, and an account of the complex challenge ahead for Ecuador's biggest city.]]></description><link>https://pradojj.substack.com/p/can-a-civic-movement-save-guayaquil</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pradojj.substack.com/p/can-a-civic-movement-save-guayaquil</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Julio José Prado]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 2026 17:56:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOlF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e84bae8-c69b-427c-85c2-e1dcdfffee89_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOlF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e84bae8-c69b-427c-85c2-e1dcdfffee89_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOlF!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_424, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e84bae8-c69b-427c-85c2-e1dcdfffee89_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOlF!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_848, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e84bae8-c69b-427c-85c2-e1dcdfffee89_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOlF!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e84bae8-c69b-427c-85c2-e1dcdfffee89_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOlF!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e84bae8-c69b-427c-85c2-e1dcdfffee89_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This is a challenge big enough to make your knees shake and, at the same time, so complex and visionary that it might not survive past the next meeting.</p><p>Here is some context on Guayaquil, the &#8220;Pearl of the Pacific,&#8221; turned into one of the most violent cities in the world. Until a few years ago Ecuador was known as an island of peace: in 2020 its homicide rate was 6.7 per hundred thousand inhabitants, among the lowest in Latin America. It closed 2025 with 9,216 intentional homicides and a rate of 50.9, the most violent year in its history and one of the highest figures in the world. Guayaquil, the country&#8217;s largest city and main port, is the epicentre: it accounts for roughly a third of all national homicides, and neighbouring Dur&#225;n (an industrial city, part of Greater Guayaquil) climbed past 100 violent deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. The reason is geographic and economic rather than cultural: cocaine from Colombia and Peru leaves for the United States and Europe through these ports, and control of those routes is settled with bullets. And the more Ecuador&#8217;s exports grow, the more opportunities and incentives there are to contaminate the cargo with drugs.</p><p>&#8220;Vacunas&#8221; and extortion have become a normal operating cost for business owners, shopkeepers and truckers. Teenagers are recruited as hitmen; in the first quarter of 2026 alone, 148 minors aged 12 to 17 were murdered. On top of that there is a destruction of the social fabric (harder to measure), with families forced to migrate, firms relocating operations and entire neighbourhoods that stopped going out for a walk. Guayaquil has not fallen to the level of the Medell&#237;n of the 90s, or the San Salvador of the turn of the millennium, but it could head down that dangerous road.</p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/p/can-a-civic-movement-save-guayaquil?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/p/can-a-civic-movement-save-guayaquil?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pradojj.substack.com/p/can-a-civic-movement-save-guayaquil?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><h2>Designing the first meeting</h2><p>The meeting the Guayaquil Chamber of Commerce had planned could have ended the way they usually do: a diagnosis, a list of problems, a few good ideas on how to move forward. Many meetings, in many parts of the world, become a space for collective catharsis; sometimes it feels good just to be part of the conversation, and we even discharge our own responsibility, since we feel that at least we contributed a &#8220;good discussion.&#8221; A second level is to produce a document, or a manifesto, and try to get it in front of whoever holds office. And all of that, in practice, achieves little more than the conversation with your buddies after the second beer.</p><p>The result always has the same structure: first nostalgia (the port we once were, the orderly city we once were), then the catalogue of what is missing and, at the end, everyone&#8217;s favourite part, the hunt for the culprit. The national government. The municipality. Customs. The business owners. The citizens who don&#8217;t protest and live on bread and circuses. In short, it is always &#8220;the others&#8230;&#8221;</p><p>With Miguel &#193;ngel Gonz&#225;lez, the Chamber&#8217;s president, we set out to do something different. That we not stop at the diagnosis, nor at a letter to Santa Claus, but that in the same morning we move from the pessimistic narratives and the necessary diagnosis to collaborative strategies and actions that every leader could take part in.</p><p>We designed the process together between IDE Business School and the Chamber of Commerce, and the methodology was Strategic Doing, with some variations I had used in meetings to move &#8220;from shock to action&#8221; (yes, like the process I describe in my book, and which is the process for designing collaboration in complex environments at the Strategic Doing Institute, the US-based global network I now lead together with Ed Morrison). Two workshops were held, Think Tank Guayaquil and Forjando Guayaquil, with roughly eighty business and civic leaders in each. This was a pro-bono collaboration by IDE, and the facilitators who supported me were my competitiveness students from the executive master&#8217;s programmes.</p><p>This article is not the chronicle of a success story; it is an almost real-time account of the facts and progress that emerged from that first meeting, and of why I believe there is immense potential in what is happening. I am going to focus on three things:</p><ol><li><p>What changed in that room and why.</p></li><li><p>How the group moved from conversation to action, leading to the rebirth of the Junta C&#237;vica de Guayaquil, and</p></li><li><p>What this new Junta could learn from cities that have already been through something similar.</p></li></ol><h2>From talking about the past and problems, to talking about opportunities and challenges</h2><p>If I have to point to the exact moment the room turned around, it was not an idea or a slide. It was a change in how people were speaking.</p><p>For the first hour, Guayaquil&#8217;s situation was discussed in the past and the conditional (and I let it go on that way on purpose). What we were. What we had. What would happen if the government acted, if there were a different culture, if someone else moved first. And the whole diagnosis was built on one division: us and the others. Us who suffer it, them who decide it. A room that talks that way has already concluded, without noticing, that the problem is not with us.</p><p>After the urban competitiveness diagnosis, we moved into working groups on security, infrastructure, productivity, innovation, talent, governance and positioning. The instruction was not to list problems in more depth and detail but to answer two sets of questions:</p><ol><li><p>What would success in this challenge look like? How would we know we had reached that desired city? What would we see, feel, do in that city that we do not do now?, and</p></li><li><p>What tangible and intangible assets, professional and personal skills do we have today, in this room, at this table, that we can combine to create an opportunity to reach the success we have just described?</p></li></ol><p>That is where the conversation moved to the present, and &#8220;the others&#8221; disappeared from the story. The design of the meeting, running simultaneously across 6 groups, was working.</p><p>There was no revolutionary idea in that room, nor a single vision of Guayaquil 2050. There was a paradigm shift that happened in real time: using the tensions recorded in the diagnosis, turning the initial pessimism into opportunities and, above all, starting from what we do have.</p><p>The security table on day two was a very good example of this process. A trust and fiduciary expert proposed a vehicle to channel private contributions to security with traceability. A lawyer offered his time to draft a legal reform built from firms&#8217; real needs. A port security specialist proposed that anti-narcotics scans be analysed by an external entity outside the country, to take extortion and the risk to local personnel off the board. A university general manager offered facilities, professionals and contacts. And a healthcare entrepreneur offered medical screening and care for police officers, guards and drivers, with an argument that stayed with me: a safe city is not built with cameras and donations alone, it is built with people who are physically and mentally healthy enough to work, produce and protect.</p><p>None of them brought that prepared. We did not want political statements or prefabricated solutions. All those assets already existed in the city. The only thing missing was a conversation with the right structure so they could find each other, emerge, be discovered by the group itself and be combined in a different context. That is what in Strategic Doing we call recombinant innovation, and it is what Steven Johnson called the adjacent possible: the new almost never arrives as a revelation, it arrives by recombining what is already within reach.</p><h2>A city too central to fail</h2><p>It is worth saying why this is not only a local matter. In my doctoral research on contagion in industrial networks I found that systemic risk does not depend on a node&#8217;s size but on its centrality and connectivity. It is not too-big-to-fail, it is too-connected-to-fail and too-central-to-fail.</p><p>Roughly 85% of Ecuador&#8217;s non-oil foreign trade moves through Guayaquil&#8217;s port system. When insecurity raises the cost of a container in Guayaquil, that surcharge travels to the banana grower in Los R&#237;os, the flower producer in Cayambe, the shrimp farmer in El Oro, and so on. When confidence falls in Guayaquil, it is not one city that falls, it falls across the whole country; and when a city like Guayaquil becomes a node of insecurity, it infects all the other cities.</p><blockquote><p>Guayaquil is not at risk because it is Ecuador&#8217;s largest city, but because it is its most connected one.</p></blockquote><h2>An adaptive problem, not a technical one</h2><p>For years Guayaquil has tried to solve its problems with master-plan logic: a study, an ordinance, an announcement, a pompous intervention in one neighbourhood. That logic works for technical problems, the ones that are hard but have a known solution and an expert able to apply it. Ronald Heifetz, at Harvard, drew the distinction that matters here: adaptive problems have no prior answer, they require the affected people themselves to change their practices, and for that reason no authority solves them alone (I have taken up these themes in other posts of The Butterfly Effect that you can read).</p><p>A simultaneous crisis of security, institutional trust and narrative is a textbook adaptive problem. That is why grand city plans fail there, and why a civic network running many small experiments, under a portfolio of projects, has a better chance of creating sustainable transformations than a perfectly ring-bound (and perfectly useless) Vision Guayaquil 2050 document.</p><p>A city is not a sum of firms. It is an ecosystem, and ecosystems have a property that sums do not: the capacity to recombine.</p><p>The work of C&#233;sar Hidalgo and Ricardo Hausmann in the Atlas of Economic Complexity shows that a territory&#8217;s productive future depends not on how much it produces, but on how diverse its accumulated capabilities are and how close they sit to one another. Territories do not leap to distant sectors, they move to the adjacent. Guayaquil holds a notable and scattered stock: port logistics, agro-industry, food processing, trade, private healthcare, financial services, a large university system, a consolidated export base. The problem is not that it has nothing to work with. The problem is that those capabilities are poorly connected to each other.</p><h2>An asset gathering dust</h2><p>Here comes the part that was not in the script.</p><p>The last workshop ended 8 months ago. In theory that was where everything could have wrapped up and where these things usually meet their fate: a nicely laid-out PDF, two press mentions and, afterwards, silence. That is not what happened in Guayaquil, because the process was designed from the start to be something different. The participants stayed engaged and, on their own initiative, began looking for a way to give institutional shape to everything that had come out.</p><p>They considered two conventional routes: build a think tank from scratch incubated in the Chamber, or set up internal committees by topic. Both had the same flaw, and they spotted it themselves: they turned something that needed to belong to the whole city into a trade association matter. A civic movement born as a department of a private institution is born with its ceiling already installed.</p><p>It turns out Guayaquil already had this. Around fifty years ago the Junta C&#237;vica de Guayaquil was created, a citizens&#8217; effort that brought together business and trade association leaders and later added other forces in the city (the Junta C&#237;vica was formally established in 1992, but there were earlier attempts from the 70s). In its best decades it did not merely make proposals: it channelled them to mayors and authorities, and several ended up as foundations and organisations that outlived the governments that saw them born. Then it faded. It had been dormant for close to twenty years, with valid statutes and outstanding debts.</p><p>The decision they took is, to me, a brilliant signal: instead of founding something new, they paid the old Junta&#8217;s debts and brought it back to life. It is recombinant innovation applied to an institution, exactly the same move as the security table, except the asset being recombined is a piece of civic history. Paying someone else&#8217;s old, glory-free debts worked as a signal: it does not say &#8220;we are here to see whether it works,&#8221; but &#8220;we are here to make it work.&#8221; And you don&#8217;t have to explain yourself, everyone in Guayaquil understands the Junta&#8217;s role, though it will have to be explained to those under 40.</p><p>Today the new Junta C&#237;vica de Guayaquil is chaired by Miguel &#193;ngel Gonz&#225;lez, with Isabel Noboa, one of the most respected business figures in the city and the country, as vice-chair. An interim director has been appointed and close to two hundred people and institutions are joining, still without a governance structure but around the thematic tables that emerged from the workshops.</p><p>Two hundred people joining in a short time is an important fact. Derek Sivers explains that the lone nut, the one dancing alone, does not create the movement; the first follower does, because that is who turns an eccentric into a leader. Then, past a certain point, the social cost flips: joining is no longer strange, staying out is. Guayaquil passed that point. It is on the steep part of the curve, which is precisely where these processes tend to go wrong, and that is why I allow myself to offer brief lessons from projects we know well at the Strategic Doing Institute.</p><h2>What Oklahoma City, Charleston and Cleveland can offer Guayaquil</h2><p>None of these cities went through what Guayaquil is going through in terms of insecurity. But all three hit bottom in their own way and came out ahead. And in all three the engine was organised civic leadership, not a saviour or a master plan or a 500-page report.</p><p>These are not cases I pulled from a book. Oklahoma City and Charleston, among several other processes, were conceived by Ed Morrison, my partner and friend, and it was from that accumulated practice that Strategic Doing was later formulated. Cleveland was the work of his brother, Hunter Morrison, who passed away in December 2025.</p><p>Oklahoma City was in worse shape than it sounds. After the 1980s oil collapse its downtown was dead, it had lost a major United Airlines investment and its young people were leaving. In 1993 Mayor Ron Norick and the Chamber, led by Ray Ackerman, made a counterintuitive bet in an anti-tax city: they asked residents for one additional cent of sales tax, temporary, to fund nine quality-of-life projects, debt-free and paid in cash. They won by a narrow margin, with polling against them. The programme (MAPS) raised roughly $350 million. The lesson is not the buildings, it is the sequence: MAPS was repeated three more times because the first one delivered what it promised, on time and on budget. Trust was not requested, it was earned with evidence.</p><p>Charleston is the brightest case and also the most uncomfortable. Under Joe Riley, mayor for forty years, the city cut crime substantially, revived its historic core, created Waterfront Park on land slated for privatisation and built a nationally recognised affordable housing policy, almost all of it through public-private partnerships. It is uncomfortable because its main ingredient, four decades of continuity, is exactly what Guayaquil cannot take for granted.</p><p>Cleveland defaulted in 1978, the first major US city to do so since the Depression. It spent almost two years unable to place bonds and under state financial supervision. Recovery came not from a master plan but from long, unspectacular work rebuilding relationships between city hall and the private sector, anchoring every civic aspiration in a concrete, visible project. Hunter Morrison led that planning work for three decades. He was never formally part of creating Strategic Doing, but reading his work in Cleveland makes it obvious where several of the ideas his brother turned into a discipline came from: the civic economy, collaboration among actors who do not report to one another and, above all, the pattern Hunter practised throughout his career, hold the frame, give away control.</p><h2>Six patterns for the new Junta C&#237;vica</h2><p>I am not going to propose a recipe to follow. It would contradict everything above. What does help are patterns: recurring situations and responses that have worked, to be adapted locally.</p><p><strong>Start from assets, not from gaps.</strong> Diagnoses that look in the rear-view mirror work well if they serve to move forward, not to paralyse; whereas diagnoses that analyse today&#8217;s tensions or shortfalls and turn them into challenges the city must face help mobilise the group toward action. That is why traditional economic consulting reports, which are a sum of technical diagnoses, rarely lead to execution; they stay at the description of the problem and jot down an endless list of actions that are almost always a d&#233;j&#224; vu of some previous plan (problem 1, action line 1.1, projects 1.1.1, tasks 1.1.1.1&#8230; all with their KPIs and targets). The Junta C&#237;vica should open with an agile diagnosis of each identified challenge, take an inventory of the assets the city has, represented in the people, firms and institutions present in the Junta, and only once those opportunities have been defined collaboratively, turn them into an action plan. One example during the first workshop was what the security group already proposed: inventory the strengths and capabilities the Chamber&#8217;s members already have, understand the typologies of crime, seek out and share best practices, and on that basis the collaboration opportunity of &#8220;safe productive and logistics corridors&#8221; was created, an opportunity that moved from the workshop to reality and is already being executed.</p><p><strong>Make the whole city visible in the room.</strong> This is the biggest risk and it should be said plainly. The Junta was born from a business chamber and its credibility depends on not stopping there. This is the difference between the first workshops we ran and the work the new institution will have to do. A Junta C&#237;vica meeting as two hundred businesspeople will be read, fairly, as a trade association with a new name. The southern and north-western neighbourhoods, the universities, the cultural collectives, informal traders and women&#8217;s organisations are not courtesy invitations: they are part of the asset inventory. They are not invited to listen, they are there to contribute. The Junta&#8217;s very strength, having diversity and a large membership, will also be its Achilles&#8217; heel.</p><p><strong>A project you can see and appreciate in under 12 months.</strong> In a city with broken trust, argument does not convince, evidence does. The secure transport corridor and the shared monitoring network are good candidates because they depend mostly on the businesses themselves. They are quick wins that let you demonstrate collaborative action. Though they do not solve the challenges, they are a way to build trust, prove execution and keep the course.</p><p><strong>Give away ownership without letting go of the frame.</strong> This is Hunter Morrison&#8217;s pattern, and perhaps the hardest to sustain. The Junta should hand execution, naming and credit for each project to whoever is doing it, and keep only the frame. Its power is not in executing works (though it could have certain specific roles in delivering projects that support the urban ecosystem), it is in convening, inspiring, keeping the vision of where the city wants to go, creating the space to discuss and incubate those ideas and sustaining the civic spirit.</p><p><strong>Measure in thirty-day cycles and think in thirty-year arcs.</strong> Short cycles to correct as you go, a generational horizon so you do not give up when the mayor, the president or the city&#8217;s mood changes. Hunter Morrison in Cleveland used to tell his teams that their real clients were two or three years old.</p><p><strong>Build governance meant to last, one that keeps leadership alive over time.</strong> The warning that follows from the three cities we have used as examples: Riley led for forty years in Charleston, Morrison was involved for three decades in Cleveland, and Oklahoma City chained four MAPS programmes across different mayors but with the same civic coalition behind them. The common factor is not political leadership, it is the permanence of supporting institutions that distribute that leadership across the urban ecosystem. It will be hard for Guayaquil to have that leadership again through politics (it did, for nearly two decades between the late 90s and the early 2000s), and that is precisely the strongest argument for the Junta C&#237;vica: if continuity cannot live in an office, it has to live in a network.</p><h2>So, can the Junta save Guayaquil?</h2><p>As you can tell, I am quite enthusiastic about what I am seeing in Guayaquil. Nothing is guaranteed and anyone promising a miracle is selling smoke, but there is something very interesting happening here in the middle of a rather chaotic and demoralising environment.</p><p>What I do know, because I was there, is that the initial paradigm has already changed. A room that walked in talking about the past and blaming others walked out talking about the present and about real, executable opportunities where nobody dodges the bullets (forgive the intentional pun). One hundred and sixty people discovered there was more city, and more opportunity, among them than they had thought. And an institution dormant for twenty years exists again because someone chose to pay its debts rather than found a new one with a nicer logo.</p><p>This is a case in progress, not a closed case, and I prefer to tell it that way. I will keep working alongside the Junta C&#237;vica and I will document what happens in real time, stumbles included, because civic transformation stories are almost always told at the end, once we know how the match turned out, but we rarely get the chance to see the origin of these processes.</p><p>In complex systems (a city is definitely the perfect example of a very complex and vast system), large transformations almost never start large. They start with a small perturbation in the right place, and the right place is the most connected node, the one with the greatest capacity to generate cascade effects, or positive butterfly effects. Now comes the hard part, which is not imagining the city but acting.</p><p>See you in my next posts of The Butterfly Effect.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><h2>Recommended and used readings</h2><ul><li><p>Morrison, E., Hutcheson, S., Nilsen, E., Fadden, J. and Franklin, N. (2019). <em>Strategic Doing: Ten Skills for Agile Leadership</em>. Wiley.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E. (2026). <em>Hunter Morrison&#8217;s Career: A Pattern Language Perspective</em>. Technical Note, Strategic Doing Institute.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E. (2025). <em>From Stage Gates to Ecosystem Design: Building Opportunity Funds for the Next Generation of Innovation</em>. White Paper, Strategic Doing Institute.</p></li><li><p>Heifetz, R. (1994). <em>Leadership Without Easy Answers</em>. Harvard University Press.</p></li><li><p>Heifetz, R., Grashow, A. and Linsky, M. (2009). <em>The Practice of Adaptive Leadership</em>. Harvard Business Press.</p></li><li><p>Jacobs, J. (1961). <em>The Death and Life of Great American Cities</em>. Random House.</p></li><li><p>Ostrom, E. (2010). &#8220;Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems&#8221;. <em>American Economic Review</em>, 100(3).</p></li><li><p>Hausmann, R., Hidalgo, C. et al. <em>The Atlas of Economic Complexity</em>. Harvard Growth Lab.</p></li><li><p>Johnson, S. (2010). <em>Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation</em>. Riverhead Books.</p></li><li><p>Sivers, D. (2010). &#8220;How to start a movement&#8221;. TED.</p></li><li><p>Ecuadorian Observatory of Organized Crime (OECO), Pan American Development Foundation. Intentional homicide bulletins, 2025 and 2026.</p></li><li><p>Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. <em>Ecuador&#8217;s criminal crisis</em> (2025).</p></li><li><p>Ministry of the Interior of Ecuador, open data on violent deaths.</p></li><li><p>Guayaquil Chamber of Commerce and IDE Business School (2025). Working group reports, Think Tank Guayaquil and Forjando Guayaquil.