<script data-pm-proxy="intercept"></script><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Reflections of Venice]]></title><description><![CDATA[Art, history, architecture, and the past reflected in the visible Venice]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kAKp!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4de2ffaf-e56b-482d-a5b4-876512cb7237_1280x1280.png</url><title>Reflections of Venice</title><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2026 05:53:28 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[reflectionsofvenice@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[reflectionsofvenice@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[reflectionsofvenice@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[reflectionsofvenice@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Venice 101 #9: The Lion of St Mark]]></title><description><![CDATA[How the Evangelist&#8217;s winged lion became the emblem of Venice &#8212; and what the famous bocche di leone really were.]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venice-101-9-the-lion-of-st-mark</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venice-101-9-the-lion-of-st-mark</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 10:16:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pOnw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0194ebe-3312-4ded-b44c-9391ada2ca90_7909x3552.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>El Leon de San Marco (El leh-OHN deh san MAR-koh). The winged lion is probably the Venetian symbol that needs the least introduction. It can still be found on public buildings, churches and works of art throughout Venice, as well as across the territories that once belonged to the Republic. Its appearance varies considerably, however, and its Venetian history began many centuries after the religious symbol from which it developed.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong><span>Why a winged lion?</span></strong></p><p><span>The lion belonged to the iconography of St Mark long before Venice adopted it as its own emblem. Christian tradition associated the four living creatures described in the visions of Ezekiel and Revelation with the four Evangelists, and Mark came to be represented by the lion. The creatures of the biblical visions are winged, which also explains the feature that makes St Mark&#8217;s lion immediately recognisable.</span></p><p><span>When Bono of Malamocco and Rustico of Torcello brought the relics believed to be those of St Mark from Alexandria to Venice in 828, the event also had an important political and ecclesiastical background. Aquileia claimed an apostolic tradition according to which Mark had preached there and his disciple Hermagoras had become its first bishop. At the Synod of Mantua in 827, this tradition was used to support Aquileia&#8217;s claims of superiority over Grado, on which the churches of the Venetian lagoon depended.</span></p><p><span>Against this background, the arrival in Venice the following year of the relics attributed to Mark gave the lagoon city a particularly powerful connection with the Evangelist himself. His cult gradually overshadowed that of St Theodore, the earlier patron of Venice, and Mark became closely associated with the identity of the city.</span></p><p><span>The lion did not immediately follow the same path. For centuries Mark continued to be represented principally as a human figure, while the lion retained the religious meaning it possessed elsewhere in Christian art. Maria Pia Pedani points out that a stable connection between the animal and the Venetian state does not appear until well into the thirteenth century. [1]</span></p><p><strong><span>The thirteenth century and the first Venetian lions</span></strong></p><p><span>The change becomes visible around the 1260s. In 1261, during the dogeship of Ranieri Zeno, a new ducal seal shows St Mark handing a standard to the doge, with a tiny winged lion on the banner, probably already in the Venetian form known as </span><em><span>in moeca</span></em><span>. Two official measures for dry goods dated 1262 and 1263 and preserved in the State Archives of Venice show a clearly recognisable haloed lion with a book between its forepaws. Shortly afterwards, the seal of Nicol&#242; Querini, Venetian bailo at Acre in 1263&#8211;64, provides the first representation that Pedani identifies unequivocally as a lion </span><em><span>in moeca</span></em><span>. [1] (leh-OHN een moh-EH-kah)</span></p><p><span>The timing is interesting because these were also decades in which important aspects of Venetian government were being defined more clearly, including the distinction between the doge and the </span><em><span>Comune Veneciarum</span></em><span> and changes in the chancery and administration. The emergence of the lion as a public emblem therefore belongs to the same period in which the political structure of Venice itself was undergoing significant development. [1][2]</span></p><p><span>Among the earliest surviving stone examples is the small relief formerly attached to the bell tower of Sant&#8217;Aponal and now preserved in the Museo Correr. Its dating has been debated, and it belongs to the earliest phase of the Venetian emblem. It is particularly useful for understanding how different the earliest Venetian lions could look from the much more familiar examples of the Renaissance.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhJE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6950bb1-aa45-4dc7-bb93-028fafac4d49_2802x2932.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhJE!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6950bb1-aa45-4dc7-bb93-028fafac4d49_2802x2932.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhJE!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6950bb1-aa45-4dc7-bb93-028fafac4d49_2802x2932.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhJE!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6950bb1-aa45-4dc7-bb93-028fafac4d49_2802x2932.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhJE!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6950bb1-aa45-4dc7-bb93-028fafac4d49_2802x2932.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhJE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6950bb1-aa45-4dc7-bb93-028fafac4d49_2802x2932.jpeg" width="1456" height="1524" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b6950bb1-aa45-4dc7-bb93-028fafac4d49_2802x2932.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1524,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2465535,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/213817556?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6950bb1-aa45-4dc7-bb93-028fafac4d49_2802x2932.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhJE!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6950bb1-aa45-4dc7-bb93-028fafac4d49_2802x2932.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhJE!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6950bb1-aa45-4dc7-bb93-028fafac4d49_2802x2932.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhJE!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6950bb1-aa45-4dc7-bb93-028fafac4d49_2802x2932.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhJE!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6950bb1-aa45-4dc7-bb93-028fafac4d49_2802x2932.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em><span>One of the earliest surviving Venetian lions, originally from Sant&#8217;Aponal and now in the Museo Correr. Its compact frontal form belongs to the type known in Venice as</span></em><span> in moeca.</span></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>The great bronze lion on the column in the Piazzetta enters the documentary record at roughly the same time. We do not know when it was placed there, but a resolution of the Great Council dated 14 May 1293 already ordered work to be carried out on the lion above the column.</span></p><p><span>The sculpture itself has an even stranger history. A multidisciplinary study published in 2025 argues that its original bronze core was made in China during the Tang period and was subsequently transformed into the Venetian lion we see today. Isotopic analysis of the metal supports a connection with ore sources in the Lower Yangzi region. Whatever the sculpture may originally have represented, by the end of the thirteenth century it had been adapted to serve as one of Venice&#8217;s most conspicuous public emblems. [3]</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nfWM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f130c07-9f6b-4a5a-a115-6995ca2ae802_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nfWM!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f130c07-9f6b-4a5a-a115-6995ca2ae802_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nfWM!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f130c07-9f6b-4a5a-a115-6995ca2ae802_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nfWM!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f130c07-9f6b-4a5a-a115-6995ca2ae802_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nfWM!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f130c07-9f6b-4a5a-a115-6995ca2ae802_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nfWM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f130c07-9f6b-4a5a-a115-6995ca2ae802_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3f130c07-9f6b-4a5a-a115-6995ca2ae802_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:6856651,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/213817556?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f130c07-9f6b-4a5a-a115-6995ca2ae802_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nfWM!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f130c07-9f6b-4a5a-a115-6995ca2ae802_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nfWM!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f130c07-9f6b-4a5a-a115-6995ca2ae802_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nfWM!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f130c07-9f6b-4a5a-a115-6995ca2ae802_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nfWM!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f130c07-9f6b-4a5a-a115-6995ca2ae802_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>The bronze Lion of St Mark overlooking the Piazzetta. It was certainly in place by 1293, although the sculpture itself is considerably older and has undergone major alterations over the centuries.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><em><strong><span>In moeca</span></strong></em><strong><span> and other forms</span></strong></p><p><span>There was never a single standard form of St Mark&#8217;s lion. One of the most characteristic Venetian types is the lion </span><em><span>in moeca (een moh-EH-kah)</span></em><span>, shown frontally with its body compressed and its wings arranged around it. Its rounded outline reminded Venetians of a </span><em><span>moeca</span></em><span>, the lagoon crab during its moult, when its shell is still soft. [1]</span></p><p><span>Alongside it were full-bodied lions shown walking or standing, ramping lions, lions emerging from waves and others carrying a banner. These types continued to coexist because they suited different contexts and available spaces. The compact </span><em><span>moeca</span></em><span> worked particularly well on seals, coats of arms and architectural reliefs, while a full-bodied lion offered very different possibilities for large paintings and monumental sculpture.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MDz7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3505bc-310d-4026-a6b0-3a01f0bb66e5_3857x4082.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MDz7!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3505bc-310d-4026-a6b0-3a01f0bb66e5_3857x4082.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MDz7!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3505bc-310d-4026-a6b0-3a01f0bb66e5_3857x4082.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MDz7!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3505bc-310d-4026-a6b0-3a01f0bb66e5_3857x4082.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MDz7!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3505bc-310d-4026-a6b0-3a01f0bb66e5_3857x4082.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MDz7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3505bc-310d-4026-a6b0-3a01f0bb66e5_3857x4082.jpeg" width="1456" height="1541" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4f3505bc-310d-4026-a6b0-3a01f0bb66e5_3857x4082.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1541,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3854781,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/213817556?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3505bc-310d-4026-a6b0-3a01f0bb66e5_3857x4082.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MDz7!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3505bc-310d-4026-a6b0-3a01f0bb66e5_3857x4082.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MDz7!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3505bc-310d-4026-a6b0-3a01f0bb66e5_3857x4082.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MDz7!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3505bc-310d-4026-a6b0-3a01f0bb66e5_3857x4082.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MDz7!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3505bc-310d-4026-a6b0-3a01f0bb66e5_3857x4082.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Different forms of the Marcian lion in the lapidary collection of the Museo Correr. Their variety is a useful reminder that the Republic never used a single fixed model for its emblem.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>The changes in artistic treatment are nevertheless easy to see across the centuries. Medieval examples often retain a strongly heraldic quality, while fifteenth- and sixteenth-century painters increasingly gave the animal volume, movement and a more natural physical presence. The lions painted by Jacobello del Fiore and Donato Bragadin provide particularly good stages in this development.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1FEd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F56c2d276-0dca-4670-bc4d-25516f266127_4032x2521.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1FEd!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F56c2d276-0dca-4670-bc4d-25516f266127_4032x2521.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1FEd!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F56c2d276-0dca-4670-bc4d-25516f266127_4032x2521.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1FEd!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F56c2d276-0dca-4670-bc4d-25516f266127_4032x2521.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1FEd!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F56c2d276-0dca-4670-bc4d-25516f266127_4032x2521.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1FEd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F56c2d276-0dca-4670-bc4d-25516f266127_4032x2521.jpeg" width="4032" height="2521" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/56c2d276-0dca-4670-bc4d-25516f266127_4032x2521.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2521,&quot;width&quot;:4032,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2322882,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/213817556?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1de490f3-456c-4d80-b224-40812890b020_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1FEd!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F56c2d276-0dca-4670-bc4d-25516f266127_4032x2521.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1FEd!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F56c2d276-0dca-4670-bc4d-25516f266127_4032x2521.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1FEd!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F56c2d276-0dca-4670-bc4d-25516f266127_4032x2521.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1FEd!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F56c2d276-0dca-4670-bc4d-25516f266127_4032x2521.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Jacobello del Fiore,</em> Lion of St Mark, <em>1415. The animal has acquired a much stronger physical presence while retaining the formal character of a state emblem.</em></figcaption></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6kq-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e1f64bc-832f-4ea8-ae61-fd35bb9eb547_4032x2431.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6kq-!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e1f64bc-832f-4ea8-ae61-fd35bb9eb547_4032x2431.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6kq-!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e1f64bc-832f-4ea8-ae61-fd35bb9eb547_4032x2431.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6kq-!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e1f64bc-832f-4ea8-ae61-fd35bb9eb547_4032x2431.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6kq-!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e1f64bc-832f-4ea8-ae61-fd35bb9eb547_4032x2431.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6kq-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e1f64bc-832f-4ea8-ae61-fd35bb9eb547_4032x2431.jpeg" width="4032" height="2431" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3e1f64bc-832f-4ea8-ae61-fd35bb9eb547_4032x2431.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2431,&quot;width&quot;:4032,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2427019,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/213817556?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2f50555-7a56-4e76-99da-ed03f3045746_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6kq-!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e1f64bc-832f-4ea8-ae61-fd35bb9eb547_4032x2431.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6kq-!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e1f64bc-832f-4ea8-ae61-fd35bb9eb547_4032x2431.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Donato Bragadin,</em> Lion of St Mark, <em>1459. During the fifteenth century the lion was increasingly treated as a living animal as well as a heraldic image.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>By the time Carpaccio painted his famous </span><em><span>Lion of St Mark</span></em><span> in 1516, the animal could occupy an entire Venetian landscape and function simultaneously as the Evangelist&#8217;s emblem and as an image of the Republic.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pOnw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0194ebe-3312-4ded-b44c-9391ada2ca90_7909x3552.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pOnw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0194ebe-3312-4ded-b44c-9391ada2ca90_7909x3552.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pOnw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0194ebe-3312-4ded-b44c-9391ada2ca90_7909x3552.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pOnw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0194ebe-3312-4ded-b44c-9391ada2ca90_7909x3552.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pOnw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0194ebe-3312-4ded-b44c-9391ada2ca90_7909x3552.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pOnw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0194ebe-3312-4ded-b44c-9391ada2ca90_7909x3552.jpeg" width="1456" height="654" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a0194ebe-3312-4ded-b44c-9391ada2ca90_7909x3552.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:654,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:11424242,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/213817556?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0194ebe-3312-4ded-b44c-9391ada2ca90_7909x3552.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pOnw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0194ebe-3312-4ded-b44c-9391ada2ca90_7909x3552.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pOnw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0194ebe-3312-4ded-b44c-9391ada2ca90_7909x3552.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pOnw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0194ebe-3312-4ded-b44c-9391ada2ca90_7909x3552.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pOnw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0194ebe-3312-4ded-b44c-9391ada2ca90_7909x3552.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Vittore Carpaccio,</em> Lion of St Mark, <em>1516. The lion stands between land and water against a recognisably Venetian setting.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>In a number of these later representations the hind paws rest in the water while the forepaws stand on land, sometimes beside a fortified town. This arrangement became associated with the two territorial dimensions of the Republic, the </span><em><span>Stato da Mar</span></em><span> and the </span><em><span>Stato da Tera</span></em><span>. It became a familiar and effective image particularly after Venice&#8217;s expansion on the Italian mainland during the fifteenth century, although it was never a necessary feature of the Marcian lion and many other forms continued to be used.</span></p><p><strong><span>The book and </span></strong><em><strong><span>Pax tibi Marce</span></strong></em></p><p><span>Another familiar feature is the book, particularly when it bears the words </span><em><span>Pax tibi Marce evangelista meus</span></em><span> &#8212; &#8220;Peace to you, Mark, my Evangelist.&#8221;</span></p><p><span>The phrase became connected in Venice with the legend of the </span><em><span>praedestinatio</span></em><span>. In the version recorded by the doge and chronicler Andrea Dandolo in the fourteenth century, Mark was travelling from Aquileia towards Rome with Hermagoras when bad weather forced their boat to stop in the lagoon. While Mark slept, an angel appeared to him and announced that his body would one day find rest there. Later tradition identified the place with the area of San Francesco della Vigna.</span></p><p><span>The story was a medieval Venetian development of an older hagiographic tradition. Its association with the lagoon became an important part of the way Venice explained its special relationship with its patron saint.</span></p><p><span>The book also gives rise to one of the most persistent stories about the lion. It is often said that an open book represented Venice at peace, while a closed book, sometimes accompanied by a sword, indicated that the Republic was at war. The surviving evidence does not support such a rule.</span></p><p><span>Pedani notes that the earliest Marcian lions normally hold a closed book. The first securely dated example she identifies with an open book is at Torcello and dates from 1349, while the open book became especially widespread from the first half of the sixteenth century onwards. Lions with open books also appear in places such as the Arsenal and Corfu, where any simple relationship with periods of peace becomes difficult to maintain. Books, swords and postures could acquire meanings in particular contexts, but there was no universal Venetian code in which an open book simply meant peace and a closed one war. [1]</span></p><p><span>During the fourteenth century the lion also appeared increasingly on official instruments of the state. In 1329 the silver </span><em><span>soldino</span></em><span> of Francesco Dandolo became the first Venetian coin identified by Pedani as bearing the lion. The gold ducat introduced in 1284 had instead retained the older imagery of St Mark in human form handing the standard to the kneeling doge. [1]</span></p><p><span>As the emblem spread across government buildings and throughout the Venetian territories, its political meaning became increasingly evident. A lion above a city gate, a fortress or the residence of a Venetian rector indicated the authority of the Republic as clearly as it referred to its patron saint.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LV5g!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb31553f9-2367-48ae-b25c-699e0ee3bdf9_5899x3318.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LV5g!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb31553f9-2367-48ae-b25c-699e0ee3bdf9_5899x3318.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LV5g!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb31553f9-2367-48ae-b25c-699e0ee3bdf9_5899x3318.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LV5g!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb31553f9-2367-48ae-b25c-699e0ee3bdf9_5899x3318.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb31553f9-2367-48ae-b25c-699e0ee3bdf9_5899x3318.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LV5g!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb31553f9-2367-48ae-b25c-699e0ee3bdf9_5899x3318.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LV5g!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb31553f9-2367-48ae-b25c-699e0ee3bdf9_5899x3318.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LV5g!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb31553f9-2367-48ae-b25c-699e0ee3bdf9_5899x3318.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>The Lion of St Mark inside the Doge&#8217;s Palace. By the later centuries of the Republic the emblem had become an almost ubiquitous part of the visual language of Venetian government.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><strong><span>The lions that were erased</span></strong></p><p><span>That political meaning also helps explain what happened after the fall of the Republic in 1797. On 29 May the Provisional Municipality of Venice ordered the removal of lions regarded as coats of arms or signs of the former government. Large numbers of Marcian emblems were subsequently removed or chiselled away, and traces of this destruction remain visible on buildings in Venice and in the former Venetian territories.</span></p><p><span>It would be misleading, however, to imagine every damaged lion as the work of a French soldier. In Venice the destruction was also carried out by local craftsmen acting for the new authorities. A team of six stonecutters headed by Benedetto Giraldon obtained a regular contract to remove lions from numerous public sites. The episode is therefore more accurately understood as part of the political iconoclasm of the new regime, carried out under French domination but with Venetian participation as well. [4]</span></p><p><span>The destruction of 1797 also means that the presence of a lion on an old Venetian building does not necessarily prove that the carving itself dates from the Republic. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries new lions were made to replace lost examples or as deliberate revivals of Venetian historical imagery.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QlSR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff84b2f95-b3aa-4846-8f08-a179ea19ff6c_4702x1486.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QlSR!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff84b2f95-b3aa-4846-8f08-a179ea19ff6c_4702x1486.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QlSR!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff84b2f95-b3aa-4846-8f08-a179ea19ff6c_4702x1486.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QlSR!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f84b2f95-b3aa-4846-8f08-a179ea19ff6c_4702x1486.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1486,&quot;width&quot;:4702,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2610365,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/213817556?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07622b2-7aac-4133-84be-92df8d0eb919_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QlSR!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff84b2f95-b3aa-4846-8f08-a179ea19ff6c_4702x1486.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QlSR!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff84b2f95-b3aa-4846-8f08-a179ea19ff6c_4702x1486.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QlSR!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff84b2f95-b3aa-4846-8f08-a179ea19ff6c_4702x1486.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QlSR!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff84b2f95-b3aa-4846-8f08-a179ea19ff6c_4702x1486.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>The remains of a Marcian lion erased after the fall of the Republic. Many such scars are still visible in Venice and across its former territories.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><strong><span>What about the famous </span></strong><em><strong><span>bocche di leone</span></strong></em><strong><span>?</span></strong></p><p><span>Bocche de Leon (BOH-keh deh leh-OHN).  At the Doge&#8217;s Palace the name of the lion is also connected with a very different aspect of Venetian government. Along the loggias, near the offices of various magistracies, stone openings allowed written denunciations of crimes or abuses to be deposited. The paper fell into a box that could be opened from inside the relevant office. The surviving examples at the palace belong to a system documented there from the late sixteenth century. [5]</span></p><p><span>Their later reputation has produced some confusion. Paolo Preto&#8217;s extensive study of secret denunciations challenged the familiar idea that these openings were normally carved as heads of the Lion of St Mark. After examining the surviving examples and the terminology used in Venetian sources, he found that several are better described as grotesque or faun-like masks. The image of Venice covered with stone lions swallowing accusations owes a good deal to the darker picture of the Republic that became popular after its fall. [6]</span></p><p><span>There is a similar problem with the frequent description of every secret denunciation as an anonymous one. A denunciation could be signed while the authorities kept the informant&#8217;s identity secret. Completely anonymous accusations were a separate matter and were treated with considerably greater caution. As a broad rule, those that were taken into consideration concerned what Venetian legislation regarded as &#8220;matters of State&#8221;, although the meaning of that category could become remarkably broad. [6]</span></p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/65ce334c-68c4-4bce-b171-aab88508f27a_2348x2410.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f7317b33-399f-41ed-909a-f8f9aa628b7b_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Openings for secret denunciations, now in the Museo Correr (left) and in Doge&#8217;s Palace (right). Despite the familiar expression bocca di leone, the surviving examples were not necessarily carved as lions; many take the form of grotesque or animal-like masks.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dbac0cd4-2e2f-4bae-bd12-0de91c58a23c_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p><span>Nor was the system confined to the Council of Ten or the State Inquisitors. Secret denunciations were used by a wide range of Venetian courts and magistracies dealing with different areas of public administration and justice. [6]</span></p><p><span>The connection between these openings and St Mark&#8217;s lion is therefore less straightforward than their modern name suggests. By the time they became common, however, the lion itself had already undergone a much longer transformation. From an ancient Christian symbol associated with the Evangelist, it had entered the political language of Venice during the thirteenth century and developed into one of the most widespread signs of the Republic. Its forms changed repeatedly over the following centuries, while remaining recognisable enough to outlive the state that had made it famous.</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Le&#242;n</span></strong><span>  </span><em><span>leh-OHN</span></em></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Le&#242;n de San Marco</span></strong><span>  </span><em><span>leh-OHN deh san MAR-koh</span></em></p></li><li><p><strong><span>in moeca / in mol&#233;ca</span></strong><span>  </span><em><span>een mo-Eh-kah</span></em><span> </span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>andante</span></strong><span> ( means Passant)  </span><em><span>ahn-DAHN-teh</span></em></p></li><li><p><strong>rampante (</strong>means Rampant<strong>) </strong> <em>rahm-PAHN-teh</em></p></li><li><p><strong><span>bocche di leone</span></strong><span>  </span><em><span>BO-keh de leh-OHN</span></em><span> .</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>Bibliography</span></strong></p><p><span>[1] Maria Pia Pedani, &#8220;Il leone di San Marco o san Marco in forma di leone?&#8221;, </span><em><span>Archivio Veneto</span></em><span>, Series V, vol. CLXVI, 2006, pp. 185&#8211;190.</span></p><p><span>[2] Edward Muir, &#8220;Idee, riti, simboli del potere&#8221;, in </span><em><span>Storia di Venezia</span></em><span>, Istituto dell&#8217;Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome, 1995.</span></p><p><span>[3] Gilberto Artioli, Roberto Ciarla, Ivana Angelini, Valentina Cantone, Antonella Gnutti and Massimo Vidale, &#8220;The Chinese identity of St Mark&#8217;s bronze &#8216;Lion&#8217; and its place in the history of medieval Venice&#8221;, </span><em><span>Antiquity</span></em><span>, 2025.</span></p><p><span>[4] Alessandro Marzo Magno, </span><em><span>Venezia. Una storia di mare e di terra</span></em><span>, Laterza, Rome-Bari, 2022, section &#8220;La leontoclastia e il b&#242;colo&#8221;.</span></p><p><span>[5] Museo di Palazzo Ducale, &#8220;Il cortile e le Logge&#8221;, documentation on the surviving </span><em><span>bocche di leone</span></em><span> and the offices of the Venetian magistracies.</span></p><p><span>[6] Antonio Conzato, review of Paolo Preto, </span><em><span>Persona per hora secreta. Accusa e delazione nella Repubblica di Venezia</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>Studi Veneziani</span></em><span>, N.S. LV, 2008, pp. 482&#8211;487.</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Giants’ Staircase at the Doge’s Palace]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ceremony and political imagery in the courtyard of the Doge&#8217;s Palace]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/the-giants-staircase-at-the-doges</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/the-giants-staircase-at-the-doges</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2026 11:16:31 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ax9D!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef21a623-0cd7-4316-a353-ad0f5f702f7c_2725x3236.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef21a623-0cd7-4316-a353-ad0f5f702f7c_2725x3236.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ax9D!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef21a623-0cd7-4316-a353-ad0f5f702f7c_2725x3236.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ax9D!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>The Giants&#8217; Staircase seen from the passage leading into the courtyard of the Doge&#8217;s Palace. Photo by the author.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>The name by which we know the Giants&#8217; Staircase today derives from the two colossal statues of Mars and Neptune placed on its upper landing in the sixteenth century. When Antonio Rizzo designed the staircase at the end of the fifteenth century, those figures did not yet exist. For several decades the staircase fulfilled its functions without the Giants and was also referred to in the sources as the </span><em><span>scalla maiore</span></em><span>. Its origins belong to the reconstruction of the Doge&#8217;s Palace following the fire of 1483 and to a contemporary change in the ceremonial surrounding the election of the doge. [1][2]</span></p><p><span>The fire had severely damaged the eastern wing of the Palace, where the ducal apartments and rooms used by the magistracies were located. The Republic decided to rebuild on the existing site, and Antonio Rizzo, already active at the Palace, assumed a central role in the new project. Documents record him working on the </span><em><span>edificio novo del Palazzo</span></em><span> in December 1484, and in August of the following year he is described as being in charge of the building works. [2] Zanotto, working in the nineteenth century from the documentation then available, reconstructed the same sequence and also attributed the beginning of the great staircase to Rizzo. [4]</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><span>The precise chronology of the staircase has produced different interpretations. Some scholars place the beginning of its construction very early, while others believe that in 1485 an earlier or temporary structure occupied the site. In 1491 a document from the Magistrato al Sal explicitly refers to the continuation of the work entrusted to Rizzo, </span><em><span>&#8220;cussi per le figure come per la scala&#8221;</span></em><span> &#8212; &#8220;both for the figures and for the staircase&#8221; &#8212; showing that the project was still under way. [2][4] The sources and later scholarship differ by a few years over the exact chronology. The connection between the staircase, the reconstruction of the eastern wing and the transformation of ducal ceremonial is much more securely documented.</span></p><p><strong><span>A new setting for the coronation of the doge</span></strong></p><p><span>On 11 November 1485, a few days after the death of Doge Giovanni Mocenigo, the Great Council changed the procedure of the ducal coronation. Until then, the placing of the ducal horn had taken place inside the Palace in a less public ceremony. The new resolution established that the culminating moment of the investiture should take place publicly on the stairs of the Palace. The decree describes the ducal cap as the principal insignia of the dogeship and prescribes that it should be placed on the new prince </span><em><span>super scallas</span></em><span>, after the reading of the </span><em><span>promissione</span></em><span>. [2][5]</span></p><p><span>The new procedure was used for Marco Barbarigo, elected doge later that same month. Pincus considers it unlikely that the monumental marble staircase we know today was already complete in November 1485; Federica Ambrosini likewise considers the use of a temporary structure probable. From 1486, under Agostino Barbarigo, the landing of the new staircase became the established setting for this moment of the investiture. [2][5]</span></p><p><span>The ceremony itself is described in considerable detail. After pronouncing the </span><em><span>promissione</span></em><span>, the new doge received from the youngest ducal councillor a white linen cap, the camauro, known in Venetian as the </span><em><span>veta</span></em><span>. The oldest councillor then placed on his head the ceremonial ducal horn, the </span><em><span>zoia</span></em><span>, decorated with precious stones and normally kept in the treasury of St Mark&#8217;s. The investiture was accompanied by the formula </span><em><span>Accipe coronam Ducatus Venetiarum</span></em><span>. [2][5]</span></p><p><span>The upper landing therefore had a precise function within the ritual of the state. Its size allowed the doge and the officials taking part in the ceremony to gather there, while the courtyard and the surrounding loggias provided several levels from which the event could be witnessed. Pincus considers the staircase and the Arco Foscari together as the creation of a new ceremonial space within the Palace. By the early sixteenth century, she argues, this area had acquired a function that made it a rival to St Mark&#8217;s as a public ceremonial centre. [2]</span></p><p><span>The position of the staircase reinforced this ceremonial role. After entering through the Porta della Carta, one crossed the covered passage between the Basilica and the Palace. At its eastern end, the opening framed the staircase directly ahead. Pincus stresses this visual effect: emerging from the shadow of the passage, the white marble staircase became the natural focus of the visitor&#8217;s gaze. [2] Fontana places this sequence within the broader representative route through the Palace, describing it as a </span><em><span>via triumphalis</span></em><span>. [3]</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HIaH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc61ab8a-9b06-497d-8c82-229f32f4d7c9_3024x4032.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HIaH!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc61ab8a-9b06-497d-8c82-229f32f4d7c9_3024x4032.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HIaH!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, 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stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>The Arco Foscari at left and the Giants&#8217; Staircase at right, showing their relationship within the ceremonial route through the Palace. Photo by the author.</em></figcaption></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IoPR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb537b8-3417-4275-90c8-a0cd7a743ca0_1920x1198.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IoPR!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb537b8-3417-4275-90c8-a0cd7a743ca0_1920x1198.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IoPR!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, 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stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Ground-floor plan of the Doge&#8217;s Palace, based on Francesco Zanotto, Il Palazzo Ducale di Venezia illustrato. The Giants&#8217; Staircase is marked F, the Arco Foscari I, and the Porta della Carta P. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><strong><span>Antonio Rizzo&#8217;s programme</span></strong></p><p><span>The original decoration of the staircase already possessed a complex figurative programme closely connected with ducal dignity and the political culture of late fifteenth-century Venice.</span></p><p><span>The sides of the flight were faced with marbles of different veining and divided by slender pilasters carved in low relief. The ornament included antiquarian motifs, trophies and weapons. At the beginning of the balustrade, two baskets filled with fruit introduced a reference to abundance. The quality of the reliefs varies considerably, indicating the participation of Rizzo&#8217;s workshop and of assistants with differing levels of skill. [1][3]</span></p><p><span>Among the most significant figures are the winged Victories on the lateral pedestals. Some hold attributes associated directly with the doge, including the </span><em><span>cornu ducale</span></em><span>. One of the central objects of the coronation ceremony thus also appeared in the permanent decoration of the staircase. [1]</span></p><p><span>On the side facing the Cortiletto dei Senatori, the inscription </span><em><span>ASTREA DUCE</span></em><span>, &#8220;with Astraea as guide,&#8221; can still be read. The reference belonged to a vocabulary familiar to the humanist culture of the late fifteenth century. Astraea was the virgin of Justice who, according to ancient myth, abandoned the earth at the end of the Golden Age. Virgil&#8217;s Fourth Eclogue foretold the return of the Virgin and the beginning of a new age. Later tradition associated Astraea with the constellation Virgo, positioned between Leo and Libra. [1][6]</span></p><p><span>These references acquired a particular resonance in Venice. The Republic had long associated its own image with Justice. The figure of the Virgin supplied another closely related strand in Venetian political imagery. Andr&#233; Jean and Marc Loechel examine this convergence and place the decoration of the staircase within the wider language through which Venice represented itself. [6] The inscription </span><em><span>ASTREA DUCE</span></em><span> could therefore evoke both good government and the return of a prosperous age.</span></p><p><span>The initials referring to Agostino Barbarigo, carved on the pilasters, also locate the work within his dogeship. Wolters tends to interpret them primarily as a means of dating the construction, following a practice found elsewhere in the Palace. Muraro gives greater weight to the personal and familial character of the programme, relating it closely to the prominence acquired by the Barbarigo family. Jean and Loechel also emphasise the celebratory atmosphere surrounding Agostino Barbarigo and the growing use of references to ancient Rome during these years. [1][6]</span></p><p><span>Pincus places the same phenomenon within a longer development. In her interpretation, the prominence achieved under Agostino Barbarigo represented the culmination of a process already visible earlier in the fifteenth century: the progressive glorification of the doge in his role as head of state. [2] The difference between these readings is useful because the surviving decoration can accommodate both the particular historical circumstances of the Barbarigo dogeship and the longer evolution of ducal imagery.</span></p><p><span>The staircase also preserves details that are easy to overlook. On one of the pilasters facing the Cortiletto dei Senatori, Wolters identifies a head of Alexander the Great clearly inspired by models associated with Verrocchio. [1] Such details belong to the antiquarian vocabulary that was entering the new Palace at the end of the fifteenth century.</span></p><p><strong><span>Mars and Neptune: the sixteenth-century addition</span></strong></p><p><span>Mars and Neptune belong to a much later phase. A document dated 31 July 1554 records the presence in Venice of two large blocks of marble, each about ten Venetian feet long. They had previously been brought in for work on the Palace and remained unused. The government decided to employ them for two colossal figures intended to adorn the ducal residence, and the commission was entrusted to Jacopo Sansovino. [2][4]</span></p><p><span>Archival evidence also records Alessandro Vittoria among the sculptors employed by Sansovino in the execution of the two colossi. Their production extended over the period from 1554 to 1567. [7]</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpWO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F315e1db8-3dc9-4505-94af-ff20e9f9ab46_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpWO!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F315e1db8-3dc9-4505-94af-ff20e9f9ab46_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpWO!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F315e1db8-3dc9-4505-94af-ff20e9f9ab46_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpWO!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F315e1db8-3dc9-4505-94af-ff20e9f9ab46_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpWO!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F315e1db8-3dc9-4505-94af-ff20e9f9ab46_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpWO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F315e1db8-3dc9-4505-94af-ff20e9f9ab46_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/315e1db8-3dc9-4505-94af-ff20e9f9ab46_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5890780,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/213385365?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F315e1db8-3dc9-4505-94af-ff20e9f9ab46_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpWO!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F315e1db8-3dc9-4505-94af-ff20e9f9ab46_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpWO!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F315e1db8-3dc9-4505-94af-ff20e9f9ab46_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpWO!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F315e1db8-3dc9-4505-94af-ff20e9f9ab46_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpWO!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F315e1db8-3dc9-4505-94af-ff20e9f9ab46_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Mars and Neptune on the upper landing. Commissioned from Jacopo Sansovino in 1554, the colossi were installed in 1567; Alessandro Vittoria was among the sculptors involved in their execution. Photo by the author.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Other changes affected this part of the fa&#231;ade during the same period. Pincus, following Rambaldi, associates the insertion of a Lion of St Mark in the frieze above the loggia with the mid-sixteenth century. The lion visible there today is a nineteenth-century replacement by Luigi Borro. [2]</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pw6f!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50b87547-42e9-40bc-8416-48cbaaf9efeb_5899x3318.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pw6f!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50b87547-42e9-40bc-8416-48cbaaf9efeb_5899x3318.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pw6f!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50b87547-42e9-40bc-8416-48cbaaf9efeb_5899x3318.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pw6f!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50b87547-42e9-40bc-8416-48cbaaf9efeb_5899x3318.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pw6f!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50b87547-42e9-40bc-8416-48cbaaf9efeb_5899x3318.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pw6f!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50b87547-42e9-40bc-8416-48cbaaf9efeb_5899x3318.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/50b87547-42e9-40bc-8416-48cbaaf9efeb_5899x3318.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5637791,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/213385365?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50b87547-42e9-40bc-8416-48cbaaf9efeb_5899x3318.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pw6f!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50b87547-42e9-40bc-8416-48cbaaf9efeb_5899x3318.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pw6f!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50b87547-42e9-40bc-8416-48cbaaf9efeb_5899x3318.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pw6f!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50b87547-42e9-40bc-8416-48cbaaf9efeb_5899x3318.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pw6f!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50b87547-42e9-40bc-8416-48cbaaf9efeb_5899x3318.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>The Lion of St Mark above the central arch. The present relief is a nineteenth-century replacement by Luigi Borro. Photo by the author.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>The statues were set in place on the upper landing in January 1567, according to the documentation cited by Pincus; in Venetian dating this corresponds to 1566 </span><em><span>more veneto</span></em><span>. Some modern publications give 1565. The difference does not affect the broader sequence: the two colossi were conceived many decades after work on Rizzo&#8217;s staircase had begun. [2][3]</span></p><p><span>Mars was associated with military power on land, while Neptune represented maritime dominion. Zanotto already interpreted the pair as an image of the Republic&#8217;s power over land and sea. [4] Their use also belongs to a wider sixteenth-century development in Venetian official imagery, when classical divinities were increasingly employed to express qualities of the state. Jean and Loechel discuss this process in relation to the political use of the ancient pantheon and to the work of Sansovino. [6]</span></p><p><span>The addition changed the visual balance of the staircase. Rizzo&#8217;s late-fifteenth-century programme had been closely connected with the doge and his investiture, with Justice occupying a particularly important place. The sixteenth-century colossi gave greater prominence to the territorial and maritime power of the Republic. From this period onward, the two enormous figures also supplied the name by which the staircase is still known.</span></p><p><strong><span>A staircase for the ceremonies of the state</span></strong></p><p><span>The coronation remained the staircase&#8217;s most solemn function, though the space was also used to receive official visitors. Wolters records its use for admirals and generals. He also cites a particularly valuable visual document: in 1599 Cesare Vecellio represented the reception of emissaries from Cadore on the Giants&#8217; Staircase in a painting commemorating the allegiance of Cadore to Venice, preserved in the Palazzo della Magnifica Comunit&#224; at Pieve di Cadore. [1]</span></p><p><span>The courtyard itself should be imagined in a configuration partly different from the one we see today. The woodcut published by Cesare Vecellio in 1590, also studied by Pincus, shows the staircase and the Arco Foscari before the major seventeenth-century regularisation of the courtyard. The Scala Foscara was still present on the western side, before its later demolition. The Renaissance eastern wing already appeared as the richest part of the courtyard. [2] The plans published by Zanotto in the nineteenth century make the spatial relationships within the Palace particularly easy to follow. [4]</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8eoL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff31a8f9e-2e27-4665-a953-385d1b479cca_5340x3228.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8eoL!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff31a8f9e-2e27-4665-a953-385d1b479cca_5340x3228.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8eoL!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff31a8f9e-2e27-4665-a953-385d1b479cca_5340x3228.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8eoL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff31a8f9e-2e27-4665-a953-385d1b479cca_5340x3228.jpeg" width="1456" height="880" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f31a8f9e-2e27-4665-a953-385d1b479cca_5340x3228.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:880,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5607330,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/213385365?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff31a8f9e-2e27-4665-a953-385d1b479cca_5340x3228.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8eoL!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff31a8f9e-2e27-4665-a953-385d1b479cca_5340x3228.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8eoL!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff31a8f9e-2e27-4665-a953-385d1b479cca_5340x3228.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em><span>The courtyard of the Doge&#8217;s Palace, with the Arco Foscari, the two wellheads and the Giants&#8217; Staircase. Photo by the author.</span></em></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>This history also explains a widespread misconception. Marin Falier, executed in 1355, could not have been beheaded on the Giants&#8217; Staircase. Rizzo&#8217;s structure was built more than a century later. Zanotto was already arguing against this version in the nineteenth century, recalling an earlier staircase of the Palace on which the execution took place. He also pointed out that the name &#8220;Giants&#8217; Staircase&#8221; itself arose only after the installation of the two colossal statues. [4] Later transformations of the courtyard helped blur the distinction between the different staircases, while the story of Falier acquired an independent life in literature and historical painting.</span></p><p><strong><span>Restoring an exposed structure</span></strong></p><p><span>The staircase has undergone substantial material changes over time. Its open-air position has exposed the marble and reliefs to the weather for more than five centuries. Between 1724 and 1728 an extensive intervention was carried out under the direction of the sculptor Antonio Corradini. The structure was partially dismantled. Numerous steps and parts of the lateral reliefs were remade, while sections of the marble facing were replaced with </span><em><span>breccia medicea</span></em><span>, a stone particularly appreciated during the Baroque period. [1]</span></p><p><span>Further interventions followed in the nineteenth century. Some deteriorated sculptures were replaced with copies, and products intended to consolidate the stone were tested. Distinguishing the surviving fifteenth-century work from later restorations is therefore an integral part of studying the staircase. [1]</span></p><p><span>In 2026, the Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia began a new programme of study and conservation. The investigations concern the deterioration still affecting the stone and aim to assess the effects of materials used in previous restorations alongside current environmental conditions. Microbiological activity is also being examined. Diagnostic analysis and material testing will precede the definition of the conservation treatment. [8]</span></p><p><span>What survives today is the result of successive interventions, from Rizzo&#8217;s late-fifteenth-century staircase to Sansovino&#8217;s colossi and the restorations of later centuries. Its original ceremonial function still explains the scale and position of the structure within the courtyard.