</p></li><li><p>Autoridad Portuaria de Guayaquil and Subsecretar&#237;a de Puertos y Transporte Mar&#237;timo y Fluvial, data on the port system&#8217;s share of non-oil trade.</p></li><li><p>Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (Case Western Reserve University), entries on the 1978 default and city planning.</p></li><li><p>MAPS programme, City of Oklahoma City.</p></li><li><p>Joseph P. Riley Jr. Center for Livable Communities, College of Charleston.</p></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[¿Puede un movimiento cívico "salvar" a Guayaquil?]]></title><description><![CDATA[C&#243;mo una reuni&#243;n, en la que se cambi&#243; la narrativa y el enfoque, inspir&#243; el renacimiento de la Junta C&#237;vica de Guayaquil y el recuento del complejo reto que tiene por delante.]]></description><link>https://pradojj.substack.com/p/puede-un-movimiento-civico-salvar</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pradojj.substack.com/p/puede-un-movimiento-civico-salvar</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Julio José Prado]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 2026 16:57:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!weDj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4277f40d-7573-45db-8225-8f0c3d93465b_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Este es un reto que es suficientemente grande, como para hacerte temblar las piernas y al mismo tiempo tan complejo y visionario que podr&#237;a no sobrevivir m&#225;s all&#225; de la siguiente reuni&#243;n. Esta es una historia contada en tiempo real, sobre un esfuerzo que merece llegar a buen puerto. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!weDj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4277f40d-7573-45db-8225-8f0c3d93465b_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!weDj!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_424, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4277f40d-7573-45db-8225-8f0c3d93465b_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!weDj!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_848, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4277f40d-7573-45db-8225-8f0c3d93465b_1536x1024.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!weDj!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_848, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4277f40d-7573-45db-8225-8f0c3d93465b_1536x1024.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!weDj!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4277f40d-7573-45db-8225-8f0c3d93465b_1536x1024.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!weDj!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4277f40d-7573-45db-8225-8f0c3d93465b_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2><span data-color="#e69138" style="color: rgb(230, 145, 56);">Una perla que dej&#243;  de brillar. </span></h2><p>Comencemos con algo de contexto sobre Guayaquil, la &#8220;Perla del Pac&#237;fico&#8221;, convertida en una de las ciudades m&#225;s violentas del mundo. Hasta hace pocos a&#241;os Ecuador era conocido como una isla de paz: en 2020 su tasa de homicidios era de 6,7 por cada cien mil habitantes, de las m&#225;s bajas de Am&#233;rica Latina. En 2025 cerr&#243; con 9.216 homicidios intencionales y una tasa de 50,9, el a&#241;o m&#225;s violento de su historia y uno de los registros m&#225;s altos del mundo. Guayaquil, la ciudad m&#225;s grande y el principal puerto del pa&#237;s, es el epicentro: concentra alrededor de un tercio de los homicidios nacionales, y la vecina Dur&#225;n - una ciudad industrial, parte del Gran Guayaquil- lleg&#243; a superar las 100 muertes violentas por cada 100.000 habitantes. La raz&#243;n es geogr&#225;fica y econ&#243;mica antes que cultural: por estos puertos sale la coca&#237;na de Colombia y Per&#250; hacia Estados Unidos y Europa, y el control de esas rutas se disputa a bala. Y mientras m&#225;s crecen las exportaciones del Ecuador, m&#225;s oportunidades e incentivos para contaminar la carga con drogas. </p><p>Las &#8220;vacunas&#8221; y la extorsi&#243;n se han convertido en un costo operativo normal para empresarios, comerciantes y transportistas. Adolescentes son reclutados como sicarios, por ejemplo, solo en el primer trimestre de 2026 fueron asesinados 148 menores de entre 12 y 17 a&#241;os. Adem&#225;s, existe una destrucci&#243;n del tejido social (m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de medir), con familias que emigraron a la fuerza, empresas que trasladaron operaciones y barrios enteros que dejaron de salir a caminar. Guayaquil no ha ca&#237;do al nivel de la Medell&#237;n de los 90s, o la San Salvador de inicios del milenio, pero podr&#237;a ir por ese peligroso camino. </p><h2><span data-color="#e69138" style="color: rgb(230, 145, 56);">Dise&#241;ando la 1ra reuni&#243;n. </span></h2><p>La reuni&#243;n que la C&#225;mara de Comercio de Guayaquil ten&#237;a prevista pod&#237;a haber tenido el mismo resultado de siempre: un diagn&#243;stico, una lista de problemas, algunas buenas ideas de c&#243;mo avanzar. Muchas reuniones, en muchas partes del mundo, se convierten en un espacio de catarsis colectiva, a veces nos hace sentir bien ser parte de la conversaci&#243;n, e incluso nos descargamos de nuestra responsabilidad, pues sentimos que al menos contribuimos con una &#8220;buena discusi&#243;n&#8221;. Un segundo nivel, es crear un documento, o un manifiesto, y tratar de hacerlo llegar a la autoridad de turno. Y todo eso, en la pr&#225;ctica, no logra mucho m&#225;s que la conversaci&#243;n con tus panas despu&#233;s de la segunda cerveza. </p><p>El resultado siempre tiene la misma estructura: primero la nostalgia (el puerto que fuimos, la ciudad ordenada que fuimos), despu&#233;s el cat&#225;logo de lo que falta y al final, la parte favorita de todos, la b&#250;squeda del culpable. El gobierno central. El municipio. La aduana. Los empresarios. La ciudadan&#237;a que no protesta y vive de pan y circo. En fon siempre son &#8220;Los otros&#8230;&#8221;</p><p>Con Miguel &#193;ngel Gonz&#225;lez, presidente de la C&#225;mara, nos propusimos hacer algo distinto. No nos qued&#225;ramos en el diagn&#243;stico, ni en una carta a pap&#225; noel, sino que en la misma ma&#241;ana pas&#225;ramos de las narrativas pesimistas y el necesario diagn&#243;stico, a estrategias y acciones colaborativas en las que todos los l&#237;deres pudieran participar.  </p><p>El dise&#241;o del proceso lo trabajamos entre el IDE Business School y la C&#225;mara de Comercio, y la metodolog&#237;a fue Strategic Doing, con algunas variaciones que Yo hab&#237;a usado en reuniones para pasar del Shock a la Acci&#243;n (s&#237;, como el proceso que describo en mi libro, y que es el proceso para dise&#241;ar colaboraciones en entornos complejos en el Strategic Doing Institute, la red global con sede en USA, que hoy lidero en conjunto con Ed Morrison). Se hicieron dos talleres, Think Tank Guayaquil y Forjando Guayaquil, con cerca de ochenta empresarios y l&#237;deres en cada uno. Esta fue una colaboraci&#243;n pro-bono del IDE, en la que los facilitadores que me apoyaron fueron mis alumnos de competitividad de las maestr&#237;as ejecutivas.</p><p>Este art&#237;culo no es una cr&#243;nica de un caso de &#233;xito, es un recuento practicamente en tiempo real de los hechos y avances que  surgieron de esa primera reuni&#243;n, y porqu&#233; creo que hay un potencial inmenso en lo que est&#225; sucediendo.  Voy a enfocarme en tres cosas: </p><p>1- Qu&#233; cambi&#243; en esa sala y por qu&#233;. </p><p>2- C&#243;mo el grupo paso de la conversaci&#243;n a la acci&#243;n que lleva al rrenacimiento de la Junta C&#237;vica de Guayaquil, y </p><p>3- Qu&#233; podr&#237;a aprender esta nueva Junta de ciudades que ya pasaron por algo parecido. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><h2><span data-color="#e69138" style="color: rgb(230, 145, 56);">De hablar del pasado y problemas, a hablar de oportunidades y retos. </span></h2><p>Si tengo que se&#241;alar el momento exacto en que la sala se dio la vuelta, no fue una idea ni una l&#225;mina. Fue un cambio en la forma de hablar.</p><p>Durante la primera hora, la situaci&#243;n de Guayaquil se habl&#243; en pasado y en condicional (y lo dej&#233; continuar as&#237; a prop&#243;sito). Lo que fuimos. Lo que ten&#237;amos. Lo que pasar&#237;a si el gobierno hiciera, si hubiera otra cultura, si otro se moviera primero. Y todo el diagn&#243;stico estaba construido sobre una divisi&#243;n: nosotros y los otros. Nosotros los que sufrimos, ellos los que deciden. Una sala que habla as&#237; ya decidi&#243;, sin darse cuenta, que el problema no es con nosotros. </p><p>Despu&#233;s del diagn&#243;stico de competitividad urbana, pasamos a mesas de trabajo sobre seguridad, infraestructura, productividad, innovaci&#243;n, talento, gobernanza y posicionamiento. La consigna no era listar problemas de manera m&#225;s profunda y espec&#237;fica sino responder dos grupos de preguntas: </p><p>1- &#191;Qu&#233; significar&#237;a tener &#233;xito en este reto? &#191;C&#243;mo sabr&#237;amos que hemos llegado a esa ciudad deseada? &#191;Qu&#233; ver&#237;amos, sentir&#237;amos, har&#237;amos en esa ciudad que no hacemos ahora? , </p><p>2- &#191;Qu&#233; activos tangibles e intangibles, habilidades profesionales y personales tenemos hoy, en esta sala, en esta mesa, que podamos combinar para crear oportunidades para llegar a ese &#233;xito deseado que acabamos de describir? </p><p>Ah&#237; la conversaci&#243;n se movi&#243; al presente, y &#8220;los otros&#8221; desaparecieron del relato. El dise&#241;o de la reuni&#243;n que se estaba ejecutando de forma simult&#225;nea en 6 grupos, estaba funcionando. </p><blockquote><p>No hubo una idea revolucionaria en esa sala o una sola visi&#243;n del Guayaquil 2050. Hubo un cambio de paradigma que se dio en tiempo real: usar las tensiones registradas en el diagn&#243;stico, transformar el pesimismo inicial en oportunidades, y en especial, empezar por lo que s&#237; tenemos. </p></blockquote><p>La mesa de seguridad del d&#237;a dos fue un muy buen ejemplo de este proceso. Un experto en fideicomisos propuso un veh&#237;culo para canalizar aportes empresariales a seguridad con trazabilidad. Un abogado ofreci&#243; su tiempo para redactar una reforma legal construida desde las necesidades reales de las empresas. Un especialista en seguridad portuaria plante&#243; que los esc&#225;neres antinarc&#243;ticos sean analizados por una entidad externa fuera del pa&#237;s, para sacar del tablero la extorsi&#243;n y el riesgo sobre el personal local. El gerente de una universidad puso a disposici&#243;n instalaciones, profesionales y contactos. Y un empresario de salud ofreci&#243; ex&#225;menes y atenci&#243;n m&#233;dica para polic&#237;as, guardias y choferes, con un argumento que qued&#243; dando vueltas: una ciudad segura no se construye solo con c&#225;maras y donaciones, se construye con gente sana, f&#237;sica y mentalmente, capaz de trabajar, producir y proteger.</p><p>Ninguno trajo eso preparado. No quer&#237;amos declaraciones pol&#237;ticas ni soluciones prefabricadas. Todos esos activos ya estaban en la ciudad. Lo &#250;nico que faltaba era una conversaci&#243;n con la estructura correcta para que se encontraran, emergieran, fueron descubiertos por el propio grupo y combinados en un contexto diferente. Eso es lo que en Strategic Doing llamamos innovaci&#243;n recombinante, y es lo que Steven Johnson llam&#243; <em>lo adyacente posible</em>: lo nuevo casi nunca viene de una revelaci&#243;n, viene de recombinar lo que ya est&#225; a la mano. </p><h2><span data-color="#e69138" style="color: rgb(230, 145, 56);">Una ciudad demasiado central para fallar</span></h2><p>Vale la pena resaltar, porqu&#233; esto no es un asunto solamente de una ciudad. En mi investigaci&#243;n doctoral sobre contagio en redes industriales encontr&#233; que el riesgo sist&#233;mico no depende del tama&#241;o de un nodo sino de su centralidad y su conectividad. No es <em>too-big-to-fail</em>, es <em>too-connected-to-fail</em> y <em>too-central-to-fail</em>.</p><p>Por el sistema portuario de Guayaquil se mueve alrededor del 85% del comercio exterior no petrolero del Ecuador. Cuando la inseguridad encarece un contenedor en Guayaquil, el sobrecosto viaja hasta el bananero de Los R&#237;os, el flor&#237;cola de Cayambe, el camaronero de El Oro, etc.  Cuando la confianza cae en Guayaquil, no cae una en ciudad, cae en todo el pa&#237;s, y cuando una ciudad como Guayaquil se convierte en un nodo de inseguridad, contagia a toda las otras ciudades. </p><blockquote><p>Guayaquil no est&#225; en riesgo por ser la ciudad m&#225;s grande del Ecuador, sino por ser la m&#225;s conectada. </p></blockquote><h2><span data-color="#e69138" style="color: rgb(230, 145, 56);">Un problema adaptativo, no un problema t&#233;cnico.</span></h2><p>Guayaquil ha intentado durante a&#241;os resolver sus problemas con la l&#243;gica del plan maestro: un estudio, una ordenanza, un anuncio, una intervenci&#243;n pomposa en un barrio. Esa l&#243;gica funciona con problemas t&#233;cnicos, los que son dif&#237;ciles pero tienen soluci&#243;n conocida y un experto capaz de aplicarla. Ronald Heifetz, en Harvard, hizo la distinci&#243;n que aqu&#237; importa: los problemas adaptativos no tienen respuesta previa, exigen que las propias personas afectadas cambien sus pr&#225;cticas, y por eso ninguna autoridad los resuelve sola (he abordado estos temas en otros posts de The Butterfly Effect que pueden leer). </p><p>Una crisis simult&#225;nea de seguridad, confianza institucional y narrativa son problemas adaptativos, de manual. Por eso los grandes planes de ciudad fracasan ah&#237;, y por eso una red c&#237;vica, que hace muchos experimentos peque&#241;os, bajo un portafolio de proyectos tiene m&#225;s chance de crear transformaciones sostenibles que un documento  de Visi&#243;n Guayaquil 2050 perfectamente anillado (y perfectamente in&#250;til). </p><p>Una ciudad no es una suma de empresas. Es un ecosistema, y los ecosistemas tienen una propiedad que las sumas lineales no tienen: la capacidad de recombinarse para convertirse en exponenciales.</p><p>El trabajo de C&#233;sar Hidalgo y Ricardo Hausmann en el <em>Atlas de la Complejidad Econ&#243;mica</em> muestra que el futuro productivo de un territorio no depende de cu&#225;nto produce, sino de qu&#233; tan diversas son las capacidades que ya acumul&#243; y qu&#233; tan cerca est&#225;n unas de otras. Los territorios no saltan a sectores lejanos, se mueven a lo adyacente. Guayaquil tiene un acervo notable y disperso: log&#237;stica portuaria, agroindustria, alimentos, comercio, salud privada, servicios financieros, un sistema universitario grande, una base exportadora consolidada. El problema no es que no tenga con qu&#233;. El problema es que esas capacidades est&#225;n mal conectadas entre s&#237;.</p><h2><span data-color="#e69138" style="color: rgb(230, 145, 56);">Un activo empolvado.</span></h2><p>Aqu&#237; viene la parte que no estaba en el gui&#243;n, pero que demuestra que el dise&#241;o inicial del proceso fue el adecuado. El &#250;ltimo taller termin&#243; hace 8 meses. En teor&#237;a ah&#237; pod&#237;a haber acabado todo y empezaba el destino habitual de estas cosas: un PDF bien diagramado, dos noticias en prensa y, despu&#233;s, silencio. No pas&#243; eso en Guayaquil, porque el dise&#241;o del proceso estaba planeado desde el inicio como algo diferente.  Los participantes quedaron enganchados y, por iniciativa propia, empezaron a buscar c&#243;mo darle cauce institucional a todo lo que hab&#237;a salido.</p><p>Consideraron dos caminos convencionales: crear desde cero un think tank incubado en la C&#225;mara, o armar comisiones internas por tema. Ambos ten&#237;an el mismo defecto, y lo detectaron solos: convert&#237;an en asunto gremial algo que necesitaba ser de toda la ciudad. Un movimiento c&#237;vico que nace como departamento de una instituci&#243;n privada, nace con el techo ya puesto.</p><p>Resulta que Guayaquil ya ten&#237;a eso. Hace cerca de cincuenta a&#241;os se cre&#243; la Junta C&#237;vica de Guayaquil, un esfuerzo ciudadano que reun&#237;a a l&#237;deres empresariales y gremiales y que despu&#233;s sum&#243; otras fuerzas de la ciudad (formalmente la Junta C&#237;vica se form&#243; en 1992 pero hubo otros intentos desde los 70s). En sus mejores d&#233;cadas no solo hizo propuestas: las encamin&#243; hacia alcaldes y autoridades, y varias terminaron convertidas en fundaciones y organizaciones que sobrevivieron a los gobiernos que las vieron nacer. Despu&#233;s se fue apagando. Llevaba cerca de veinte a&#241;os empolvada, con estatutos vigentes y deudas pendientes.</p><p>La decisi&#243;n que tomaron es, para m&#237;, es una se&#241;al brillante, en vez de fundar algo nuevo, pagaron las deudas de la vieja Junta y la revivieron. Es innovaci&#243;n recombinante aplicada a una instituci&#243;n, exactamente el mismo movimiento de la mesa de seguridad, solo que el activo recombinado es un pedazo de historia c&#237;vica. Pagar deudas ajenas, viejas, sin gloria posible, funcion&#243; como una se&#241;al: no dice &#8220;estamos aqu&#237; para ver si funciona&#8221;, sino &#8220;estamos aqu&#237; para hacer que funcione&#8221;. Adem&#225;s no tienes que dar explicaciones, todos en Guayaquil entienden el rol de la Junta, aunque habr&#225; que explicar a los que tienen menos de 40 a&#241;os. </p><p>Hoy la nueva Junta C&#237;vica de Guayaquil la preside Miguel &#193;ngel Gonz&#225;lez y la vicepreside Isabel Noboa, una de las empresarias m&#225;s respetadas de la ciudad y del pa&#237;s. Hay una directora temporal designada y cerca de doscientas personas e instituciones sum&#225;ndose, todav&#237;a sin una estructura de gobernanza pero alrededor de las mesas tem&#225;ticas que salieron de los talleres.</p><p>Doscientas personas que se han sumado en poco tiempo, es un dato importante. Derek Sivers explica que el &#8220;lone nut&#8221;, el loco que baila solo, no crea el movimiento; lo crea el primer seguidor, porque es quien convierte a un exc&#233;ntrico en un l&#237;der. Despu&#233;s, a partir de cierto punto, el costo social se invierte: ya no es raro sumarse, es raro quedarse afuera. La nueva Junta C&#237;vica de Guayaquil pas&#243; ese punto. Est&#225; en la parte empinada de la curva, que es justamente donde estos procesos suelen equivocarse, y por eso me permito proponer lecciones breves de proyectos que conocemos bien en Strategic Doing Institute. </p><h2><span data-color="#e69138" style="color: rgb(230, 145, 56);">Lo que Oklahoma City, Charleston y Cleveland, le pueden aportar a Guayaquil. </span></h2><p>Ninguna de estas ciudades vivi&#243; lo que vive Guayaquil en materia de inseguridad. Pero las tres tocaron fondo a su estilo y salieron adelante. Y en las tres el motor fue liderazgo c&#237;vico organizado, no un salvador o un plan maestro o un reporte de 500 p&#225;ginas. </p><p>No son casos que saqu&#233; de un libro. Oklahoma City y Charleston, entre varios otros procesos, fueron ideados por Ed Morrison, mi socio y amigo, y de esa pr&#225;ctica acumulada naci&#243; despu&#233;s la formulaci&#243;n de Strategic Doing. Cleveland fue obra de su hermano, Hunter Morrison, que falleci&#243; en diciembre de 2025.</p><p><strong>Oklahoma City</strong> estaba peor de lo que suena. Tras el colapso petrolero de los ochenta su centro estaba muerto, hab&#237;a perdido una gran inversi&#243;n de United Airlines y se le iba la gente joven. En 1993 el alcalde Ron Norick y la C&#225;mara, liderada por Ray Ackerman, hicieron una apuesta contraintuitiva en una ciudad antiimpuestos: pidieron a los ciudadanos un centavo adicional de impuesto a las ventas, temporal, para financiar nueve proyectos de calidad de vida, sin deuda y pagando en efectivo. Ganaron por margen estrecho, con encuestas en contra. El programa (MAPS) recaud&#243; cerca de 350 millones de d&#243;lares. La lecci&#243;n no es la obra, es la secuencia: MAPS se repiti&#243; tres veces m&#225;s porque la primera cumpli&#243; lo prometido, a tiempo y en presupuesto. La confianza no se pidi&#243;, se gan&#243; con evidencia.</p><p><strong>Charleston</strong> es el caso m&#225;s luminoso y tambi&#233;n el m&#225;s inc&#243;modo. Bajo Joe Riley, alcalde durante cuarenta a&#241;os, la ciudad baj&#243; el crimen sustancialmente, recuper&#243; su centro hist&#243;rico, cre&#243; el Waterfront Park en un terreno que iba a privatizarse y levant&#243; una pol&#237;tica de vivienda asequible reconocida nacionalmente, casi todo mediante alianzas p&#250;blico-privadas. Es inc&#243;modo porque su ingrediente principal, cuatro d&#233;cadas de continuidad, es exactamente lo que Guayaquil no puede dar por descontado.</p><p><strong>Cleveland</strong> entr&#243; en default en 1978, la primera gran ciudad estadounidense en hacerlo desde la Depresi&#243;n. Estuvo casi dos a&#241;os sin poder colocar bonos y bajo supervisi&#243;n financiera del estado. La recuperaci&#243;n no vino de un plan maestro sino de un trabajo largo de reconstrucci&#243;n de relaciones entre el municipio y el sector privado, anclando cada aspiraci&#243;n c&#237;vica en un proyecto concreto y visible. Hunter Morrison dirigi&#243; esa planificaci&#243;n durante tres d&#233;cadas. Nunca form&#243; parte oficial de la creaci&#243;n de Strategic Doing, pero al leer su trabajo en Cleveland resulta evidente de d&#243;nde salieron varias de las ideas que su hermano, Ed, termin&#243; convirtiendo en disciplina: la econom&#237;a c&#237;vica, la colaboraci&#243;n entre actores que no se reportan mutuamente y, sobre todo, ese patr&#243;n que Hunter practic&#243; toda su carrera, <em>hold the frame, give away control</em>.</p><h2><span data-color="#e69138" style="color: rgb(230, 145, 56);">Seis patrones para la nueva Junta C&#237;vica</span></h2><p>No voy a proponer una receta a seguir, eso ser&#237;a contradictorio con todo lo anterior y lo que predico. Lo que s&#237; sirve son patrones: situaciones que se repiten y respuestas que han funcionado, para adaptar localmente.</p><p><strong><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Empezar por los activos, no por los faltantes.</span></strong> Los diagn&#243;sticos que miran por el retrovisor funcionan bien si es que sirven para avanzar, no para paralizar; en cambio los diagn&#243;sticos que analizan las tensiones o carencias actuales y los convierten en retos que la ciudad debe enfrentar, ayudan a movilizar al grupo hacia la acci&#243;n. Por eso es que los reportes de consultor&#237;a econ&#243;mica tradicional, que son una suma de diagn&#243;sticos t&#233;cnicos, rara vez llevan a ejecuci&#243;n; se quedan en la descripci&#243;n del problema y se anotan una lista de acciones interminables que casi siempre son un &#8220;dej&#224; vu&#8221; (una repetici&#243;n) de alg&#250;n plan anterior (problema 1, l&#237;nea de acci&#243;n 1.1, proyectos 1.1.1, tareas 1.1.1.1&#8230; y todos con sus KPIs y metas). La Junta C&#237;vica, deber&#237;a abrir con un diagn&#243;stico &#225;gil de cada reto identificado, hacer un inventario de los activos que tiene la ciudad, representada en las personas, empresas, e instituciones representadas en la Junta, y solo una vez que se han definido esas oportunidades de manera colaborativa, transformarlos en un plan de acci&#243;n. Un ejemplo durante el 1er taller fue lo que el grupo de seguridad ya propuso: inventariar las fortalezas y capacidades que ya tienen los socios de la C&#225;mara de Comercio, entender las tipolog&#237;as del delito, buscar y compartir las mejores pr&#225;cticas, y en base a esto se cre&#243; la oportunidad de colaboraci&#243;n &#8220;corredores productivos y log&#237;sticos seguros&#8221;, una oportunidad que pas&#243; del taller a la realidad y ya se est&#225; ejecutando. </p><p><strong><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Hacer visible la ciudad completa en la sala.</span></strong> Este es el riesgo m&#225;s grande y conviene decirlo sin rodeos. La Junta naci&#243; de una c&#225;mara empresarial y su credibilidad depende de que no se quede ah&#237;. Esta es la diferencia entre los primeros talleres que hicimos y el trabajo que tendr&#225; que hacer la nueva instituci&#243;n. Una Junta C&#237;vica que sesione entre doscientos empresarios ser&#225; le&#237;da, con raz&#243;n, como un gremio con nombre nuevo. Los barrios del sur y del noroeste, las universidades, los colectivos culturales, los comerciantes informales y las organizaciones de mujeres no son invitados de cortes&#237;a: son parte del inventario de activos. No est&#225;n invitados a escuchar, est&#225;n ah&#237; para contribuir. La propia fortaleza de tener diversidad y cantidad de miembros, ser&#225; el tal&#243;n de Aquiles de la Junta. </p><p><strong><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Un proyecto que se pueda ver y apreciar en menos de 12 meses.</span></strong><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span>En una ciudad con la confianza rota, el argumento no convence, la evidencia s&#237;. El corredor de transporte seguro y la red de monitoreo compartida son buenos candidatos porque dependen sobre todo de los propios empresarios. Son quick wins que permiten demostrar acciones colaborativos. Aunque no solucionan los retos, son una forma de crear confianza, demostrar ejecuci&#243;n y mantener el camino. </p><p><strong><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Entregar la propiedad sin soltar el marco.</span></strong> Es el patr&#243;n de Hunter Morrison, y quiz&#225;s el m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de sostener. La Junta debe entregar la ejecuci&#243;n, el nombre y el cr&#233;dito de cada proyecto a quien lo est&#233; haciendo, y quedarse solo con el marco. Su poder no est&#225; en ejecutar obras (aunque podr&#237;a tener ciertos roles espec&#237;ficos en ejecuci&#243;n de proyectos de apoyo al ecosistema urbano), est&#225; en convocar, inspirar, mantener la visi&#243;n de hacia d&#243;nde quiere ir la ciudad, crear el espacio de discusi&#243;n e incubaci&#243;n de esas ideas y sostener el esp&#237;ritu c&#237;vico. </p><p><strong><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Medir en ciclos de treinta d&#237;as y pensar en arcos de treinta a&#241;os.</span></strong><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span>Ciclos cortos para corregir sobre la marcha, horizonte generacional para no rendirse cuando cambie el alcalde, el presidente o el humor de la ciudad. Hunter Morrison en Cleveland sol&#237;a decirle a sus equipos que sus verdaderos clientes ten&#237;an dos o tres a&#241;os de edad.</p><p><strong><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Armar una gobernanza pensada para perdurar, que permita mantener el liderazgo a lo largo del tiempo.