</span></p><p><strong><span>Bibliography</span></strong></p><p><span>[1] Wolfgang Wolters, </span><em><span>Il Palazzo Ducale di Venezia. Un percorso storico-artistico</span></em><span>, Cierre Edizioni, 2010, pp. 43&#8211;45.</span></p><p><span>[2] Debra Pincus, </span><em><span>The Arco Foscari: The Building of a Triumphal Gateway in Fifteenth Century Venice</span></em><span>, Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1974, especially pp. 19&#8211;20, 249&#8211;252 and Appendix III.</span></p><p><span>[3] Vincenzo Fontana, &#8220;Il Palazzo Ducale di Venezia nel Rinascimento (1483&#8211;1559). Architettura e decorazione,&#8221; </span><em><span>Quaderni dell&#8217;Istituto di Storia dell&#8217;Architettura</span></em><span>, n.s., nos. 44&#8211;50 (2004&#8211;2007), pp. 137&#8211;144.</span></p><p><span>[4] Francesco Zanotto, </span><em><span>Il Palazzo Ducale di Venezia illustrato</span></em><span>, 2nd ed., vol. I, Venice, G. Antonelli, 1853.</span></p><p><span>[5] Federica Ambrosini, &#8220;Cerimonie, feste, lusso,&#8221; in </span><em><span>Storia di Venezia</span></em><span>, Treccani, 1996.</span></p><p><span>[6] Andr&#233; Jean and Marc Loechel, &#8220;Le rappresentazioni della comunit&#224;,&#8221; in </span><em><span>Storia di Venezia</span></em><span>, Treccani, 1996.</span></p><p><span>[7] Luca Annibali, &#8220;Vittoria, Alessandro,&#8221; </span><em><span>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</span></em><span>, vol. 99, Treccani, 2020.</span></p><p><span>[8] Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia, &#8220;La Scala dei Giganti: un nuovo progetto di restauro,&#8221; Palazzo Ducale, 2026.</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Venice 101 #8: why Venetian chimneys have that shape]]></title><description><![CDATA[Fire, Venice&#8217;s Great Fear: Have you ever wondered why Venetian chimneys have that shape, and how firefighters operate in a city built on water?]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venice-101-8-why-venetian-chimneys</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venice-101-8-why-venetian-chimneys</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 11:26:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cae6e32b-0e4e-451a-8104-59f5a38154d8_1100x1335.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>For centuries, fire was one of the gravest dangers facing Venice. Buildings stood very close together and contained large quantities of timber, especially in their floors and roof structures. Commercial districts also held combustible goods ranging from textiles to oil. A fire that started in a home or workshop could therefore spread quickly to neighbouring buildings.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><span>The quality of Venetian building techniques has allowed many structures to survive for centuries. Their solidity offered limited protection to timber elements exposed to flames. Fire could travel across roofs and spread along an entire block. Managing hearths and sparks consequently became an important part of the city&#8217;s building culture.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HjMm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1069d93-e780-465d-830c-6fa066743864_1157x1260.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HjMm!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1069d93-e780-465d-830c-6fa066743864_1157x1260.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1069d93-e780-465d-830c-6fa066743864_1157x1260.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HjMm!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1069d93-e780-465d-830c-6fa066743864_1157x1260.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Venice from above. The density of the roofscape helps explain why controlling flames and sparks was a constant concern in the city</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><strong><span>From the hearth to the chimney top</span></strong></p><p><span>In Venetian, the hearth was called the </span><em><span>fogher (foh-GHER)</span></em><span>. The hood that collected the smoke was the </span><em><span>napa (NAh-path)</span></em><span>. The vertical flue was the </span><em><span>cana (KAH-nah)</span></em><span>. The word </span><em><span>camin</span></em><span> (kah-MEEN) could also indicate the part visible above the roof, known in English as the chimney top or chimney pot [2].</span></p><p><span>Venetian chimney tops served two practical purposes: maintaining an effective draught and limiting the escape of </span><em><span>falive</span></em><span>, sparks that were still incandescent. The inverted-bell form became the most characteristic. Box-shaped chimneys also existed, together with forked and swallow-tailed forms.</span></p><p><strong><span>The inverted-bell chimney</span></strong></p><p><span>The inverted-bell chimney is also known as the &#8220;Carpaccio chimney&#8221;. This form appears clearly in the views painted by Vittore Carpaccio, including the </span><em><span>Miracle of the Relic of the True Cross at Rialto</span></em><span>, painted around 1496. These chimneys were very tall and often rose well above the ridge of the roof.</span></p><p><span>The cylindrical flue rose through the centre of a wider casing shaped like an inverted bell. The bell rested on a series of small, spaced corbels. A cover above the flue prevented rain from entering directly.</span></p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9f35d07f-dc3e-4da4-8aab-47c2212a027f_4000x6000.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/11cf02da-9488-483d-a210-b3b38849d712_4282x4158.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/00aadd74-b8f3-4be0-a1af-b54439de6993_3024x4032.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Inverted-bell chimney tops across Venice. Their expanded heads forced smoke to change direction before escaping and helped prevent incandescent sparks from reaching neighbouring roofs.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6f2c0aab-b869-4984-bfe9-c98d7b56d8d8_1456x474.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Auw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9214ba4f-d56c-4fc8-b440-27c281746c45_4326x4068.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Auw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9214ba4f-d56c-4fc8-b440-27c281746c45_4326x4068.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Auw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9214ba4f-d56c-4fc8-b440-27c281746c45_4326x4068.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Auw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9214ba4f-d56c-4fc8-b440-27c281746c45_4326x4068.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Auw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9214ba4f-d56c-4fc8-b440-27c281746c45_4326x4068.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Auw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9214ba4f-d56c-4fc8-b440-27c281746c45_4326x4068.jpeg" width="1456" height="1369" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9214ba4f-d56c-4fc8-b440-27c281746c45_4326x4068.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1369,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4607795,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/212825273?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9214ba4f-d56c-4fc8-b440-27c281746c45_4326x4068.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Auw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9214ba4f-d56c-4fc8-b440-27c281746c45_4326x4068.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Auw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9214ba4f-d56c-4fc8-b440-27c281746c45_4326x4068.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Auw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9214ba4f-d56c-4fc8-b440-27c281746c45_4326x4068.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Auw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9214ba4f-d56c-4fc8-b440-27c281746c45_4326x4068.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Vittore Carpaccio, The Miracle of the Relic of the True Cross at Rialto, c. 1496. The rooftops are crowded with the tall inverted-bell chimney tops that gave this form its modern nickname, the &#8220;Carpaccio chimney&#8221;. Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia, Venice. Public domain.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Smoke rose until it reached the cover, which forced it to change direction. It then passed through the gap between the flue and the bell before escaping through openings set lower down. The route formed an S-shaped reversal, simpler than a true labyrinth [2]. The bend slowed the incandescent particles. Contact with the internal surfaces helped them cool before they emerged.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TXes!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb67d408f-16ce-4b22-b452-aa1f27df897b_4346x3430.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TXes!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb67d408f-16ce-4b22-b452-aa1f27df897b_4346x3430.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TXes!, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb67d408f-16ce-4b22-b452-aa1f27df897b_4346x3430.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TXes!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb67d408f-16ce-4b22-b452-aa1f27df897b_4346x3430.jpeg" width="1456" height="1149" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b67d408f-16ce-4b22-b452-aa1f27df897b_4346x3430.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1149,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4038824,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/212825273?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb67d408f-16ce-4b22-b452-aa1f27df897b_4346x3430.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TXes!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb67d408f-16ce-4b22-b452-aa1f27df897b_4346x3430.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TXes!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb67d408f-16ce-4b22-b452-aa1f27df897b_4346x3430.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TXes!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb67d408f-16ce-4b22-b452-aa1f27df897b_4346x3430.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TXes!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb67d408f-16ce-4b22-b452-aa1f27df897b_4346x3430.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Section through an inverted-bell Venetian chimney. The cover redirects the rising smoke into an S-shaped path. Sparks slow down, strike the internal surfaces and cool before reaching the outlet. Author&#8217;s drawing. Sorry for the low quality</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>The bell therefore acted as a spark arrestor while allowing the smoke to escape. Giulio Lupo notes that this medieval solution was effective and made a significant contribution to the appearance of Venetian palaces [1].</span></p><p><strong><span>The obelisk chimney</span></strong></p><p><span>The obelisk chimney appeared in Venice during the 1560s. One of the earliest documented examples belonged to Palazzo Coccina, now Palazzo Papadopoli. The form was later adopted by other major palaces.</span></p><p><span>These obelisks were functioning chimneys, designed in an architectural style inspired by antiquity. The pyramidal section was hollow. This cavity reduced the weight of the structure and created a chamber in which sparks could lose heat. Smoke escaped at the base of the obelisk through the gaps between the supports beneath the pyramidal section.</span></p><p><span>Vincenzo Scamozzi considered this solution particularly efficient. In his treatise </span><em><span>L&#8217;idea dell&#8217;architettura universale</span></em><span>, published in 1615, he described it as the best form for releasing smoke. Some Venetian examples reached a height of seven or eight metres. Their construction had almost entirely ceased by the beginning of the eighteenth century. Lupo also links their disappearance to the danger of lightning, which could be attracted by the metal finials placed at their summit [1].</span></p><p><span>A popular belief later developed that obelisk chimneys were reserved for families that had produced a Captain General of the Sea, or </span><em><span>capitano generale da mar</span></em><span>. Giulio Lupo points out that this tradition has no documentary basis. It may have originated with the Mocenigo palaces at San Samuele and their connection with Alvise Leonardo Mocenigo, who held that naval command. The presence of the same chimneys on palaces belonging to families with no connection to naval command rules out any such restriction. The obelisks performed a practical function as chimneys and formed part of the architectural composition of the building [1].</span></p><p><span>Palazzo Coccina, now Palazzo Papadopoli, provides one of the clearest counterexamples to this belief. The Coccina family were textile merchants. The Minelli were shopkeepers and food merchants, while the Belloni were jurists and merchants. Palazzo Balbi presents a less conclusive case. The Balbi family tree included Pietro Balbi, who became Captain General of the Sea in 1510, although he belonged to a different branch of the family and no direct connection between him and the palace chimneys has been established. Obelisk chimneys were therefore never an exclusive badge of naval command [1].</span></p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5be0fd55-2529-49f7-8e41-c6cd35a9b2a7_4282x4226.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7f0eb1e9-02ea-4470-b9da-318bb85a0b5d_6000x3301.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;On the left: The obelisk chimneys of Palazzo Coccina, now Palazzo Papadopoli. The sixteenth-century patrons were textile merchants, making the palace a clear counterexample to the later naval-command legend. On the right: Palazzo Papadopoli and Palazzo Balbi aligned along the Grand Canal, seen from a vaporetto. Their obelisks were monumental chimney tops integrated into the architecture of the palaces.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/22976ba9-d164-4754-ac5b-3aceac1d5234_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p><strong><span>Glass furnaces and the move to Murano</span></strong></p><p><span>Fire prevention also influenced the distribution of manufacturing activities. Glassmaking had already been practised in Venice for centuries when, in 1291, the Republic ordered production to be transferred to Murano [3].</span></p><p><span>The furnaces required a continuous fire and very high temperatures. Concentrating them on Murano moved this activity away from the most densely built areas of Venice. The decision of 1291 contributed to Murano&#8217;s development as a major glassmaking centre.</span></p><p><strong><span>Some documented fires</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>Rialto, 10 January 1514</span></strong></p><p><span>The fire almost completely destroyed the city&#8217;s main market. The area contained workshops and warehouses built largely from timber, with large quantities of goods stored inside. According to the reconstruction studied by Stefano Zaggia, a spark fell from a container of burning oil used for warmth and reached combustible material nearby [4].</span></p><p><span>Reconstruction was entrusted to Antonio Abbondi, known as Scarpagnino. The new work retained the market&#8217;s general layout and replaced many timber structures with masonry buildings [5].</span></p><p><strong><span>The Doge&#8217;s Palace, 20 December 1577</span></strong></p><p><span>The Doge&#8217;s Palace had already suffered a serious fire in 1574. Three years later, another fire started in the chimneys of the apartments occupied by the ducal equerries and guards beneath the Hall of the Scrutiny.</span></p><p><span>Drawing on the </span><em><span>Cerimoniale</span></em><span> and contemporary chronicles, Francesco Zanotto records that an excessive fire had been lit in chimneys containing old soot. The flames reached the roof and devastated the Hall of the Scrutiny and the Hall of the Great Council. The heat melted the lead sheets covering the roof. Entire cycles of paintings were lost [6]. The reconstruction preserved the building&#8217;s overall structure and produced much of the decoration visible today [7].</span></p><p><strong><span>The oil stores, 28 November 1789</span></strong></p><p><span>A major fire struck the oil stores in the area of the Ghetto and San Marcuola. Francesco Guardi depicted it in a painting made that same year, now held by the Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia. The work provides visual evidence of the extent reached by the flames [8].</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ys-x!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F788bfaf5-51dd-4d99-8da7-015389f56e2f_3838x2688.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ys-x!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F788bfaf5-51dd-4d99-8da7-015389f56e2f_3838x2688.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ys-x!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F788bfaf5-51dd-4d99-8da7-015389f56e2f_3838x2688.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ys-x!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F788bfaf5-51dd-4d99-8da7-015389f56e2f_3838x2688.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ys-x!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F788bfaf5-51dd-4d99-8da7-015389f56e2f_3838x2688.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ys-x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F788bfaf5-51dd-4d99-8da7-015389f56e2f_3838x2688.jpeg" width="1456" height="1020" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/788bfaf5-51dd-4d99-8da7-015389f56e2f_3838x2688.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1020,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3005781,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/212825273?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F788bfaf5-51dd-4d99-8da7-015389f56e2f_3838x2688.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ys-x!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F788bfaf5-51dd-4d99-8da7-015389f56e2f_3838x2688.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ys-x!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F788bfaf5-51dd-4d99-8da7-015389f56e2f_3838x2688.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ys-x!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F788bfaf5-51dd-4d99-8da7-015389f56e2f_3838x2688.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ys-x!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F788bfaf5-51dd-4d99-8da7-015389f56e2f_3838x2688.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Francesco Guardi, The Fire in the Oil Stores at San Marcuola, 1789. The painting records one of Venice&#8217;s most dramatic urban fires. Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia, Venice. Public domain.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><strong><span>Teatro La Fenice, 1836 and 1996</span></strong></p><p><span>The risk of fire was already addressed in the 1789 competition notice for the construction of the theatre. The document required designers to pay particular attention to the safety of a building rich in combustible materials and illuminated by open-flame systems. The theatre was destroyed by fire on the night of 13 December 1836 and reopened on 26 December 1837 [9].</span></p><p><span>On 29 January 1996, arson destroyed the theatre again. The courts established the responsibility of two electricians working on its restoration. They intended to start a limited fire to explain delays in the project and avoid a contractual penalty. The flames escaped their control and spread through the entire building [10].</span></p><p><span>The name </span><em><span>La Fenice</span></em><span> predates both fires. It already appeared in the competition notice for the construction of the theatre published in 1789.</span></p><p><strong><span>Fire in Venetian place names</span></strong></p><p><span>The chronicles devote more attention to fires that struck major public buildings or commercial complexes. Flames also affected residential areas, reaching homes and workshops.</span></p><p><span>Place names preserve traces of these events in several parts of the city. The term </span><em><span>Brus&#224;</span></em><span> occurs in names such as </span><em><span>Calle del Brus&#224;</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>Corte Brus&#224;</span></em><span>. In Venetian, </span><em><span>brus&#224;</span></em><span> means &#8220;burnt&#8221;. These names preserve the memory of places marked by fire and rebuilt over time; their presence in different parts of Venice prevents them all from being linked to a single fire [11].</span></p><p><strong><span>Fire protection today</span></strong></p><p><span>In the historic centre, firefighters mainly reach fires by water. To travel along the Grand Canal and through the network of smaller canals, they use fast, compact response launches capable of carrying crews and equipment close to the buildings. Larger firefighting vessels, equipped with pumps and water cannons, operate in the lagoon and port areas [13].</span></p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/88385029-327a-486d-9a18-44e01b500017_2048x1367.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/44898ca8-ff7a-4beb-897c-c1e43573e78e_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;On the left A high-speed fire-service launch crossing the Grand Canal. These compact response boats carry crews and equipment rapidly through Venice&#8217;s waterways. On the right VF 1171, a larger firefighting vessel equipped with pumps and water cannons for operations in Venice&#8217;s broader waterways, lagoon and port areas.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/28df9e4c-15c2-4969-9449-6979d078ed1f_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p><span>The Dorsoduro fire station stands in Calle Larga Foscari. On the Rio di Ca&#8217; Foscari, a series of arches contains the </span><em><span>cavane</span></em><span>, the covered water garages from which boats depart for emergencies in the historic centre [12].</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SwCh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70cc16bd-e5c4-4dc7-8373-20ae3665e0c4_2862x1223.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SwCh!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70cc16bd-e5c4-4dc7-8373-20ae3665e0c4_2862x1223.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SwCh!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70cc16bd-e5c4-4dc7-8373-20ae3665e0c4_2862x1223.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SwCh!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70cc16bd-e5c4-4dc7-8373-20ae3665e0c4_2862x1223.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SwCh!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70cc16bd-e5c4-4dc7-8373-20ae3665e0c4_2862x1223.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SwCh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70cc16bd-e5c4-4dc7-8373-20ae3665e0c4_2862x1223.jpeg" width="1456" height="622" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70cc16bd-e5c4-4dc7-8373-20ae3665e0c4_2862x1223.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SwCh!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70cc16bd-e5c4-4dc7-8373-20ae3665e0c4_2862x1223.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SwCh!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70cc16bd-e5c4-4dc7-8373-20ae3665e0c4_2862x1223.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SwCh!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70cc16bd-e5c4-4dc7-8373-20ae3665e0c4_2862x1223.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>The water entrances of the Venice fire station on the Rio di Ca&#8217; Foscari. The cavane, or covered water garages, allow response boats to depart directly into the city&#8217;s canal network.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Waterborne mobility is supported by a dedicated firefighting network installed beneath the city&#8217;s paving. Ground hydrants, now visible in many </span><em><span>calli</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>campi</span></em><span>, give crews rapid access to water even in places that only the smaller boats can reach [14].</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rl4i!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45fe6059-bd80-479f-99cd-eea58ab6dce8_2555x1130.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rl4i!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45fe6059-bd80-479f-99cd-eea58ab6dce8_2555x1130.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rl4i!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45fe6059-bd80-479f-99cd-eea58ab6dce8_2555x1130.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rl4i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45fe6059-bd80-479f-99cd-eea58ab6dce8_2555x1130.jpeg" width="1456" height="644" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45fe6059-bd80-479f-99cd-eea58ab6dce8_2555x1130.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rl4i!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45fe6059-bd80-479f-99cd-eea58ab6dce8_2555x1130.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>A ground hydrant connected to Venice&#8217;s dedicated firefighting water network. These hydrants give crews access to water in places that can be reached only by the smaller response boats.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>In the historic centre and on the islands, wood- or pellet-burning fireplaces cannot be used to heat homes [15]. Many historic chimney tops have therefore lost their original function. The forms that remain on the roofs still document the solutions developed to control smoke and reduce the escape of sparks.</span></p><p><strong><span>Sources</span></strong></p><p><span>[1] Giulio Lupo, &#8220;La forma &#8216;all&#8217;antica&#8217; del comignolo veneziano: l&#8217;obelisco&#8221;, </span><em><span>ArcHistoR</span></em><span>, 2016.</span></p><p><span>[2] Associazione Arzan&#224;, &#8220;Camini&#8221;.  Conoscere Venezia, &#8220;Camini (o fumaioli o comignoli)&#8221;.</span></p><p><span>[3] Museo del Vetro di Murano, </span><em><span>Schede di sala</span></em><span>, section on the history of Venetian glass</span></p><p><span>[4] Stefano Zaggia, &#8220;Incendi di palazzi pubblici e case private a Venezia nel Rinascimento: dalla distruzione ai processi di ricostruzione&#8221;.</span></p><p><span>[5] Comune di Venezia, &#8220;Il Mercato di Rialto, la ricostruzione dopo l&#8217;incendio&#8221;.</span></p><p><span>[6] Francesco Zanotto, </span><em><span>Il Palazzo Ducale di Venezia illustrato</span></em><span>, second edition, vol. I, Venice, G. Antonelli, 1853, pp. 128&#8211;129.</span></p><p><span>[7] Palazzo Ducale, Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia, </span></p><p><span>[8] Catalogo generale dei Beni Culturali, Francesco Guardi, </span><em><span>Incendio dei depositi degli olii a San Marcuola</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>[9] Teatro La Fenice, &#8220;La Fenice &amp; il Teatro Malibran: un viaggio attraverso i secoli&#8221;.</span></p><p><span>[10] ANSA, &#8220;Trent&#8217;anni fa il rogo della Fenice, notte di paura per Venezia&#8221;, 29 January 2026.</span></p><p><span>[11] Giuseppe Tassini, </span><em><span>Curiosit&#224; veneziane ovvero origini delle denominazioni stradali di Venezia</span></em><span>, second edition, Venice, Grimaldo, 1872.</span></p><p><span>[12] Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco, Comando di Venezia, &#8220;Storia&#8221;.</span></p><p><span>[13] Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco, &#8220;Consegnati due nuovi mezzi al comando di Venezia&#8221;, 2021.</span></p><p><span>[14] Comune di Venezia, &#8220;Rete idrica antincendio di Venezia e Burano&#8221;, updated 9 May 2025.</span></p><p><span>[15] Comune di Venezia, &#8220;Utilizzo di impianti a biomassa legnosa (stufe/caminetti)&#8221;.<br></span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Between Bricole e Nuvole: The Light of the Lagoon]]></title><description><![CDATA[Between Channel Markers and Clouds: Jonathan Shimony&#8217;s paintings at Palazzo Da Mula, Murano]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/between-bricole-e-nuvole-the-light</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/between-bricole-e-nuvole-the-light</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 23 Aug 2026 12:45:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yvEo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a528ca1-dbe6-4769-b37d-2fdad705d759_3612x2973.