</span></strong> La advertencia que se desprende de las tres ciudades que hemos usado como ejemplo: Riley lider&#243; durante cuarenta a&#241;os en Charleston, Morrison estuvo involucrado tres d&#233;cadas en Cleveland, y Oklahoma City encaden&#243; cuatro programas MAPS con alcaldes distintos pero la misma coalici&#243;n c&#237;vica detr&#225;s. El factor com&#250;n no es el liderazgo pol&#237;tico, es la permanencia de instituciones de apoyo que distribuyen ese liderazgo en el ecosistema urbano. Ser&#225; dif&#237;cil que Guayaquil vuelva a tener ese liderazgo por la v&#237;a pol&#237;tica (lo tuvo por casi dos d&#233;cadas entre finales de los 90s e inicios de los 2000),  y ese es precisamente el argumento m&#225;s fuerte a favor de la Junta C&#237;vica: si la continuidad no puede vivir en un cargo, tiene que vivir en una red.</p><h2><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Entonces, &#191;puede la Junta salvar a Guayaquil?</span></h2><p>Como se podr&#225; notar, Yo estoy bastante entusiasmado con lo que estoy viendo en Guayaquil. Nada est&#225; garantizado y cualquiera que prometa un milagro estar&#225; vendiendo humo, pero ac&#225; hay algo muy interesante que est&#225; sucediendo en medio de un entorno bastante ca&#243;tico y desmotivante. </p><p>Lo que s&#237; s&#233;, porque estuve ah&#237;, es que el paradigma inicial ya cambi&#243;. Una sala que entr&#243; hablando del pasado y culpando a otros sali&#243; hablando del presente y de oportunidades reales y ejecutables, donde nadie le saca el cuerpo a las balas (perd&#243;n por este intencional juego de palabras). Ciento sesenta personas descubrieron que entre ellas hab&#237;a m&#225;s ciudad y oportunidades de las que cre&#237;an. Y una instituci&#243;n dormida durante veinte a&#241;os volvi&#243; a existir porque alguien decidi&#243; pagar sus deudas, en lugar de fundar una nueva con un logo m&#225;s bonito.</p><p>Este es un caso en proceso, no un caso cerrado, y prefiero contarlo as&#237;. Voy a seguir acompa&#241;ando a la Junta C&#237;vica y voy a ir documentando lo que ocurra en tiempo real, incluidos los tropiezos, porque los procesos de transformaci&#243;n c&#237;vica casi siempre se cuentan al final, cuando ya se sabe c&#243;mo termin&#243; el partido, pero pocas veces tenemos oportunidad de ver el origen de estos procesos. </p><p>En sistemas complejos (una ciudad es definitivamente el ejemplo perfecto de un sistema muy complejo y amplio), las transformaciones grandes casi nunca empiezan grandes. Empiezan con una perturbaci&#243;n peque&#241;a en el lugar correcto, y el lugar correcto es el nodo m&#225;s conectado, con mayor capacidad de generar efectos cascada o efectos mariposa positivos. Ahora toca lo dif&#237;cil, que no es imaginar la ciudad sino actuar. </p><p><mark data-color="#ff9900" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Nos vemos en mis pr&#243;ximos posts de The Butterfly Effect. </mark></p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/p/puede-un-movimiento-civico-salvar?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/p/puede-un-movimiento-civico-salvar?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pradojj.substack.com/p/puede-un-movimiento-civico-salvar?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div><hr></div><h2>Lecturas recomendadas y usadas para este post</h2><ul><li><p>Morrison, E., Hutcheson, S., Nilsen, E., Fadden, J. y Franklin, N. (2019). <em>Strategic Doing: Ten Skills for Agile Leadership</em>. Wiley.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E. (2026). <em>Hunter Morrison&#8217;s Career: A Pattern Language Perspective</em>. Technical Note, Strategic Doing Institute.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E. (2025). <em>From Stage Gates to Ecosystem Design: Building Opportunity Funds for the Next Generation of Innovation</em>. White Paper, Strategic Doing Institute.</p></li><li><p>Heifetz, R. (1994). <em>Leadership Without Easy Answers</em>. Harvard University Press.</p></li><li><p>Heifetz, R., Grashow, A. y Linsky, M. (2009). <em>The Practice of Adaptive Leadership</em>. Harvard Business Press.</p></li><li><p>Jacobs, J. (1961). <em>The Death and Life of Great American Cities</em>. Random House.</p></li><li><p>Ostrom, E. (2010). &#8220;Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems&#8221;. <em>American Economic Review</em>, 100(3).</p></li><li><p>Hausmann, R., Hidalgo, C. et al. <em>The Atlas of Economic Complexity</em>. Harvard Growth Lab.</p></li><li><p>Johnson, S. (2010). <em>Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation</em>. Riverhead Books.</p></li><li><p>Sivers, D. (2010). &#8220;How to start a movement&#8221;. TED.</p></li><li><p>Observatorio Ecuatoriano de Crimen Organizado (OECO), Fundaci&#243;n Panamericana para el Desarrollo. Boletines de homicidios intencionales, 2025 y 2026.</p></li><li><p>Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. <em>Ecuador&#8217;s criminal crisis</em> (2025).</p></li><li><p>Ministerio del Interior del Ecuador, datos abiertos de muertes violentas.</p></li><li><p>C&#225;mara de Comercio de Guayaquil e IDE Business School (2025). Informes de los grupos de trabajo, Think Tank Guayaquil y Forjando Guayaquil.</p></li><li><p>Autoridad Portuaria de Guayaquil y Subsecretar&#237;a de Puertos y Transporte Mar&#237;timo y Fluvial, datos de participaci&#243;n del sistema portuario en el comercio no petrolero.</p></li><li><p>Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (Case Western Reserve University), entradas sobre el default de 1978 y planificaci&#243;n urbana.</p></li><li><p>Programa MAPS, City of Oklahoma City.</p></li><li><p>Joseph P. Riley Jr. Center for Livable Communities, College of Charleston.</p></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Are We Killing Sustainability?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Stop making checklists and start solving real productive sustainability challenges.]]></description><link>https://pradojj.substack.com/p/are-we-killing-sustainability</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pradojj.substack.com/p/are-we-killing-sustainability</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Julio José Prado]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2026 19:33:09 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6Zaj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9914f65-0de5-43d9-9ca9-cad7fe41fff2_2118x1402.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/p/are-we-killing-sustainability?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/p/are-we-killing-sustainability?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pradojj.substack.com/p/are-we-killing-sustainability?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p>It&#8217;s entirely possible that, with the best intentions in the world, we&#8217;re killing sustainability. And the ones killing it aren&#8217;t the politicians who cast doubt on it and on &#8220;global warming.&#8221; It&#8217;s being killed by those who reduced sustainability strategy to a set of checklists, indicators, reports, seals, rankings, and awards. Today we &#8220;audit&#8221; corporate sustainability with almost liturgical devotion, and the sustainability report, printed on recycled paper and delivered by couriers on two-stroke combustion motorbikes, is the final output we use to measure and celebrate our progress. And meanwhile, the core of the productive system we claimed we wanted to transform remains, in essence, as un-&#8221;sustainable&#8221; as it was before.</p><p>Wait, wait. It&#8217;s not that this first crusade to raise awareness about &#8220;going green&#8221; was useless. Of course it wasn&#8217;t. It built awareness and opened new spaces where topics no one used to discuss are now debated, reported, measured, and rewarded. But the first wave of sustainability has lasted too long, and it refuses to give way to the second: the one about real, collective impact on productive systems. And I think the first wave doesn&#8217;t want to disappear because it has become very lucrative (for the wallet and for the ego) to say your company ranks among the most sustainable in the country or the industry&#8230; whatever that&#8217;s supposed to mean. And although there are examples, several of them, of real impact, the truth is that the sheer amount of resources and effort doesn&#8217;t justify the poor results we&#8217;re getting in sustainability.</p><p>Let me put it more bluntly: I think the ESG checklist became the perfect alibi for changing nothing. We report better, but we don&#8217;t produce any differently. And the market, which is nobody&#8217;s fool, has already started to notice. Meanwhile the deniers, the ones who reject that there&#8217;s a real environmental problem and that business has an important role in solving it, are lining up one after another to pile on sustainability now that it&#8217;s down.</p><p>This article isn&#8217;t a critique of sustainability agendas. It&#8217;s an attempt to get the effort back on track by shifting the current paradigm, centered on corporate sustainability reports, toward sustainable business ecosystems, which is where change can actually happen. How do we do that? Here are a few ideas.</p><h2></h2><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pradojj.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2><span data-color="#6aa84f" style="color: rgb(106, 168, 79);">The symptom</span></h2><p>For fifteen years we were told sustainability was an unstoppable wave. It was. But in 2025 something happened that&#8217;s worth facing head-on: global &#8220;green&#8221; investment funds recorded close to 84 billion dollars in net outflows. It&#8217;s the first year of negative net flows since Morningstar started tracking green funds in 2018. It&#8217;s not that people stopped believing in sustainability. It&#8217;s that the market started punishing greenwashing, ambiguity, and weak real-world performance.</p><p>The failure isn&#8217;t sustainability&#8217;s. It belongs to the mindset that reduced it to reporting, ranking, and compliance.</p><p>I&#8217;m not against measuring. Measuring is necessary: for transparency, for access to capital, for talking to buyers who demand traceability. The problem shows up when we confuse the thermometer with the cure, when the indicator stops being a means and becomes an end in itself. Call it the fetishism of the indicator: the result doesn&#8217;t matter, only measuring the result does.</p><p>Let&#8217;s do an exercise. Add up everything your company (or the corporation you work for) has invested over the last decade in the sustainability agenda: the annual reports, the consultants who wrote them, the entire teams built for monitoring and compliance, the ISO certifications, the audits, the standards that have to be renewed year after year. It&#8217;s probably a pretty big number, isn&#8217;t it?</p><p>I&#8217;m not saying it was money down the drain. It helped bring order, provide transparency, open certain markets. But let&#8217;s be honest: it didn&#8217;t do what matters most. It didn&#8217;t move the needle on sustainability tied to productivity and competitiveness. We reported for a whole decade and we still produce almost the same way, and the opportunities in environmental sustainability have gone uncapitalized.</p><p>Now imagine that same budget put to work differently: funding projects that solve realistic sustainability challenges, not just inside your company but together with your productive ecosystem, across the board, with suppliers, clients, universities, and other players. Can you picture the effect? It would be enormous. It&#8217;s almost literally a butterfly effect waiting for someone to redirect the energy. Instead of one more report: a real-impact project, a transformation of traditional value chains into sustainable ones, a scalable portfolio of green initiatives.</p><p>Maybe that&#8217;s why the so-called green agenda, the 2030 Agenda, the sustainability agenda in general is under such attack today, especially in the United States, but also across much of the world. Some are already signing its death certificate. I don&#8217;t share that pessimistic outlook. The sustainability agenda hasn&#8217;t died. What has died is the traditional way we were doing it: without solving real challenges, busy copying copy-paste models sold to us by the usual consultancies, whose pockets, by the way, we lined very nicely.</p><p>Let&#8217;s stop making reports about reports. Let&#8217;s start solving productive sustainability challenges.</p><h2>Why a checklist won&#8217;t solve a sustainability problem</h2><p>Let me go back for a moment to my doctoral thesis at Lancaster, in the UK (I promise it&#8217;s relevant here). I studied how crises spread through the global production network: more than 42 countries, more than 35 industries per country, millions of possible interconnections. And I found something that changed the way I see economics: the risk that one industry infects the others doesn&#8217;t depend on its size, but on how connected and how central it is within the system. Against the classic Too-Big-to-Fail, I called it Too-Connected-to-Fail and Too-Central-to-Fail.</p><p>Why am I telling you this in an article about sustainability? Because the underlying lesson is the same: the problems that truly matter are systemic; they live in the connections, not in the isolated nodes. And there&#8217;s the trap: we measure sustainability company by company, when the real problems belong to whole value chains, regions, and sectors. It&#8217;s like trying to understand an anthill by looking at a single ant through a magnifying glass.</p><p>Snowden and Boone explained it with their Cynefin framework in a Harvard Business Review article. There are technical problems, solved with experts, manuals, and best practices, and there are complex problems, where cause and effect are only visible in hindsight and no prior recipe guarantees the outcome. The checklist is a splendid tool for the technical, but applying it to a complex problem (which is almost everything in sustainability and competitiveness) is like trying to tame a living system with an Excel template: you can fill it in, but it transforms nothing.</p><h2><span data-color="#93c47d" style="color: rgb(147, 196, 125);">First shift: from problems to challenges</span></h2><p>This is where adaptive strategy comes to the rescue. And it starts with something that looks like a play on words but, I promise you, changes the physics of the system: stop describing problems and start framing challenges. And I do mean challenges, not problems: the shift in that single word is the whole point.</p><p>The problem-led approach sounds like this: &#8220;we have deforestation, low productivity, informality, poor traceability, and scarce financing.&#8221; All true. But it&#8217;s all focused on the current situation rather than on mobilizing action, and that&#8217;s paralyzing. A problem framed that way summons no one. Well, let me correct myself: it summons the people who want to complain and hand out blame.</p><p>The challenge-led approach takes those same facts and turns them into a question that mobilizes:</p><p>How might we double the export value per hectare, without deforestation, by connecting small producers to premium markets? What does that future look like when it works? What would we see, and what would we do, if that scenario came true?</p><p>Notice the shift in energy? That question (what Morrison and Hutcheson, in their Strategic Doing methodology, call a framing question) admits no single owner. It forces you to recombine assets, it convenes players who weren&#8217;t talking to each other, and it pushes toward experiment (action) instead of lament. A good challenge isn&#8217;t answered with a report; it&#8217;s answered by doing.</p><h2><span data-color="#93c47d" style="color: rgb(147, 196, 125);">Second shift: from the company to the ecosystem</span></h2><p>If the first shift changes the question, the second changes the unit of analysis. Sustainability doesn&#8217;t become strategic when a company reports better. It becomes strategic when an ecosystem learns to turn sustainable assets into productivity, innovation, and territorial value.</p><p>Latin America overflows with sustainable assets: clean energy, biodiversity, agribusiness, critical minerals, water, forests, young talent, food culture. What we often lack are ecosystems capable of capturing the value of those assets. And value, as Hidalgo and Hausmann showed (in the Atlas of Economic Complexity) with their idea of the product space, doesn&#8217;t come from accumulating resources, but from recombining existing capabilities to produce more sophisticated things.</p><p>Steven Johnson called it the adjacent possible: innovation is rarely a brilliant leap out of nowhere; it&#8217;s almost always a new combination of pieces that were already on the table. The ecosystem is precisely the infrastructure that lets those pieces find each other. It&#8217;s not a nice metaphor: it&#8217;s competitive infrastructure.</p><p>Without an ecosystem, each player optimizes its own part. With an ecosystem, the system learns, scales, and solves.</p><h2><span data-color="#93c47d" style="color: rgb(147, 196, 125);">The key: adaptive strategy, not a master plan</span></h2><p>At this point, the temptation is to write a 200-page strategic plan (I just read one that ran 630 pages, what a waste), with its timeline, its KPIs, and its five-year roadmap. Resist that temptation. A complex system isn&#8217;t controlled with a master plan; it&#8217;s cultivated with adaptive strategy. And Strategic Doing (www.strategicdoing.net) is the most practical grammar I know for doing exactly that in the real world.</p><p>Its principles, brought down to productive sustainability, would look like this:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Leadership by convening, not by hierarchy.</strong> No one &#8220;controls&#8221; an ecosystem. You lead by opening spaces and asking better questions. Which doesn&#8217;t mean there&#8217;s no leadership or no action plan; there is.</p></li><li><p><strong>Recombinant innovation with what already exists.</strong> You start by taking inventory of the assets you have, not by asking for new budgets for things you don&#8217;t.</p></li><li><p><strong>Small pilots (pathfinders) before big bets.</strong> Cheap experiments that make value visible in 90 to 180 days.</p></li><li><p><strong>Sustained cadence.</strong> An ecosystem isn&#8217;t designed in a single workshop; it&#8217;s kept alive by a routine of short, frequent meetings that keep adjusting course. Those routines build a culture of change and collaboration.</p></li></ul><p>And yes, I&#8217;ll say it again: leadership is needed, not just to keep the cadence, but to get started. Someone has to begin. In my book Del Shock a la Acci&#243;n I affectionately called this person &#8220;the lunatic who dances alone&#8221;; Derek Sivers popularized it as the lone nut and his first follower. The lesson is the same: the first person to stand up and dance looks ridiculous, and it&#8217;s the first follower who turns them into a leader and their crazy idea into a movement. Leaders have to dare to say the first challenge out loud.</p><h2><span data-color="#93c47d" style="color: rgb(147, 196, 125);">A model to organize all of this</span></h2><p>I bring all of the above together into a simple sequence, moving from an abundance of assets to evidence of value. It&#8217;s a discipline, not a &#8220;green&#8221; public policy:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Inventory of sustainable assets.</strong> What resources, capabilities, networks, and know-how already exist and are underused?</p></li><li><p><strong>Productive challenge.</strong> What real economic challenge unlocks value and sustainability at the same time?</p></li><li><p><strong>Ecosystem map.</strong> Who has to sit at the table for that challenge to be possible?</p></li><li><p><strong>Recombinant innovation.</strong> What new combination of assets creates an advantage that doesn&#8217;t exist today?</p></li><li><p><strong>Pathfinder.</strong> What small pilot tests the opportunity in 90 to 180 days?</p></li></ol><p>To keep this from staying abstract, three challenges Latin America could take up tomorrow:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Traceable agribusiness:</strong> from commodity to premium origin, with zero-deforestation traceability.</p></li><li><p><strong>Mining and clean energy:</strong> turning critical minerals into value chains, technical jobs, and territorial legitimacy, while avoiding &#8220;green extractivism.&#8221;</p></li><li><p><strong>Biodiversity:</strong> from landscape to a platform for bio-inputs, functional foods, cosmetics, and regenerative tourism.</p></li></ul><p>In all three, the assets are already there; what&#8217;s missing is the ecosystem to recombine them.</p><h2><span data-color="#6aa84f" style="color: rgb(106, 168, 79);">Someone has to start dancing</span></h2><p>Let&#8217;s go back to the beginning. We&#8217;re not killing sustainability by measuring too much, but by confusing measurement with strategy. The thesis isn&#8217;t &#8220;fewer reports&#8221;; it&#8217;s less obsession with KPIs and more capacity to change the productive system.</p><p>From the company to the ecosystem. From the problem to the challenge. From the report to the pathfinder. From the natural asset to the competitive advantage. Four shifts that require waiting for no one: they require someone to dare to frame the first challenge and launch the first pilot. Like a butterfly flapping its wings, a small, well-placed experiment in a well-connected node can set off changes we can&#8217;t even imagine today.</p><p>So the question I&#8217;ll leave you with isn&#8217;t whether you believe in sustainability. It&#8217;s simpler and more uncomfortable: are you willing to be the lunatic who starts breaking the mold of rankings and reports, and builds a portfolio of real-impact projects instead?</p><p><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">See you at the next butterfly effect&#8230;</span></p><p><em><strong><mark data-color="rgb(217, 119, 6)" style="background-color: rgb(217, 119, 6); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">DISCLAIMER:</mark></strong><mark data-color="rgb(217, 119, 6)" style="background-color: rgb(217, 119, 6); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> I use AI tools to facilitate and accelerate translation and to polish the writing of my posts, but there is still a human being writing these words and reviewing every paragraph. The ideas expressed here are my own and represent my personal opinions, not those of the institutions where I work.</mark></em></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Recommended (and used) readings for this post:</strong></p><ul><li><p>World Bank (2026). <em>Latin America and the Caribbean Economic Update</em>, April 2026.</p></li><li><p>ECLAC (2025). <em>Productive Development Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean 2025</em>.</p></li><li><p>European Commission (2024). <em>EU Deforestation Regulation: implementation timeline</em>.</p></li><li><p>Hidalgo, C. A. and Hausmann, R. (2009). &#8220;The building blocks of economic complexity.&#8221; <em>PNAS</em>, 106(26).</p></li><li><p>IEA (2025). <em>Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025</em>.</p></li><li><p>Johnson, S. (2010). <em>Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation</em>. Riverhead Books.</p></li><li><p>Lorenz, E. N. (1963). &#8220;Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow.&#8221; <em>Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences</em>, 20(2).</p></li><li><p>Morningstar (2026). <em>Global Sustainable Fund Flows</em>, February 2026.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E. and Hutcheson, S. (2019). <em>Strategic Doing: Ten Skills for Agile Leadership</em>. Wiley.</p></li><li><p>Prado, J. J. (2021). <em>Del Shock a la Acci&#243;n</em>.</p></li><li><p>Prado, J. J. Doctoral thesis, Lancaster University, International Trade Network (Too-Connected-to-Fail / Too-Central-to-Fail).</p></li><li><p>Sivers, D. (2010). <em>How to start a movement</em> (TED / &#8220;first follower&#8221;).</p></li><li><p>Snowden, D. J. and Boone, M. E. (2007). &#8220;A Leader&#8217;s Framework for Decision Making.&#8221; <em>Harvard Business Review</em>.</p></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[¿Estamos matando la sostenibilidad?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Paren de llenar checklists y reportes de sostenibilidad. Empecemos a resolver challenges productivos reales. Un post para provocar un cambio del paradigma ESG.]]></description><link>https://pradojj.substack.com/p/estamos-matando-la-sostenibilidad</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pradojj.substack.com/p/estamos-matando-la-sostenibilidad</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Julio José Prado]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 22:26:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mcTO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bca5b27-457c-43a1-acf0-d11f9be77358_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0bca5b27-457c-43a1-acf0-d11f9be77358_1536x1024.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0bca5b27-457c-43a1-acf0-d11f9be77358_1536x1024.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>Es muy posible que, con las mejores intenciones del mundo, estemos matando la sostenibilidad. Y no la est&#225;n matando los pol&#237;ticos que dudan de ella y &#8220;el calentamiento global&#8221;. La est&#225;n matando quienes han reducido la estrategia de sostenibilidad a un cojunto de  check lists, indicadores, reportes, sellos, rankings y premios. Hoy se &#8220;audita&#8221; la sostenibilidad en las empresas con devoci&#243;n casi lit&#250;rgica, y los reportes de sostenibilidad, impresos en paper reciclado -entregados por repartidores en motos con motores a combusti&#243;n de dos tiempos-, son el resultado final con el que se miden  y celebran los avances. Y mientras tanto, el core del sistema productivo que dec&#237;amos querer transformar sigue, en lo esencial, es tan poco &#8220;sostenible&#8221; como antes. </p><p>Espere, espere, no es que esta primera cruzada por generar conciencia por &#8220;lo verde&#8221; no haya servido. Claro que s&#237;, ha generado consciencia y nuevos espacios donde temas que no se discut&#237;an antes ahora se debaten, se reportan, se miden y se premian. Pero la 1ra ola de la sostenibilidad ha durado demasiado y no quiere dar paso a la 2da la del impacto real y colectivo en los sistemas productivos. Y creo que la 1era ola no quiere desaparecer porque se ha vuelto muy lucrativo para el bolsillo y para el ego, decir que nuestra empresa est&#233; rankeada entre las m&#225;s sostenibles del pa&#237;s o la industria&#8230; Lo que sea que eso signifique. Y aunque s&#237; hay ejemplos, varios, de impacto real, lo cierto es que la cantidad de recursos y esfuerzos no justifica los pobres resultados que estamos consiguiendo en sostenibilidad. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Voy a ponerlo m&#225;s claro, creo que el checklist ESG se convirti&#243; en la coartada perfecta para no cambiar nada. Reportamos mejor, pero no producimos distinto. Y el mercado, que no es tonto, ya empez&#243; a notar la diferencia. Y los negacionistas de que existe un verdadero problema ambiental y que la empresa tiene un rol importante en resolverlo, se est&#225;n apilando uno detr&#225;s de otro, para hacer le&#241;a del &#225;rbol torcido de la sostenibilidad. </p><p>Este art&#237;culo no es una cr&#237;tica a las agendas de sostenibilidad, es m&#225;s bien un intento por reencaminar los esfuerzos cambiando el paradigma actual, centrado en los reportes de sostenibilidad empresarial, hacia los ecosistemas de negocios sostenibles, que es donde realmente se pueden generar cambios. &#191;C&#243;mo hacerlo? A continuaci&#243;n doy algunas ideas. </p><h2>El s&#237;ntoma. </h2><p>Durante quince a&#241;os nos dijeron que la sostenibilidad era una ola imparable. Lo era. Pero en 2025 pas&#243; algo que conviene mirar de frente: los fondos de inversiones &#8220;verdes&#8221; globales registraron cerca de 84 mil millones de d&#243;lares en reducciones netas. Este es el primer a&#241;o de flujos netos negativos desde que Morningstar empez&#243; a seguir a los fondos de inversi&#243;n verdes en 2018. No es que la gente haya dejado de creer en la sostenibilidad. Es que el mercado empez&#243; a castigar el lavado de cara, la ambig&#252;edad y el bajo desempe&#241;o real.</p><blockquote><p>El fracaso no es de la sostenibilidad. Es del mindset que la redujo a reporte, ranking y compliance.</p></blockquote><p>No estoy en contra de medir. Medir es necesario para la transparencia, para el acceso a capital, para hablarle a compradores que exigen trazabilidad. El problema aparece cuando confundimos el term&#243;metro con la cura, cuando el indicador deja de ser un medio y se convierte en un fin en s&#237; mismo. A eso se le llama fetichismo del indicador, no importa el resultado, sino medir el resultado. </p><p>Hagamos un ejercicio. Suma todo lo que tu empresa (o la corporaci&#243;n donde trabajas) ha invertido en la &#250;ltima d&#233;cada en la agenda de sostenibilidad: los reportes anuales, los consultores que los redactaron, los equipos enteros creados para el seguimiento y el compliance, las certificaciones ISO, las auditor&#237;as, los est&#225;ndares que hay que renovar a&#241;o tras a&#241;o. Seguramente es una cifra bastante grande, &#191;verdad?</p><p>No digo que haya sido dinero tirado. Sirvi&#243; para ordenar, para dar transparencia, para acceder a ciertos mercados. Pero seamos honestos, no sirvi&#243; para lo que m&#225;s importa: no movi&#243; la aguja de la sostenibilidad ligada a la productividad y competitividad. Reportamos una d&#233;cada entera y seguimos produciendo casi igual, y las oportunidades de la sostenibilidad ambiental no se han capitalizado. </p><p>Ahora imagina ese mismo presupuesto puesto a trabajar de otra manera, financiando proyectos que resuelvan challenges realistas de sostenibilidad, no solo dentro de tu empresa, sino en conjunto con tu ecosistema productivo, de forma transversal, con proveedores, clientes, academia y otros actores. &#191;Alcanzas a dimensionar el efecto? Ser&#237;a enorme. Es, casi literalmente, un efecto mariposa esperando a que alguien redirija la energ&#237;a. En lugar de cada reporte, un proyecto de impacto real, una transformaci&#243;n de cadenas productivas tradicionales a sostenibles, un portafolio escalable de iniciativas verdes. </p><p>Quiz&#225;s por eso, la llamada agenda verde, la Agenda 2030, la agenda de sostenibilidad en general est&#225; hoy tan atacada, sobre todo en Estados Unidos, pero tambi&#233;n en buena parte del mundo. Hay quienes ya firman su certificado de defunci&#243;n. Yo no comparto ese futuro pesimista. La agenda de sostenibilidad no ha muerto. Lo que ha muerto es la forma tradicional en que la ven&#237;amos haciendo: sin resolver retos reales, ocupados en copiar modelos de copy-paste que nos vendieron las consultoras de siempre, a las que, de paso, les llenamos muy bien los bolsillos.</p><blockquote><p>Dejemos de hacer reportes sobre reportes. Empecemos a resolver challenges productivos de sostenibilidad.</p></blockquote><h2>&#191;Por qu&#233; un checklist no va a resolver un problema de sostenibilidad?</h2><p>Perm&#237;tanme regresar un momento a mi tesis doctoral en Lancaster-UK (prometo que tiene que ver con este tema). Yo estudiaba c&#243;mo se contagian las crisis en la red global de producci&#243;n: m&#225;s de 42 pa&#237;ses, m&#225;s de 35 industrias por pa&#237;s, millones de interconexiones posibles. Y descubr&#237; algo que cambi&#243; mi forma de ver la econom&#237;a: el riesgo de que una industria contagie a otras no depende de su tama&#241;o, sino de qu&#233; tan conectada y qu&#233; tan central es dentro del sistema. Lo bautic&#233;, frente al cl&#225;sico <em>Too-Big-to-Fail</em>, como <em>Too-Connected-to-Fail</em> y <em>Too-Central-to-Fail</em>. </p><p>&#191;Por qu&#233; te cuento esto en un art&#237;culo sobre sostenibilidad? Porque la lecci&#243;n de fondo es la misma: los problemas que de verdad importan son sist&#233;micos, viven en las conexiones, no en los nodos aislados. Y ah&#237; est&#225; la trampa: medimos la sostenibilidad empresa por empresa, cuando los problemas reales son de cadenas, de regiones y de sectores enteros. Es como intentar entender un hormiguero mirando a una sola hormiga con lupa.</p><p>Snowden y Boone lo explicaron en su modelo Cynefin en un art&#237;culo de Harvard Business School. Hay problemas t&#233;cnicos, que se resuelven con expertos, manuales y buenas pr&#225;cticas, y hay problemas complejos, donde las relaciones de causa y efecto solo se ven en retrospectiva y ninguna receta previa garantiza el resultado. El checklist es una herramienta espl&#233;ndida para lo t&#233;cnico pero aplicarlo a un problema complejo (como casi todo en sostenibilidad y competitividad) es querer domar un sistema vivo con una plantilla de Excel: se puede llenar, pero no transforma nada.</p><h2>Primer giro: de problemas a challenges</h2><p>Aqu&#237; es donde la estrategia adaptativa entra a rescatarnos. Y empieza por algo que parece un truco de lenguaje, pero que, te aseguro, cambia la f&#237;sica del sistema: dejar de describir problemas y empezar a formular challenges (retos, en espa&#241;ol, pero prefiero mantener el t&#233;rmino en ingl&#233;s). </p><p>El enfoque <em>problem-led</em> suena as&#237;: &#8220;tenemos deforestaci&#243;n, baja productividad, informalidad, poca trazabilidad y financiamiento escaso&#8221;. Todo es cierto. Pero tambi&#233;n todo enfocado en la situaci&#243;n actual, no en movilizar acciones, es paralizante. Un problema descrito de esa forma no convoca a nadie; bueno corrijo, convoca a los que quieren quejarse y repartir culpas.</p><p>El enfoque <em>challenge-led</em> toma esos mismos hechos y los convierte en una pregunta que moviliza:</p><blockquote><p>&#191;C&#243;mo podr&#237;amos duplicar el valor exportado por hect&#225;rea, sin deforestar, conectando a los peque&#241;os productores con mercados premium? &#191;C&#243;mo imaginas ese futuro funcionando? &#191;C&#243;mo ver&#237;amos y har&#237;amos si ese escenario se da?</p></blockquote><p>&#191;Notas el cambio de energ&#237;a? Esa pregunta (lo que Morrison y Hutcheson, en su metodolog&#237;a Strategic Doing, llaman una <em>framing question</em>) no admite un responsable &#250;nico. Obliga a recombinar activos, convoca a actores que antes no se hablaban y empuja hacia el experimento (la acci&#243;n) en lugar del lamento. Un buen challenge no se contesta con un reporte; se contesta haciendo.</p><h2>Segundo giro: de la empresa al ecosistema</h2><p>Si el primer giro cambia la pregunta, el segundo cambia la unidad de an&#225;lisis. La sostenibilidad no se vuelve estrat&#233;gica cuando una empresa reporta mejor. Se vuelve estrat&#233;gica cuando un ecosistema aprende a convertir activos sostenibles en productividad, innovaci&#243;n y valor territorial.</p><p>Am&#233;rica Latina rebosa de activos sostenibles: energ&#237;a limpia, biodiversidad, agroindustria, minerales cr&#237;ticos, agua, bosques, talento joven, cultura alimentaria. Lo que muchas veces no tenemos son ecosistemas capaces de capturar el valor de esos activos. Y el valor, como ense&#241;aron Hidalgo y Hausmannm (en el Atlas de la Complejidad Econ&#243;mica) con su idea del espacio de productos, no aparece por acumular recursos, sino por recombinar capacidades que ya existen para producir cosas m&#225;s sofisticadas.</p><p>Steven Johnson lo llam&#243; lo posible adyacente: la innovaci&#243;n rara vez es un salto genial desde la nada; casi siempre es una nueva combinaci&#243;n de piezas que ya estaban sobre la mesa. El ecosistema es, precisamente, la infraestructura que permite que esas piezas se encuentren. No es una met&#225;fora bonita: es infraestructura competitiva.</p><blockquote><p>Sin ecosistema, cada actor optimiza su parte. Con ecosistema, el sistema aprende, escala y resuelve.</p></blockquote><h2>La clave: estrategia adaptativa, no plan maestro</h2><p>Llegados a este punto, la tentaci&#243;n es escribir un plan estrat&#233;gico de 200 p&#225;ginas (acabo de leer uno de 630 p&#225;ginas-qu&#233; desprop&#243;sito), con su cronograma, sus KPIs y su plan a 5 a&#241;os. Resiste a esa tentaci&#243;n. Un sistema complejo no se controla con un plan maestro; se cultiva con estrategia adaptativa. Y Strategic Doing (www.strategicdoing.net), es la gram&#225;tica m&#225;s pr&#225;ctica que conozco para hacerlo en entornos reales.</p><p>Sus principios, aterrizados a la sostenibilidad productiva, quedar&#237;an as&#237;:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Liderazgo por convocatoria, no por jerarqu&#237;a.</strong> Nadie &#8220;controla&#8221; en un ecosistema. Se lidera abriendo espacios y haciendo mejores preguntas. Lo cu&#225;l no significa que no haya liderazgo ni un plan de acci&#243;n. </p></li><li><p><strong>Innovaci&#243;n recombinante con lo que ya existe.</strong> Se empieza por inventariar los activos disponibles, no por pedir presupuestos nuevos para cosas que no tenemos. </p></li><li><p><strong>Pilotos peque&#241;os (</strong><em><strong>pathfinders</strong></em><strong>) antes que grandes apuestas.</strong> Experimentos baratos que hacen visible el valor en 90 a 180 d&#237;as.</p></li><li><p><strong>Cadencia sostenida.</strong> El ecosistema no se dise&#241;a en un taller; se mantiene vivo con una rutina de encuentros cortos y frecuentes que van ajustando el rumbo. Esas rutinas crean cultura de cambio y colaboraci&#243;n. </p></li></ul><p>Y s&#237;, lo repito otra vez, hace falta liderazgo, no solo para mantener la cadencia sino para arrancar, hace falta alguien que empiece. En mi libro Del Shock a la Acci&#243;n lo llam&#233;, con cari&#241;o, &#8220;el loco que baila solo&#8221;; Derek Sivers lo populariz&#243; como el <em>lone nut</em> y su primer seguidor, el <em>first follower</em>. La lecci&#243;n es la misma: la primera persona que se para a bailar parece rid&#237;culamy es el primer seguidor quien la convierte en l&#237;der y a su ocurrencia en un movimiento. En los l&#237;deres tienen que atreverse a formular el primer challenge en voz alta.</p><h2>Un modelo para organizar todo esto</h2><p>Junto todo lo anterior en una secuencia simple, que va de la abundancia de activos a la evidencia de valor. Es una disciplina, no una pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica &#8220;verde&#8221;:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Inventario de activos sostenibles.</strong> &#191;Qu&#233; recursos, capacidades, redes y saberes ya existen y est&#225;n subutilizados?</p></li><li><p><strong>Challenge productivo.</strong> &#191;Qu&#233; reto econ&#243;mico real desbloquea, a la vez, valor y sostenibilidad?</p></li><li><p><strong>Mapa del ecosistema.</strong> &#191;Qui&#233;n tiene que sentarse a la mesa para que ese challenge sea posible?</p></li><li><p><strong>Innovaci&#243;n recombinante.</strong> &#191;Qu&#233; combinaci&#243;n nueva de activos produce una ventaja que hoy no existe?</p></li><li><p><strong>Pathfinder.</strong> &#191;Qu&#233; piloto peque&#241;o prueba la oportunidad en 90 a 180 d&#237;as?</p></li></ol><p>Para que no quede en abstracto, tres challenges que Am&#233;rica Latina podr&#237;a tomar ma&#241;ana mismo:</p><ol><li><p> agroindustria trazable, de commodity a origen premium con trazabilidad cero deforestaci&#243;n; </p></li><li><p>miner&#237;a y energ&#237;a limpia, para convertir minerales cr&#237;ticos en cadenas de valor, empleo t&#233;cnico y legitimidad territorial, evitando el &#8220;extractivismo verde&#8221;;</p></li><li><p>biodiversidad, de paisaje a plataforma de bioinsumos, alimentos funcionales, cosm&#233;tica y turismo regenerativo. </p></li></ol><p>En los tres, los activos ya est&#225;n; lo que falta es el ecosistema que los recombine.</p><h2>Alguien tiene que empezar a bailar</h2><p>Volvamos al inicio. No estamos matando la sostenibilidad por medir demasiado, sino por confundir la medici&#243;n con la estrategia. La tesis no es &#8220;menos reportes&#8221;; es menos obsesi&#243;n con los KPIs y m&#225;s capacidad para cambiar el sistema productivo.</p><p>De la empresa al ecosistema. Del problema al challenge. Del reporte al pathfinder. Del activo natural a la ventaja competitiva. Cuatro giros que no requieren esperar a nadie: requieren que alguien se atreva a formular el primer challenge y a lanzar el primer piloto. Como una mariposa que bate sus alas, un experimento peque&#241;o y bien colocado en un nodo bien conectado puede desatar cambios que hoy ni siquiera imaginamos.</p><p>As&#237; que la pregunta que te dejo no es si crees en la sostenibilidad. Es m&#225;s simple y m&#225;s inc&#243;moda: &#191;te animas a ser el loco que empieza a romper el molde de rankings y los reportes, y un portafolio de proyectos de impacto real?</p><p></p><p>Nos vemos en el pr&#243;ximo efecto mariposa&#8230;</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Lecturas recomendadas y usadas para este post:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Banco Mundial (2026). <em>Latin America and the Caribbean Economic Update</em>, abril 2026.</p></li><li><p>CEPAL (2025). <em>Panorama de las pol&#237;ticas de desarrollo productivo en Am&#233;rica Latina y el Caribe 2025</em>.</p></li><li><p>Comisi&#243;n Europea (2024). <em>EU Deforestation Regulation &#8212; implementation timeline</em>.</p></li><li><p>Hidalgo, C. A. y Hausmann, R. (2009). &#8220;The building blocks of economic complexity&#8221;. <em>PNAS</em>, 106(26).</p></li><li><p>IEA (2025). <em>Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025</em>.</p></li><li><p>Johnson, S. (2010). <em>Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation</em>. Riverhead Books.</p></li><li><p>Lorenz, E. N. (1963). &#8220;Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow&#8221;. <em>Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences</em>, 20(2).</p></li><li><p>Morningstar (2026). <em>Global Sustainable Fund Flows</em>, febrero 2026.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E. y Hutcheson, S. (2019). <em>Strategic Doing: Ten Skills for Agile Leadership</em>. Wiley.</p></li><li><p>Prado, J. J. (2021). <em>Del Shock a la Acci&#243;n</em>.</p></li><li><p>Prado, J. J. Tesis doctoral, Lancaster University &#8212; International Trade Network (<em>Too-Connected-to-Fail</em> / <em>Too-Central-to-Fail</em>).</p></li><li><p>Sivers, D. (2010). <em>How to start a movement</em> (TED / &#8220;first follower&#8221;).</p></li><li><p>Snowden, D. J. y Boone, M. E. (2007). &#8220;A Leader&#8217;s Framework for Decision Making&#8221;. <em>Harvard Business Review</em>.</p></li></ul><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La Evolución de la Estrategia: de lo militar a la revolución industrial, de lo planificado a lo emergente.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Un viaje desde Sun Tzu hasta la estrategia adaptativa. &#191;Cu&#225;ndo se divorciaron la estrategia de la ejecuci&#243;n? Y c&#243;mo hacer buenas estrategias para el -complejo- mundo actual.]]></description><link>https://pradojj.substack.com/p/la-evolucion-de-la-estrategia-de</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pradojj.substack.com/p/la-evolucion-de-la-estrategia-de</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Julio José Prado]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:03:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mg0e!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e8a7aa7-8ab7-48e5-a52a-195a709b9837_1788x834.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/p/la-evolucion-de-la-estrategia-de?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" 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/__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e8a7aa7-8ab7-48e5-a52a-195a709b9837_1788x834.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Hay un dato que deber&#237;a incomodarnos a todos quienes ense&#241;amos, dise&#241;amos y ejecutamos estrategia (desde una empresa hasta un pa&#237;s). En promedio el 70% de las estrategias &#8220;bien dise&#241;adas&#8221; nunca se ejecutan como estaban planeadas. No es una cifra aleatoria. Es lo que muestran d&#233;cadas de estudios: Kaplan y Norton la ubican cerca del 90%, Kotter en el 70%, otros estudios de implementaci&#243;n en el 67% (Sull, Homkes y Sull, 2015). Escoge el n&#250;mero que prefieras. Todos apuntan a lo mismo: la mayor&#237;a de las estrategias se mueren apenas tocan la realidad.</p><p>Durante a&#241;os nos contamos un cuento tranquilizador para explicarlo: Hubo mala ejecuci&#243;n o un liderazgo d&#233;bil, &#8220;la gente no se comprometi&#243;.&#8221; Entonces compramos mejor software, contratamos m&#225;s gerentes de proyecto, hacemos m&#225;s talleres de alineamiento. Es decir le metemos &#8220;m&#225;s y mejores&#8221; recursos al sistema para ver si algo mejora, o contratamos consultores m&#225;s caros y &#8220;expertos&#8221;. Pero el porcentaje de &#233;xito, rara vez se mueve. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>El problema no es que ejecutemos mal la estrategia. Si la ejecuci&#243;n es el problema, entonces la estrategia tambi&#233;n estaba mal planteada, y viceversa. No hay como lavarse las manos. El problema es que se sigue usando y ense&#241;ando un modelo de estrategia que asume que la estrategia y la ejecuci&#243;n son dos cosas distintas. La gran gran mayor&#237;a de gente sigue tratando a la estrategia como si se tratara de una competencia entre &#8220;dise&#241;ar la estrategia&#8221; y &#8220;ejecutar la estrategia&#8221;. Son los mismos que siguen viendo a las organizaciones ya sea como un organigrama (lineal y r&#237;gido) o ya sea como un ecosistema (sin estructura ni liderazgo claro). Veo cientos de posts por semana en LinkedIn en esa l&#237;nea. Por un lado, romantizamos la estrategia atada al prop&#243;sito y por otro lado, ejecutamos acciones que nos alejan de ese prop&#243;sito deseado porque el mercado cambi&#243;, y esperamos a la siguiente planificaci&#243;n estrat&#233;gica para evaluar lo qu&#233; fall&#243;.</p><p>Esta visi&#243;n binaria de la estrategia est&#225; haciendo bastante da&#241;o y generando mucha confusi&#243;n. No se trata de escoger entre dise&#241;ar o ejecutar, o escoger entre estrategia y planificaci&#243;n estrat&#233;gica, sino aprender cuando usar la una o la otra, y cual es la cadencia y flujo adecuado que realmente sirve para avanzar. </p><blockquote><p><em><span data-color="#fce5cd" style="color: rgb(252, 229, 205);">El problema no es que ejecutemos mal la estrategia. Si la ejecuci&#243;n es el problema, entonces la estrategia tambi&#233;n estaba mal planteada, y viceversa. No hay como lavarse las manos. </span></em></p></blockquote><p>Analicemos brevemente la evoluci&#243;n del concepto de estrategia para entender c&#243;mo naci&#243; y c&#243;mo se deform&#243; paulatinamente. Veremos tambi&#233;n c&#243;mo existen esfuerzos (no tan nuevos) por volver a hacer de la estrategia una pr&#225;ctica que genere cambios reales en las organizaciones y entornos donde se aplique, en especial en entorno complejos, multistakeholder y vol&#225;tiles, como los que se han convertido en la norma en el mundo actual.  </p><h2><span data-color="#ffd966" style="color: rgb(255, 217, 102);">El origen: la estrategia militar. </span></h2><p>La palabra viene del griego <em>strateg&#243;s</em>, que significa &#8220;el general&#8221;, el que conduce el ej&#233;rcito. Durante m&#225;s de dos mil a&#241;os, estrategia y guerra fueron pr&#225;cticamente sin&#243;nimos.</p><p>Alrededor del siglo V antes de Cristo, en la China, Sun Tzu escribi&#243; <em>El arte de la guerra</em>. Su entorno era brutal: reinos en guerra permanente, recursos escasos, y un margen de error que se pagaba con la vida. De ah&#237; salieron ideas que todav&#237;a repetimos: conocer el terreno, conocer al enemigo, ganar antes de pelear, vencer sin combatir. La estrategia, desde su cuna, fue el arte de usar bien lo que tienes contra un adversario, en condiciones de incertidumbre.</p><p>Muchos siglos despu&#233;s, ya en plena era napole&#243;nica, Clausewitz public&#243; <em>De la guerra</em> (1832). Su aporte fue distinto y profundo: la guerra real nunca se parece al plan, porque est&#225; llena de lo que &#233;l llam&#243; &#8220;fricci&#243;n&#8221;, esa suma de imprevistos, niebla y azar que separa lo planeado de lo que de verdad ocurre. Suena conocido, &#191;no? Hace dos siglos atr&#225;s, alguien ya hab&#237;a escrito que el plan no sobrevive al contacto con la realidad.</p><blockquote><p><span data-color="#fce5cd" style="color: rgb(252, 229, 205);">Desde Clausewitz, sab&#237;amos que el plan no sobrevive al contacto con la realidad. Lo olvidamos cuando la estrategia se volvi&#243; un documento est&#225;tico. </span></p></blockquote><h2><span data-color="#ffe599" style="color: rgb(255, 229, 153);">La Revoluci&#243;n Industrial: de la estrategia militar a la estrategia econ&#243;mica y empresarial. </span></h2><p>La estrategia empresarial, como tal, no exist&#237;a porque no exist&#237;an empresas grandes que la necesitaran. Eso cambi&#243; con la Revoluci&#243;n Industrial.</p><p>Entre mediados del siglo XIX y principios del XX, los ferrocarriles, el acero y el petr&#243;leo crearon algo nuevo en la historia: organizaciones gigantescas que coordinaban a miles de personas. Este tipo de proyecto exig&#237;a nuevos modelos de integraci&#243;n y producci&#243;n. Construir una red ferroviaria, una acer&#237;a o una gran planta automotriz no se pod&#237;a improvisar; hab&#237;a que planificar inversiones enormes durante muchos a&#241;os. De ah&#237; por ejemplo sali&#243; el Fordismo, el sistema de producci&#243;n y planificaci&#243;n, m&#225;s famoso -y exitoso- de la historia. Eso ya era estrategia, aunque todav&#237;a no se la llamaran as&#237;. </p><p>El historiador Alfred Chandler lo document&#243; En <em>Strategy and Structure</em> (1962) y <em>La mano visible</em> (1977) mostr&#243; c&#243;mo, a medida que las empresas crec&#237;an, aparec&#237;a una nueva figura para coordinarlas: el gerente profesional. La &#8220;mano visible&#8221; de la gerencia reemplaz&#243; en buena parte a la &#8220;mano invisible&#8221; del mercado dentro de la empresa. Y dej&#243; una frase que marc&#243; al campo entero: la estructura sigue a la estrategia. </p><p>En paralelo, en 1911, Frederick Taylor public&#243; los principios de la administraci&#243;n cient&#237;fica. Su mundo era el de la f&#225;brica: c&#243;mo producir m&#225;s, m&#225;s barato, m&#225;s parejo. Cron&#243;metro en mano, descompuso el trabajo en tareas medibles. Taylor no hablaba de estrategia, hablaba de eficiencia operativa. Pero prestemos atenci&#243;n a esto, porque es importante para la historia de la evoluci&#243;n de la estrategia. Aqu&#237; nace una tradici&#243;n distinta, la de la ejecuci&#243;n y el control, que mucho despu&#233;s vamos a confundir con la estrategia.</p><p>Tengamos en cuenta que ninguna de estas &#233;pocas, fue &#8220;tranquila&#8221; la volatilidad e incertidumbre siempre ha existido para las empresas y econom&#237;as. Piense lo dif&#237;cil que debe haber sido liderar cualquier proyecto empresarial, en medio de las guerras globales, las grandes migraciones y con transformaciones tecnol&#243;gicas gigantes (la mecanizaci&#243;n, la electricidad, el motor a gasolina, etc&#8230;). </p><blockquote><p><span data-color="#fce5cd" style="color: rgb(252, 229, 205);">La estrategia y la ejecuci&#243;n nacieron en cunas distintas. Una vino de la guerra; la otra, de la f&#225;brica de Taylor. M&#225;s adelante se juntar&#225;n los dos conceptos&#8230;</span></p></blockquote><h2><span data-color="#ffe599" style="color: rgb(255, 229, 153);">La era dorada de la planificaci&#243;n (1950-1970)</span></h2><p>Despu&#233;s de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, lleg&#243; el mundo so&#241;ado del planificador. Las econom&#237;as occidentales crec&#237;an de forma sostenida y bastante predecible. Las empresas se diversificaban, se volv&#237;an conglomerados, y el problema central era c&#243;mo administrar ese crecimiento de manera ordenada. En el extremo, estaban las econom&#237;as comunistas, con su planificaci&#243;n central y sus planes quinquenales, que se ejecutaban al pie de la letra y a punta de pistola. Por el otro, las econom&#237;as capitalistas, donde se buscaba orden y planificaci&#243;n pero centrada m&#225;s en el mercado y la empresa (con un fabuloso debate a nivel econ&#243;mico entre Keynesianos (Keynes) y Austr&#237;acos (Hayek), que de hecho tiene mucho que ver con c&#243;mo se termina dividiendo la estrategia entre quienes la ven como un proceso controlable y lineal, y quienes lo ven como un proceso emergente y no lineal). </p><p>En ese entorno, nace la planificaci&#243;n estrat&#233;gica formal. Peter Drucker, en <em>La gerencia de empresas</em> (1954), pone al gerente y a los objetivos en el centro. Igor Ansoff, en <em>Corporate Strategy</em> (1965), entrega la maquinaria: una matriz de producto-mercado y un proceso paso a paso para llenarla. Y en Harvard, Kenneth Andrews formaliza en 1971 el modelo que todos conocemos como FODA: cruza tus fortalezas y debilidades con las oportunidades y amenazas de afuera.</p><p>Casi al mismo tiempo entran en escena las grandes consultoras. El Boston Consulting Group populariza hacia 1970 su matriz BCG de crecimiento y participaci&#243;n, esas &#8220;estrellas&#8221;, &#8220;vacas lecheras&#8221; y &#8220;perros&#8221; que ordenaban un portafolio de negocios. La estrategia se vuelve una disciplina de cartera, de asignar capital entre unidades.</p><p>Todo esto compart&#237;a un supuesto c&#243;modo: que el futuro se parecer&#237;a bastante al pasado, lo suficiente como para planificarlo con n&#250;meros. En un mundo que crec&#237;a de forma estable, era un supuesto razonable.</p><h2><span data-color="#ffe599" style="color: rgb(255, 229, 153);">Porter y la Era de la competencia (1980)</span></h2><p>Los a&#241;os setenta rompieron esa calma. Crisis del petr&#243;leo, inflaci&#243;n, estancamiento, y un competidor japon&#233;s que entraba a los mercados occidentales haciendo las cosas mejor y m&#225;s barato. De pronto el problema ya no era administrar el crecimiento, sino sobrevivir a una competencia feroz.</p><p>Ese es el entorno que explica a Michael Porter. En 1979 y en <em>Competitive Strategy</em> (1980) propone una forma rigurosa de analizar por qu&#233; algunas industrias son m&#225;s rentables que otras y c&#243;mo encontrar dentro de ellas una posici&#243;n defendible. Las cinco fuerzas, las estrategias gen&#233;ricas, la cadena de valor (1985): un arsenal anal&#237;tico para entender la estructura de una industria y decidir d&#243;nde pararte.</p><p>Quiero ser muy claro ac&#225;, porque es f&#225;cil malinterpretarlo. <strong>Porter no envejeci&#243; mal. Porter es brillante, y lo seguimos usando.</strong> Lo que pasa es que su herramienta resuelve un tipo espec&#237;fico de problema, y lo resuelve mejor que casi cualquier otra cosa: el diagn&#243;stico de competitividad industrial. Cuando necesitas entender el pasado y el presente de una industria, su rentabilidad, sus barreras, su poder de negociaci&#243;n, las cinco fuerzas son insuperables. Es una radiograf&#237;a excelente del terreno donde compites.</p><blockquote><p><em><span data-color="#fce5cd" style="color: rgb(252, 229, 205);">Porter permite una radiograf&#237;a extraordinaria de una industria. El problema es que una radiograf&#237;a te dice d&#243;nde est&#225;s parado, pero eso es solo una parte de la estrategia, te dice donde est&#225;s, quiz&#225;s incluso apunta a d&#243;nde ir, pero no c&#243;mo. Mucho menos cuando los l&#237;mites tradicionales de una industria se van borrando para dar paso a los ecosistemas de negocios o los retos son socio-econ&#243;micos (como veremos m&#225;s adelante). </span></em></p></blockquote><p>Una d&#233;cada despu&#233;s, la mirada se voltea hacia adentro. La visi&#243;n basada en recursos (Wernerfelt, 1984; Barney, 1991) y las &#8220;competencias centrales&#8221; de Prahalad y Hamel (1990) dicen algo sensato: tu ventaja no est&#225; solo en la posici&#243;n que ocupas, sino en los recursos y capacidades valiosos y dif&#237;ciles de copiar que ya tienes. Sigue siendo, en el fondo, una estrategia de an&#225;lisis y posici&#243;n.</p><p>Y aqu&#237;, Mintzberg levanta la mano y hace la pregunta inc&#243;moda&#8230;</p><h2><span data-color="#ffe599" style="color: rgb(255, 229, 153);">La cr&#237;tica de Mintzberg: la estrategia es lo que se hace, no lo que se dice</span> </h2><p>Henry Mintzberg hizo algo que suena obvio pero casi nadie hab&#237;a hecho con rigor: compar&#243; lo que las empresas <em>dec&#237;an</em> que iban a hacer con lo que de verdad <em>terminaban</em> haciendo.</p><p>Mintzberg encontr&#243; que solo una fracci&#243;n de la estrategia planeada (calcularon entre el 10% y el 30%) se ejecuta tal como estaba en el papel. Todo el resto de lo que una organizaci&#243;n hace en la pr&#225;ctica, es lo que ellos llamaron <strong>estrategia emergente</strong>: patrones que se van formando con la acci&#243;n, sin que nadie los haya decidido de antemano (Mintzberg y Waters, 1985).</p><p>Asimilemos mejor esto. Seg&#250;n los propios padres de la disciplina, la mayor parte de lo que una empresa hace en estrategia nunca estuvo en el plan.</p><blockquote><p><em><span data-color="#fce5cd" style="color: rgb(252, 229, 205);">Seg&#250;n los propios fundadores del campo, la mayor parte de lo que hace una empresa nunca estuvo en el plan.</span></em></p></blockquote><p>Mintzberg no se qued&#243; ah&#237;. En su libro, <em>El auge y la ca&#237;da de la planificaci&#243;n estrat&#233;gica</em> (1994) demoli&#243; la idea de que se puede <em>fabricar</em> estrategia desde un escritorio, separada de la acci&#243;n. Y m&#225;s tarde, en <em>Strategy Safari</em> (1998), orden&#243; todo el campo en diez escuelas distintas, mostrando que ninguna ten&#237;a el monopolio de la verdad.</p><p>Esta es la grieta que atraviesa todo lo que vino despu&#233;s. Si la estrategia surge sobre todo del hacer, entonces un modelo que insiste en pensar primero y hacer despu&#233;s no solo es incompleto. En un entorno que se mueve r&#225;pido, es peligroso, porque te hace creer que tienes el control justo cuando no lo tienes.</p><h2><span data-color="#ffe599" style="color: rgb(255, 229, 153);">Newton Vs Darwin: dos tipos de problemas, dos tipos de estrategia</span></h2><p>Ac&#225; conecto con la idea central de mi libro <em>Del Shock a la Acci&#243;n</em> y de los conceptos que manejamos en <em><a href="http://www.strategicdoing.net">Strategic Doing Institute</a></em></p><p>Heredamos una forma de ver el mundo que lo trata como un <strong>reloj</strong>: lo desarmas, entiendes cada engranaje, predices el todo desde las partes y lo devuelves al equilibrio. Es un paradigma poderoso y eficiente. Con ese paradigma construimos la revoluci&#243;n industrial y buena parte del crecimiento del mundo desarrollado. Para los problemas que le calzan, lineales, causa-efecto y ordenados, el mundo visto como un reloj, es perfectamente v&#225;lido. </p><p>El asunto es que un reloj es el modelo equivocado para un sistema complejo. Y casi todo lo que importa hoy (el desarrollo econ&#243;mico, el crecimiento de las ciudades, los sectores que buscan diferenciarse, la innovaci&#243;n y la estrategia empresarial en s&#237; misma) es un sistema complejo, no un reloj. No tiene engranajes que puedas aislar. Tiene agentes que interact&#250;an y producen comportamientos que no puedes predecir desde las piezas, y que cambian en el instante mismo en que intentas intervenir.</p><p>Hay una forma simple de saber en qu&#233; terreno est&#225;s. Heifetz distingue entre problemas <strong>t&#233;cnicos</strong> y desaf&#237;os complejos o <strong>adaptativos</strong> (Heifetz, Grashow y Linsky, 2009). Un problema t&#233;cnico est&#225; bien definido, la soluci&#243;n la conocen los expertos, y lo que falta es ejecutarla con disciplina: construir un puente, migrar un sistema. Un desaf&#237;o adaptativo es otra cosa: el problema mismo est&#225; en discusi&#243;n, ning&#250;n experto tiene la respuesta guardada, y avanzar depende de que mucha gente, que no tiene una l&#237;nea de reporte directa entre s&#237; aprenda y cambie de comportamiento.</p><p>Aqu&#237; est&#225; la clave que junta toda la historia anterior:</p><blockquote><p><em><span data-color="#fce5cd" style="color: rgb(252, 229, 205);">La estrategia tradicional es magn&#237;fica para diagnosticar y actuar sobre problemas t&#233;cnicos. La estrategia adaptativa es para avanzar hacia adelante, en terreno complejo, cuando nadie tiene el mapa espec&#237;fico. </span></em></p></blockquote><p>Pero esta no es una pelea por la exclusividad. Yo uso a Porter cuando quiero entender una industria, mirar su pasado y su presente, hacer un buen diagn&#243;stico de un problema t&#233;cnico, medible e incluso usar an&#225;lisis econom&#233;trico. Y uso lo aprendido de Ed Morrison y Scott Hutcheson, y de forma m&#225;s amplia de la estrategia adaptativa, cuando hay que moverse hacia adelante, tomar acci&#243;n en medio de la incertidumbre, sobre todo en problemas complejos donde el mapa no existe todav&#237;a y hay que dibujarlo caminando con otros actores e instituciones. Una mira el terreno. La otra avanza a trav&#233;s de &#233;l. Como digo, m&#225;s Darwin, menos Newton, pero obviamente sin dejar en el camino al padre las ciencias exactas.</p><p>La mala noticia es que la proporci&#243;n de problemas complejos, no para de crecer. Hace medio siglo, Donald Sch&#246;n lo bautiz&#243; como la p&#233;rdida del estado estable (Sch&#246;n, 1971). McGrath le puso nombre estrat&#233;gico: el fin de la ventaja competitiva, una &#233;poca donde casi ninguna ventaja dura (McGrath, 2013).</p><h2><span data-color="#ffe599" style="color: rgb(255, 229, 153);">La estrategia adaptativa: lo que Mintzberg empez&#243; y otros estamos continuando</span></h2><p>Desde Mintzberg e incluso antes (Hayek, Schumpeter, Nelson&amp;Winter) la disciplina lleva d&#233;cadas construyendo una respuesta. Lo hizo en desorden, con muchos nombres, pero todos beben de la misma fuente: la idea de que la estrategia se hace con la acci&#243;n, no antes de ella.</p><p>Est&#225; la <strong>estrategia evolutiva</strong>, donde las rutinas de la organizaci&#243;n mutan, se seleccionan y se conservan, como en la biolog&#237;a (Nelson y Winter, 1982). Est&#225; la <strong>estrategia como pr&#225;ctica</strong>, que estudia lo que los estrategas de verdad <em>hacen</em> en sus reuniones y conversaciones, no lo que deber&#237;an hacer en teor&#237;a (Whittington, 1996). Est&#225; la <strong>estrategia abierta</strong>, que suma m&#225;s voces y m&#225;s transparencia (Chesbrough y Appleyard, 2007). Est&#225; la <strong>efectuaci&#243;n</strong>, la l&#243;gica del emprendedor que arranca con los medios que tiene en la mano en lugar de una meta fija (Sarasvathy, 2001). Y est&#225; la teor&#237;a de la <strong>complejidad</strong> aplicada a la decisi&#243;n, que nos ense&#241;&#243; que en terreno complejo no se analiza y luego se act&#250;a, sino que se sondea con experimentos peque&#241;os, se observa la respuesta y se ajusta. </p><p>Todas comparten cuatro ideas:</p><ul><li><p>La estrategia y la ejecuci&#243;n van entrelazadas, no en fila.</p></li><li><p>El experimento es el motor, no una desviaci&#243;n del plan.</p></li><li><p>La ventaja es pasajera, hay que renovarla todo el tiempo.</p></li><li><p>La unidad que importa ya no es la empresa sola, sino la red.</p></li></ul><p>A todo ese conjunto lo llamo <strong>estrategia adaptativa</strong>. Y no es lo contrario de planificar, que es la lectura errada. La evidencia muestra que la estrategia emergente mejora el desempe&#241;o, y lo mejora <em>todav&#237;a m&#225;s</em> cuando se integra con la planificaci&#243;n en lugar de pelearse con ella (Andersen y Nielsen, 2009).</p><p>El problema es que casi toda esta literatura describe el <em>qu&#233;</em> y se queda corta en el <em>c&#243;mo</em>. Diagnostica el cambio precioso, pero no te dice qu&#233; hacer el lunes a las nueve de la ma&#241;ana con quince personas en una sala. Ah&#237; es donde entra Strategic Doing.</p><h2><span data-color="#ffe599" style="color: rgb(255, 229, 153);">C&#243;mo formulamos la estrategia en Strategic Doing</span></h2><p>Strategic Doing toma todo lo anterior y lo convierte en una forma concreta de hacer estrategia. Y su decisi&#243;n m&#225;s importante, la que lo separa de practicamente todo lo dem&#225;s, es esta:</p><p><strong>No separamos el dise&#241;o de la estrategia de ejecuci&#243;n. Creemos que esa separaci&#243;n es el error de fondo.</strong></p><p>El modelo tradicional dibuja dos cajas: primero la caja de &#8220;pensar la estrategia&#8221;, despu&#233;s la caja de &#8220;ejecutarla&#8221;. Entre las dos hay un traspaso, un &#8220;ahora es tu problema&#8221;. Alguien piensa y alguien hace. El que piensa generalmente es el &#8220;jefe&#8221;, el l&#237;der, el CEO, el Ministro o incluso el Presidente de un pa&#237;s. Y es justo en ese traspaso, donde se fuga el 90% del valor, porque para cuando la estrategia baja, no solo que el mundo ya se movi&#243;, sino que pocas personas tienen inter&#233;s en participar en las acciones necesarias porque la estrategia les ha sido impuesta por alguien m&#225;s. </p><blockquote><p><em><span data-color="#fce5cd" style="color: rgb(252, 229, 205);">Dise&#241;ar y ejecutar no son dos etapas. Son el mismo ciclo. Separarlas es lo que rompe la estrategia.</span></em></p></blockquote><p>En Strategic Doing la estrategia no es un documento que se escribe una vez y se defiende. No es una consultor&#237;a en la que el experto dice lo que se debe hacer y despu&#233;s se retira para que alguien m&#225;s haga la ejecuci&#243;n. Es un ciclo que no para de girar, y se sostiene sobre estas preguntas:</p><p><strong><mark data-color="#d97706" style="background-color: rgb(217, 119, 6); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&#191;D&#243;nde estamos? </mark></strong>No el diagn&#243;stico idealizado de un consultor, sino el punto de partida real de un diagn&#243;stico colaborativo y &#225;gil. No buscamos enfocarnos en problemas, sino en retos; una sutil diferencia que cambia todo el esquema de colaboraci&#243;n desde el inicio (problem-led approach vs challenge-led approach, algo que abordar&#233; en alg&#250;n post en el futuro). </p><p><strong><mark data-color="#d97706" style="background-color: rgb(217, 119, 6); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&#191;Qu&#233; podemos hacer juntos?</mark></strong> Qu&#233; activos tangibles e intangibles tenemos de verdad a la mano. Qu&#233; est&#225; dispuesto a poner cada quien sobre la mesa, con qu&#233; red contamos. Empezamos por los medios, no por los deseos. Pensamos dentro de la caja, no fuera de ella, usando innovaci&#243;n recombinante, nuestra sencilla pero poderosa herramienta para pasar de conversaciones defensivas y generalistas, a acciones colaborativas realistas. </p><p><strong><mark data-color="#d97706" style="background-color: rgb(217, 119, 6); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&#191;A d&#243;nde queremos ir?</mark></strong><mark data-color="#d97706" style="background-color: rgb(217, 119, 6); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </mark>Un futuro concreto y compartido, descrito con la claridad suficiente para saber si nos estamos acercando o no. No una visi&#243;n de eslogan, sino un resultado que se pueda reconocer cuando llegue.</p><p><strong><mark data-color="#d97706" style="background-color: rgb(217, 119, 6); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&#191;C&#243;mo llegamos all&#225;?</mark></strong><mark data-color="#d97706" style="background-color: rgb(217, 119, 6); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </mark> No con un plan maestro a tres a&#241;os, sino con pasos peque&#241;os y reales que arrancan ya. Act&#250;as, observas qu&#233; pasa, aprendes, y ajustas. Y vuelves a empezar el ciclo. La estrategia <em>emerge</em> de esa repetici&#243;n, y se ejecuta con un plan y una cadencia consensuada. </p><p>Eso es un <strong>feedback loop</strong>, un ciclo de retroalimentaci&#243;n. Y no lo inventamos nosotros. Es exactamente lo que Mintzberg describi&#243; como estrategia emergente, pero puesto a funcionar. Es el sondear-observar-responder de la teor&#237;a de la complejidad. Es como el ciclo de mejora continua que Deming llev&#243; a la industria d&#233;cadas atr&#225;s pero para un mundo no-lineal. O el esquema divergente (brainstorming) y convergente (proyectos piloto) que ha popularizado el design thinking en el mundo de la innovaci&#243;n corporativa, pero con varias adecuaciones que creemos mejoran el proceso de colaboraci&#243;n y ejecuci&#243;n. En el fondo todos decimos lo mismo: en terreno incierto, no aciertas pensando m&#225;s, aciertas iterando m&#225;s r&#225;pido, en conjunto. Y esto es algo que la estrategia de los 60&#180;s y 70&#180;s, que todav&#237;a sigue siendo la m&#225;s usada, no dice. </p><blockquote><p><em><span data-color="#fce5cd" style="color: rgb(252, 229, 205);">Ante problemas complejos, no se acierta pensando m&#225;s o trayendo a m&#225;s expertos, se acierta creado oportunidades recombinantes, iterando m&#225;s r&#225;pido, con pasos peque&#241;os que generan confianza y aprendiza y dise&#241;ando conversaciones en torno a retos no a problemas. </span></em></p></blockquote><p>La diferencia es que Strategic Doing toma esa sabidur&#237;a dispersa y la convierte en algo que un grupo puede <em>hacer</em>, con reglas sencillas, en una sala, el lunes por la ma&#241;ana. Porque en entornos de mucha velocidad, un pu&#241;ado de reglas claras le gana a los planes elaborados (Eisenhardt y Sull, 2001).</p><h2><span data-color="#ffe599" style="color: rgb(255, 229, 153);">La estrategia adaptativa: dos ideas finales</span></h2><p>Si tuviera que comprimir todo en dos conceptos, ser&#237;an estos.</p><p><em><strong><mark data-color="#ffe599" style="background-color: rgb(255, 229, 153); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span data-color="#0000ff" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">El primero es la innovaci&#243;n recombinante.</span></mark><span data-color="#0000ff" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"> </span></strong></em>Los grandes saltos casi nunca vienen de inventar algo de la nada; vienen de combinar de forma nueva cosas que ya existen (Weitzman, 1998; Hargadon, 2003). Es la idea m&#225;s democr&#225;tica de la innovaci&#243;n, porque significa que cualquiera en la sala puede tener una pieza de la respuesta. Por eso la estrategia adaptativa no arranca preguntando &#8220;&#191;qu&#233; nos falta conseguir?&#8221;, sino &#8220;&#191;qu&#233; tenemos ya, entre todos, que nadie ha conectado todav&#237;a?&#8221;. Esa es la materia prima de cualquier estrategia hacia adelante.</p><p><em><strong><mark data-color="#ffe599" style="background-color: rgb(255, 229, 153); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span data-color="#0000ff" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">El segundo es la idea de un sistema operativo para la estrategia.</span></mark></strong></em><mark data-color="#ffe599" style="background-color: rgb(255, 229, 153); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </mark>En un mundo estable bastaba con un buen plan, un documento. En un mundo complejo, un plan &#250;nico se vuelve obsoleto antes de imprimirse. Lo que necesitas no es un mejor plan, sino algo que produzca planes buenos de forma continua y los actualice de forma recurrente: un sistema operativo adaptable. Igual que el sistema de tu computadora no te dice qu&#233; escribir, pero hace posible que escribas, edites y corrijas sin que todo se caiga, Strategic Doing no te entrega la respuesta, te da las reglas estables para que un grupo descubra la respuesta, la pruebe y la corrija una y otra vez (Morrison, 2021; Morrison, 2024).</p><p></p><p><strong><span data-color="#fce5cd" style="color: rgb(252, 229, 205);">Esta es mi conclusi&#243;n: la estrategia tradicional no est&#225; muerta y Porter tiene su lugar de honor (de hecho, mi interpretaci&#243;n, es que Michael Porter se fue moviendo mucho m&#225;s cerca de la estrategia adaptativa en los &#250;ltimos 10 a&#241;os de su prol&#237;fica carrera, con la estrategia de clusters, ecosistemas y shared value). Pero cuando el terreno es complejo y hay que moverse hacia adelante sin mapa, el viejo &#8220;primero pensar, despu&#233;s hacer&#8221; ya no alcanza. Eso yo lo aprend&#237; a la fuerza cuando trataba de crear el 1er cluster del Ecuador en 2016 (tema que tambi&#233;n analizar&#233; en el futuro). </span></strong></p><div><hr></div><p><em><strong>Si esto te sirvi&#243;, comp&#225;rtelo con alguien que todav&#237;a cree que el problema es la ejecuci&#243;n. Y dame tus comentarios&#8230;</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/p/la-evolucion-de-la-estrategia-de/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pradojj.substack.com/p/la-evolucion-de-la-estrategia-de/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h3>Referencias y lecturas recomendadas:</h3><ul><li><p>Andersen, T. J., y Nielsen, B. B. (2009). Adaptive strategy making: The effects of emergent and intended strategy modes. <em>European Management Review</em>, 6(2), 94&#8211;106.</p></li><li><p>Andrews, K. R. (1971). <em>The Concept of Corporate Strategy</em>. Dow Jones-Irwin.</p></li><li><p>Ansoff, H. I. (1965). <em>Corporate Strategy</em>. McGraw-Hill.</p></li><li><p>Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. <em>Journal of Management</em>, 17(1), 99&#8211;120.</p></li><li><p>Chandler, A. D. (1962). <em>Strategy and Structure</em>. MIT Press.</p></li><li><p>Chandler, A. D. (1977). <em>The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business</em>. Belknap/Harvard.</p></li><li><p>Chesbrough, H. W., y Appleyard, M. M. (2007). Open innovation and strategy. <em>California Management Review</em>, 50(1), 57&#8211;76.</p></li><li><p>Clausewitz, C. von (1832). <em>Vom Kriege</em> (<em>De la guerra</em>). D&#252;mmlers Verlag.</p></li><li><p>Drucker, P. F. (1954). <em>The Practice of Management</em>. Harper &amp; Brothers.</p></li><li><p>Eisenhardt, K. M., y Sull, D. N. (2001). Strategy as simple rules. <em>Harvard Business Review</em>, 79(1), 106&#8211;119.</p></li><li><p>Hargadon, A. (2003). <em>How Breakthroughs Happen</em>. Harvard Business School Press.</p></li><li><p>Heifetz, R. A., Grashow, A., y Linsky, M. (2009). <em>The Practice of Adaptive Leadership</em>. Harvard Business Press.</p></li><li><p>Henderson, B. D. (1970). <em>The Product Portfolio</em>. Boston Consulting Group.</p></li><li><p>McGrath, R. G. (2013). <em>The End of Competitive Advantage</em>. Harvard Business Review Press.</p></li><li><p>Mintzberg, H., y Waters, J. A. (1985). Of strategies, deliberate and emergent. <em>Strategic Management Journal</em>, 6(3), 257&#8211;272.</p></li><li><p>Mintzberg, H. (1994). <em>The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning</em>. Free Press.</p></li><li><p>Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., y Lampel, J. (1998). <em>Strategy Safari</em>. Free Press.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E. F. (2021). <em>Strategic Doing: A Strategy Model for Open Networks</em>. Tesis doctoral, University of the Sunshine Coast.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E. (2024). <em>Applying Strategic Doing: Some Key Concepts in Adaptive Strategy</em>. Strategic Doing Networks.</p></li><li><p>Nelson, R. R., y Winter, S. G. (1982). <em>An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change</em>. Belknap/Harvard.</p></li><li><p>Porter, M. E. (1979). How competitive forces shape strategy. <em>Harvard Business Review</em>, 57(2), 137&#8211;145.</p></li><li><p>Porter, M. E. (1980). <em>Competitive Strategy</em>. Free Press.</p></li><li><p>Porter, M. E. (1985). <em>Competitive Advantage</em>. Free Press.</p></li><li><p>Prahalad, C. K., y Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. <em>Harvard Business Review</em>, 68(3), 79&#8211;91.</p></li><li><p>Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). Causation and effectuation. <em>Academy of Management Review</em>, 26(2), 243&#8211;263.</p></li><li><p>Sch&#246;n, D. A. (1971). <em>Beyond the Stable State</em>. Norton.</p></li><li><p>Sull, D., Homkes, R., y Sull, C. (2015). Why strategy execution unravels. <em>Harvard Business Review</em>, 93(3), 58&#8211;66.</p></li><li><p>Sun Tzu (siglo V a.C.). <em>El arte de la guerra</em>.</p></li><li><p>Taylor, F. W. (1911). <em>The Principles of Scientific Management</em>. Harper &amp; Brothers.</p></li><li><p>Weitzman, M. L. (1998). Recombinant growth. <em>Quarterly Journal of Economics</em>, 113(2), 331&#8211;360.</p></li><li><p>Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. <em>Strategic Management Journal</em>, 5(2), 171&#8211;180.</p></li><li><p>Whittington, R. (1996). Strategy as practice. <em>Long Range Planning</em>, 29(5), 731&#8211;735.</p></li></ul><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Evolution of Strategy: From the Battlefield to the Factory, From Planned to Emergent]]></title><description><![CDATA[A journey from Sun Tzu to adaptive strategy. The mistake of separating strategy from execution, and how we should actually design strategy in complex environments.]]></description><link>https://pradojj.substack.com/p/the-evolution-of-strategy-from-the</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pradojj.substack.com/p/the-evolution-of-strategy-from-the</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Julio José Prado]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 12:31:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oGma!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed91f2aa-f742-4364-8a67-22df9d5e7ccc_1808x858.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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/__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed91f2aa-f742-4364-8a67-22df9d5e7ccc_1808x858.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oGma!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed91f2aa-f742-4364-8a67-22df9d5e7ccc_1808x858.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oGma!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed91f2aa-f742-4364-8a67-22df9d5e7ccc_1808x858.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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/__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed91f2aa-f742-4364-8a67-22df9d5e7ccc_1808x858.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oGma!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_848, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed91f2aa-f742-4364-8a67-22df9d5e7ccc_1808x858.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oGma!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed91f2aa-f742-4364-8a67-22df9d5e7ccc_1808x858.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oGma!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed91f2aa-f742-4364-8a67-22df9d5e7ccc_1808x858.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Here&#8217;s a number that should bother everyone who teaches, designs, or executes strategy, whether for a company or a country. On average, 70% of &#8220;well-designed&#8221; strategies are never executed as planned. It isn&#8217;t a random figure. It&#8217;s what decades of studies show: Kaplan and Norton put it near 90%, Kotter at 70%, other implementation studies at 67% (Sull, Homkes and Sull, 2015). Pick whichever number you like. They all point to the same thing: most strategies die the moment they touch reality.</p><p>For years we told ourselves a comforting story to explain it. There was bad execution, or weak leadership, &#8220;people didn&#8217;t buy in.