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Walking through Murano along the Canale degli Angeli, you come across Palazzo Da Mula. Its fa&#231;ade retains the forms of Venetian Gothic architecture. The palace once served as a patrician retreat and today houses the Centro della Civilt&#224; Lagunare and other cultural activities.</span></p><p><span>Yesterday, I visited </span><em><span>Tra Bricole e Nuvole</span></em><span> (</span><em><span>Between Channel Markers and Clouds</span></em><span>), an exhibition by Jonathan Shimony devoted to the landscape of the Venetian Lagoon.</span></p><p><span>Jonathan Shimony, born in Boston in 1964, is an American artist. He studied at Harvard, the Tokyo School of Art and the Massachusetts College of Art. In 1994, he moved to Paris on a Fulbright Scholarship as artist in residence at the &#201;cole Duperr&#233;. His work spans printmaking, painting and sculpture, and his career also includes teaching Fine Arts at three universities in Paris. He has exhibited and received commissions in Europe, the United States and Asia.</span></p><p><span>The titles of the works are given below in their original Italian, followed by an English translation.</span></p><p><span>One of the paintings, </span><em><span>Prima nuotata della stagione</span></em><span> (</span><em><span>First Swim of the Season</span></em><span>), stood on an easel among the artist&#8217;s brushes and paints. Around it were the large fireplace and objects displayed in one of the rooms of the Centro della Civilt&#224; Lagunare.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oxnX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff95c64dc-ce76-4c16-bf59-e83715b72b17_4284x5712.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oxnX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff95c64dc-ce76-4c16-bf59-e83715b72b17_4284x5712.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff95c64dc-ce76-4c16-bf59-e83715b72b17_4284x5712.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oxnX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff95c64dc-ce76-4c16-bf59-e83715b72b17_4284x5712.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oxnX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff95c64dc-ce76-4c16-bf59-e83715b72b17_4284x5712.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oxnX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff95c64dc-ce76-4c16-bf59-e83715b72b17_4284x5712.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Prima nuotata della stagione</em> (<em>First Swim of the Season</em>), displayed on an easel in one of the rooms of Palazzo Da Mula.</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Architecture appears only occasionally in the paintings. There are boats, bricole, animals, water and skies that often occupy much of the composition. They show the lagoon as part of everyday life. Even when human figures are absent, their activities remain visible through the boats, equipment and navigational markers placed in the water.</span></p><p><span>The painting that gives the exhibition its title shows laundry hanging out to dry. In the background, a bricola and an aeroplane can be seen. In Venice and on the islands, it is still common to see laundry hanging outside, overlooking streets or canals.</span></p><p><span>The scene has a playful tone. The laundry occupies almost the entire sky, while the aeroplane crosses the most distant part of the composition. The title </span><em><span>Tra Bricole e Nuvole</span></em><span> (</span><em><span>Between Channel Markers and Clouds</span></em><span>) describes this juxtaposition well.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-arU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18c323b4-f9df-485a-b60d-897b394198d0_4284x3525.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-arU!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18c323b4-f9df-485a-b60d-897b394198d0_4284x3525.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-arU!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18c323b4-f9df-485a-b60d-897b394198d0_4284x3525.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-arU!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18c323b4-f9df-485a-b60d-897b394198d0_4284x3525.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-arU!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18c323b4-f9df-485a-b60d-897b394198d0_4284x3525.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-arU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18c323b4-f9df-485a-b60d-897b394198d0_4284x3525.jpeg" width="1456" height="1198" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/18c323b4-f9df-485a-b60d-897b394198d0_4284x3525.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1198,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4898500,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/212384037?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18c323b4-f9df-485a-b60d-897b394198d0_4284x3525.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-arU!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18c323b4-f9df-485a-b60d-897b394198d0_4284x3525.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-arU!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18c323b4-f9df-485a-b60d-897b394198d0_4284x3525.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-arU!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18c323b4-f9df-485a-b60d-897b394198d0_4284x3525.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-arU!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18c323b4-f9df-485a-b60d-897b394198d0_4284x3525.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Tra Bricole e Nuvole</em> (<em>Between Channel Markers and Clouds</em>). Hanging laundry, a bricola and an aeroplane in flight.</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Venice is often represented through its palaces, churches, squares and bridges. In these paintings, the subject is the lagoon environment that shaped the city&#8217;s origins and development, its settlements, economic activities and forms of transport. The islands and inhabited centres are connected by waterways, and many functions that elsewhere rely on road transport require dedicated boats here.</span></p><p><span>Bricole are part of this system. They are structures made from wooden piles driven into the lagoon bed and used to mark navigable channels. They help boat crews identify routes across waters that can appear uniform. Their presence is so familiar that it often goes unnoticed.</span></p><p><span>In the two small paintings </span><em><span>Le tre bricole mangiate</span></em><span> (</span><em><span>The Three Eaten-Away Channel Markers</span></em><span>) and </span><em><span>Bricola isolata</span></em><span> (</span><em><span>An Isolated Channel Marker</span></em><span>), Shimony concentrates on the shape of the wood and its reflections. In the first, the three worn, irregular bricole continue into the water as fragmented reflections. In the second, a single bricola occupies the foreground, while another marker and the line of the islands remain in the distance.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYLl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34789a68-029e-41bb-93ee-efecc13bab6b_2917x3923.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYLl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34789a68-029e-41bb-93ee-efecc13bab6b_2917x3923.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYLl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34789a68-029e-41bb-93ee-efecc13bab6b_2917x3923.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYLl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34789a68-029e-41bb-93ee-efecc13bab6b_2917x3923.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYLl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34789a68-029e-41bb-93ee-efecc13bab6b_2917x3923.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYLl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34789a68-029e-41bb-93ee-efecc13bab6b_2917x3923.jpeg" width="1456" height="1958" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/34789a68-029e-41bb-93ee-efecc13bab6b_2917x3923.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1958,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2108880,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/212384037?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34789a68-029e-41bb-93ee-efecc13bab6b_2917x3923.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYLl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34789a68-029e-41bb-93ee-efecc13bab6b_2917x3923.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYLl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34789a68-029e-41bb-93ee-efecc13bab6b_2917x3923.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYLl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34789a68-029e-41bb-93ee-efecc13bab6b_2917x3923.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYLl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34789a68-029e-41bb-93ee-efecc13bab6b_2917x3923.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Le tre bricole mangiate</em> (<em>The Three Eaten-Away Channel Markers</em>) and <em>Bricola isolata</em> (<em>An Isolated Channel Marker</em>).</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>The lagoon landscape also includes Porto Marghera. Its large industrial complex played an important part in twentieth-century Venetian history and remains visible from many points across the lagoon.</span></p><p><span>In </span><em><span>Nube a Porto Marghera</span></em><span> (</span><em><span>Cloud over Porto Marghera</span></em><span>), the industrial structures occupy a narrow strip along the lower edge of the painting. Above them stretches a large cloud, rendered in dense brushstrokes and variations of green, blue and yellow. This is one of the works in which I found the effect of light on the landscape particularly successful.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5eaF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fb8864a-701a-44ca-8899-17372fac597c_5712x4284.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5eaF!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fb8864a-701a-44ca-8899-17372fac597c_5712x4284.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5eaF!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fb8864a-701a-44ca-8899-17372fac597c_5712x4284.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5eaF!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fb8864a-701a-44ca-8899-17372fac597c_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5eaF!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fb8864a-701a-44ca-8899-17372fac597c_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5eaF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fb8864a-701a-44ca-8899-17372fac597c_5712x4284.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3fb8864a-701a-44ca-8899-17372fac597c_5712x4284.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:8885983,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/212384037?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fb8864a-701a-44ca-8899-17372fac597c_5712x4284.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5eaF!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fb8864a-701a-44ca-8899-17372fac597c_5712x4284.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5eaF!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fb8864a-701a-44ca-8899-17372fac597c_5712x4284.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5eaF!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fb8864a-701a-44ca-8899-17372fac597c_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5eaF!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fb8864a-701a-44ca-8899-17372fac597c_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Nube a Porto Marghera</em> (<em>Cloud over Porto Marghera</em>).</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>I was particularly interested in the paintings devoted to workboats. These vessels rarely appear in familiar images of Venice, although they perform essential tasks. Goods transport, channel maintenance, construction work and many deliveries must all be carried out on the water.</span></p><p><em><span>Ritorno da San Nicol&#242;</span></em><span> (</span><em><span>Return from San Nicol&#242;</span></em><span>) shows a workboat beneath a broad, luminous sky. In </span><em><span>Sostituzione delle bricole</span></em><span> (</span><em><span>Replacing the Channel Markers</span></em><span>), a boat equipped for the task works on the wooden piles that mark the channels.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fBXz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7746a2-7e86-4b96-b8f5-81e766323817_3292x4778.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fBXz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7746a2-7e86-4b96-b8f5-81e766323817_3292x4778.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fBXz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7746a2-7e86-4b96-b8f5-81e766323817_3292x4778.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fBXz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7746a2-7e86-4b96-b8f5-81e766323817_3292x4778.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fBXz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7746a2-7e86-4b96-b8f5-81e766323817_3292x4778.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fBXz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7746a2-7e86-4b96-b8f5-81e766323817_3292x4778.jpeg" width="1456" height="2113" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6a7746a2-7e86-4b96-b8f5-81e766323817_3292x4778.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2113,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2685187,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/212384037?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7746a2-7e86-4b96-b8f5-81e766323817_3292x4778.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fBXz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7746a2-7e86-4b96-b8f5-81e766323817_3292x4778.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fBXz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7746a2-7e86-4b96-b8f5-81e766323817_3292x4778.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fBXz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7746a2-7e86-4b96-b8f5-81e766323817_3292x4778.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fBXz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7746a2-7e86-4b96-b8f5-81e766323817_3292x4778.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Ritorno da San Nicol&#242;</em> (<em>Return from San Nicol&#242;</em>) and <em>Sostituzione delle bricole</em> (<em>Replacing the Channel Markers</em>).</figcaption></figure></div><p><em><span>Consegna di bombole</span></em><span> (</span><em><span>Gas Cylinder Delivery</span></em><span>) depicts another everyday activity. In Venice and on the islands, goods, fuel, materials and equipment reach their destinations by water. These deliveries are part of the city&#8217;s day-to-day functioning. The painting retains the boat&#8217;s practical character, laden and moving through the lagoon landscape.</span></p><p><span>Another work shows a boat fitted with a large piece of machinery. Its metal structure rises above the deck, but the vessel occupies only the lower part of the painting. Most of the canvas is given over to the sky and clouds.</span></p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2a528ca1-dbe6-4769-b37d-2fdad705d759_3612x2973.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3027fece-1fc2-481c-a739-6f1808fa30ed_3650x3815.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Consegna di bombole (Gas Cylinder Delivery) and a workboat carrying a large piece of machinery&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1a120dd1-1047-4bee-bc2c-90999d46a76a_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p><span>In many of the paintings, the sky occupies more space than the water. The boats, bricole and industrial structures are placed within a relatively low band, while the weather determines the colour and brightness of the scene. Some skies are grey and compact; others allow clear light to reflect on the water.</span></p><p><span>This was the aspect of the exhibition that I appreciated most. In several works, I recognised the changing, diffused light encountered when crossing the lagoon. Shimony also pays attention to ordinary subjects that are rarely represented: hanging laundry, a delivery, the replacement of a bricola or a workboat carrying out a task.</span></p><p><span>Palazzo Da Mula houses the Centro della Civilt&#224; Lagunare, whose displays cover fishing, hunting, glassmaking and everyday life on the islands. The objects preserved in its rooms document activities developed by the inhabitants in relation to the lagoon environment.</span></p><p><span>If you are in Venice over the next few days, there is still time to visit </span><em><span>Tra Bricole e Nuvole</span></em><span> and see the rooms of Palazzo Da Mula. The exhibition remains open until 30 August 2026.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zzIE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10219b82-882c-462e-8c4a-b41456676ded_4032x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zzIE!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10219b82-882c-462e-8c4a-b41456676ded_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zzIE!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10219b82-882c-462e-8c4a-b41456676ded_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zzIE!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10219b82-882c-462e-8c4a-b41456676ded_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zzIE!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10219b82-882c-462e-8c4a-b41456676ded_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zzIE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10219b82-882c-462e-8c4a-b41456676ded_4032x3024.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" 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y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong><span>Image notice</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>All photographs are by Marco Manente. The artworks reproduced are &#169; Jonathan Shimony and are published with the artist&#8217;s permission. Please obtain prior permission from both the photographer and the artist before reproducing or reusing any of these images.</span></strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Chapel of St Teresa at the Scalzi]]></title><description><![CDATA[from the altar to Tiepolo&#8217;s sky]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/the-chapel-of-st-teresa-at-the-scalzi</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/the-chapel-of-st-teresa-at-the-scalzi</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2026 10:32:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Versione italiana&#127470;&#127481; : </span><a href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/la-cappella-di-santa-teresa-agli?r=6rjm6y&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">leggi questo articolo in italiano&#8288;</a></p><p><strong>The photographs may not be used or downloaded by third parties. They are included here by the author solely as illustrations for this article and are not licensed in any way for other uses.</strong></p><p>In the church of Santa Maria di Nazareth, the Scalzi, the Chapel of St Teresa of &#193;vila occupies the large central chapel on the right-hand side of the nave. It is commonly known as the <strong>Ruzzini Chapel</strong>, although its history more precisely involves both the Zen and Ruzzini families and a series of interventions carried out over several decades.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The recent restoration gave me the opportunity to see it from a perspective that is normally inaccessible. To reach the vault, the scaffolding rises in front of the altar, passing within a few steps of the different levels of its decoration: from the altar frontal showing Teresa at a table to the large marble group by Heinrich Meyring; then the roundel of the Trinity, the coat of arms of the Discalced Carmelites, and finally the quadratura by Gerolamo Mengozzi Colonna and the sky painted by Giambattista Tiepolo. From the floor these elements belong to a single whole; passing them one after another makes their scale, distances and relationships much easier to perceive.</p><p><a href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/%25%checkout_url%25%25">Subscribe now</a></p><p>Following the same order also allows the chapel to be described according to the way architecture, sculpture and painting are actually arranged within the space.</p><h2>Teresa and the Scalzi</h2><p>Santa Maria di Nazareth is the Venetian church of the <strong>Discalced Carmelites</strong>. Baldassarre Longhena drew up the design for the new church in 1654; his plan already included the two large central chapels, larger than the smaller side chapels and opening directly onto the nave.[1]</p><p>The dedication to Teresa was central to the reformed order. Teresa of Jesus, born in &#193;vila in 1515, was a leading figure in the reform of the Carmelite Order in the sixteenth century; John of the Cross took part in extending the reform to its male branch. Teresa was canonised by Gregory XV in 1622, and in 1970 Paul VI proclaimed her a Doctor of the Church, the first woman to receive the title.[2]</p><p>She was also a major writer. The <em>Book of Her Life</em>, the <em>Way of Perfection</em> and the <em>Interior Castle</em> belong to the spiritual literature of the sixteenth century, while her prose is also studied by historians of the Spanish language for what it reveals about sixteenth-century Castilian and about the distinctive relationship between Teresa&#8217;s style and spoken language.[3]</p><p>This aspect of her personality already appears at the lowest level of the altar.</p><h2>The altar frontal and the making of the chapel</h2><p>The altar frontal consists of three panels in <strong>marble inlay</strong>. The two side panels show vases of flowers; in the centre Teresa sits at a table, accompanied by books and writing implements. Cristina Scarpa identifies the scene more precisely as the saint on the point of falling into ecstasy.[4]</p><p>The inlay uses different stones almost like a painter&#8217;s palette. Scarpa identifies among the materials yellow Mori marble, Rosso di Francia, white Carrara marble, Belgian black marble, black Varenna marble and a red breccia. Natural veining and variations in colour contribute to the depiction of the figures, objects and drapery.[4]</p><p>Serena Tagliapietra documents the same richness of materials throughout the chapel. The floor contains inlays of <strong>Nero Portoro and Rosso di Verona</strong>; the door frames use <strong>Rosso di Francia and Bardiglio</strong>. The altar combines white Carrara marble with <strong>Rosso di Linguadoca</strong>, also known as Rosso di Francia. Documentary evidence attributes the marble revetments of the chapel to the stonecutter Bortolo.[5]</p><p>The history of the building works can be traced back at least to <strong>29 May 1670</strong>, when a contract already documents the construction of the large chapel dedicated to St Teresa. Work on the foundations is recorded in August 1671. Scarpa also notes the contribution of the <strong>Congregation of Ladies</strong>, composed of Venetian noblewomen whose financial support contributed to the construction of the altar.[4]</p><p>Its definitive arrangement developed later. In <strong>1691 Cattaruzza Zen</strong>, sister of Bartolomeo Zen and wife of Mauro Ruzzini, commissioned <strong>Antonio Gaspari</strong> to produce a new design for the altar. His autograph drawing is preserved at the Museo Correr.[1]</p><p>Andrew Hopkins reconstructs a more complicated history than a simple attribution to a single architect. The basic structure of the church derives from Longhena; Gaspari produced his proposal in 1691; after <strong>Giuseppe Pozzo</strong> returned to Venice in 1695, the project underwent a further transformation. The altarpiece by Francesco del Cairo that had originally been intended for the centre was eventually replaced by the large marble group of St Teresa.[1][6]</p><p>Giuseppe Pozzo was in fact <strong>Jacopo Antonio Pozzo</strong>, who entered the Discalced Carmelites under the name Fra Giuseppe di Sant&#8217;Antonio. He was the younger brother of <strong>Andrea Pozzo</strong>, the Jesuit painter, architect and theorist of perspective, one of the major figures of Roman Baroque illusionistic decoration. Giuseppe spent periods in Rome and developed a language in which Roman experience and northern Italian traditions came together in particularly dynamic and theatrical altar designs.[7] His work at the Scalzi contributed substantially to the transformation of Longhena&#8217;s interior in the final years of the seventeenth century.</p><p>A plan drawn by <strong>Robert de Cotte in 1689</strong>, now preserved at the Biblioth&#232;que nationale de France, records the arrangement of the church immediately before the new phase of work begun by Gaspari.</p><h2>Heinrich Meyring, or Enrico Merengo</h2><p>As the scaffolding rises in front of the altar, the small panel showing Teresa at her table gives way to the group that dominates the chapel.</p><p>Its author was <strong>Heinrich Meyring</strong>, a sculptor from Westphalia who spent much of his career in Venice. His name appears in Venetian sources in several Italianised forms; the one that became most common is <strong>Enrico Merengo</strong>.[8]</p><p>The documentation for the work is unusually precise. On <strong>25 March 1698</strong>, Meyring undertook to execute St Teresa and the angel, both larger than life, together with a putto intended to hold a scroll. The contract required the sculptor to carry out the work according to a design agreed with Father Giuseppe, namely Giuseppe Pozzo. The fee was <strong>500 ducats, including the marble</strong>.[4]</p><p>At a distance of only a few steps, the group is perceived very differently. The figures, already monumental when seen from the floor of the church, acquire a much stronger physical presence; details such as the angel&#8217;s gilded dart, almost lost in the overall view of the altar, become immediately legible. It is also much easier to see how closely the sculpture is integrated into the surrounding architecture.</p><p>The subject is the mystical experience of the <strong>transverberation</strong>, described by Teresa herself in the <em>Book of Her Life</em>: the vision of an angel piercing her heart with a dart. In Meyring&#8217;s sculpture the angel turns towards the saint holding the dart, which from close range appears gilded, while Teresa yields to the ecstatic experience.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/31185d00-c201-4ff2-b9e3-55fe55daf818_1086x1448.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/48e35888-e1c6-4998-8e76-668c8a49b4db_1086x1448.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Left: with Heinrich Meyring&#8217;s (Enrico Merengo&#8217;s) Ecstasy of St Teresa, seen from only a few steps away on the scaffolding. The background of the photograph has been deliberately degraded, as requested, so that details of the work are less clearly visible. Right: at close range with one of the angels in Tiepolo&#8217;s Glory of St Teresa. The background of this photograph has also been deliberately degraded, as requested, to prevent details of the fresco from being reproduced at high quality. Official articles devoted to the recent restoration will be published shortly.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6d1330d7-ef21-4af8-9e42-1913e73aa31f_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>The work occupies the position normally reserved for an altarpiece, and the contract itself links it to Pozzo&#8217;s design. Hopkins also reconstructs the replacement of the previous painted altarpiece with the marble group as a decision that emerged during the transformation of the altar.[1][4][6]</p><p>Its relationship with the chapel directly opposite is significant. The <strong>Chapel of the Holy Family</strong> also contains a large sculptural group by Meyring. Hopkins observes that the placement of the <em>Ecstasy of St Teresa</em> was conceived partly in relation to the facing <strong>Holy Family</strong>, creating a visual correspondence across the nave.