&#8221; So we bought better software, hired more project managers, ran more alignment workshops. We fed the system more and better inputs to see if it would improve, or we brought in more expensive, more &#8220;expert&#8221; consultants. And the success rate barely moved.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>The problem isn&#8217;t that we execute strategy badly. If execution is the problem, then the strategy was poorly framed too, and the other way around. There&#8217;s no washing your hands of it. The problem is that we keep using and teaching a model of strategy that assumes strategy and execution are two separate things. The great majority of people still treat strategy as a contest between &#8220;designing the strategy&#8221; and &#8220;executing the strategy.&#8221; They&#8217;re the same people who still see organizations either as an org chart (linear and rigid) or as an ecosystem (no structure, no clear leadership). I see hundreds of posts a week on LinkedIn along those lines. On one side we romanticize strategy tied to purpose, and on the other we execute actions that pull us away from that desired purpose because the market changed, and then we wait until the next strategic planning cycle to assess what went wrong.</p><p>This binary view of strategy is doing far more damage than we realize, and creating a lot of confusion. It&#8217;s not about choosing between designing or executing the strategy, nor even between strategy and strategic planning, but about learning when to use each one, and what the right cadence and flow of strategy actually is to move forward.</p><blockquote><p>The problem isn&#8217;t that we execute strategy badly. If execution is the problem, then the strategy was poorly framed too, and the other way around. There&#8217;s no washing your hands of it.</p></blockquote><p>Let&#8217;s take a brief look at how the concept of strategy evolved, to understand how it was born and how it slowly got deformed. We&#8217;ll also see how there are efforts, not so new, to make strategy a practice that produces real change in the organizations and environments where it&#8217;s applied, especially in the complex, multistakeholder, volatile environments that have become the norm in today&#8217;s world.</p><h2><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">The origin: military strategy</span></h2><p>The word comes from the Greek <em>strateg&#243;s</em>, meaning &#8220;the general,&#8221; the one who leads the army. For more than two thousand years, strategy and war were practically synonyms.</p><p>Around the fifth century BC, in China, Sun Tzu wrote <em>The Art of War</em>. His environment was brutal: kingdoms at permanent war, scarce resources, and a margin of error you paid for with your life. From there came ideas we still repeat: know the terrain, know the enemy, win before fighting, win without fighting. Strategy, from its cradle, was the art of making good use of what you have against an adversary, under conditions of uncertainty.</p><p>Many centuries later, in the middle of the Napoleonic era, Carl von Clausewitz published <em>On War</em> (1832). His contribution was different and profound: real war never looks like the plan, because it&#8217;s full of what he called &#8220;friction,&#8221; that sum of the unforeseen, the fog, and the chance that separates what was planned from what actually happens. Sounds familiar, doesn&#8217;t it? Two centuries ago, someone had already written that the plan doesn&#8217;t survive contact with reality.</p><blockquote><p>Ever since Clausewitz, we knew the plan doesn&#8217;t survive contact with reality. We forgot it the moment strategy became a static document.</p></blockquote><h2><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">The Industrial Revolution: from military strategy to economic and business strategy</span></h2><p>Business strategy, as such, didn&#8217;t exist because there were no large companies that needed it. That changed with the Industrial Revolution.</p><p>Between the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, railroads, steel, and oil created something new in history: gigantic organizations coordinating thousands of people. The kind of projects involved demanded new models of integration and production. Building a rail network, a steel mill, or a large automotive plant couldn&#8217;t be improvised; you had to plan enormous investments over many years. That&#8217;s where Fordism came from, for example, the most famous (and successful) production and planning system in history. That was already strategy, even if no one called it that yet.</p><p>The historian Alfred Chandler documented it. In <em>Strategy and Structure</em> (1962) and <em>The Visible Hand</em> (1977), he showed how, as companies grew, a new figure appeared to coordinate them: the professional manager. The &#8220;visible hand&#8221; of management largely replaced the &#8220;invisible hand&#8221; of the market inside the firm. And he left a phrase that marked the entire field: structure follows strategy.</p><p>In parallel, in 1911, Frederick Taylor published the principles of scientific management. His world was the factory: how to produce more, cheaper, more consistently. Stopwatch in hand, he broke work down into measurable tasks. Taylor wasn&#8217;t talking about strategy, he was talking about operational efficiency. But pay attention to this, because it matters for the story of how strategy evolved. Here a different tradition is born, the tradition of execution and control, which much later we&#8217;ll confuse with strategy.</p><p>Keep in mind that none of these eras was &#8220;calm.&#8221; Volatility and uncertainty have always existed for companies and economies. Think how hard it must have been to lead any business venture in the middle of global wars, mass migrations, and enormous technological shifts (mechanization, electricity, the gasoline engine, and so on).</p><blockquote><p>Strategy and execution were born in different cradles. One came from war; the other from Taylor&#8217;s factory. The two concepts would only merge later.</p></blockquote><h2><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">The golden age of planning (1950-1970)</span></h2><p>After the Second World War came the planner&#8217;s dream world. Western economies grew steadily and fairly predictably. Companies diversified, became conglomerates, and the central problem was how to manage that orderly growth. At one extreme were the communist economies, with their central planning and five-year plans, executed to the letter and at gunpoint. At the other, the capitalist economies, where the goal was order and planning but centered more on the market and the firm (with a wonderful economic debate between Keynesians (Keynes) and Austrians (Hayek), which actually has a lot to do with how strategy ends up split between those who see it as a controllable, linear process and those who see it as an emergent, nonlinear one).</p><p>In that environment, formal strategic planning is born. Peter Drucker, in <em>The Practice of Management</em> (1954), puts the manager and objectives at the center. Igor Ansoff, in <em>Corporate Strategy</em> (1965), delivers the machinery: a product-market matrix and a step-by-step process to fill it in. And at Harvard, Kenneth Andrews formalizes in 1971 the model we all know as SWOT: cross your strengths and weaknesses with the opportunities and threats outside.</p><p>Almost at the same time, the big consulting firms enter the scene. The Boston Consulting Group popularizes its growth-share matrix around 1970, those &#8220;stars,&#8221; &#8220;cash cows,&#8221; and &#8220;dogs&#8221; that organized a portfolio of businesses. Strategy becomes a portfolio discipline, about allocating capital across units.</p><p>All of this shared a comfortable assumption: that the future would look a lot like the past, enough to plan it with numbers. In a world growing steadily, that was a reasonable assumption.</p><h2><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Porter and the era of competition (1980)</span></h2><p>The 1970s shattered that calm. Oil shocks, inflation, stagnation, and a Japanese competitor entering Western markets doing things better and cheaper. Suddenly the problem was no longer managing growth, but surviving fierce competition.</p><p>That&#8217;s the environment that explains Michael Porter. In 1979 and in <em>Competitive Strategy</em> (1980), he proposes a rigorous way to analyze why some industries are more profitable than others and how to find a defensible position within them. The five forces, the generic strategies, the value chain (1985): an analytical arsenal for understanding the structure of an industry and deciding where to stand.</p><p>I want to be very clear here, because it&#8217;s easy to misread. Porter didn&#8217;t age badly. Porter is brilliant, and we still use him. The thing is that his tool solves a specific kind of problem, and solves it better than almost anything else: the diagnosis of industry competitiveness. When you need to understand the past and present of an industry, its profitability, its barriers, its bargaining power, the five forces are unbeatable. It&#8217;s an excellent X-ray of the terrain where you compete.</p><blockquote><p>Porter gives you an extraordinary X-ray of an industry. The trouble is that an X-ray tells you where you&#8217;re standing, which is only part of strategy. It tells you where you are, maybe even points to where to go, but not how.</p></blockquote><p>And much less so when the traditional boundaries of an industry start to blur, giving way to business ecosystems, or when the challenges are socio-economic (as we&#8217;ll see further on).</p><p>A decade later, the gaze turns inward. The resource-based view (Wernerfelt, 1984; Barney, 1991) and the &#8220;core competencies&#8221; of Prahalad and Hamel (1990) say something sensible: your advantage isn&#8217;t only in the position you occupy, but in the valuable, hard-to-copy resources and capabilities you already have. At its core, it&#8217;s still a strategy of analysis and position.</p><p>And here, Mintzberg raises his hand and asks the uncomfortable question.</p><h2><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Mintzberg&#8217;s critique: strategy is what you do, not what you say</span></h2><p>Henry Mintzberg did something that sounds obvious but almost no one had done with rigor: he compared what companies said they were going to do with what they actually ended up doing.</p><p>Mintzberg found that only a fraction of planned strategy (they estimated between 10% and 30%) gets executed as it was on paper. All the rest of what an organization does in practice is what they called emergent strategy: patterns that form through action, without anyone having decided them in advance (Mintzberg and Waters, 1985).</p><p>Let that sink in. According to the discipline&#8217;s own fathers, most of what a company does in strategy was never in the plan.</p><blockquote><p>According to the field&#8217;s own founders, most of what a company does was never in the plan.</p></blockquote><p>Mintzberg didn&#8217;t stop there. In his book <em>The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning</em> (1994), he demolished the idea that you can manufacture strategy from a desk, separate from action. And later, in <em>Strategy Safari</em> (1998), he organized the whole field into ten different schools, showing that none held a monopoly on the truth.</p><p>This is the crack that runs through everything that came after. If strategy emerges mostly from doing, then a model that insists on thinking first and doing second isn&#8217;t just incomplete. In a fast-moving environment, it&#8217;s dangerous, because it makes you believe you&#8217;re in control just when you&#8217;re not.</p><h2><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Newton vs. Darwin: two kinds of problems, two kinds of strategy</span></h2><p>Here I connect with the central idea of my book <em>From Shock to Action</em> and the concepts we work with at the Strategic Doing Institute.</p><p>We inherited a way of seeing the world that treats it like a clock: you take it apart, understand each gear, predict the whole from the parts, and return it to equilibrium. It&#8217;s a powerful and efficient paradigm. With that paradigm we built the Industrial Revolution and much of the developed world&#8217;s growth. For the problems that fit it, the linear, cause-and-effect, orderly ones, seeing the world as a clock is perfectly valid.</p><p>The catch is that a clock is the wrong model for a complex system. And almost everything that matters today (economic development, the growth of cities, sectors trying to differentiate themselves, innovation, and business strategy itself) is a complex system, not a clock. It has no gears you can isolate. It has agents that interact and produce behaviors you can&#8217;t predict from the pieces, and that shift the moment you try to intervene.</p><p>There&#8217;s a simple way to know which terrain you&#8217;re on. Heifetz distinguishes between technical problems and complex or adaptive challenges (Heifetz, Grashow and Linsky, 2009). A technical problem is well defined, experts know the solution, and what&#8217;s missing is executing it with discipline: build a bridge, migrate a system. An adaptive challenge is something else: the problem itself is in dispute, no expert holds the answer, and progress depends on many people who don&#8217;t report to each other learning and changing their behavior.</p><p>Here&#8217;s the key that ties the whole story together:</p><blockquote><p>Traditional strategy is magnificent for diagnosing and acting on technical problems. Adaptive strategy is for moving forward, in complex terrain, when nobody has the specific map.</p></blockquote><p>That&#8217;s why it isn&#8217;t a turf war. I use Porter when I want to understand an industry, look at its past and present, do a solid diagnosis of a technical, measurable problem, even using econometric analysis. And I use what I&#8217;ve learned from Ed Morrison and Scott Hutcheson, and more broadly from adaptive strategy, when we have to move forward, take action amid uncertainty, especially in complex problems where the map doesn&#8217;t exist yet and you have to draw it as you walk, alongside other actors and institutions. One looks at the terrain. The other moves through it. As I say, more Darwin, less Newton, but obviously without leaving the father of the exact sciences behind.</p><p>The bad news is that the share of complex problems keeps growing. Half a century ago, Donald Sch&#246;n named it the loss of the stable state (Sch&#246;n, 1971). McGrath gave it a strategic label: the end of competitive advantage, an era where almost no advantage lasts (McGrath, 2013).</p><h2><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Adaptive strategy: what Mintzberg started and others of us are continuing</span></h2><p>Since Mintzberg, and even before (Hayek, Schumpeter, Nelson &amp; Winter), the discipline has spent decades building a response. It did so in disorder, under many names, but they all drink from the same source: the idea that strategy is made through action, not before it.</p><p>There&#8217;s evolutionary strategy, where the organization&#8217;s routines mutate, get selected, and get retained, as in biology (Nelson and Winter, 1982). There&#8217;s strategy as practice, which studies what strategists actually do in their meetings and conversations, not what they should do in theory (Whittington, 1996). There&#8217;s open strategy, which adds more voices and more transparency (Chesbrough and Appleyard, 2007). There&#8217;s effectuation, the entrepreneur&#8217;s logic of starting with the means at hand instead of a fixed goal (Sarasvathy, 2001). And there&#8217;s complexity theory applied to decision-making, which taught us that in complex terrain you don&#8217;t analyze and then act, you probe with small experiments, observe the response, and adjust.</p><p>They all share four ideas:</p><ul><li><p>Strategy and execution are interwoven, not in a line.</p></li><li><p>The experiment is the engine, not a deviation from the plan.</p></li><li><p>Advantage is fleeting; you have to renew it all the time.</p></li><li><p>The unit that matters is no longer the lone firm, but the network.</p></li></ul><p>I call that whole set adaptive strategy. And it isn&#8217;t the opposite of planning, which is the mistaken reading. The evidence shows that emergent strategy improves performance, and improves it even more when it&#8217;s integrated with planning rather than fighting it (Andersen and Nielsen, 2009).</p><p>The problem is that almost all of this literature describes the <em>what</em> and falls short on the <em>how</em>. It diagnoses the shift beautifully, but doesn&#8217;t tell you what to do on Monday at nine in the morning with fifteen people in a room. That&#8217;s where Strategic Doing comes in.</p><h2><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">How we formulate strategy at Strategic Doing</span></h2><p>Strategic Doing takes all of the above and turns it into a concrete way of doing strategy. And its most important decision, the one that sets it apart from practically everything else, is this:</p><p><strong>We don&#8217;t separate the design of strategy from its execution. We believe that separation is the root error.</strong></p><p>The traditional model draws two boxes: first the &#8220;think the strategy&#8221; box, then the &#8220;execute it&#8221; box. Between the two there&#8217;s a handoff, a &#8220;now it&#8217;s your problem.&#8221; Someone thinks and someone does. The one who thinks is usually the &#8220;boss,&#8221; the leader, the CEO, the Minister, even the President of a country. And it&#8217;s right there in the handoff that 90% of the value leaks out, because by the time the strategy comes down, not only has the world already moved, but few people have any interest in taking part in the necessary actions, since the strategy was imposed on them by someone else.</p><blockquote><p>Designing and executing aren&#8217;t two stages. They&#8217;re the same cycle. Separating them is what breaks strategy.</p></blockquote><p>At Strategic Doing, strategy isn&#8217;t a document you write once and defend. It isn&#8217;t a consulting engagement where the expert says what should be done and then withdraws so someone else can execute. It&#8217;s a cycle that never stops turning, held up by these questions:</p><p><strong>Where are we?</strong> Not the idealized diagnosis of a consultant, but the real starting point of a collaborative, agile diagnosis. We don&#8217;t focus on problems, but on challenges; a subtle difference that changes the whole pattern of collaboration from the start (a problem-led approach versus a challenge-led approach, something I&#8217;ll take up in a future post).</p><p><strong>What can we do together?</strong> What tangible and intangible assets do we really have at hand. What is each person willing to put on the table, what network do we have. We start with the means, not the wishes. We think inside the box, not outside it, using recombinant innovation, our simple but powerful tool for moving from defensive, generalist conversations to realistic, collaborative actions.</p><p><strong>Where do we want to go?</strong> A concrete, shared future, described clearly enough to know whether we&#8217;re getting closer or not. Not a slogan-vision, but a result you can recognize when it arrives.</p><p><strong>How do we get there?</strong> Not with a three-year master plan, but with small, real steps that start now. You act, observe what happens, learn, and adjust. And you begin the cycle again. Strategy emerges from that repetition, and gets executed with a plan and an agreed-upon cadence.</p><p>That&#8217;s a feedback loop. And we didn&#8217;t invent it. It&#8217;s exactly what Mintzberg described as emergent strategy, but put to work. It&#8217;s the probe-sense-respond of complexity theory. It&#8217;s like the continuous improvement cycle that Deming brought to industry decades ago, but for a nonlinear world. Or the divergent (brainstorming) and convergent (pilot projects) approach that design thinking has popularized in the world of corporate innovation, but with several adaptations that we believe greatly improve the process of collaboration and execution. At bottom we&#8217;re all saying the same thing: in uncertain terrain, you don&#8217;t get it right by thinking more, you get it right by iterating faster, together. And that&#8217;s something the strategy of the 60s and 70s, which is still the most widely used, doesn&#8217;t say.</p><blockquote><p>Facing complex problems, you don&#8217;t get it right by thinking more or bringing in more experts. You get it right by creating recombinant opportunities, iterating faster, with small steps that build trust and learning, and by designing conversations around challenges, not problems.</p></blockquote><p>The difference is that Strategic Doing takes that scattered wisdom and turns it into something a group can actually do, with simple rules, in a room, on Monday morning. Because in high-velocity environments, a handful of clear rules beats elaborate plans (Eisenhardt and Sull, 2001).</p><h2><span data-color="#ffff00" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Adaptive strategy: two final ideas</span></h2><p>If I had to compress it all into two concepts, these would be the ones.</p><p><mark data-color="#f6b26b" style="background-color: rgb(246, 178, 107); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span data-color="#0000ff" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">The first is recombinant innovation. </span></mark>The big leaps almost never come from inventing something out of nothing; they come from combining existing things in new ways (Weitzman, 1998; Hargadon, 2003). It&#8217;s the most democratic idea in innovation, because it means anyone in the room might hold a piece of the answer. That&#8217;s why adaptive strategy doesn&#8217;t start by asking &#8220;what do we still need to acquire?&#8221; but &#8220;what do we already have, among all of us, that no one has connected yet?&#8221; That&#8217;s the raw material of any forward-looking strategy.</p><p><mark data-color="#f6b26b" style="background-color: rgb(246, 178, 107); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span data-color="#0000ff" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">The second is the idea of an operating system for strategy.</span></mark> In a stable world, a good plan, a document, was enough. In a complex world, a single plan goes obsolete before it&#8217;s printed. What you need isn&#8217;t a better plan, but something that produces good plans continuously and updates them on its own: an adaptable operating system. Just as your computer&#8217;s operating system doesn&#8217;t tell you what to write, but makes it possible for you to write, edit, and correct without everything crashing, Strategic Doing doesn&#8217;t hand you the answer, it gives you the stable rules so a group can discover the answer, test it, and correct it over and over (Morrison, 2021; Morrison, 2024).</p><p>That&#8217;s the reason Strategic Doing exists: to be the operating system of adaptive strategy, to formulate and reformulate strategy in complex environments, where the perfect plan doesn&#8217;t exist but constant progress does.</p><p><span data-color="#ffe599" style="color: rgb(255, 229, 153);">Here&#8217;s my conclusion: traditional strategy isn&#8217;t dead, and Porter has his place of honor (in fact, my reading is that Michael Porter moved much closer to adaptive strategy in the last ten years of his prolific career, with cluster strategy, ecosystems, and shared value). But when the terrain is complex and you have to move forward without a map, the old &#8220;think first, do later&#8221; no longer cuts it. I learned that the hard way when I was trying to build Ecuador&#8217;s first cluster in 2016 (a topic I&#8217;ll also dig into in the future).</span></p><p>If this was useful, share it with someone who still believes the problem is execution. And leave me your comments.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/p/the-evolution-of-strategy-from-the?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pradojj.substack.com/p/the-evolution-of-strategy-from-the?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3>References and recommended reading</h3><ul><li><p>Andersen, T. J., &amp; Nielsen, B. B. (2009). Adaptive strategy making: The effects of emergent and intended strategy modes. <em>European Management Review</em>, 6(2), 94&#8211;106.</p></li><li><p>Andrews, K. R. (1971). <em>The Concept of Corporate Strategy</em>. Dow Jones-Irwin.</p></li><li><p>Ansoff, H. I. (1965). <em>Corporate Strategy</em>. McGraw-Hill.</p></li><li><p>Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. <em>Journal of Management</em>, 17(1), 99&#8211;120.</p></li><li><p>Chandler, A. D. (1962). <em>Strategy and Structure</em>. MIT Press.</p></li><li><p>Chandler, A. D. (1977). <em>The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business</em>. Belknap/Harvard.</p></li><li><p>Chesbrough, H. W., &amp; Appleyard, M. M. (2007). Open innovation and strategy. <em>California Management Review</em>, 50(1), 57&#8211;76.</p></li><li><p>Clausewitz, C. von (1832). <em>Vom Kriege</em> (<em>On War</em>). D&#252;mmlers Verlag.</p></li><li><p>Drucker, P. F. (1954). <em>The Practice of Management</em>. Harper &amp; Brothers.</p></li><li><p>Eisenhardt, K. M., &amp; Sull, D. N. (2001). Strategy as simple rules. <em>Harvard Business Review</em>, 79(1), 106&#8211;119.</p></li><li><p>Hargadon, A. (2003). <em>How Breakthroughs Happen</em>. Harvard Business School Press.</p></li><li><p>Heifetz, R. A., Grashow, A., &amp; Linsky, M. (2009). <em>The Practice of Adaptive Leadership</em>. Harvard Business Press.</p></li><li><p>Henderson, B. D. (1970). <em>The Product Portfolio</em>. Boston Consulting Group.</p></li><li><p>McGrath, R. G. (2013). <em>The End of Competitive Advantage</em>. Harvard Business Review Press.</p></li><li><p>Mintzberg, H., &amp; Waters, J. A. (1985). Of strategies, deliberate and emergent. <em>Strategic Management Journal</em>, 6(3), 257&#8211;272.</p></li><li><p>Mintzberg, H. (1994). <em>The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning</em>. Free Press.</p></li><li><p>Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., &amp; Lampel, J. (1998). <em>Strategy Safari</em>. Free Press.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E. F. (2021). <em>Strategic Doing: A Strategy Model for Open Networks</em>. PhD dissertation, University of the Sunshine Coast.