[1]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oVYq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oVYq!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oVYq!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oVYq!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oVYq!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oVYq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5229095,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://marcomanente.substack.com/i/211765637?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oVYq!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oVYq!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oVYq!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oVYq!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>Nicol&#242; Bambini on the side walls</h2><p>The two large paintings by <strong>Nicol&#242; Bambini</strong> occupy the side walls and belong to the same programme devoted to the saint.</p><p>The Catalogo generale dei Beni Culturali identifies their subjects as <strong>St Joseph Appears to St Teresa of &#193;vila and Saves Her from a Dangerous Encounter</strong> and <strong>St Teresa of &#193;vila Receives Communion</strong>.[9]</p><p>Their presence shows how thoroughly Teresa already occupied the chapel before Tiepolo worked on the vault: in the altar frontal, in Meyring&#8217;s marble group and in the narrative episodes painted on the walls.</p><h2>The Trinity and the Carmelite coat of arms</h2><p>Above Meyring&#8217;s group, the structure of the altar continues upwards.</p><p>Above the entablature is the <strong>cimasa, or crowning section of the altar</strong>, with a marble roundel depicting the <strong>Trinity</strong>, flanked by angels. Higher still, among the decorative elements, appears the <strong>coat of arms of the Discalced Carmelites</strong>.[10]</p><p>The sequence becomes particularly clear while climbing the scaffolding. After passing Meyring&#8217;s group, one reaches almost the level of the Trinity roundel, then the Carmelite coat of arms; shortly beyond this point the altar itself comes to an end. From the floor this transition is perceived mainly as part of the overall richness of the chapel, while from close range the point at which the real architecture ends and the painted architecture of the vault begins becomes much more evident.</p><h2>Tiepolo and Mengozzi Colonna</h2><p>The vault is occupied by Giambattista Tiepolo&#8217;s <em>Glory of St Teresa</em>. Its chronology is not established by any known contract. The Catalogo generale dei Beni Culturali cautiously dates it to around <strong>1720&#8211;1726</strong>.[9]</p><p>William L. Barcham discusses the problem at some length. He notes that different dates have been proposed and that he himself had previously suggested both around 1722&#8211;23 and around 1725&#8211;27. The question is further complicated by the chronology of <strong>Gerolamo Mengozzi Colonna</strong>, Tiepolo&#8217;s collaborator on the quadratura, who was absent from Venice during part of this period.[11]</p><p>Barcham ultimately proposes <strong>1722</strong>, relating the work to the centenary of Teresa&#8217;s canonisation. He also suggests that it may have been completed in time for the saint&#8217;s feast on <strong>15 October</strong>. This is a reasoned proposal, not a documented date.[11]</p><p>The vault needs to be understood in the context of the joint work of <strong>Tiepolo and Mengozzi</strong>, because the perspectival construction is an essential part of the whole.</p><p>In the opposite chapel, that of the Holy Family, <strong>Louis Dorigny</strong> had already painted a celestial glory on the vault in 1716. Barcham considers it inevitable that Tiepolo had this solution in mind, since it was directly visible from the other chapel, although he and Mengozzi developed it according to different principles.[11]</p><p>Barcham borrows from Martina Frank the description of the painted structure as an <strong>&#8220;illusionistic attic&#8221;</strong>. The phrase is therefore used here indirectly, through Barcham&#8217;s essay.[11]</p><p>Mengozzi constructs a perspectival framework that visually continues the real architecture. Painted marbles, stuccoes and gilding imitate those physically present in the chapel; they are followed by balustrades and figures that seem to possess their own three-dimensional substance. Beyond them, the space opens onto the clouds and Tiepolo&#8217;s celestial scene.</p><p>Barcham draws attention to details that contribute to the continuity of the illusion, such as the legs of angels overlapping the clouds and casting painted shadows upon them. From the floor these transitions are absorbed into the perspectival whole. At scaffolding level, however, the surface of the plaster, the brushstrokes and colour gradations that almost disappear from below become clearly visible, including those in Teresa&#8217;s halo. The short viewing distance also makes several deteriorated areas of the painting much easier to see.</p><p>During the visit I was told that some of this deterioration may date from the period following the 1915 bombing, when the vault was exposed to the elements before subsequent restoration work was carried out.</p><p>For the figure of Teresa and for certain compositional elements, Barcham also identifies an important precedent in the Venetian painting of <strong>Paolo Veronese</strong>, particularly the <em>Triumph of Venice</em> in the Hall of the Great Council in the Doge&#8217;s Palace.[11]</p><p>The <em>Glory</em> belongs to an early phase of Tiepolo&#8217;s work at the Scalzi. In the <strong>first chapel on the left as one enters</strong>, the Chapel of the Crucifix, another fresco by him survives: the <em>Agony of Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane</em>, dated 1732&#8211;33.[9]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHba!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHba!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHba!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHba!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHba!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHba!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5726689,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://marcomanente.substack.com/i/211765637?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHba!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHba!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHba!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHba!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>The restoration and 1915</h2><p>The material history of the vault includes several twentieth-century interventions. A report on a technical visit organised by the Collegio degli Ingegneri di Venezia in April 2026 documents a restoration carried out in <strong>1940</strong>, during which casein colours were used, and another intervention in <strong>1967</strong>, when acrylic resins were applied.[12]</p><p>The recent restoration also had to address these materials. The report describes their removal using gel preparations; by April 2026 the cleaning of the fresco had been completed, and consolidation of the plaster and very limited retouching were to follow. By the second technical visit in June 2026, the cleaning of the chapel&#8217;s marble surfaces had also been completed.[12]</p><p>The <em>Glory of St Teresa</em> is also one of the surviving witnesses to Tiepolo&#8217;s work at the Scalzi. More than twenty years later, Tiepolo and Mengozzi returned to the church to create the great <em>Translation of the Holy House of Loreto</em> on the vault of the nave, executed between 1743 and 1745.[11]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UrAC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67b80537-b1cd-4135-b054-5b4ef43ca0b4_4032x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UrAC!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/67b80537-b1cd-4135-b054-5b4ef43ca0b4_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3085781,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://marcomanente.substack.com/i/211765637?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67b80537-b1cd-4135-b054-5b4ef43ca0b4_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UrAC!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67b80537-b1cd-4135-b054-5b4ef43ca0b4_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UrAC!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67b80537-b1cd-4135-b054-5b4ef43ca0b4_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The present ceiling of the nave of the Scalzi, created by Ettore Tito between 1929 and 1933. It is not a copy of Giambattista Tiepolo&#8217;s ceiling destroyed in the 1915 bombing: Tito chose a new subject, the <em>Glory of the Virgin Triumphant after the Council of Ephesus</em>, and painted the central section on canvas, which was then applied to the ceiling.</figcaption></figure></div><p>On the evening of <strong>24 October 1915</strong>, an Austro-Hungarian bomb struck the church and destroyed that vault. Barcham notes that Tiepolo&#8217;s two earlier chapel ceilings survived.[11]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3BMl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3BMl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3BMl!, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3BMl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg" width="1456" height="2031" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2031,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1745847,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://marcomanente.substack.com/i/211765637?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3BMl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3BMl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3BMl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3BMl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Damage to the church of Santa Maria di Nazareth after the Austrian bombing of 24 October 1915, which destroyed Giambattista Tiepolo&#8217;s great ceiling fresco in the nave. <em>L&#8217;Illustration</em>, no. 3792, 6 November 1915, p. 493. Anonymous author. Public domain.</figcaption></figure></div><p>I am very grateful to <strong>Father Ermanno</strong> for his kindness and for allowing me to see the chapel and the recently completed restoration at close range.</p><h2>Bibliography</h2><p>[1] Andrew Hopkins, &#8220;Momenti critici agli Scalzi. I primi tre disegni architettonici&#8221;, in Giacomo Bettini, Martina Frank (eds.), <em>La chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth e la spiritualit&#224; dei Carmelitani Scalzi a Venezia</em>, Marcianum Press, Venice, 2014, pp. 67&#8211;76.</p><p>[2] Benedict XVI, &#8220;Santa Teresa d&#8217;Avila&#8221;, General Audience, 2 February 2011; Paul VI, <em>Multiformis Sapientia Dei</em>, 27 September 1970.</p><p>[3] Christopher J. Pountain, &#8220;Tradiciones de discurso y Santa Teresa&#8221;, <em>Scriptum Digital</em>, 5, 2016.</p><p>[4] Cristina Scarpa, &#8220;La tecnica del commesso marmoreo. Da Firenze a Venezia&#8221;, <em>Arte Documento</em>, 9, 1995.</p><p>[5] Serena Tagliapietra, &#8220;Sui marmi della chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth a Venezia&#8221;, in Giacomo Bettini, Martina Frank (eds.), <em>La chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth e la spiritualit&#224; dei Carmelitani Scalzi a Venezia</em>, Marcianum Press, Venice, 2014, pp. 151&#8211;158.</p><p>[6] Andrew Hopkins, &#8220;L&#8217;esperienza di Giuseppe Pozzo agli Scalzi di Venezia&#8221;, in Francesco Suomela Girardi (ed.), <em>I disegni di Jacopo Antonio Pozzo: l&#8217;album di Milano</em>, Beni artistici e storici del Trentino, 14, Trento, 2008, pp. 36&#8211;49.</p><p>[7] <em>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</em>, entry on Jacopo Antonio Pozzo.</p><p>[8] Alessandro De Lillo, &#8220;Meyring, Heinrich&#8221;, <em>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</em>, vol. 74, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2010.</p><p>[9] Catalogo generale dei Beni Culturali, records nos. 0500155745, 0500155746, 0500155747 and 0500155680, church of Santa Maria di Nazareth, Venice.</p><p>[10] Carmelitani Scalzi di Venezia, &#8220;La Chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth&#8221;, <em>Giardino Mistico degli Scalzi</em>.</p><p>[11] William L. Barcham, &#8220;Giambattista Tiepolo e Gerolamo Mengozzi Colonna. L&#8217;armonia pittorica a due pennelli e la mistica carmelitana&#8221;, in Giacomo Bettini, Martina Frank (eds.), <em>La chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth e la spiritualit&#224; dei Carmelitani Scalzi a Venezia</em>, Marcianum Press, Venice, 2014, pp. 191&#8211;208.</p><p>[12] Collegio degli Ingegneri della Provincia di Venezia, &#8220;Visita tecnica al restauro della Chiesa degli Scalzi a Venezia&#8221;, 11 April 2026; &#8220;Visita tecnica al restauro della Chiesa degli Scalzi&#8221;, 8 June 2026.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La cappella di Santa Teresa agli Scalzi]]></title><description><![CDATA[Dall&#8217;altare al cielo di Tiepolo]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/la-cappella-di-santa-teresa-agli</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/la-cappella-di-santa-teresa-agli</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2026 10:27:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Le foto non possono essere usate o scaricate da terzi, l&#8217;autore le usa qui come corredo esplicativo ma non sono cedute in alcun modo per usi diversi da questo articolo. </strong></p><p>Nella chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth, gli Scalzi, la cappella di Santa Teresa d&#8217;Avila occupa la grande cappella centrale sul lato destro della navata. &#200; comunemente indicata come <strong>Cappella Ruzzini</strong>, anche se la sua storia intreccia pi&#249; precisamente le famiglie Zen e Ruzzini e una serie di interventi distribuiti nell&#8217;arco di diversi decenni.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4642476,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://marcomanente.substack.com/i/211765637?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s4b9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ad3d792-c90c-4533-ba48-0949d90b79b8_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Il recente restauro mi ha dato la possibilit&#224; di osservarla da una prospettiva normalmente inaccessibile. Per raggiungere la volta il ponteggio sale davanti all&#8217;altare, passando a pochi passi dai diversi livelli della sua decorazione: dal paliotto con Teresa al tavolo al grande gruppo marmoreo di Heinrich Meyring; poi il tondo della Trinit&#224;, lo stemma dei Carmelitani Scalzi e infine la quadratura di Gerolamo Mengozzi Colonna e il cielo di Giambattista Tiepolo. Visti da terra questi elementi appartengono a un unico insieme; attraversarli uno dopo l&#8217;altro permette invece di percepirne molto meglio dimensioni, distanze e rapporti reciproci.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Seguire lo stesso ordine permette di raccontare la cappella rispettando il modo in cui architettura, scultura e pittura sono disposte nello spazio.</p><p><strong>Teresa e gli Scalzi</strong></p><p>Santa Maria di Nazareth &#232; la chiesa veneziana dei <strong>Carmelitani Scalzi</strong>. Baldassarre Longhena elabor&#242; nel 1654 il progetto della nuova chiesa; nella sua pianta erano gi&#224; previste le due grandi cappelle centrali, pi&#249; ampie delle cappelle minori e aperte direttamente sulla navata.[1]</p><p>La dedicazione a Teresa era centrale per l&#8217;ordine riformato. Teresa di Ges&#249;, nata ad Avila nel 1515, fu protagonista della riforma del Carmelo nel XVI secolo; Giovanni della Croce partecip&#242; alla sua estensione al ramo maschile. Teresa fu canonizzata nel 1622 da Gregorio XV e nel 1970 Paolo VI la proclam&#242; Dottore della Chiesa, prima donna a ricevere il titolo.[2]</p><p>Fu anche una scrittrice di grande rilievo. Il <em>Libro della vita</em>, il <em>Cammino di perfezione</em> e il <em>Castello interiore</em> appartengono alla letteratura spirituale del Cinquecento, e la sua prosa costituisce anche un oggetto di studio per gli storici della lingua spagnola, interessati al castigliano del XVI secolo e al particolare rapporto dello stile teresiano con la lingua parlata.[3]</p><p>Questo aspetto della sua personalit&#224; compare gi&#224; nella parte pi&#249; bassa dell&#8217;altare.</p><p><strong>Il paliotto e la formazione della cappella</strong></p><p>Il paliotto &#232; formato da tre pannelli in <strong>commesso marmoreo</strong>. Nei due laterali compaiono vasi di fiori; al centro Teresa &#232; seduta presso un tavolo, accompagnata da libri e dagli strumenti della scrittura. Cristina Scarpa identifica pi&#249; precisamente la scena come la santa in procinto di cadere in estasi.[4]</p><p>Il commesso utilizza pietre differenti come una tavolozza. Scarpa identifica fra i materiali impiegati giallo Mori, Rosso di Francia, bianco di Carrara, nero del Belgio, nero di Varenna e una breccia rossa. Venature e variazioni cromatiche naturali contribuiscono alla costruzione delle figure, degli oggetti e dei panneggi.[4]</p><p>Serena Tagliapietra documenta la stessa ricchezza materiale nell&#8217;intera cappella. Nel pavimento sono presenti rimessi di <strong>Nero Portoro e Rosso di Verona</strong>; nelle intelaiature delle porte compaiono <strong>Rosso di Francia e Bardiglio</strong>. L&#8217;altare associa il marmo bianco di Carrara al <strong>Rosso di Linguadoca</strong>, detto anche Rosso di Francia. I rivestimenti marmorei della cappella sono riferiti dalla documentazione al tagliapietra Bortolo.[5]</p><p>La storia del cantiere risale almeno al <strong>29 maggio 1670</strong>, quando un contratto documenta gi&#224; la costruzione della grande cappella dedicata a Santa Teresa. Nell&#8217;agosto del 1671 sono attestati lavori relativi alle fondazioni. Scarpa ricorda inoltre il contributo della <strong>Congregazione delle Dame</strong>, composta da nobildonne veneziane che parteciparono alla realizzazione dell&#8217;altare.[4]</p><p>L&#8217;assetto definitivo matur&#242; per&#242; pi&#249; tardi. Nel <strong>1691 Cattaruzza Zen</strong>, sorella di Bartolomeo Zen e moglie di Mauro Ruzzini, commission&#242; ad <strong>Antonio Gaspari</strong> un nuovo progetto per l&#8217;altare. Il disegno autografo &#232; conservato al Museo Correr.[1]</p><p>Andrew Hopkins ricostruisce una vicenda pi&#249; complessa di una semplice attribuzione a un singolo architetto. L&#8217;impianto della chiesa deriva da Longhena; Gaspari elabor&#242; la propria proposta nel 1691; dopo il ritorno di <strong>Giuseppe Pozzo</strong> a Venezia nel 1695 il progetto sub&#236; una nuova trasformazione. La pala di Francesco del Cairo prevista al centro venne infine sostituita dal grande gruppo marmoreo di Santa Teresa.[1][6]</p><p>Giuseppe Pozzo era in realt&#224; <strong>Jacopo Antonio Pozzo</strong>, entrato nei Carmelitani Scalzi con il nome di fra Giuseppe di Sant&#8217;Antonio. Era il fratello minore di <strong>Andrea Pozzo</strong>, gesuita, pittore, architetto e teorico della prospettiva, uno dei maggiori protagonisti della decorazione illusionistica barocca romana. Giuseppe soggiorn&#242; pi&#249; volte a Roma e svilupp&#242; un linguaggio nel quale esperienze romane e tradizioni dell&#8217;Italia settentrionale si incontravano in altari particolarmente scenografici e dinamici.[7] Il suo intervento agli Scalzi contribu&#236; in modo sostanziale alla trasformazione dell&#8217;interno longheniano negli ultimi anni del Seicento.</p><p>Un rilievo planimetrico eseguito da <strong>Robert de Cotte nel 1689</strong>, oggi conservato alla Biblioth&#232;que nationale de France, documenta la disposizione della chiesa immediatamente prima della nuova fase progettuale avviata da Gaspari.</p><p><strong>Heinrich Meyring, o Enrico Merengo</strong></p><p>Salendo davanti all&#8217;altare, il piccolo pannello con Teresa al tavolo lascia il posto al gruppo che domina la cappella.</p><p>L&#8217;autore &#232; <strong>Heinrich Meyring</strong>, scultore originario della Vestfalia e attivo a Venezia per gran parte della propria carriera. Il suo nome compare nelle fonti veneziane sotto numerose forme italianizzate; quella divenuta pi&#249; comune &#232; <strong>Enrico Merengo</strong>.[8]</p><p>La documentazione dell&#8217;opera &#232; particolarmente precisa. Il <strong>25 marzo 1698</strong> Meyring si impegn&#242; a realizzare Santa Teresa e l&#8217;angelo, entrambi di dimensioni superiori al naturale, insieme a un putto destinato a sostenere un cartiglio. Il contratto prescriveva che il lavoro fosse eseguito dallo scultore secondo il disegno concordato con padre Giuseppe, cio&#232; Giuseppe Pozzo. Il compenso era di <strong>500 ducati, marmo compreso</strong>.[4]</p><p>Da pochi passi di distanza cambia anche la percezione del gruppo. Le figure, gi&#224; monumentali viste dal pavimento della chiesa, acquistano una presenza fisica molto pi&#249; evidente; particolari come il dardo dorato dell&#8217;angelo, quasi perduti nella visione complessiva dell&#8217;altare, diventano immediatamente leggibili. Si comprende meglio anche quanto strettamente la scultura sia inserita nell&#8217;architettura che la circonda.</p><p>Il soggetto &#232; l&#8217;esperienza mistica della <strong>transverberazione</strong>, descritta dalla stessa Teresa nel <em>Libro della vita</em>: la visione di un angelo che le trafigge il cuore con un dardo. Nella scultura l&#8217;angelo si rivolge verso la santa con il dardo, che osservato da vicino appare dorato, mentre Teresa abbandona il corpo all&#8217;esperienza estatica.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f0c29889-0533-4bb9-8e2f-f6a8281584a6_1086x1448.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/aa815b1a-9abc-4b95-8758-33c6eff6b8c8_1086x1448.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;    A sinistra con la statua di Santa Teresa in estasi di Heinrich Meyring (Enrico Merengo), vista da pochi passi di distanza sul ponteggio. Lo sfondo della fotografia &#232; stato deliberatamente degradato, come richiesto, per rendere meno leggibili i dettagli dell&#8217;opera. A destra, a pochi passi da uno degli angeli della Gloria di Santa Teresa di Tiepolo. Anche in questa fotografia lo sfondo &#232; stato deliberatamente degradato, come richiesto, per evitare che i dettagli dell&#8217;affresco siano riproducibili ad alta qualit&#224;. Saranno presto pubblicati articoli ufficiali dedicati al recente restauro.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bc243854-f945-46a7-9b9c-a8c634096ebe_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>L&#8217;opera occupa il luogo normalmente riservato alla pala d&#8217;altare e il contratto stesso la lega al progetto di Pozzo. Hopkins ricostruisce inoltre la sostituzione della precedente pala dipinta con il gruppo marmoreo come una decisione maturata nel corso della trasformazione dell&#8217;altare.[1][4][6]</p><p>Il rapporto con la cappella posta esattamente di fronte &#232; significativo. Anche la <strong>Cappella della Sacra Famiglia</strong> ospita un grande gruppo di Meyring. Hopkins osserva che la collocazione della <em>Santa Teresa in estasi</em> venne pensata anche in relazione alla <strong>Sacra Famiglia</strong> prospiciente, creando un confronto attraverso la navata.[1]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oVYq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oVYq!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oVYq!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11ccc261-ad64-47f4-bdb8-97e1e9700f15_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Nicol&#242; Bambini sulle pareti</strong></p><p>Le due grandi tele di <strong>Nicol&#242; Bambini</strong> occupano le pareti laterali e appartengono allo stesso programma dedicato alla santa.</p><p>I soggetti sono identificati dal Catalogo generale dei Beni culturali come <strong>San Giuseppe appare a Santa Teresa d&#8217;Avila e la libera da un pericoloso incontro</strong> e <strong>Santa Teresa d&#8217;Avila riceve la comunione</strong>.[9]</p><p>La loro presenza mostra come la figura di Teresa occupasse gi&#224; l&#8217;intero ambiente prima dell&#8217;intervento di Tiepolo: nel paliotto, nel gruppo marmoreo e negli episodi narrativi delle pareti.</p><p><strong>La Trinit&#224; e lo stemma carmelitano</strong></p><p>Superato il gruppo di Meyring, la struttura dell&#8217;altare continua verso l&#8217;alto.</p><p>Sopra l&#8217;epistilio si trova la <strong>cimasa</strong>, al cui centro un tondo marmoreo raffigura la <strong>Trinit&#224;</strong>, affiancata da angeli. Al di sopra compare, fra gli elementi decorativi, lo <strong>stemma dei Carmelitani Scalzi</strong>.[10]</p><p>La sequenza diventa particolarmente chiara percorrendo il ponteggio. Dopo aver superato il gruppo di Meyring ci si trova quasi alla quota del tondo della Trinit&#224;, poi dello stemma carmelitano; poco oltre termina l&#8217;altare vero e proprio. &#200; un passaggio che dal pavimento si percepisce soprattutto come parte della ricchezza complessiva della cappella, mentre da vicino diventa molto evidente il punto in cui finisce l&#8217;architettura reale e inizia quella dipinta sulla volta.</p><p><strong>Tiepolo e Mengozzi Colonna</strong></p><p>Sulla volta si trova la <em>Gloria di Santa Teresa</em> di <strong>Giambattista Tiepolo</strong>. La sua cronologia non &#232; definita da un contratto conosciuto. Il Catalogo generale dei Beni culturali adotta prudentemente una datazione intorno al <strong>1720-1726</strong>.[9]</p><p>William L. Barcham dedica particolare attenzione al problema. Ricorda che nel corso degli studi sono state proposte date differenti e che egli stesso aveva in precedenza oscillato fra il 1722-23 circa e il 1725-27 circa. La questione &#232; complicata anche dalla cronologia di <strong>Gerolamo Mengozzi Colonna</strong>, collaboratore di Tiepolo per la quadratura e assente da Venezia per parte del periodo considerato.[11]</p><p>Barcham propone infine di collocare l&#8217;opera nel <strong>1722</strong>, mettendola in relazione con il centenario della canonizzazione di Teresa. Suggerisce inoltre che possa essere stata terminata per la festa della santa, il <strong>15 ottobre</strong>. &#200; una proposta argomentata, non una data documentata.[11]</p><p>La volta va letta tenendo conto del lavoro congiunto di <strong>Tiepolo e Mengozzi</strong>, perch&#233; il dispositivo prospettico costituisce parte essenziale dell&#8217;opera.</p><p>Nella cappella opposta, quella della Sacra Famiglia, <strong>Louis Dorigny</strong> aveva gi&#224; dipinto nel 1716 una gloria celeste. Barcham ritiene che Tiepolo avesse necessariamente presente quella soluzione, direttamente visibile dall&#8217;altra cappella, pur sviluppandola secondo principi differenti.[11]</p><p>Barcham riprende da Martina Frank la definizione della struttura dipinta come un <strong>&#171;attico illusionistico&#187;</strong>. La citazione &#232; qui utilizzata indirettamente attraverso il saggio di Barcham.[11]</p><p>Mengozzi costruisce una cornice prospettica che continua visivamente l&#8217;architettura reale. Marmi, stucchi e ori dipinti imitano quelli presenti fisicamente nella cappella; seguono balaustre e figure che sembrano possedere una propria consistenza tridimensionale. Oltre questi elementi lo spazio si apre alle nubi e alla scena celeste di Tiepolo.</p><p>Barcham richiama l&#8217;attenzione su alcuni dettagli che contribuiscono alla continuit&#224; dell&#8217;illusione, come le gambe degli angeli che si sovrappongono alle nubi e vi proiettano ombre dipinte. Dal pavimento questi passaggi vengono assorbiti nell&#8217;insieme prospettico. Alla quota del ponteggio diventano invece leggibili la superficie dell&#8217;intonaco, le pennellate e sfumature cromatiche che da terra quasi scompaiono, come quelle dell&#8217;aureola di Teresa. La distanza ravvicinata rende evidenti anche alcune zone deteriorate della pittura.</p><p>&nbsp;Durante la visita mi &#232; stato spiegato che parte di questi deterioramenti potrebbero risalire al periodo successivo al bombardamento del 1915, prima dei successivi interventi di restauro e esposizione ad agenti atmosferici.</p><p>Per la figura di Teresa e per alcuni elementi compositivi Barcham individua inoltre un precedente importante nella pittura veneziana di <strong>Paolo Veronese</strong>, in particolare nel <em>Trionfo di Venezia</em> della Sala del Maggior Consiglio di Palazzo Ducale.[11]</p><p>La <em>Gloria</em> appartiene alla fase giovanile dell&#8217;attivit&#224; di Tiepolo agli Scalzi. Nella <strong>prima cappella a sinistra entrando</strong>, la Cappella del Crocifisso, si conserva un altro suo affresco, l&#8217;<em>Orazione di Cristo nell&#8217;orto di Getsemani</em>, datato 1732-33.