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E. (2024). <em>Applying Strategic Doing: Some Key Concepts in Adaptive Strategy</em>. Strategic Doing Networks.</p></li><li><p>Nelson, R. R., &amp; Winter, S. G. (1982). <em>An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change</em>. Belknap/Harvard.</p></li><li><p>Porter, M. E. (1979). How competitive forces shape strategy. <em>Harvard Business Review</em>, 57(2), 137&#8211;145.</p></li><li><p>Porter, M. E. (1980). <em>Competitive Strategy</em>. Free Press.</p></li><li><p>Porter, M. E. (1985). <em>Competitive Advantage</em>. Free Press.</p></li><li><p>Prahalad, C. K., &amp; Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. <em>Harvard Business Review</em>, 68(3), 79&#8211;91.</p></li><li><p>Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). Causation and effectuation. <em>Academy of Management Review</em>, 26(2), 243&#8211;263.</p></li><li><p>Sch&#246;n, D. A. (1971). <em>Beyond the Stable State</em>. Norton.</p></li><li><p>Sull, D., Homkes, R., &amp; Sull, C. (2015). Why strategy execution unravels. <em>Harvard Business Review</em>, 93(3), 58&#8211;66.</p></li><li><p>Sun Tzu (5th century BC). <em>The Art of War</em>.</p></li><li><p>Taylor, F. W. (1911). <em>The Principles of Scientific Management</em>. Harper &amp; Brothers.</p></li><li><p>Weitzman, M. L. (1998). Recombinant growth. <em>Quarterly Journal of Economics</em>, 113(2), 331&#8211;360.</p></li><li><p>Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. <em>Strategic Management Journal</em>, 5(2), 171&#8211;180.</p></li><li><p>Whittington, R. (1996). Strategy as practice. <em>Long Range Planning</em>, 29(5), 731&#8211;735.</p></li></ul><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[I Wrote a Book in the Middle of the Pandemic. Here's Why It Reads Better Now. ]]></title><description><![CDATA[From Shock to Action was a crisis manual written inside the crisis. Five years on, the crisis turned out to be the normal. Here are my reflections of what I learned after writing and testing the book.]]></description><link>https://pradojj.substack.com/p/i-wrote-a-book-in-the-middle-of-the</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pradojj.substack.com/p/i-wrote-a-book-in-the-middle-of-the</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Julio José Prado]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 21:09:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KMaD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2a93deb-578c-4616-be19-d1910725d9c8_1254x1254.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In the first months of 2020, I was sitting in a lot of (virtual) rooms with people that had no idea what to do next. </p><p>These were good and smart leaders: CEOs from corporations and banks, financial-ecosystem actors, public agencies, crisis committees thrown together in a hurry. Smart, capable people. And most of those meetings ended in one of two ways. Either paralysis by analysis, everyone waiting for data and certainty that were never going to arrive in time. Or the opposite failure: a flood of grand, unrealizable ideas, big disruptive moonshots, with nobody actually taking a step. I started calling the second kind <em>cartas a Pap&#225; Noel</em>, letters to Santa Claus. You could feel the energy drain out of the room week by week, from &#8220;everyone wants to be here&#8221; to apathy and empty chairs.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>I wrote <em>Del shock a la acci&#243;n</em> (<em>From Shock to Action</em>) out of that frustration. Not as theory. As a field manual, drafted in real time and tested in those same committees while the ground was still moving. It came out in May 2021.</p><p>I&#8217;ll be honest about what I thought at the time: I assumed it was a crisis book. Useful for the pandemic, maybe for the next sharp shock, and then it would age into a period piece. A document of a strange year.</p><p>I was wrong about that, and the way I was wrong is the whole point of this piece.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KMaD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2a93deb-578c-4616-be19-d1910725d9c8_1254x1254.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KMaD!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_424, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2a93deb-578c-4616-be19-d1910725d9c8_1254x1254.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KMaD!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_848, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2a93deb-578c-4616-be19-d1910725d9c8_1254x1254.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KMaD!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2a93deb-578c-4616-be19-d1910725d9c8_1254x1254.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KMaD!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2a93deb-578c-4616-be19-d1910725d9c8_1254x1254.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KMaD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2a93deb-578c-4616-be19-d1910725d9c8_1254x1254.png" width="1254" height="1254" 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/__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2a93deb-578c-4616-be19-d1910725d9c8_1254x1254.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KMaD!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_848, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2a93deb-578c-4616-be19-d1910725d9c8_1254x1254.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KMaD!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2a93deb-578c-4616-be19-d1910725d9c8_1254x1254.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KMaD!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2a93deb-578c-4616-be19-d1910725d9c8_1254x1254.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>What the book actually argued</h2><p>The premise was simple and, I thought, slightly heretical for a business book: <strong>the crisis of 2020 had no reference points.</strong> Every previous crisis I knew had a precedent you could reach for. The Great Depression, the 1970s energy shock, the 2008 financial collapse, Latin America&#8217;s serial banking crises: each one let you ask the normal questions. How did consumers behave last time? What did competitors do? Which government policies worked?</p><p>2020 broke that reflex. It wasn&#8217;t a financial crisis or a sectoral one. It was a crisis manufactured by the <em>response</em> to a virus, hitting every sector at once, with no historical analog close enough to be useful. We were all beginners. The self-proclaimed crisis-management experts were suddenly as inexperienced as everyone else.</p><p>So the book started somewhere uncomfortable: you cannot avoid this kind of wave. I leaned on a surfing analogy that I still think is the truest thing in the book. You don&#8217;t get to stop the big wave. You either climb on top of it or it drags you under. And you can&#8217;t control the weather, the wind, the crowd in the water, or the size of the set coming in. You can only control your own skill, your board, your rest, your state of mind. Obsessing over the variables you can&#8217;t touch is how you drown. Focusing on the ones you can is how you ride.</p><p>From there it laid out five steps. Not a recipe (I was emphatic about that) but the minimum viable sequence for moving a group from frozen to moving:</p><p>A <strong>realistic, agile diagnosis</strong>: fast, rigorous, but never the six-month consultancy report nobody reads past the executive summary. A <strong>new paradigm</strong>: the step I considered the real differentiator, where you learn that you cannot solve a complex problem with a linear mindset and linear tools. <strong>Designing scenarios</strong>: futures work, trigger maps, a preferred future to aim at. <strong>Seeking inspiration and collaboration</strong>: where ideas actually come from, and the adaptive questions that unlock them. And an <strong>agile action plan</strong>, built on recombinant innovation, prioritized ruthlessly, piloted fast.</p><p>That second step is the one I&#8217;d defend hardest, so let me stay on it.</p><h2>The paradigm step: the watch and the chaos</h2><p>The deepest argument in the book isn&#8217;t a technique. It&#8217;s a claim about what <em>kind</em> of problem you&#8217;re facing, because that determines which tools are safe to use.</p><p>We inherited a worldview from the Industrial Revolution that treats the world like a watch: take it apart, understand each gear, predict the whole from the parts, restore it to equilibrium. That worldview is extraordinarily powerful, for the problems it fits. It built modern manufacturing, logistics, accounting, public administration. I have no interest in throwing it away.</p><p>But a watch is the wrong model for a complex system, and most of what matters now (an economy in a shock, a city, a sector under transformation) is a complex system, not a watch. Complex systems don&#8217;t have gears you can isolate. They have agents interacting, producing behavior at the system level that you cannot predict from the components, and that shifts the moment you try to intervene. Apply watch-tools to a chaotic system and you don&#8217;t just fail. You can make things worse, with confidence, while your analysis tells you you&#8217;re in control.</p><p>I drew heavily here on the economic and business complexity literature, one of the most important leadership mistakes, is applying the management style of an ordered, predictable domain to a complex or chaotic one. Order calls for analysis. Complexity calls for <em>probing</em>: small safe experiments to see what the system does, then amplifying what works and dampening what doesn&#8217;t.</p><p>If that sounds familiar from some of my preview writings and talks, it is no coincidence. It&#8217;s the same think-do oscillation, the same variation-selection logic, that runs under the entire adaptive-strategy paradigm. I just didn&#8217;t have the academic label for it yet when I was living it in the crisis rooms. I called it a collection of skills and tools that happened to work. The name came later.</p><h2>The thing I refused to sell: disruption</h2><p>There&#8217;s a passage in the book I&#8217;d write the same way today, maybe with more force. I said it plainly and a little harshly: if you&#8217;re trying to escape a crisis by inventing the next great disruptive innovation, you&#8217;re probably wasting time and effort chasing the Holy Grail.</p><p>I want to be careful here, because this gets misread. Disruptive innovations exist. Good for the (very few) companies that find them. But in the real world that millions of entrepreneurs and companies in crisis-prone economies actually inhabit, the conditions for manufacturing disruption mostly don&#8217;t exist, and pretending otherwise is selling smoke. That&#8217;s not how innovation works in 99% of cases.</p><p>Here&#8217;s how it works in 99% of cases: you recombine things that already exist to create something new. <strong>Recombinant innovation.</strong> It comes from what you already have (your network, your city, your neighborhood, your company) reconnected under a different lens. The intellectual backbone is Weitzman&#8217;s (1998) recombinant growth model and Hargadon&#8217;s (2003) study of how breakthroughs actually happen: innovators don&#8217;t usually chase wholly new ideas, they move old ideas across contexts. Ford&#8217;s assembly line was borrowed parts from three other industries.</p><p>I built the book&#8217;s action step on that, because it&#8217;s the most <em>democratic</em> idea in innovation. If breakthroughs come from recombining accessible assets, then anyone in the room might be holding a piece of the answer. You don&#8217;t need a research lab and a genius. You need a structured conversation and the discipline to link what&#8217;s already there.</p><h2>Why it reads better in 2026 than it did in 2021</h2><p>I wrote a crisis book. But the thing I was treating as the <em>emergency</em>, the volatility, the lack of reference points, complexity outrunning our linear tools, the futility of long static plans, didn&#8217;t end when the pandemic did.</p><p>The years since haven&#8217;t returned us to the stable state. Supply shocks, an inflation whiplash, a geopolitical reordering, an AI wave rewriting whole job categories inside eighteen months. Donald Sch&#246;n named this condition back in 1971 (the <em>loss of the stable state</em>) and argued institutions would have to learn to be in a permanent process of transformation (Sch&#246;n, 1971). In 2020 that read like a description of an emergency. In 2026 it reads like a description of the operating environment.</p><p>Which means a book I wrote as a fire extinguisher turned out to be, mostly, a manual for the new normal climate. The five steps weren&#8217;t really crisis-only. They were adaptive strategy, written in the imperative mood and under deadline pressure, before I&#8217;d connected them to the formal literature.</p><p>I see that connection clearly now, and it&#8217;s why this is more than nostalgia for a book I&#8217;m fond of. The agile diagnosis is the sensing loop of any adaptive approach. The paradigm step is the complexity foundation underneath all of it.  The collaboration step is open strategy and network thinking (Chesbrough and Appleyard, 2007). And the recombinant action plan runs on the same engine, Weitzman and Hargadon, that I now see powering the most operationally developed adaptive method out there, Ed Morrison&#8217;s and Scott Hutcheson&#180;s Strategic Doing (Morrison, 2021; Morrison et al., 2019). <em>From Shock to Action</em> was my own interpretation of the operation process for complex challenges, we now have at the Strategic Doing Institute. </p><p>The book ends on three ideas: the power of a meeting, cadence, and &#8220;the madness of the leader.&#8221; A well-run meeting that produces a real next step. A rhythm that keeps you coming back to adjust. And the slightly crazy persistence to keep going when projects fail, to learn and run the next one. That&#8217;s a 30/30 cycle and a Pathfinder Project described in plain Spanish, two years before I&#8217;d have used those words. We were all circling the same structure from different directions.</p><h2>LOOKING BACK&#8230;</h2><p>The advice that closes the book is the same advice I would still give today, and it has less to do with technique than with temperament: find other crazy people. It is remarkable how perspectives change when you begin surrounding yourself with the right people. Loose, disconnected ideas become collaborative action, and you realize that you are not nearly as alone as the crisis once made you feel.</p><p>I originally wrote that as a motivational farewell. Since then, I have come to think it is the simplest and most powerful sentence in the book. Because if value comes from recombining assets across a network, then finding other people with assets is not a motivational issue, it is part of the strategy itself.</p><p>The network you build becomes your core team. Structured conversations governed by simple rules become the method. Recombinant opportunities define the field of action. And the small step forward -what we call pathfinder projects- becomes the deliverable, the execution on which we focus to produce results.</p><p>So, I do not believe that <em>From Shock to Action</em> has aged into a museum piece. The shock of 2020 was merely our first clear glimpse of a condition that has now become permanent. Looking back, I see that the book was never really about the pandemic. It was about how to act in complex environments, alongside people who often have neither the time nor even the intention to collaborate. And that, too, is our everyday reality.</p><p>A crisis only becomes an opportunity if you have the tools and the mindset to move from shock to action&#8230;</p><p><strong><a href="https://strategicdoing.net/">MORE INFORMATION ABOUT STRATEGIC DOING</a></strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/p/i-wrote-a-book-in-the-middle-of-the/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pradojj.substack.com/p/i-wrote-a-book-in-the-middle-of-the/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong><mark data-color="#d97706" style="background-color: rgb(217, 119, 6); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">DISCLAIMER:</mark></strong><mark data-color="#d97706" style="background-color: rgb(217, 119, 6); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> I use AI tools to facilitate and accelerate translation and to polish the writing of my posts, but there is still a human being writing these words and reviewing every paragraph. The ideas expressed here are my own and represent my personal opinions, not those of the institutions where I work.</mark></em></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>In upcoming posts, I will explore more deeply the concept of Adaptive Strategy and the evolution of business and industrial strategy, as well as the persistent gap between strategy and execution&#8212;a topic that has recently gained significant attention across social media.</em></p><div><hr></div><h3>Further reading</h3><ul><li><p>Chesbrough, H. W., &amp; Appleyard, M. M. (2007). Open innovation and strategy. <em>California Management Review</em>, 50(1), 57&#8211;76.</p></li><li><p>Hargadon, A. (2003). <em>How Breakthroughs Happen: The Surprising Truth About How Companies Innovate</em>. Harvard Business School Press.</p></li><li><p>McGrath, R. G. (2013). <em>The End of Competitive Advantage</em>. Harvard Business Review Press.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E. F. (2021). <em>Strategic Doing: A Strategy Model for Open Networks</em>. PhD dissertation, University of the Sunshine Coast.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E., Hutcheson, S., Nilsen, E., Fadden, J., &amp; Franklin, N. (2019). <em>Strategic Doing: Ten Skills for Agile Leadership</em>. Wiley.</p></li><li><p>Prado, J. J. (2021). <em>Del shock a la acci&#243;n</em>. Quito.</p></li><li><p>Sch&#246;n, D. A. (1971). <em>Beyond the Stable State</em>. Norton. (From the 1970 BBC Reith Lectures.)</p></li><li><p>Weitzman, M. L. (1998). Recombinant growth. <em>Quarterly Journal of Economics</em>, 113(2), 331&#8211;360.</p></li></ul><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Del Shock a la Acción: reflexiones 5 años después. ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Escrib&#237; mi un libro en medio de la pandemia, Del shock a la Acci&#243;n parec&#237;a un manual de crisis, escrito en un momento extremo. Cinco a&#241;os despu&#233;s, la crisis y la volatilidad result&#243; ser la normalidad. Ac&#225; mis reflexiones sobre lo aprendido...]]></description><link>https://pradojj.substack.com/p/escribi-mi-1er-libro-en-plena-pandemia</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pradojj.substack.com/p/escribi-mi-1er-libro-en-plena-pandemia</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Julio José Prado]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 20:20:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E3IX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60b68ab9-cd03-463c-b67e-53e898c70123_1254x1254.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/p/escribi-mi-1er-libro-en-plena-pandemia?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" 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/__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60b68ab9-cd03-463c-b67e-53e898c70123_1254x1254.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En los primeros meses de 2020 estuve sentado en muchas salas (virtuales) que, para ponerlo amablemente, parec&#237;an &#8220;pollos sin cabeza&#8221; (corriendo sin saber a d&#243;nde). </p><p>Eran buenas discusiones con actores altamente capaces e inteligentes, pero bajo un stress muy alto: liderazgo de bancos, actores del ecosistema financiero, agencias p&#250;blicas, sectores enteros que no ten&#237;a idea de si este ser&#237;a su fin (turismo, por ejemplo), comit&#233;s de crisis armados al apuro. Gente inteligente, capaz. Y la mayor&#237;a de esas reuniones terminaba de una de dos formas: O par&#225;lisis por an&#225;lisis, todos esperando datos y certezas que nunca iban a llegar a tiempo. O una avalancha de ideas grandiosas e irrealizables, grandes proyectos disruptivos de fantas&#237;a, o que requer&#237;an de reformas legales o grandes paquetes de subsidio estatal, sin que nadie diera un paso. Al segundo tipo empec&#233; a llamarlo <em>cartas a Pap&#225; Noel</em>. Pod&#237;as sentir c&#243;mo la energ&#237;a inicial se escurr&#237;a en las reuniones dando paso a la incredulidad o el negativismo. Muchas de esas reuniones pasaban de &#8220;todos quieren estar aqu&#237;&#8221; (literalmente las convocatorias se desbordaban),  a la apat&#237;a y las sillas vac&#237;as. Y el reloj de la crisis segu&#237;a corriendo. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Escrib&#237; <em>Del shock a la acci&#243;n</em> desde esa frustraci&#243;n. No como teor&#237;a. Como un manual de campo, redactado en tiempo real y probado en esos mismos comit&#233;s mientras el piso todav&#237;a se mov&#237;a. Lo escrib&#237; entre octubre 2020 y enero 2021,  y se public&#243; en mayo de 2021. Cuando lo comenc&#233; a escribir, no ten&#237;a idea de que ser&#237;a ministro de Producci&#243;n pocos meses despu&#233;s y que el libro se podr&#237;a a prueba en el campo de batalla real. </p><p>Voy a ser honesto sobre lo que pensaba entonces: asum&#237; que era un libro de crisis. &#218;til para la pandemia, quiz&#225; para el pr&#243;ximo shock fuerte, y despu&#233;s envejecer&#237;a hasta volverse una pieza de las bibliotecas. Un documento de un a&#241;o raro.</p><p>En eso me equivoqu&#233;, y la forma en que me equivoqu&#233; es el punto central de este texto.</p><h2>Lo que el libro realmente argumentaba</h2><p>La premisa era simple: <strong>la crisis de 2020 no ten&#237;a puntos de referencia.</strong> Toda crisis anterior que yo conoc&#237;a ten&#237;a un precedente al cual echar mano. La Gran Depresi&#243;n, el shock energ&#233;tico de los setenta, el colapso financiero de 2008, las crisis bancarias en serie de Am&#233;rica Latina, mis propias crisis profesionales mientras tuve el cargo de Presidente Ejecutivo del gremio bancario: cada una te dejaba hacer las preguntas normales. &#191;C&#243;mo se comportaron los consumidores la &#250;ltima vez? &#191;Qu&#233; hizo la competencia? &#191;Qu&#233; pol&#237;ticas aplic&#243; el Gobierno?</p><p>2020 rompi&#243; ese molde. No fue una crisis financiera ni sectorial. Fue una crisis fabricada por la <em>respuesta</em> a un virus, golpeando todos los sectores a la vez, sin ning&#250;n an&#225;logo hist&#243;rico lo bastante cercano como para ser &#250;til. Todos &#233;ramos novatos. Los autoproclamados expertos en manejo de crisis quedaron de pronto tan inexpertos como cualquier otro ciudadano.</p><p>As&#237; que el libro arrancaba en un lugar inc&#243;modo: no puedes evitar este tipo de ola. Me apoy&#233; en una analog&#237;a con el surf que sigo pensando que es lo m&#225;s cierto del libro. No te toca frenar la ola grande. O te subes encima o te arrastra. Y no puedes controlar el clima, el viento, la cantidad de gente en el mar, ni el tama&#241;o de la siguiente ola. Solo puedes controlar tu propia habilidad, tu tabla, tu descanso, tu estado mental, los activos y habilidades que tienes a la mano. En fin la premisa del libro desde el arranque era que no hay que  obsesionarte en lo que NO tienes, sino en lo que SI tienes o puedes combinar (esta alegor&#237;a, como se ver&#225; m&#225;s adelante fue, la esencia del libro). </p><p>De ah&#237; salieron cinco pasos. No un recetario (en eso fui enf&#225;tico) sino la secuencia m&#237;nima viable para mover a un grupo de congelado en narrativas pesimistas, y con el agua al cuello. </p><ol><li><p>Un <strong>diagn&#243;stico &#225;gil y realista</strong>: r&#225;pido, riguroso, pero nunca el estudio de consultor&#237;a de seis meses que nadie lee m&#225;s all&#225; del resumen ejecutivo. </p></li><li><p>Un <strong>nuevo paradigma</strong>: el paso que consideraba el verdadero diferenciador, donde aprendes que no puedes resolver un problema complejo con una mentalidad lineal y herramientas lineales. </p></li><li><p><strong>Dise&#241;ar escenarios</strong>: trabajo de futuros, diagramas de gatilladores, un futuro preferido al cual apuntar. </p></li><li><p><strong>Buscar inspiraci&#243;n y colaboraci&#243;n</strong>: de d&#243;nde nacen de verdad las ideas, y las preguntas adaptativas que las destraban. </p></li><li><p><strong>Un plan de acci&#243;n &#225;gil</strong>, construido sobre la innovaci&#243;n recombinante, priorizado sin piedad, piloteado r&#225;pido.</p></li></ol><p>No los voy a detallar todos aqu&#237;. Me enfocar&#233; en aquello que fue esencial en ese momento y que me sigue pareciendo esencial cinco a&#241;os despu&#233;s. </p><h2>El paso del paradigma: el reloj y el caos</h2><p>El argumento m&#225;s profundo del libro no es una t&#233;cnica. Es una afirmaci&#243;n sobre qu&#233; <em>tipo</em> de problema enfrentas, porque eso determina qu&#233; herramientas debes usar.</p><p>Heredamos de la Revoluci&#243;n Industrial una visi&#243;n del mundo que lo trata como un reloj: lo desarmas, entiendes cada engranaje, predices el todo a partir de las partes, lo devuelves al equilibrio. Esa visi&#243;n es extraordinariamente poderosa, para los problemas que le calzan (problemas t&#233;cnicos, ordenados, de causa-efecto claros). Construy&#243; la manufactura moderna, la log&#237;stica, la contabilidad, la administraci&#243;n p&#250;blica. No tengo el menor inter&#233;s en descartar es que ha funcionado.</p><p>Pero un reloj es el modelo equivocado para un sistema complejo, y la mayor parte de lo que importa hoy, una econom&#237;a en un shock, una ciudad, un sector en transformaci&#243;n, la estrategia empresarial, los ecosistemas de negocio, todos ellos, son sistema complejo, no un reloj. Los sistemas complejos no tienen engranajes que puedas aislar. Tienen agentes que interact&#250;an, produciendo un comportamiento a nivel de sistema que no puedes predecir a partir de los componentes, y que se desplaza en el momento mismo en que intentas intervenir. Aplica herramientas de reloj, a un sistema complejo o ca&#243;tico y no solo fallas, puedes empeorar las cosas, con plena confianza, mientras tu an&#225;lisis te dice que tienes el control.</p><p>Me apoy&#233; mucho aqu&#237; en la literatura de la complejidad econ&#243;mica, aplicada a la estrategia empresarial. El error de liderazgo m&#225;s grave es aplicar el estilo de gesti&#243;n de un dominio ordenado y predecible a uno complejo o ca&#243;tico. El orden pide an&#225;lisis. La complejidad pide <em>sondear</em>: peque&#241;os experimentos seguros para ver qu&#233; hace el sistema, y luego amplificar lo que funciona y amortiguar lo que no.