[9]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHba!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHba!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHba!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7accec54-c1d8-48cb-ad4b-3d3cbf882f39_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" 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y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Il restauro e il 1915</strong></p><p>La storia materiale della volta comprende diversi interventi novecenteschi. Il resoconto della visita tecnica organizzata dal Collegio degli Ingegneri di Venezia nell&#8217;aprile 2026 documenta un restauro del <strong>1940</strong>, nel quale furono utilizzati colori alla caseina, e un intervento del <strong>1967</strong>, nel quale vennero impiegate resine acriliche.[12]</p><p>Il restauro recente ha affrontato anche questi materiali. Il resoconto riferisce la loro rimozione mediante preparati in gel; nell&#8217;aprile 2026 la fase di pulitura dell&#8217;affresco era terminata e dovevano seguire il consolidamento degli intonaci e ritocchi pittorici dichiarati molto limitati. Alla seconda visita tecnica del giugno 2026 risultava completata anche la pulitura dei marmi della cappella.[12]</p><p>La <em>Gloria di Santa Teresa</em> &#232; anche una delle testimonianze superstiti del lavoro di Tiepolo agli Scalzi. Pi&#249; di vent&#8217;anni dopo questo intervento, Tiepolo e Mengozzi tornarono nella chiesa per il grande <em>Trasporto della Santa Casa</em>, realizzato sulla volta della navata fra il 1743 e il 1745.[11]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UrAC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67b80537-b1cd-4135-b054-5b4ef43ca0b4_4032x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UrAC!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67b80537-b1cd-4135-b054-5b4ef43ca0b4_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UrAC!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67b80537-b1cd-4135-b054-5b4ef43ca0b4_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UrAC!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67b80537-b1cd-4135-b054-5b4ef43ca0b4_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UrAC!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67b80537-b1cd-4135-b054-5b4ef43ca0b4_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Il soffitto attuale della navata degli Scalzi, realizzato da Ettore Tito tra il 1929 e il 1933. Non &#232; una copia del soffitto di Giambattista Tiepolo distrutto nel bombardamento del 1915: Tito scelse un nuovo soggetto, la </strong><em><strong>Gloria di Maria trionfante dopo il Concilio di Efeso</strong></em><strong>, e realizz&#242; la parte centrale su tela applicata al soffitto.</strong></figcaption></figure></div><p>La sera del <strong>24 ottobre 1915</strong> una bomba austro-ungarica colp&#236; la chiesa e distrusse quella volta. Barcham ricorda che i due precedenti soffitti dipinti da Tiepolo nelle cappelle sopravvissero.[11]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3BMl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3BMl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3BMl!, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3BMl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg" width="1456" height="2031" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3BMl!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18a4c69a-2231-42e2-b4d1-671edceeb3ac_1920x2678.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>I danni alla chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth dopo il bombardamento austriaco del 24 ottobre 1915, che distrusse il grande soffitto di Giambattista Tiepolo nella navata. </strong><em><strong>L&#8217;Illustration</strong></em><strong>, n. 3792, 6 novembre 1915, p. 493. Autore anonimo. Pubblico dominio.</strong></figcaption></figure></div><p>Ringrazio <strong>padre Ermanno</strong> per la disponibilit&#224; e per avermi permesso di osservare da vicino la cappella e il restauro appena concluso.</p><p><strong>Bibliografia</strong></p><p>[1] Andrew Hopkins, &#8220;Momenti critici agli Scalzi. I primi tre disegni architettonici&#8221;, in Giacomo Bettini, Martina Frank (a cura di), <em>La chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth e la spiritualit&#224; dei Carmelitani Scalzi a Venezia</em>, Marcianum Press, Venezia, 2014, pp. 67-76.</p><p>[2] Benedetto XVI, &#8220;Santa Teresa d&#8217;Avila&#8221;, Udienza generale, 2 febbraio 2011; Paolo VI, <em>Multiformis Sapientia Dei</em>, 27 settembre 1970.</p><p>[3] Christopher J. Pountain, &#8220;Tradiciones de discurso y Santa Teresa&#8221;, <em>Scriptum Digital</em>, 5, 2016.</p><p>[4] Cristina Scarpa, &#8220;La tecnica del commesso marmoreo. Da Firenze a Venezia&#8221;, <em>Arte Documento</em>, 9, 1995.</p><p>[5] Serena Tagliapietra, &#8220;Sui marmi della chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth a Venezia&#8221;, in Giacomo Bettini, Martina Frank (a cura di), <em>La chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth e la spiritualit&#224; dei Carmelitani Scalzi a Venezia</em>, Marcianum Press, Venezia, 2014, pp. 151-158.</p><p>[6] Andrew Hopkins, &#8220;L&#8217;esperienza di Giuseppe Pozzo agli Scalzi di Venezia&#8221;, in Francesco Suomela Girardi (a cura di), <em>I disegni di Jacopo Antonio Pozzo: l&#8217;album di Milano</em>, Beni artistici e storici del Trentino, 14, Trento, 2008, pp. 36-49.</p><p>[7] <em>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</em>, voce dedicata a Jacopo Antonio Pozzo.</p><p>[8] Alessandro De Lillo, &#8220;Meyring, Heinrich&#8221;, <em>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</em>, vol. 74, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2010.</p><p>[9] Catalogo generale dei Beni Culturali, schede nn. 0500155745, 0500155746, 0500155747 e 0500155680, chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth, Venezia.</p><p>[10] Carmelitani Scalzi di Venezia, &#8220;La Chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth&#8221;, <em>Giardino Mistico degli Scalzi</em>.</p><p>[11] William L. Barcham, &#8220;Giambattista Tiepolo e Gerolamo Mengozzi Colonna. L&#8217;armonia pittorica a due pennelli e la mistica carmelitana&#8221;, in Giacomo Bettini, Martina Frank (a cura di), <em>La chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth e la spiritualit&#224; dei Carmelitani Scalzi a Venezia</em>, Marcianum Press, Venezia, 2014, pp. 191-208.</p><p>[12] Collegio degli Ingegneri della Provincia di Venezia, &#8220;Visita tecnica al restauro della Chiesa degli Scalzi a Venezia&#8221;, 11 aprile 2026; &#8220;Visita tecnica al restauro della Chiesa degli Scalzi&#8221;, 8 giugno 2026.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Venice 101 #7 - Names’ meaning]]></title><description><![CDATA[Trades in Venetian names: the bread stele and the working city]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venice-101-7-names-meaning</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venice-101-7-names-meaning</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 10:16:06 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G2qj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F104d2250-d9af-4f89-aaf3-fa71f5158a9f_2655x3540.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Versione italiana&#127470;&#127481; : </span><a href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venezia-101-parte-7-significati-dei?r=6rjm6y&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">leggi questo articolo in italiano&#8288;</a></p><p><span>In Venice, many place names preserve the memory of a trade, a workshop, an </span><em><span>arte</span></em><span>, or an economic function. A calle, bridge, campiello, fondamenta or sottoportego may point to people who worked in that area, to a </span><em><span>scuola</span></em><span> connected with a trade, to an activity concentrated in one part of the city, or to an older memory that remained in the name after the original context had changed.</span></p><p><span>After </span><em><span>ca&#8217;</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>fontego</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>scuola</span></em><span>, it is worth looking at another part of Venetian vocabulary: </span><em><span>pistor</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>forner</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>calegher</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>saoner</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>remer</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>boter</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>spezier</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>frezer</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>fabbro</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>tintor</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>bareter</span></em><span>. These were ordinary words in historical Venice, but today they often remain visible above all in street names.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><span>A useful starting point is the so-called </span><strong><span>stele del pane</span></strong><span>, the bread stele, in Cannaregio, near the </span><strong><span>Sotoportego Falier</span></strong><span> and the </span><strong><span>Rio dei Santi Apostoli</span></strong><span>. It is an Istrian-stone inscription bearing a decree of the Republic from 1727 against the irregular trade in bread. The text concerned those who made or sold wheat bread outside the authorised system, especially outside the shops of the </span><em><span>pistori</span></em><span>, and it named some of the places where that activity was pursued: &#8220;fabricar o far fabricar, vender o far vender pane di farina di formento [&#8230;] nelle case n&#233; in barche n&#233; per le strade&#8221; [1]. In present-day English: to make or have made, sell or have sold bread made from wheat flour in houses, on boats or in the streets.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-VNn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297f5a30-0420-491a-a35f-55207378fc32_4284x5712.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-VNn!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297f5a30-0420-491a-a35f-55207378fc32_4284x5712.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297f5a30-0420-491a-a35f-55207378fc32_4284x5712.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-VNn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297f5a30-0420-491a-a35f-55207378fc32_4284x5712.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297f5a30-0420-491a-a35f-55207378fc32_4284x5712.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-VNn!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297f5a30-0420-491a-a35f-55207378fc32_4284x5712.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-VNn!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297f5a30-0420-491a-a35f-55207378fc32_4284x5712.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-VNn!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297f5a30-0420-491a-a35f-55207378fc32_4284x5712.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>The decree continued with penalties, fines, arrests, seizure of the bread and heavier sanctions for </span><em><span>forneri</span></em><span>. The stele makes visible a concrete aspect of Venetian administration: even an everyday food such as bread belonged to a system of controls over production, sale and circulation. Part of the text was carved on the side facing the rio, which confirms that the rule also had to be read by those moving by water. In that section the </span><em><span>barcaroli</span></em><span>, the boatmen, appear: &#8220;Li barcaroli che conducessero pane in questa citt&#224;&#8221; [1]. In Venice, calli were routes, but rii were routes too, and a public law could address both forms of movement.</span></p><p><span>The stele is also useful because it names two categories that we would easily confuse today: </span><strong><span>pistori</span></strong><span> and </span><strong><span>forneri</span></strong><span>. In modern Italian one might simply call both of them &#8220;bakers&#8221;, but in the Venice of the Republic the distinction was more precise. Treccani notes that, at the end of the sixteenth century, the </span><strong><span>forneri</span></strong><span> made bread using flour belonging to others for private use, while the </span><strong><span>pistori</span></strong><span> sold bread in the </span><strong><span>pistorie</span></strong><span> spread through the parishes, within a regulated system in which adjustments affected the weight of the bread more than its price [2]. The name of the trade, then, is not just local colour: it points to different functions within a regulated economy.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kd3_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0664d3c4-94da-4804-b940-40ad7251eb64_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kd3_!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0664d3c4-94da-4804-b940-40ad7251eb64_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0664d3c4-94da-4804-b940-40ad7251eb64_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kd3_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0664d3c4-94da-4804-b940-40ad7251eb64_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0664d3c4-94da-4804-b940-40ad7251eb64_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kd3_!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0664d3c4-94da-4804-b940-40ad7251eb64_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Many other trades survived in Venetian place names. A </span><strong><span>Calle del Pistor</span></strong><span> or a </span><strong><span>Fondamenta del Forner</span></strong><span> points to the world of bread. The </span><strong><span>calegheri</span></strong><span> were shoemakers; the </span><strong><span>saoneri</span></strong><span> made soap; the </span><strong><span>remeri</span></strong><span> made oars and other elements connected with navigation; the </span><strong><span>boteri</span></strong><span> were barrel-makers; the </span><strong><span>spezieri</span></strong><span> sold spices, drugs, confectionery or medicinal products, depending on the context [3].</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G2qj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F104d2250-d9af-4f89-aaf3-fa71f5158a9f_2655x3540.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G2qj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F104d2250-d9af-4f89-aaf3-fa71f5158a9f_2655x3540.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G2qj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F104d2250-d9af-4f89-aaf3-fa71f5158a9f_2655x3540.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Some names have a more specific history. The </span><strong><span>Frezzeria</span></strong><span>, or </span><strong><span>Frezzaria</span></strong><span>, near San Marco, preserves the memory of the </span><strong><span>frezeri</span></strong><span>, those who made or sold arrows. Tassini also records the Latin form </span><em><span>vicus sagittarius</span></em><span> [4]. The name connects a central street with the sale of a product and with the military dimension of the city, in a context in which crossbow practice formed part of the obligations of citizens [4][5].</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:6152914,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/211754333?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>The </span><strong><span>Calle dei Fabbri</span></strong><span>, also in the San Marco area, preserves the reference to the </span><em><span>arte dei fabbri</span></em><span>, the smiths&#8217; trade. Tassini connects it with the presence of their school or seat, with spaces used for meetings, officers, archives and confraternity functions [6]. Here the name does not point simply to an isolated workshop, but to an organised presence of the trade in the city.</span></p><p><span>The </span><strong><span>tintori</span></strong><span>, the dyers, offer a different case, because the trade also entered a personal name that became famous. Jacopo Robusti was called </span><strong><span>Tintoretto</span></strong><span> because he was the son of Battista, a silk dyer [7]. In this case the father&#8217;s work remained attached to the name by which we remember one of the great Venetian painters of the sixteenth century. A trade could affect toponymy and also the public identity of a person.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Not all names connected with economic life indicate a trade in the strict sense. The </span><strong><span>Mercerie</span></strong><span>, or </span><em><span>Marzarie</span></em><span> in Venetian, point above all to shops and the trade in goods along the route between Rialto and San Marco. In this case the name describes a broader commercial function, rather than one single craft. The same area also includes the </span><strong><span>Ponte dei Bareteri</span></strong><span>, which preserves the name of the makers and sellers of caps. The term points to a specialised branch of clothing production: the </span><em><span>bareteri</span></em><span> made and sold caps, distinct from the </span><em><span>capeleri</span></em><span>, who were connected with hats [8].</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_LHa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f981ff2-cce3-4376-9b4c-0fcb4971f89f_5443x3628.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_LHa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f981ff2-cce3-4376-9b4c-0fcb4971f89f_5443x3628.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_LHa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f981ff2-cce3-4376-9b4c-0fcb4971f89f_5443x3628.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_LHa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f981ff2-cce3-4376-9b4c-0fcb4971f89f_5443x3628.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_LHa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f981ff2-cce3-4376-9b4c-0fcb4971f89f_5443x3628.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_LHa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f981ff2-cce3-4376-9b4c-0fcb4971f89f_5443x3628.jpeg" width="1456" height="970" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f981ff2-cce3-4376-9b4c-0fcb4971f89f_5443x3628.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_LHa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f981ff2-cce3-4376-9b4c-0fcb4971f89f_5443x3628.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>The Frezzeria, by contrast, remains closer to the vocabulary of trades, because it preserves the reference to a precise product and to the craftsmen or sellers who dealt with it.</span></p><p><span>A case on a very different scale is the </span><strong><span>Arsenale</span></strong><span>. Here we are not dealing with a workshop or a single street of trades, but with a large productive and military complex in which shipbuilding, workshops, storage, docks, specialised labour and skills connected with the construction and maintenance of ships were concentrated. Among the names linked to the Arsenale is the </span><strong><span>Tana</span></strong><span>, connected with the ropeworks. Treccani recalls that the name derives from </span><strong><span>Tanai</span></strong><span>, the ancient name of the Don, near whose mouth the Venetians had commercial settlements from which they obtained the hemp needed for the navy [9]. The Tana was connected with hemp, storage and rope-making. The name still survives today in the </span><strong><span>Rio de la Tana</span></strong><span>, the </span><strong><span>Fondamenta de la Tana</span></strong><span> and the area of the Corderie [9][10].</span></p><p><span>These examples help explain the relationship between </span><strong><span>arte</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>scuola</span></strong><span> and </span><strong><span>bottega</span></strong><span>. The </span><em><span>arte</span></em><span> concerned the organisation of the trade and its professional interests. The </span><em><span>scuola</span></em><span> could look after its religious, charitable and communal aspects. The </span><em><span>bottega</span></em><span> was the concrete place of production, sale and apprenticeship. These realities could overlap: a trade could have statutes, officers, a devotion, an altar, a seat, a </span><em><span>mariegola</span></em><span> and a street that preserved its name.</span></p><p><span>When we read a </span><em><span>nizioleto</span></em><span> bearing the name of a trade, we are meeting a trace of how Venice worked. The name may point to a workshop, an </span><em><span>arte</span></em><span>, a </span><em><span>scuola</span></em><span>, an activity concentrated in one area, a large productive complex such as the Arsenale, or a memory that can no longer be fully reconstructed. It is not necessary to force every name into a single explanation. It is more useful to recognise that the city preserved, in its urban vocabulary, part of its economic and social structure.</span></p><p><span>The Venice of the doges was made of palaces, churches, magistracies, </span><em><span>pistori</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>forneri</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>calegheri</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>saoneri</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>remeri</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>boteri</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>spezieri</span></em><span>, smiths, dyers, arrow-makers, cap-makers, boatmen and workers of the Arsenale. Many of them are still present in the names of its streets.</span></p><p><strong><span>Pronunciation notes</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>pistor</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><strong><span>pees-TOR</span></strong><span><br></span><strong><span>forner</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><strong><span>for-NER</span></strong><span><br></span><strong><span>calegher</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><strong><span>kah-leh-GHEHR</span></strong><span>, with a hard </span><strong><span>g</span></strong><span><br></span><strong><span>saoner</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><strong><span>sah-oh-NER</span></strong><span><br></span><strong><span>remer</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><strong><span>reh-MER</span></strong><span><br></span><strong><span>boter</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><strong><span>boh-TER</span></strong><span><br></span><strong><span>spezier</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><strong><span>speh-zee-ER</span></strong><span><br></span><strong><span>frezer</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><strong><span>freh-ZER</span></strong><span><br></span><strong><span>fabbro</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><strong><span>FAHB-broh (sometimes called FRA-oh)</span></strong><span><br></span><strong><span>tintor</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><strong><span>teen-TOR</span></strong><span><br></span><strong><span>bareter</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><strong><span>bah-reh-TER</span></strong><span><br></span><strong><span>Marzarie</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><strong><span>mahr-zah-REE-eh</span></strong><span><br></span><strong><span>Tana</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><strong><span>TAH-nah</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>Bibliography</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>[1]</span></strong><span> </span><em><span>Bando contro il contrabbando del pane, ai Santi Apostoli nel Sestiere di Cannaregio</span></em><span>, Conoscere Venezia.</span></p><p><strong><span>[2]</span></strong><span> </span><em><span>La societ&#224; veneziana</span></em><span>, in </span><em><span>Storia di Venezia</span></em><span>, Istituto dell&#8217;Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani.</span></p><p><strong><span>[3]</span></strong><span> Giuseppe Tassini, </span><em><span>Curiosit&#224; Veneziane, ovvero Origini delle denominazioni stradali di Venezia</span></em><span>, entries </span><strong><span>Callegheri</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>Saoneri</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>Rem&#232;r</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>Botteri</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>Spezier</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[4]</span></strong><span> Giuseppe Tassini, </span><em><span>Curiosit&#224; Veneziane</span></em><span>, entry </span><strong><span>Frezzar&#236;a</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[5]</span></strong><span> Comune di Venezia, </span><strong><span>Frezzaria</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[6]</span></strong><span> Giuseppe Tassini, </span><em><span>Curiosit&#224; Veneziane</span></em><span>, entry </span><strong><span>Fabbri</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[7]</span></strong><span> Treccani, </span><em><span>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</span></em><span>, entry </span><strong><span>Robusti, Jacopo, detto Tintoretto</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[8]</span></strong><span> Comune di Venezia, </span><strong><span>Baretteri</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[9]</span></strong><span> Treccani, </span><em><span>Enciclopedia Italiana</span></em><span>, entry </span><strong><span>Arsenale</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[10]</span></strong><span> </span><em><span>Rio de la Tana, nel Sestiere di Castello</span></em><span>, Conoscere Venezia.</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Venezia 101 – Parte 7 - Significati dei nomi]]></title><description><![CDATA[Mestieri nei nomi: la stele del pane e la Venezia del lavoro]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venezia-101-parte-7-significati-dei</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venezia-101-parte-7-significati-dei</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 10:12:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G2qj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F104d2250-d9af-4f89-aaf3-fa71f5158a9f_2655x3540.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>A Venezia molti nomi di luoghi conservano la memoria di un mestiere, di una bottega, di un&#8217;arte o di una funzione economica. Una calle, un ponte, un campiello, una fondamenta o un sottoportego possono rimandare a persone che lavoravano in quella zona, a una scuola legata a un mestiere, a un&#8217;attivit&#224; concentrata in un tratto della citt&#224;, oppure a una memoria pi&#249; antica rimasta nel nome quando il contesto originario era gi&#224; cambiato.</span></p><p><span>Dopo </span><em><span>ca&#8217;</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>fontego</span></em><span> e </span><em><span>scuola</span></em><span>, possiamo guardare a un&#8217;altra parte del lessico veneziano: </span><em><span>pistor</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>forner</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>calegher</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>saoner</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>remer</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>boter</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>spezier</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>frezer</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>fabbro</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>tintor</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>bareter</span></em><span>. Sono parole comuni nella Venezia storica, ma oggi spesso restano visibili soprattutto nei nomi delle strade.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><span>Un buon punto di partenza &#232; la cosiddetta </span><strong><span>stele del pane</span></strong><span>, a Cannaregio, presso il </span><strong><span>Sotoportego Falier</span></strong><span>, vicino al </span><strong><span>rio dei Santi Apostoli</span></strong><span>. Si tratta di una lapide in pietra d&#8217;Istria con un bando della Repubblica del 1727 contro il commercio irregolare del pane. Il testo riguardava chi produceva o vendeva pane di frumento fuori dal circuito autorizzato, in particolare fuori dalle botteghe dei pistori, e indicava alcuni dei luoghi nei quali questa attivit&#224; veniva perseguita: &#8220;fabricar o far fabricar, vender o far vender pane di farina di formento [&#8230;] nelle case n&#233; in barche n&#233; per le strade&#8221; [1]. In italiano corrente: produrre o far produrre, vendere o far vendere pane di farina di frumento nelle case, nelle barche o per le strade.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-VNn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297f5a30-0420-491a-a35f-55207378fc32_4284x5712.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-VNn!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297f5a30-0420-491a-a35f-55207378fc32_4284x5712.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297f5a30-0420-491a-a35f-55207378fc32_4284x5712.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-VNn!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297f5a30-0420-491a-a35f-55207378fc32_4284x5712.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><span>Il bando proseguiva con pene, multe, arresti, sequestro del pane e sanzioni pi&#249; gravi per i forneri. La stele rende visibile un aspetto concreto dell&#8217;amministrazione veneziana: anche un alimento quotidiano come il pane era inserito in un sistema di controlli sulla produzione, sulla vendita e sulla circolazione. Il fatto che una parte del testo fosse incisa anche sul lato rivolto verso il rio conferma che la norma doveva essere letta anche da chi si muoveva per acqua. In quella sezione compaiono infatti i barcaroli: &#8220;Li barcaroli che conducessero pane in questa citt&#224;&#8221; [1]. A Venezia le calli erano vie, ma anche i rii erano vie, e una legge pubblica poteva rivolgersi a entrambe le forme di movimento.</span></p><p><span>La stele &#232; utile anche perch&#233; nomina due categorie che oggi tendiamo a confondere: </span><strong><span>pistori</span></strong><span> e </span><strong><span>forneri</span></strong><span>. In italiano moderno diremmo facilmente &#8220;fornai&#8221; per entrambi, ma nella Venezia della Repubblica la distinzione era pi&#249; precisa. Treccani ricorda che, alla fine del Cinquecento, i </span><strong><span>forneri</span></strong><span> confezionavano pane con farina altrui per uso privato, mentre i </span><strong><span>pistori</span></strong><span> vendevano il pane nelle </span><strong><span>pistorie</span></strong><span> distribuite nelle contrade, dentro un sistema di calmiere che agiva sul peso del pane pi&#249; che sul prezzo [2]. Il nome del mestiere, quindi, non &#232; un semplice colore locale: rimanda a funzioni diverse dentro un&#8217;economia regolata.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kd3_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0664d3c4-94da-4804-b940-40ad7251eb64_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kd3_!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0664d3c4-94da-4804-b940-40ad7251eb64_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0664d3c4-94da-4804-b940-40ad7251eb64_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kd3_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0664d3c4-94da-4804-b940-40ad7251eb64_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0664d3c4-94da-4804-b940-40ad7251eb64_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kd3_!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0664d3c4-94da-4804-b940-40ad7251eb64_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Molti altri mestieri sono rimasti nella toponomastica veneziana. Una </span><strong><span>Calle del Pistor</span></strong><span> o una </span><strong><span>Fondamenta del Forner</span></strong><span> rimanda al mondo del pane. I </span><strong><span>calegheri</span></strong><span> erano calzolai; i </span><strong><span>saoneri</span></strong><span> fabbricavano sapone; i </span><strong><span>remeri</span></strong><span> producevano remi e altri elementi legati alla navigazione; i </span><strong><span>boteri</span></strong><span> erano legati alla fabbricazione delle botti; gli </span><strong><span>spezieri</span></strong><span> vendevano spezie, droghe, confetture o prodotti medicinali, secondo i diversi contesti [3].</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G2qj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F104d2250-d9af-4f89-aaf3-fa71f5158a9f_2655x3540.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G2qj!, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F104d2250-d9af-4f89-aaf3-fa71f5158a9f_2655x3540.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G2qj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F104d2250-d9af-4f89-aaf3-fa71f5158a9f_2655x3540.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Alcuni nomi hanno una storia pi&#249; specifica. La </span><strong><span>Frezzeria</span></strong><span>, o </span><strong><span>Frezzaria</span></strong><span>, presso San Marco, conserva la memoria dei </span><strong><span>frezeri</span></strong><span>, cio&#232; di chi produceva o vendeva frecce. Tassini ricorda anche la denominazione latina </span><em><span>vicus sagittarius</span></em><span> [4]. Il nome collega una strada centrale alla vendita di un prodotto e alla dimensione militare della citt&#224;, in un contesto nel quale le esercitazioni al tiro con la balestra facevano parte degli obblighi dei cittadini [4][5].</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:6152914,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/211754333?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lTXN!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbe3fad4-90f6-4bd2-a242-3248c8090637_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>La </span><strong><span>Calle dei Fabbri</span></strong><span>, sempre nell&#8217;area di San Marco, conserva invece il riferimento all&#8217;arte dei fabbri. Tassini la collega alla presenza della loro scuola o sede, con spazi destinati alle adunanze, agli ufficiali, all&#8217;archivio e alle funzioni della confraternita [6]. Qui il nome non indica semplicemente una bottega isolata, ma una presenza organizzata del mestiere nella citt&#224;.</span></p><p><span>I </span><strong><span>tintori</span></strong><span> offrono un caso diverso, perch&#233; il mestiere &#232; entrato anche in un nome personale diventato celebre. Jacopo Robusti fu detto </span><strong><span>Tintoretto</span></strong><span> perch&#233; era figlio di Battista, tintore di seta [7]. In questo caso il lavoro del padre &#232; rimasto legato al nome con cui ricordiamo uno dei grandi pittori veneziani del Cinquecento. Il mestiere poteva incidere sulla toponomastica e anche sull&#8217;identit&#224; pubblica di una persona.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxCr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf496593-39c0-4afa-8a61-81b830432f42_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Non tutti i nomi collegati alla vita economica indicano un mestiere in senso stretto. Le </span><strong><span>Mercerie</span></strong><span>, o </span><em><span>Marzarie</span></em><span> in veneziano, rimandano soprattutto alle botteghe e al commercio di merci lungo il percorso tra Rialto e San Marco. In questo caso il nome descrive una funzione commerciale pi&#249; ampia, non una singola arte. Nella stessa area rientra anche il </span><strong><span>Ponte dei Bareteri</span></strong><span>, che conserva il nome dei fabbricanti e venditori di berrette. Il termine rimanda a un settore specializzato del vestiario: i baretteri confezionavano e vendevano berretti, distinti dai capeleri, legati invece ai cappelli [8].</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_LHa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f981ff2-cce3-4376-9b4c-0fcb4971f89f_5443x3628.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_LHa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f981ff2-cce3-4376-9b4c-0fcb4971f89f_5443x3628.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_LHa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f981ff2-cce3-4376-9b4c-0fcb4971f89f_5443x3628.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>La Frezzeria, al contrario, rimane pi&#249; vicina al vocabolario dei mestieri, perch&#233; conserva il riferimento a un prodotto preciso e agli artigiani o venditori che lo trattavano.</span></p><p><span>Un caso di scala molto diversa &#232; l&#8217;</span><strong><span>Arsenale</span></strong><span>. Qui non siamo davanti a una bottega o a una singola strada di mestiere, ma a un grande complesso produttivo e militare, nel quale si concentravano cantieristica, officine, depositi, darsene, lavorazioni specializzate e competenze legate alla costruzione e alla manutenzione delle navi. Tra i nomi collegati all&#8217;Arsenale c&#8217;&#232; la </span><strong><span>Tana</span></strong><span>, legata alle corderie. Treccani ricorda che il nome deriva da </span><strong><span>Tanai</span></strong><span>, antico nome del Don, presso le cui foci i veneziani avevano stabilimenti commerciali dai quali proveniva la canapa necessaria alla marina [9]. La Tana era legata alla lavorazione della canapa, alla conservazione dei materiali e alla produzione dei cordami. Il nome sopravvive ancora oggi nel </span><strong><span>Rio de la Tana</span></strong><span>, nella </span><strong><span>Fondamenta de la Tana</span></strong><span> e nell&#8217;area delle Corderie [9][10].</span></p><p><span>Questi esempi aiutano a capire il rapporto tra </span><strong><span>arte</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>scuola</span></strong><span> e </span><strong><span>bottega</span></strong><span>. L&#8217;arte riguardava l&#8217;organizzazione del mestiere e i suoi interessi professionali. La scuola poteva curarne gli aspetti religiosi, assistenziali e comunitari. La bottega era il luogo concreto della produzione, della vendita e dell&#8217;apprendistato. Le tre realt&#224; potevano intrecciarsi: un mestiere poteva avere statuti, cariche, una devozione, un altare, una sede, una mariegola e una strada che ne conservava il nome.</span></p><p><span>Quando leggiamo un </span><em><span>nizioleto</span></em><span> con il nome di un mestiere, incontriamo una traccia del modo in cui Venezia lavorava. Il nome pu&#242; rimandare a una bottega, a un&#8217;arte, a una scuola, a un&#8217;attivit&#224; concentrata in una zona, a un grande complesso produttivo come l&#8217;Arsenale, oppure a una memoria che non possiamo pi&#249; ricostruire del tutto. Non &#232; necessario forzare ogni nome dentro una spiegazione unica. &#200; pi&#249; utile riconoscere che la citt&#224; ha conservato nel proprio lessico urbano una parte della sua struttura economica e sociale.</span></p><p><span>La Venezia dei dogi era fatta di palazzi, chiese, magistrature, pistori, forneri, calegheri, saoneri, remeri, boteri, speziali, fabbri, tintori, frezeri, baretteri, barcaroli e lavoratori dell&#8217;Arsenale. Molti di loro sono ancora presenti nei nomi delle strade.</span></p><p><strong><span>Bibliografia</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>[1]</span></strong><span> </span><em><span>Bando contro il contrabbando del pane, ai Santi Apostoli nel Sestiere di Cannaregio</span></em><span>, Conoscere Venezia.</span></p><p><strong><span>[2]</span></strong><span> </span><em><span>La societ&#224; veneziana</span></em><span>, in </span><em><span>Storia di Venezia</span></em><span>, Istituto dell&#8217;Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani.</span></p><p><strong><span>[3]</span></strong><span> Giuseppe Tassini, </span><em><span>Curiosit&#224; Veneziane, ovvero Origini delle denominazioni stradali di Venezia</span></em><span>, voci </span><strong><span>Callegheri</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>Saoneri</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>Rem&#232;r</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>Botteri</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>Spezier</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[4]</span></strong><span> Giuseppe Tassini, </span><em><span>Curiosit&#224; Veneziane</span></em><span>, voce </span><strong><span>Frezzar&#236;a</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[5]</span></strong><span> Comune di Venezia, </span><strong><span>Frezzaria</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[6]</span></strong><span> Giuseppe Tassini, </span><em><span>Curiosit&#224; Veneziane</span></em><span>, voce </span><strong><span>Fabbri</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[7]</span></strong><span> Treccani, </span><em><span>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</span></em><span>, voce </span><strong><span>Robusti, Jacopo, detto Tintoretto</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[8]</span></strong><span> Comune di Venezia, </span><strong><span>Baretteri</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[9]</span></strong><span> Treccani, </span><em><span>Enciclopedia Italiana</span></em><span>, voce </span><strong><span>Arsenale</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>[10]</span></strong><span> </span><em><span>Rio de la Tana, nel Sestiere di Castello</span></em><span>, Conoscere Venezia.</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Venice 101 #6 Ca’, fonteghi and scuole]]></title><description><![CDATA[Some words for Venetian buildings and institutions]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venice-101-6-ca-fonteghi-and-scuole</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venice-101-6-ca-fonteghi-and-scuole</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 17:49:43 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Versione italiana&#127470;&#127481; : </span><a href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venezia-101-parte-6-ca-fonteghi-e">leggi questo articolo in italiano&#8288;</a></p><p>These are names one encounters constantly in Venice. Some of the words they contain are still familiar; others preserve meanings and usages that belong to Venetian history. Understanding them helps make better sense of what appears on maps, on <em>nizioleti</em>, and on the fa&#231;ades of buildings.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h3>Ca&#8217;</h3><p><strong>Pronunciation: KAH</strong></p><p><strong>Ca&#8217;</strong> is an old shortened form of <em>casa</em>, &#8220;house&#8221;. The form is not exclusively Venetian, but in Venice it has survived especially well in the traditional names of many buildings: <em>Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro, Ca&#8217; Foscari, Ca&#8217; Pesaro, Ca&#8217; Rezzonico</em> [1].</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kSFL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3173c7d1-2ad2-41a7-96fa-6f59ca85cd13_4702x3135.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kSFL!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3173c7d1-2ad2-41a7-96fa-6f59ca85cd13_4702x3135.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kSFL!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3173c7d1-2ad2-41a7-96fa-6f59ca85cd13_4702x3135.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" 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y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"> Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro, one of the most famous examples of the Venetian casa-fondaco: a patrician residence rooted in the world of major merchants.</figcaption></figure></div><p>The apostrophe simply marks the shortening of the word. <em>Ca&#8217;</em> is pronounced as a single syllable: <strong>KAH</strong>.</p><p><em>Ca&#8217;</em> does not identify a particular architectural category. Buildings bearing this name can of course be described as palaces: <em>Ca&#8217; Rezzonico</em> is a palazzo, as is <em>Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro</em>. There is therefore no general rule setting <em>Ca&#8217;</em> and <em>Palazzo</em> apart as two different kinds of building.</p><h3>Palazzo</h3><p><strong>Palazzo</strong> keeps essentially the same meaning it has elsewhere in Italy. It can refer to a large private residence or to a public or institutional building.</p><p>The clearest example is the <strong>Palazzo Ducale</strong>, the Doge&#8217;s Palace, which was the doge&#8217;s residence and the seat of a fundamental part of the institutions of the Republic.</p><p>In Venetian names, <em>palazzo</em> can therefore be part of the traditional name of a building or simply the word used to describe its architectural type. For this reason, <em>Ca&#8217;</em> and <em>palazzo</em> can coexist without forming two rigidly separate categories.</p><h3>Fondaco and fontego</h3><p><strong>Venetian pronunciation: FON-teh-go</strong></p><p><strong>Fondaco</strong> is the Italian form; in Venetian, the word is <strong>f&#242;ntego</strong>.</p><p>The pronunciation is worth noting: <strong>FON-teh-go</strong>, with the stress on the first syllable. It is a word stressed on the antepenultimate syllable, and it is quite often pronounced <em>fon-TEH-go</em>, even by Italians who do not know Venetian usage.</p><p>The fondaco had functions broader than those of a storehouse. It was a building or complex connected with the presence of foreign merchants, where goods could be stored, commercial activities carried out and, in many cases, the merchants themselves accommodated. The term derives from Arabic <em>funduq</em>, itself connected with Greek <em>pandocheion</em> [2].</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2753095,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/210882726?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Interior of the Fontego dei Tedeschi. After its closure in 2025, the immediate future of this building remains uncertain.</figcaption></figure></div><p>In Venice the most famous example is the <strong>Fontego dei Tedeschi</strong>, beside Rialto. Another name still very present in the city is the <strong>Fondaco dei Turchi</strong>, on the Grand Canal.</p><p>A distinction is useful here. Some Venetian patrician palaces belong to the tradition of the <strong>casa-fondaco</strong>, the house of a merchant family in which residence and economic activity were closely connected. <strong>Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro</strong>, built for Marino Contarini, has been described as an almost exemplary case of this type [3].</p><p>This did not make it a fondaco in the institutional sense of the Fontego dei Tedeschi or the Fondaco dei Turchi, which were connected with the presence of foreign merchants and the public control of their trade.</p><p>The <em>fontego</em> therefore belonged to the system through which the Republic organised and controlled part of its commercial relations with foreign merchants [2].</p><h3>Scuola</h3><p>The word <strong>scuola</strong> (SKWOH-eh-ah) can be quite misleading.</p><p>In the Venice of the Republic it did not necessarily mean a place where teaching took place. It could designate a lay confraternity formed for religious, devotional and charitable purposes, a confraternity connected with a craft or trade, or an association linked to a particular community of origin [4][5].</p><p>The word referred first of all to the <strong>association</strong>. Only by extension could it also refer to the building in which that association had its premises.</p><p>This matters because many Venetian <em>scuole</em>, especially among the so-called <em>Scuole Piccole</em>, <strong>did not have an independent building at all</strong>.</p><h3>Scuole Grandi and Scuole Piccole</h3><p>The distinction between <strong>Scuole Grandi</strong> and <strong>Scuole Piccole</strong> did not depend simply on the size of the building.</p><p>The <strong>Scuole Grandi</strong> formed a particular group of confraternities with a specific institutional recognition and subject to state control. Among the best known are those of San Marco, San Giovanni Evangelista and San Rocco [4].</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3989950,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/210882726?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista, one of the great confraternities of Republican Venice</figcaption></figure></div><p>Their history is far broader than can fit into a <em>Venice 101</em>, and several of them deserve to be treated separately.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg" width="1456" height="1456" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The monumental portal of the Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista. Watercolour and notes by the author.</figcaption></figure></div><p>The <strong>Scuole Piccole</strong>, by contrast, formed a very numerous and varied group. Gastone Vio identified <strong>925</strong> of them in his study of Venice&#8217;s minor confraternities [5].</p><p>Many were <strong>devotional</strong>. Among these, the <em>Scuole del Santissimo Sacramento</em> were especially widespread in Venetian parish churches; others were dedicated to the Virgin, to individual saints, or to other forms of worship [5].</p><p>Other <em>scuole</em> were connected with <strong>crafts and trades</strong>. Others brought together people sharing the same geographical origin: these were the so-called &#8220;national&#8221; <em>scuole</em> [4][5].</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!64V8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!64V8!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!64V8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!64V8!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!64V8!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!64V8!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The Scuola Dalmata dei Santi Giorgio e Trifone, a &#8220;national&#8221; scuola connected with the Dalmatian community in Venice.</figcaption></figure></div><p>The same word could therefore indicate very different realities.</p><h3>The mariegola</h3><p>Every <em>scuola</em> had its own rules, collected in the <strong>mariegola (<span>mah-ree-EH-goh-eh-ah)</span></strong>.</p><p>The <em>mariegola</em> contained the statutes of the confraternity and regulated its internal life: the obligations of its members, offices, religious practices, assistance, and modes of administration. The foundation and rules of the <em>scuole</em> were subject to the control of the Venetian authorities [5].</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kbed!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c6b8ae9-a39a-4db0-bba6-9370d3b1702e_3538x5193.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kbed!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c6b8ae9-a39a-4db0-bba6-9370d3b1702e_3538x5193.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kbed!, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c6b8ae9-a39a-4db0-bba6-9370d3b1702e_3538x5193.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kbed!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c6b8ae9-a39a-4db0-bba6-9370d3b1702e_3538x5193.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Scuola grande di San Giovanni Evangelista (Venice, Italy). (1418). Mariegola, in Italian [Manuscript]. Retrieved from https://ark.digitalcommonwealth.org/ark:/50959/bk129327g</figcaption></figure></div><p>Today, the <em>mariegole</em> are among the principal sources for reconstructing the history of Venetian confraternities.</p><h3>Gastaldi, guardiani and banca</h3><p>The offices of the <em>scuole</em> also had their own vocabulary.</p><p>Vio notes that the head of a <em>scuola</em> could be called <strong>gastaldo</strong> in earlier periods and later <strong>guardiano</strong>; the form <em>guardian grande</em> also occurs. In other periods one finds terms such as <em>direttore</em>, or simply <em>capo</em>, while confraternities of foreigners could use the term <strong>priore</strong> [5].</p><p>Alongside the head stood the <strong>banca</strong>, the group of officers who took part in the government and administration of the confraternity. Depending on the provisions of the different <em>mariegole</em>, offices could include the <strong>vicario</strong>, <strong>scrivano</strong>, <strong>decani</strong>and <strong>sindaci</strong> [5].</p><p>Here too, <em>banca</em> does not have the meaning normally given to the word today.</p><h3>A scuola could have its seat inside a church</h3><p>A <em>Scuola Piccola</em> did not need to own a building of its own.</p><p>Many confraternities had their seat inside a church. Vio describes the agreements made with the parish chapter or religious community concerning the use of an <strong>altar</strong>, the vestments required for services, burial tombs for the confraternity&#8217;s members, and space for the <em>banco</em> of the <em>scuola</em> [5].</p><p>The <em>Scuole del Santissimo Sacramento</em> are a particularly clear example: they were devotional confraternities connected with parish life and could have their point of reference at the altar of the Blessed Sacrament without possessing an independent seat [5].</p><p>When one encounters the word <em>scuola</em>, then, it is better to think first of the <strong>confraternity</strong>, and only afterwards of the possible building.</p><h3>Arte and scuola</h3><p>In the case of trades, <strong>arte</strong> and <strong>scuola</strong> were not necessarily the same thing.</p><p>The <em>arte</em> concerned above all the interests and professional organisation of the trade; the <em>scuola</em> looked after the religious, charitable and communal aspects of its members&#8217; lives. In some cases this distinction was also reflected in the offices, with both a <strong>gastaldo dell&#8217;arte</strong> and a <strong>gastaldo della scuola</strong> [5].</p><p>Many of those old trades left their mark on another part of Venetian vocabulary: the names of calli, bridges and campielli.</p><p><em>Pistori, forneri, calegheri, saoneri, remeri</em> and many others will be the subject of the next part of <strong>Venice 101</strong>.</p><h2>In brief</h2><p><strong>Ca&#8217; &#8212; KAH</strong><br>An old shortened form of <em>casa</em>, preserved in many traditional Venetian names [1].</p><p><strong>Palazzo</strong><br>A large residential, public or institutional building; it does not form a rigid category opposed to <em>Ca&#8217;</em>.</p><p><strong>Fondaco / f&#242;ntego &#8212; FON-teh-go</strong><br>A building or complex connected with the presence of foreign merchants and the control of their trade. In Venetian: <strong>FON-teh-go</strong> [2].</p><p><strong>Casa-fondaco</strong><br>A Venetian merchant house in which residence and economic activity were closely connected. Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro has been described as an almost exemplary case of this type [3].</p><p><strong>Scuola</strong><br>A confraternity or association and, by extension, its possible seat [4][5].</p><p><strong>Scuola Grande</strong><br>A confraternity belonging to a particular Venetian institutional category [4].</p><p><strong>Scuola Piccola</strong><br>A term covering a very broad range of devotional, charitable, professional and community-based confraternities [4][5].</p><p><strong>Mariegola</strong><br>The book containing the rules and statutes of the <em>scuola</em> [5].</p><p><strong>Gastaldo / guardiano</strong><br>Terms used in different periods and contexts for the head of a <em>scuola</em> [5].</p><p><strong>Banca</strong><br>The group of officers responsible for the government and administration of the confraternity [5].</p><h2>Bibliography</h2><p><strong>[1]</strong> Treccani, <em>Vocabolario on line</em>, &#8220;Ca&#8217;&#8221;.</p><p><strong>[2]</strong> Treccani, <em>Vocabolario on line</em>, &#8220;Fondaco&#8221;.</p><p><strong>[3]</strong> &#8220;Dal Medioevo al primo Rinascimento: l&#8217;architettura&#8221;, in <em>Storia di Venezia</em>, Istituto dell&#8217;Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani.</p><p><strong>[4]</strong> &#8220;Le scuole&#8221;, in <em>Storia di Venezia</em>, Istituto dell&#8217;Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani.</p><p><strong>[5]</strong> Gastone Vio, <em>Le Scuole Piccole nella Venezia dei Dogi. Note d&#8217;archivio per la storia delle confraternite veneziane</em>, Angelo Colla Editore, Vicenza, 2004, introduction, pp. 15&#8211;22.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Venezia 101 – Parte 6 Ca’, fonteghi e scuole]]></title><description><![CDATA[Alcune parole degli edifici e delle istituzioni veneziane]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venezia-101-parte-6-ca-fonteghi-e</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venezia-101-parte-6-ca-fonteghi-e</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 17:48:06 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sono nomi che si incontrano continuamente a Venezia. Alcune delle parole che contengono sono ancora familiari; altre conservano significati e usi propri della storia veneziana. Capirle permette di leggere un po&#8217; meglio ci&#242; che compare sulle mappe, sui nizioleti e sulle facciate degli edifici.