</p><p>Si eso te suena a mis otros escritos, o charlas, no es coincidencia. Es la misma oscilaci&#243;n entre pensar-hacer, la misma l&#243;gica de variaci&#243;n-selecci&#243;n, que corre por debajo de todo el paradigma de la estrategia adaptativa. Solo que todav&#237;a no ten&#237;a la etiqueta acad&#233;mica cuando lo estaba viviendo en las salas de crisis. Lo llamaba una colecci&#243;n de habilidades y herramientas que daba la casualidad de que funcionaban. El nombre lleg&#243; despu&#233;s.</p><h2>Lo que me negu&#233; a vender: la disrupci&#243;n</h2><p>Hay un pasaje en el libro que escribir&#237;a igual hoy, quiz&#225; con m&#225;s fuerza. Lo dije claro y un poco duro: si est&#225;s tratando de salir de una crisis inventando la pr&#243;xima gran innovaci&#243;n disruptiva, probablemente est&#233;s desperdiciando tiempo y esfuerzo persiguiendo el Santo Grial.</p><p>Sin embargo, quiero ser cuidadoso, porque esta afirmaci&#243;n m&#237;a ha sido malinterpretada por algunos colegas y empresarios.  Las innovaciones disruptivas existen. Bien por las (poqu&#237;simas) empresas que las encuentran. Pero en el mundo real que millones de emprendedores y empresas de econom&#237;as propensas a la crisis habitan de verdad, las condiciones para fabricar disrupci&#243;n casi nunca existen, y pretender lo contrario es vender humo. As&#237; no funciona la innovaci&#243;n en el 99% de los casos.</p><p>As&#237; es como funciona la innovaci&#243;n del d&#237;a a d&#237;a: recombinas cosas que ya existen para crear algo nuevo. <strong>Innovaci&#243;n Recombinante, mi libro fue de los 1eros en ponerlo en forma expl&#237;cita con ese nombre (basado en conceptos que se originan en Strategic Doing con Ed Morrison).</strong> Nace de lo que ya tienes (tu red, tu ciudad, tu barrio, tu empresa) reconectado bajo una &#243;ptica distinta. El respaldo intelectual es el modelo de crecimiento recombinante de Weitzman (1998) y el estudio de Hargadon (2003) sobre c&#243;mo ocurren de verdad los grandes saltos: los innovadores no suelen perseguir ideas totalmente nuevas, mueven ideas viejas de un contexto a otro. </p><p>Constru&#237; el paso de &#8220;acci&#243;n&#8221; del libro sobre eso, porque es la idea m&#225;s &#8220;<em>democr&#225;tica&#8221;</em> de la innovaci&#243;n. Si los grandes saltos vienen de recombinar activos accesibles, entonces cualquiera en la sala podr&#237;a estar cargando una pieza de la respuesta. No necesitas un laboratorio de investigaci&#243;n y un genio. Necesitas una conversaci&#243;n estructurada y la disciplina de enlazar lo que ya est&#225; ah&#237;.</p><h2>Por qu&#233; se lee mejor en 2026 que en 2021</h2><p>Escrib&#237; un libro de crisis, pero lo que yo trataba como la <em>emergencia</em>, la volatilidad, la falta de puntos de referencia, es decir la complejidad rebasando nuestras herramientas lineales, la ineficiencia de los planes largos y est&#225;ticos, no termin&#243; cuando termin&#243; la pandemia. Se volvi&#243; la normalidad. </p><p>Los a&#241;os desde entonces no nos devolvieron al estado estable. Shocks de oferta, un latigazo inflacionario, un reordenamiento geopol&#237;tico, una ola de IA reescribiendo categor&#237;as enteras de empleo en dieciocho meses. Donald Sch&#246;n nombr&#243; esta condici&#243;n all&#225; por 1971 (la <em>p&#233;rdida del estado estable</em>) y argument&#243; que las instituciones tendr&#237;an que aprender a estar en un proceso permanente de transformaci&#243;n (Sch&#246;n, 1971). En 2020 eso se le&#237;a como la descripci&#243;n de una emergencia, en 2026 se lee como la descripci&#243;n del entorno normal en el que operamos. </p><p>Entonces, del Shock a la Acci&#243;n, el libro que escrib&#237; como extintor de incendios result&#243; ser, un manual para operar en la nueva normalidad. Los cinco pasos no eran en realidad solo para la crisis, eran estrategia adaptativa, escrita en modo imperativo y bajo presi&#243;n de fecha l&#237;mite, antes de que los conectara con la literatura formal.</p><p>Veo esa conexi&#243;n con claridad ahora. El 1er paso descrito en mi libro, el diagn&#243;stico &#225;gil, es una forma de hacer sentido de lo que pasa en un entorno de alta volatilidad, pero sin hacer grandes estudios de consultor&#237;a. El paso 2, cambio del paradigma es la base de complejidad por debajo de todo.  El paso de colaboraci&#243;n es estrategia abierta y pensamiento en red (Chesbrough y Appleyard, 2007). Y el plan de acci&#243;n recombinante corre sobre el mismo motor, Weitzman y Hargadon, que ahora veo dando fuerza al m&#233;todo adaptativo m&#225;s desarrollado operativamente que existe,  Strategic Doing creado por Ed Morrison y Scott Hutcheson (Morrison, 2021; Morrison et al., 2019). <em>Del shock a la acci&#243;n</em> fue mi propia forma de enfrentar la crisis, con un conjunto de ideas y herramientas que ahora en Strategic Doing Institute estamos desarrollando de forma estructurada. </p><p>El libro cierra sobre tres ideas: el poder de una reuni&#243;n, la cadencia y &#8220;la locura del l&#237;der&#8221;. Una reuni&#243;n bien llevada que produce un pr&#243;ximo paso real. Un ritmo que te hace volver a ajustar. Y la persistencia un poco loca de seguir cuando los proyectos fallan, de aprender y correr el siguiente. </p><h2>Viendo hacia atr&#225;s&#8230;</h2><p>El consejo con que cierra el libro es el consejo que todav&#237;a dar&#237;a, y tiene menos que ver con la t&#233;cnica que con el temperamento. <em>Busca otros locos.</em> Es asombroso cu&#225;nto cambian las perspectivas cuando empiezas a juntarte con las personas adecuadas: las ideas sueltas y desconectadas, pasan a ser acciones colaborativas y te das cuenta de que no est&#225;s tan solo como la crisis te hizo sentir.</p><p>Eso lo escrib&#237; como una despedida motivacional. Desde entonces llegu&#233; a pensar que es la frase m&#225;s sencilla y poderosa del libro. Porque si el valor viene de recombinar activos a lo ancho de una red, entonces <em>encontrar a las otras personas con activos</em> no es un tema motivacional, es parte de la estrategia en s&#237; mismo. La red que construyes se convierte en tu &#8220;core team&#8221;. La conversaci&#243;n estructurada con reglas simples, es el m&#233;todo. Las oportunidades recombinantes, te definen el campo de acci&#243;n. Y el paso peque&#241;o hacia adelante, que llamamos proyectos pathfinder, se convierte en el entregable  -la ejecuci&#243;n- sobre el que nos concentramos para dar resultados.</p><p>As&#237; que no creo que <em>Del shock a la acci&#243;n</em> haya envejecido hasta volverse una pieza de museo. El shock de 2020 fue apenas la primera mirada clara a una condici&#243;n que hoy es permanente. Ahora lo veo,  el libro nunca se trat&#243; realmente de la pandemia, sino de c&#243;mo actuar en entornos complejos, con gente que no tiene ni tiempo y a veces ni intenci&#243;n de colaborar y eso, tambi&#233;n es nuestro d&#237;a a d&#237;a. </p><p>La crisis solo se convierte en oportunidad si tienes las herramientas y la mentalidad para pasar del shock a la acci&#243;n&#8230; </p><p><a href="https://strategicdoing.net/">M&#193;S INFORMACI&#211;N SOBRE STRATEGIC DOING</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/p/escribi-mi-1er-libro-en-plena-pandemia/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/pradojj.substack.com/p/escribi-mi-1er-libro-en-plena-pandemia/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p><em>DISCLAIMER: Uso herramientas de IA para facilitar/acelerar la traducci&#243;n y limpiar la redacci&#243;n de mis posts, pero hay un humano escribiendo estas palabras y revisando cada p&#225;rrafo. Las ideas expresadas son m&#237;as y representan mi opini&#243;n, no la de las instituciones donde trabajo.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>En los pr&#243;ximos escritos comenzar&#233; a explorar de forma m&#225;s profunda el concepto de Estrategia Adaptativa y la evoluci&#243;n de la estrategia empresarial e industrial, as&#237; como entender la brecha entre estrategia y ejecuci&#243;n, que se ha tomado las redes sociales recientemente. </em></p><div><hr></div><h3>Para seguir leyendo</h3><ul><li><p>Chesbrough, H. W., &amp; Appleyard, M. M. (2007). Open innovation and strategy. <em>California Management Review</em>, 50(1), 57&#8211;76.</p></li><li><p>Hargadon, A. (2003). <em>How Breakthroughs Happen: The Surprising Truth About How Companies Innovate</em>. Harvard Business School Press.</p></li><li><p>McGrath, R. G. (2013). <em>The End of Competitive Advantage</em>. Harvard Business Review Press.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E. F. (2021). <em>Strategic Doing: A Strategy Model for Open Networks</em>. Tesis doctoral, University of the Sunshine Coast.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E., Hutcheson, S., Nilsen, E., Fadden, J., &amp; Franklin, N. (2019). <em>Strategic Doing: Ten Skills for Agile Leadership</em>. Wiley.</p></li><li><p>Prado, J. J. (2021). <em>Del shock a la acci&#243;n</em>. Quito.</p></li><li><p>Sch&#246;n, D. A. (1971). <em>Beyond the Stable State</em>. Norton. (De las conferencias Reith de la BBC, 1970.)</p></li><li><p>Snowden, D. J., &amp; Boone, M. E. (2007). A leader&#8217;s framework for decision making. <em>Harvard Business Review</em>, 85(11), 68&#8211;76.</p></li><li><p>Weitzman, M. L. (1998). Recombinant growth. <em>Quarterly Journal of Economics</em>, 113(2), 331&#8211;360.</p></li></ul><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://pradojj.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The Butterfly Effect: Economics | Strategy | Complexity! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Butterfly Effect: ¿Why this blog exists?]]></title><description><![CDATA[My inaugural post in SUBSTACK]]></description><link>https://pradojj.substack.com/p/the-butterfly-effect-why-this-blog</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pradojj.substack.com/p/the-butterfly-effect-why-this-blog</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Julio José Prado]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 16 Jun 2026 13:05:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YRKq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6a2225f-2c03-4d6a-845b-4bb6303dc896_1254x1254.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YRKq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6a2225f-2c03-4d6a-845b-4bb6303dc896_1254x1254.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YRKq!, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/w_424, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/pradojj.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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program for the United States military. He was after something dull and predictable: a weather forecast. What he found, without meaning to, ended up changing the way we understand the world.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lorenz discovered that tiny variations in a single starting variable produced, further down the line, patterns that were completely different from what anyone expected. Not only that: those small divergences seemed to reinforce themselves until they produced chaotic, impossible-to-predict results. He gave the phenomenon a name that became famous: under the right conditions, a butterfly flapping its wings in China could, eventually, set off a tornado in the United States.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It sounds like poetry. But it isn&#8217;t. It&#8217;s the most accurate description we have of the economic and business world we live in today.</p><h1><strong>An Unexpected Lesson: Too-Big-to-Fail vs. Too-Connected-to-Fail</strong></h1><p style="text-align: justify;">For my doctoral thesis at Lancaster University, in the United Kingdom, I studied butterfly effects in the global economy. I kept asking myself how one specific node inside the enormous web of global production &#8212;dozens of industries, across dozens of countries&#8212; could end up spreading a crisis at a hellish speed, even to industries that, on the surface, had nothing to do with the one that was hit first.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I built a matrix I christened the <em>International Trade Network</em>: more than 42 countries, more than 35 industries in each one, and every buy-and-sell connection between them. Millions of possible iterations. And my most important conclusion was counterintuitive &#8212; though these days I see it confirmed every time I open the news:</p><p><em>The level of contagion an industry generates doesn&#8217;t depend on how big it is, but on how connected and central it is within the network.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A small but highly connected industry is more dangerous &#8212;and more vulnerable&#8212; than a giant but isolated one. That&#8217;s why my recommendation to policymakers was to stop obsessing over <em>Too-Big-to-Fail</em> and start paying attention to <strong>Too-Connected-to-Fail</strong>. I even went as far as exploring the idea of <strong>Too-Central-to-Fail</strong>.</p><h1><strong>We Live in Complex Systems, Not Clocks</strong></h1><p style="text-align: justify;">Here&#8217;s the deeper problem, and it&#8217;s one we struggle to accept.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As entrepreneurs, leaders and decision-makers of every kind, we&#8217;re wired to see the world in a linear way. We look for tidy causes and effects. Our first instinct when we face a problem is to jump straight to the solution: logic, experience, the expert, whatever worked before. We treat the world as if it were a clock &#8212;a mechanism that, if you take it apart, you can understand and predict.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">But the world isn&#8217;t a clock. It&#8217;s a <strong>complex adaptive system</strong>: an enormous number of interconnected elements interacting constantly, generating <em>feedback loops</em> and emergent properties. It&#8217;s never in equilibrium. Change is the rule, not the exception. And because of those emergent properties, <strong>it is literally impossible to make exact predictions</strong>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That&#8217;s the bad news. But &#8212;and here&#8217;s the part that matters&#8212; all is not lost. Because even if we can&#8217;t <em>predict</em>, complex systems are <strong>full of patterns</strong>. And once we stop fighting the chaos and learn to read those patterns, we can navigate it. We can even take advantage of it.</p><h1><strong>From Shock to Action&#8230; and Strategic Doing</strong></h1><p style="text-align: justify;">If we can&#8217;t predict the future, then planning it five years out in an 80-page document is, with all due affection, a waste of time. The map we draw today is obsolete at the first flap of a wing.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What we need isn&#8217;t a better plan. We need a better <strong>capacity to adapt</strong>. And that is exactly the bet we make in <strong>Strategic Doing</strong>, the methodology created by Ed Morrison and Scott Hutcheson. The core idea is as simple as it is liberating: in complex environments you don&#8217;t plan your way forward, you <em>do</em> your way forward. Through collaboration, through good questions (<em>framing questions</em>), through recombining the assets we already have (instead of obsessing over the ones we don&#8217;t), through piloting small, fast ideas, and through sustaining a <strong>cadence</strong> that keeps things moving. (We&#8217;ll unpack each of these ideas, one by one, in this blog, with practical examples.)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Instead of trying to control the tornado, we build organizations and teams agile enough to surf the wave rather than be dragged under by it. Because big waves &#8212;as we learned in 2020&#8212; can&#8217;t be avoided. Either you ride them, or they roll you.</p><h1><strong>What You&#8217;ll Find in This Blog&#8230;</strong></h1><p style="text-align: justify;">The Butterfly Effect will be my space to explore, without solemnity but with rigor, these themes: <strong>complexity, adaptive strategy, evolution, competitiveness and collaboration</strong>. I&#8217;ll bring real-world examples &#8212;companies, industries, crises, opportunities&#8212;, some complexity theory brought down to earth so it&#8217;s actually useful, and always, always, an eye on what truly matters: moving from diagnosis to action.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There&#8217;s a story I tell often. The one about the <em>lone nut</em> who stands up and starts dancing by himself in the middle of a crowd. For a few minutes he looks like a madman. Until his <em>first follower</em> joins in. And just like that, he stops being a nut: he&#8217;s become the leader of something. A few seconds later, there are four of them. And before long, everyone&#8217;s dancing.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Every process of change needs someone willing to flap their wings first, even if at the start it looks like they&#8217;re dancing alone. If you&#8217;ve made it this far, you&#8217;re probably one of those nuts. So am I. So this is my first flap, and this page is my way of looking for the rest.</p><p><strong>I&#8217;ll see you out there.</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#10022; &#10022; &#10022;</p><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><blockquote><p>Lorenz, E. N. (1963). <em>Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow</em>. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 20(2), 130&#8211;141. (The seminal work on deterministic chaos and sensitivity to initial conditions.)</p><p>Prado, J. J. (2016). <em>Essays on the Effects of Clusters and Networks on Industrial Growth During Economic Crises</em>. Doctoral thesis, Lancaster University.</p><p>Morrison, E., Hutcheson, S., Nilsen, E., Fadden, J., &amp; Franklin, N. (2019). <em>Strategic Doing: Ten Skills for Agile Leadership</em>. Wiley.</p></blockquote>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Butterfly Effect: ¿Por qué existe este blog?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Mi post inaugural en SUBSTAK]]></description><link>https://pradojj.substack.com/p/the-butterfly-effect-por-que-existe</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://pradojj.substack.com/p/the-butterfly-effect-por-que-existe</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Julio José Prado]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 16 Jun 2026 13:03:48 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVCC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb7b7212-c923-401f-aca6-06d68a1e3e16_1254x1254.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fb7b7212-c923-401f-aca6-06d68a1e3e16_1254x1254.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fb7b7212-c923-401f-aca6-06d68a1e3e16_1254x1254.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><div><hr></div><p><em><strong><a href="/__u/substack.com/@pradojj/note/p-202228523?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=70gku5"><mark data-color="#d97706" style="background-color: rgb(217, 119, 6); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">READ IN ENGLISH</mark></a><mark data-color="#d97706" style="background-color: rgb(217, 119, 6); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </mark></strong></em></p><p>Corr&#237;a 1961 cuando un meteor&#243;logo llamado Edward Lorenz estaba modelando un programa para el ej&#233;rcito de los Estados Unidos. Buscaba algo aburrido y predecible: pronosticar el clima. Lo que encontr&#243;, sin propon&#233;rselo, termin&#243; cambiando la forma en que entendemos el mundo.</p><p>Lorenz descubri&#243; que <strong>m&#237;nimas variaciones iniciales en una sola variable generaban, m&#225;s adelante, patrones absolutamente distintos a los esperados</strong>. No solo eso: esas peque&#241;as divergencias parec&#237;an reforzarse a s&#237; mismas hasta producir resultados ca&#243;ticos, imposibles de predecir. A este fen&#243;meno lo bautiz&#243; con una imagen que se volvi&#243; c&#233;lebre: bajo ciertas condiciones, una mariposa aleteando en China podr&#237;a, eventualmente, terminar desatando un tornado en Estados Unidos.</p><p>Suena a poes&#237;a. Pero no lo es. Es la descripci&#243;n m&#225;s precisa que tenemos del mundo econ&#243;mico y empresarial en el que vivimos hoy. </p><h2>Una lecci&#243;n inesperada: Too-Big-to-Fail Vs Too-Connected-to-Fail. </h2><p>En mi tesis doctoral en la Universidad de Lancaster, en Reino Unido, investigu&#233; los efectos mariposa en la econom&#237;a global. Me preguntaba c&#243;mo un nodo espec&#237;fico dentro de la enorme red de producci&#243;n mundial &#8212;decenas de industrias, en decenas de pa&#237;ses&#8212; pod&#237;a terminar contagiando una crisis a una velocidad endemoniada, incluso a industrias que aparentemente no ten&#237;an nada que ver con la primera afectada.</p><p>Constru&#237; una matriz que bautic&#233; el <em>International Trade Network</em>: m&#225;s de 42 pa&#237;ses, m&#225;s de 35 industrias en cada uno, y todas sus interconexiones de compra y venta. Millones de iteraciones posibles. Y mi conclusi&#243;n m&#225;s importante fue contraintuitiva, pero hoy la veo confirmada cada vez que abro las noticias:</p><blockquote><p>El nivel de contagio que genera una industria no depende de qu&#233; tan <strong>grande</strong> es, sino de qu&#233; tan <strong>conectada y central</strong> es dentro de la red.</p></blockquote><p>Una industria peque&#241;a, pero muy conectada, es m&#225;s peligrosa &#8212;y m&#225;s vulnerable&#8212; que una gigante pero aislada. Por eso mi recomendaci&#243;n a los hacedores de pol&#237;tica fue dejar de obsesionarse con el <em>Too-Big-To-Fail</em> y empezar a mirar el <strong>Too-Connected-To-Fail</strong>. E incluso llegue a analizar el concepto del Too-Central-to-Fail. </p><h2>Vivimos en sistemas complejos, no en relojes</h2><p>Aqu&#237; est&#225; el problema de fondo, y es un problema que nos cuesta aceptar.</p><p>Como empresarios, l&#237;deres y tomadores de decisiones, estamos cableados para ver el mundo de forma lineal. Buscamos causas y efectos prolijos. Nuestro primer instinto frente a un problema es saltar a la soluci&#243;n: la l&#243;gica, la experiencia, el experto, lo que ya funcion&#243; antes. Tratamos al mundo como si fuera un reloj -un mecanismo que, si lo desarmas, entiendes y predices.</p><p>Pero el mundo no es un reloj. Es un <strong>sistema complejo adaptativo</strong>: una enorme cantidad de elementos interconectados que interact&#250;an constantemente, generando <em>feedback loops</em> y propiedades emergentes. Nunca est&#225; en equilibrio. El cambio es la norma, no la excepci&#243;n. Y por culpa de esas propiedades emergentes, <strong>es literalmente imposible hacer predicciones exactas</strong>.</p><p>Esa es la mala noticia. Pero -y aqu&#237; viene lo importante- no todo est&#225; perdido. Porque aunque no podamos <em>predecir</em>, los sistemas complejos est&#225;n <strong>llenos de patrones</strong>. Y si dejamos de pelearnos con el caos y aprendemos a leer esos patrones, podemos navegarlo. Incluso aprovecharlo.</p><h2>Del shock a la acci&#243;n&#8230; y Strategic Doing. </h2><p>Si no podemos predecir el futuro, entonces planificarlo a cinco a&#241;os con un documento de 80 p&#225;ginas es, con cari&#241;o, una p&#233;rdida de tiempo. El mapa que dibujamos hoy queda obsoleto al primer aleteo.</p><p>Lo que necesitamos no es un mejor plan. Necesitamos una mejor <strong>capacidad de adaptaci&#243;n</strong>. Y esa es, exactamente, la apuesta que hacemos en <strong>Strategic Doing</strong>, la metodolog&#237;a creada por Ed Morrison y Scott Hutcheson. La idea central es tan simple como liberadora: en entornos complejos no se planifica el camino hacia adelante, se <em>hace</em> el camino hacia adelante. A trav&#233;s de la colaboraci&#243;n, de buenas preguntas (<em>framing questions</em>), de recombinar los activos que ya tenemos (en lugar de obsesionarnos con los que no tenemos), de pilotear ideas peque&#241;as y r&#225;pidas, y de sostener una <strong>cadencia</strong> que mantenga el movimiento. (Todos estos conceptos los iremos abordando, uno a uno en el este blog con ejemplos pr&#225;cticos). </p><p>En lugar de intentar controlar el tornado, construimos organizaciones y equipos lo suficientemente &#225;giles para surfear la ola en lugar de que nos arrastre. Porque las olas grandes -ya lo aprendimos en 2020- no se evitan. O te subes encima, o te revuelcan.</p><h2>&#191;Qu&#233; encontrar&#225;s en este blog&#8230;?</h2><p>The Butterfly Effect va a ser mi espacio para explorar, sin solemnidad pero con rigor, estos temas: <strong>la complejidad, la estrategia adaptativa, la evoluci&#243;n, la competitividad y la colaboraci&#243;n</strong>. Voy a traer ejemplos del mundo real &#8212;empresas, industrias, crisis, oportunidades&#8212;, algo de teor&#237;a de la complejidad aterrizada para que sea &#250;til, y siempre, siempre, una mirada puesta en lo que de verdad importa: pasar del diagn&#243;stico a la acci&#243;n.</p><p>Hay una historia que cuento seguido. La del loco que se levanta a bailar solo en medio de una multitud. Durante unos minutos parece un demente. Hasta que se le suma el primer seguidor. Y entonces deja de ser un loco: se convirti&#243; en l&#237;der de algo. Pocos segundos despu&#233;s, son cuatro. Y al rato, todos bailan.</p><p>Todo proceso de cambio necesita de alguien dispuesto a batir sus alas primero, aunque al inicio parezca que baila solo. Si llegaste hasta ac&#225;, probablemente seas uno de esos locos. Yo tambi&#233;n lo soy. As&#237; que este es mi aleteo inicial, y esta p&#225;gina es mi forma de buscar a los dem&#225;s.</p><p>Nos vamos a encontrar all&#225; afuera.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Fuentes</h3><ul><li><p>Lorenz, E. N. (1963). <em>Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow</em>. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 20(2), 130&#8211;141. (El trabajo seminal sobre caos determinista y sensibilidad a condiciones iniciales.)</p></li><li><p>Prado, J. J. (2016). <em>Essays on the Effects of Clusters and Networks on Industrial Growth During Economic Crises</em>. Tesis doctoral, Lancaster University.</p></li><li><p>Morrison, E., Hutcheson, S., Nilsen, E., Fadden, J., &amp; Franklin, N. (2019). <em>Strategic Doing: Ten Skills for Agile Leadership</em>. Wiley.</p><p></p></li></ul><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>