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h3>Ca&#8217;</h3><p><strong>Ca&#8217;</strong> &#232; un antico troncamento di <em>casa</em>. La forma non &#232; esclusivamente veneziana, ma a Venezia &#232; rimasta particolarmente viva nelle denominazioni tradizionali di numerosi edifici: <em>Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro, Ca&#8217; Foscari, Ca&#8217; Pesaro, Ca&#8217; Rezzonico</em> [1].</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kSFL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3173c7d1-2ad2-41a7-96fa-6f59ca85cd13_4702x3135.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kSFL!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3173c7d1-2ad2-41a7-96fa-6f59ca85cd13_4702x3135.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kSFL!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3173c7d1-2ad2-41a7-96fa-6f59ca85cd13_4702x3135.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong><span>Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro</span></strong><span>, uno degli esempi pi&#249; celebri di </span><em><span>casa-fondaco</span></em><span> veneziana: una dimora patrizia nata nel mondo dei grandi mercanti.</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>L&#8217;apostrofo segnala semplicemente il troncamento della parola. La pronuncia &#232; <strong>ca</strong>, una sola sillaba.</p><p><em>Ca&#8217;</em> non identifica una particolare categoria architettonica. Gli edifici che portano questo nome possono naturalmente essere descritti come palazzi: <em>Ca&#8217; Rezzonico</em> &#232; un palazzo, cos&#236; come lo &#232; <em>Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro</em>. Non esiste quindi una regola generale che contrapponga <em>Ca&#8217;</em> e <em>Palazzo</em> come due tipi diversi di edificio.</p><h3>Palazzo</h3><p><strong>Palazzo</strong> conserva sostanzialmente il significato che ha anche fuori da Venezia. Pu&#242; indicare una grande residenza privata oppure un edificio pubblico o istituzionale.</p><p>L&#8217;esempio pi&#249; evidente &#232; il <strong>Palazzo Ducale</strong>, che fu residenza del doge e sede di una parte fondamentale delle istituzioni della Repubblica.</p><p>Nei nomi veneziani <em>palazzo</em> pu&#242; quindi essere parte della denominazione tradizionale dell&#8217;edificio oppure semplicemente il termine con cui ne descriviamo la tipologia. Per questo <em>Ca&#8217;</em> e <em>palazzo</em> possono convivere senza formare due categorie rigidamente separate.</p><h3>Fondaco e fontego</h3><p><strong>Fondaco</strong> &#232; la forma italiana; in veneziano troviamo <strong>f&#242;ntego</strong>.</p><p>La pronuncia merita una nota: <strong>F&#210;N-te-go</strong>, con l&#8217;accento sulla prima sillaba. &#200; una parola sdrucciola e viene abbastanza spesso pronunciata <em>fon-T&#200;-go</em>, anche da italiani che non conoscono l&#8217;uso veneziano.</p><p>Il fondaco aveva funzioni pi&#249; ampie di un magazzino. Era un edificio o un complesso legato alla presenza dei mercanti forestieri, nel quale potevano essere conservate le merci, svolte attivit&#224; commerciali e, in molti casi, ospitati gli stessi mercanti. Il termine deriva dall&#8217;arabo <em>funduq</em>, a sua volta collegato al greco <em>pandocheion</em> [2].</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2753095,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/210882726?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0fIZ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1979736-7a37-4762-a475-178b3514867e_3024x4032.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Interno del </span><strong><span>Fontego dei Tedeschi</span></strong><span>. Dopo la chiusura del 2025, il destino immediato di questo edificio rimane incerto.</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>A Venezia l&#8217;esempio pi&#249; celebre &#232; il <strong>Fontego dei Tedeschi</strong>, accanto a Rialto. Un altro nome ancora ben presente nella citt&#224; &#232; quello del <strong>Fondaco dei Turchi</strong>, sul Canal Grande.</p><p>Qui va tenuta presente una distinzione. Alcuni palazzi patrizi veneziani appartengono alla tradizione della <strong>casa-fondaco</strong>, cio&#232; della dimora di una famiglia mercantile nella quale residenza e attivit&#224; economiche erano strettamente legate. La <strong>Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro</strong>, costruita per Marino Contarini, &#232; stata definita un caso quasi esemplare di casa-fondaco [3].</p><p>Questo non la rende per&#242; un fondaco nel senso istituzionale del Fontego dei Tedeschi o del Fondaco dei Turchi, legati alla presenza dei mercanti forestieri e al controllo pubblico dei loro traffici.</p><p>Il <em>fontego</em> rientrava quindi nel sistema con cui la Repubblica organizzava e controllava una parte dei rapporti commerciali con i mercanti stranieri [2].</p><h3>Scuola</h3><p>La parola <strong>scuola</strong> pu&#242; essere molto pi&#249; ingannevole.</p><p>Nella Venezia della Repubblica non indicava necessariamente un luogo nel quale si insegnava. Poteva designare una confraternita di laici riuniti per finalit&#224; religiose, devozionali e assistenziali, una confraternita collegata a un&#8217;arte o a un mestiere, oppure un&#8217;associazione legata a una particolare comunit&#224; di provenienza [4][5].</p><p>La parola indicava innanzitutto l&#8217;<strong>associazione</strong>. Solo per estensione poteva indicare anche l&#8217;edificio nel quale essa aveva sede.</p><p>Questo &#232; importante perch&#233; molte scuole veneziane, soprattutto tra le cosiddette Scuole Piccole, <strong>non possedevano affatto un edificio autonomo</strong>.</p><h3>Scuole Grandi e Scuole Piccole</h3><p>La distinzione tra <strong>Scuole Grandi</strong> e <strong>Scuole Piccole</strong> non dipendeva semplicemente dalle dimensioni dell&#8217;edificio.</p><p>Le <strong>Scuole Grandi</strong> costituirono un gruppo particolare di confraternite dotate di uno specifico riconoscimento istituzionale e sottoposte al controllo dello Stato. Tra le pi&#249; note vi sono quelle di San Marco, San Giovanni Evangelista e San Rocco [4].</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3989950,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/210882726?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpoX!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87fef49f-656c-4f8c-9256-d64dd3fcfc78_3024x4032.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>La </span><strong><span>Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista</span></strong><span>, una delle grandi confraternite della Venezia repubblicana.</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>La loro storia &#232; molto pi&#249; ampia di quanto possa entrare in un <em>Venice 101</em>, e diverse meritano di essere trattate separatamente.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg" width="1456" height="1456" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay1C!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadbd1d09-7555-49f6-b33a-2b2f159191a4_3024x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Portale monumentale della </span><strong><span>Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista</span></strong><span>. Acquerello e appunti dell&#8217;autore.</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>Le <strong>Scuole Piccole</strong> costituivano invece un insieme numerosissimo e molto vario. Gastone Vio ne ha censite <strong>925</strong> nel suo studio dedicato alle confraternite minori veneziane [5].</p><p>Molte erano <strong>devozionali</strong>. Tra queste ebbero grande diffusione le Scuole del <strong>Santissimo Sacramento</strong>, presenti nelle parrocchie veneziane; altre erano dedicate alla Vergine, a singoli santi o ad altre forme di culto [5].</p><p>Altre scuole erano collegate alle <strong>arti e ai mestieri</strong>. Altre ancora riunivano persone accomunate dalla provenienza geografica: &#232; il caso delle cosiddette scuole &#8220;nazionali&#8221; [4][5].</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!64V8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!64V8!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!64V8!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!64V8!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!64V8!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!64V8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!64V8!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16403f10-8020-4729-8761-0212dda32447_4284x5712.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>La </span><strong><span>Scuola Dalmata dei Santi Giorgio e Trifone</span></strong><span>, una scuola &#8220;nazionale&#8221; legata alla comunit&#224; dalmata presente a Venezia.</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>La stessa parola poteva quindi indicare realt&#224; molto diverse.</p><h3>La mariegola</h3><p>Ogni scuola aveva le proprie regole, raccolte nella <strong>mariegola</strong>.</p><p>La mariegola conteneva gli statuti della confraternita e ne regolava la vita interna: obblighi dei confratelli, cariche, pratiche religiose, assistenza e modalit&#224; di amministrazione. La costituzione e le regole delle scuole erano sottoposte al controllo delle autorit&#224; veneziane [5].</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kbed!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c6b8ae9-a39a-4db0-bba6-9370d3b1702e_3538x5193.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kbed!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c6b8ae9-a39a-4db0-bba6-9370d3b1702e_3538x5193.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kbed!, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c6b8ae9-a39a-4db0-bba6-9370d3b1702e_3538x5193.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kbed!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c6b8ae9-a39a-4db0-bba6-9370d3b1702e_3538x5193.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Scuola grande di San Giovanni Evangelista (Venice, Italy). (1418). Mariegola, in Italian [Manuscript]. Retrieved from https://ark.digitalcommonwealth.org/ark:/50959/bk129327g</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>Le mariegole sono oggi una delle fonti principali per ricostruire la storia delle confraternite veneziane.</p><h3>Gastaldi, guardiani e banca</h3><p>Anche le cariche delle scuole avevano un proprio vocabolario.</p><p>Vio ricorda che il capo di una scuola poteva essere chiamato in epoca pi&#249; antica <strong>gastaldo</strong> e successivamente <strong>guardiano</strong>; si incontra anche la forma <em>guardian grande</em>. In altri periodi compaiono termini come <em>direttore</em> o semplicemente <em>capo</em>, mentre nelle confraternite di forestieri poteva essere usato <strong>priore</strong> [5].</p><p>Accanto al capo operava la <strong>banca</strong>, cio&#232; il gruppo degli ufficiali che partecipavano al governo e all&#8217;amministrazione della confraternita. Tra le cariche potevano comparire il <strong>vicario</strong>, lo <strong>scrivano</strong>, i <strong>decani</strong> e i <strong>sindaci</strong>, secondo quanto previsto dalle diverse mariegole [5].</p><p>Anche <em>banca</em>, quindi, in questo contesto non ha il significato che attribuiamo normalmente alla parola oggi.</p><h3>Una scuola poteva avere sede in una chiesa</h3><p>Una Scuola Piccola non aveva bisogno di possedere un edificio proprio.</p><p>Molte confraternite avevano sede all&#8217;interno di una chiesa. Vio descrive gli accordi conclusi con il capitolo parrocchiale o con la comunit&#224; religiosa per l&#8217;uso di un <strong>altare</strong>, dei paramenti necessari alle funzioni, delle arche destinate alla sepoltura dei confratelli e dello spazio per il banco della scuola [5].</p><p>Le Scuole del Santissimo Sacramento ne sono un esempio particolarmente chiaro: erano confraternite devozionali legate alla vita delle parrocchie e potevano avere il proprio punto di riferimento presso l&#8217;altare del Santissimo senza disporre di una sede indipendente [5].</p><p>Quando incontriamo la parola <em>scuola</em>, quindi, &#232; meglio pensare prima alla <strong>confraternita</strong> e soltanto dopo all&#8217;eventuale edificio.</p><h3>Arte e scuola</h3><p>Anche nel caso dei mestieri, <strong>arte</strong> e <strong>scuola</strong> non erano necessariamente la stessa cosa.</p><p>L&#8217;arte riguardava soprattutto gli interessi e l&#8217;organizzazione professionale del mestiere; la scuola ne curava gli aspetti religiosi, assistenziali e comunitari. In alcuni casi questa distinzione si rifletteva anche nelle cariche, con un <strong>gastaldo dell&#8217;arte</strong> e un <strong>gastaldo della scuola</strong> [5].</p><p>Molti di quegli antichi mestieri sono rimasti impressi in un&#8217;altra parte del vocabolario veneziano: nei nomi di calli, ponti e campielli.</p><p><em>Pistori, forneri, calegheri, saoneri, remeri</em> e molti altri saranno l&#8217;argomento della prossima parte di <strong>Venice 101</strong>.</p><h2>In breve</h2><p><strong>Ca&#8217;</strong> &#8212; antico troncamento di <em>casa</em>, conservato in numerose denominazioni tradizionali veneziane [1].</p><p><strong>Palazzo</strong> &#8212; grande edificio residenziale, pubblico o istituzionale; non costituisce una categoria rigidamente contrapposta a <em>Ca&#8217;</em>.</p><p><strong>Fondaco / f&#242;ntego</strong> &#8212; edificio o complesso legato alla presenza dei mercanti forestieri e al controllo dei loro traffici. In veneziano: <strong>F&#210;N-te-go</strong> [2].</p><p><strong>Casa-fondaco</strong> &#8212; dimora mercantile veneziana nella quale residenza e attivit&#224; economiche erano strettamente connesse. La Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro &#232; stata descritta come un caso quasi esemplare di questa tipologia [3].</p><p><strong>Scuola</strong> &#8212; confraternita o associazione e, per estensione, l&#8217;eventuale sede [4][5].</p><p><strong>Scuola Grande</strong> &#8212; confraternita appartenente a una particolare categoria istituzionale veneziana [4].</p><p><strong>Scuola Piccola</strong> &#8212; denominazione comprendente un insieme molto ampio di confraternite devozionali, assistenziali, professionali e legate a diverse comunit&#224; di provenienza [4][5].</p><p><strong>Mariegola</strong> &#8212; libro contenente le regole e gli statuti della scuola [5].</p><p><strong>Gastaldo / guardiano</strong> &#8212; denominazioni utilizzate in epoche e contesti diversi per il capo della scuola [5].</p><p><strong>Banca</strong> &#8212; gruppo degli ufficiali incaricati del governo e dell&#8217;amministrazione della confraternita [5].</p><h2>Bibliografia</h2><p><strong>[1]</strong> Treccani, <em>Vocabolario on line</em>, voce <strong>Ca&#8217;</strong>.</p><p><strong>[2]</strong> Treccani, <em>Vocabolario on line</em>, voce <strong>Fondaco</strong>.</p><p><strong>[3]</strong> <em>Dal Medioevo al primo Rinascimento: l&#8217;architettura</em>, in <em>Storia di Venezia</em>, Istituto dell&#8217;Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani.</p><p><strong>[4]</strong> <em>Le scuole</em>, in <em>Storia di Venezia</em>, Istituto dell&#8217;Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani.</p><p><strong>[5]</strong> Gastone Vio, <em>Le Scuole Piccole nella Venezia dei Dogi. Note d&#8217;archivio per la storia delle confraternite veneziane</em>, Angelo Colla Editore, Vicenza, 2004.</p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Porta della Carta of the Doge’s Palace]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Bon workshop and the long history of a monumental entrance]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/the-porta-della-carta-of-the-doges</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/the-porta-della-carta-of-the-doges</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 08 Aug 2026 13:22:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Versione italiana&#127470;&#127481; : </span><a href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/la-porta-della-carta-di-palazzo-ducale">leggi questo articolo in italiano&#8288;</a></p><p>The Porta della Carta (carta means paper) occupies the narrow space between the wing of the Doge&#8217;s Palace facing the Piazzetta and the southern side of St Mark&#8217;s Basilica. In the fifteenth century it served as the monumental gateway into the seat of Venetian government. A large fortified gate had already stood in the same area, or very close to it, within the palace complex of the tenth and eleventh centuries.[1]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUN9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F894745fd-0b83-48f9-b5e6-33acbdd18c3b_1620x2160.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUN9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F894745fd-0b83-48f9-b5e6-33acbdd18c3b_1620x2160.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUN9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F894745fd-0b83-48f9-b5e6-33acbdd18c3b_1620x2160.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUN9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F894745fd-0b83-48f9-b5e6-33acbdd18c3b_1620x2160.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUN9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F894745fd-0b83-48f9-b5e6-33acbdd18c3b_1620x2160.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUN9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F894745fd-0b83-48f9-b5e6-33acbdd18c3b_1620x2160.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Porta della Carta (with also to the end of corride the Scala dei Giganti)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Its present appearance is the result of a long history. The structure and much of the sculpture date from the fifteenth-century work of Giovanni and Bartolomeo Bon; the wall behind Justice was built in the seventeenth century; and the group showing Francesco Foscari kneeling before the Lion of St Mark was reconstructed in 1885. Some original elements, including the signed lintel and the doge&#8217;s head, are now preserved in the Museo dell&#8217;Opera of the Doge&#8217;s Palace.[1][6]</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2>The completion of the Piazzetta wing</h2><p>On the western side of the palace stood the <em>palacium ad jus reddendum</em>, used primarily for judicial functions. In September 1422, during the dogate of Tommaso Mocenigo, it was decided to demolish the building, which was by then in poor condition. Work began in March 1424, when Francesco Foscari was already doge.[5]</p><p>The new wing continued the design of the fourteenth-century fa&#231;ade overlooking the Basin of St Mark. The ground-floor arcade was repeated, as was the open loggia above, while the large upper wall was covered with the characteristic geometric pattern of pale and pink marble. The large windows and the pinnacled upper edge also continued motifs already used on the fa&#231;ade facing the waterfront.[1]</p><p>The Porta della Carta completed this fa&#231;ade on the side adjoining the basilica. Ennio Concina describes it as a &#8220;ceremonial portal&#8221; inserted into the continuity of the palace&#8217;s <em>pubblica magnificenza</em>, or &#8220;public magnificence&#8221;: the new intervention respected the architectural language Venice had already chosen to represent its seat of government.[2]</p><p>The connection with the courtyard was organised through the Andito Foscari, the cross-vaulted passage running beside the structures of the basilica. The Porta and the passage belonged to the same building process, although the arrangement of the whole area continued for several decades. The official guide to the Doge&#8217;s Palace places the completion of work on the passage during the dogate of Giovanni Mocenigo, between 1478 and 1485.[1]</p><h2>Giovanni and Bartolomeo Bon</h2><p>When they received the commission for the Porta, Giovanni and Bartolomeo Bon had already been involved for years in some of Venice&#8217;s most important building projects. Giovanni is documented as both a contractor and a sculptor; between 1422 and 1430 he worked with his son at the Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro, where craftsmen of different backgrounds were also active, including Matteo Raverti. By 1426 Giovanni was already engaged in the reconstruction of the Piazzetta wing of the Doge&#8217;s Palace.[3]</p><p>Bartolomeo had therefore begun his career alongside his father, and at the Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro he took part in a particularly complex project in which several workshops shared responsibility for different parts of the building and its decoration. In the following years he was involved in the completion of the fa&#231;ade of the Doge&#8217;s Palace, the Porta della Carta, and the Arco Foscari.[4]</p><p>This context helps explain how the workshop operated. The Bon were not simply sculptors commissioned to carve individual figures: they directed building work, organised materials and collaborators, and assumed overall responsibility for the project. For Bartolomeo in particular, the surviving documentation increasingly presents him as a builder and organiser as well as a sculptor.[3][4]</p><h2>The contract and a project that took longer than expected</h2><p>On 10 November 1438, Giovanni and Bartolomeo signed a contract with the <em>Provveditori del Sal e sopra Rialto</em> for the &#171;porta granda da basso del palazzo a ladi la giexia di missier sam Marcho&#187;. The document, recently re-examined by Elena Cera, established a payment of 1,700 ducats and a completion period of eighteen months. The commissioners were to provide much of the necessary stone and marble; the Bon were responsible for obtaining the remaining materials, supervising their transport, and following the design they had already submitted.[5]</p><p>The contract specifically mentions the Lion of St Mark, Justice, and the putti arranged among the leaves of the arch. The other sculptures are included under the general term &#171;figures&#187;. It also allowed for the possibility of carving Justice with two faces, so that she could be seen both from the Piazzetta and from inside the palace. This solution was not adopted. The detail is nonetheless significant because the wall now standing behind the statue was built only in the seventeenth century: in the fifteenth-century design, the upper section rose freely above the Porta.[5]</p><p>The work progressed more slowly than planned. The chronicles examined by Cera place its effective beginning on 9 January 1440. By October 1441, Justice had already been installed at the summit, while a document dated 17 April 1442 shows that the tracery, the three angels supporting the bust of St Mark, the upper parts of the pillars, and other figures still remained to be completed. According to Cera, these other figures may have included the four Virtues and perhaps also the group with Francesco Foscari.[5]</p><p>The conventional dating of 1438&#8211;1442 therefore identifies the principal phase of the project without necessarily coinciding with the completion of every decorative element. Giovanni, already ill in March 1442, died by November of the following year. Bartolomeo then assumed an increasingly important role in completing the work.[4][5]</p><p>His responsibility is confirmed by the inscription <strong>OPUS BARTHOLOMEI</strong>, carved on the original lintel now preserved in the Museo dell&#8217;Opera. The attribution of the individual sculptures is more complex. Cera proposes recognising the hand of Niccol&#242; di Giovanni Fiorentino in Temperance and Fortitude, the two Virtues occupying the lower niches. The attribution is based on stylistic comparison and on the hypothesis of a collaboration with Bartolomeo&#8217;s workshop; no document directly assigns these two figures to Niccol&#242;.[5]</p><h2>Stone, colour, and sculpture</h2><p>The Porta is framed by two tall pillars in which Istrian stone is combined with red Verona marble and inlays of <em>verde antico</em>. Above the large rectangular opening rise the group of the doge and the lion, the pointed three-light window, and the dense multi-lobed tracery. Acanthus leaves, putti, lozenges, and lions&#8217; heads connect the architectural elements with the sculpture.[5]</p><p>The four lateral niches contain Temperance at the lower left, Charity at the upper left, Prudence at the upper right, and Fortitude at the lower right. Inside the arch, three angels support the bust of St Mark. At the summit, Justice sits on a leonine throne and holds a sword and scales. The pinnacles display the arms of the Foscari family surmounted by the ducal horn.[5]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Qlo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4ebdc3f-bb3d-4162-a8b1-3ab613d22956_3024x4032.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Qlo!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4ebdc3f-bb3d-4162-a8b1-3ab613d22956_3024x4032.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Qlo!, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4ebdc3f-bb3d-4162-a8b1-3ab613d22956_3024x4032.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Qlo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4ebdc3f-bb3d-4162-a8b1-3ab613d22956_3024x4032.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4ebdc3f-bb3d-4162-a8b1-3ab613d22956_3024x4032.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Qlo!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4ebdc3f-bb3d-4162-a8b1-3ab613d22956_3024x4032.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" 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y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The original appearance was more intensely coloured than it is today. The polychromy created by the different marbles was complemented by gold and ultramarine blue. Concina also notes that <em>porta aurea</em> was another name used for the Porta della Carta and places the monument among those fifteenth-century Venetian architectural works in which gold and colour contributed to the representation of public magnificence.[2]</p><p>The loss of these finishes and the replacements made over the centuries have altered that effect. The surface we see today therefore conveys only part of the chromatic impact for which the portal was conceived.</p><h2>Why &#8220;Porta della Carta&#8221;?</h2><p>The name by which the monument is now known does not appear in the contract of 1438, where it is referred to simply as the <em>porta granda</em>. Its origin remains uncertain.</p><p>The two most common explanations are these. One connects the name with the sale of paper nearby; the other with the government offices located in this part of the palace and with the documents produced or delivered there. The two hypotheses may also refer to activities that existed at the same time, and the available sources do not allow us to establish with certainty which gave rise to the name.[5]</p><h2>Francesco Foscari and the image of government</h2><p>Francesco Foscari had been doge since 1423 and would remain in office until 1457, for thirty-four years, one of the longest dogeships in Venetian history. During his rule, Venice consolidated and expanded its territories on the Italian mainland and was engaged for many years in wars against Milan, which ended in 1454 with the Peace of Lodi. His final years were also marked by the judicial proceedings involving his son Jacopo; in October 1457 Foscari was forced to relinquish the dogeship and died only a few days later, on 1 November. When the Porta della Carta was built, during the middle years of his rule, his name was therefore already closely associated with one of the most important phases of Venetian expansion on the mainland.[7]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg" width="1456" height="2184" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" 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y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The visual centre of the Porta was occupied by Francesco Foscari kneeling before the winged Lion of St Mark. The doge&#8217;s portrait and the repeated family arms gave particular prominence to the figure of Francesco Foscari.[5]</p><p>The contract was signed by the <em>Provveditori del Sal e sopra Rialto</em>. Major interventions on the palace were carried out within a system in which the doge operated under the constraints imposed by the institutions of the Republic. Foscari&#8217;s personal image therefore found its place within a public work intended for the seat of government.[5]</p><p>The Virtues belong to the traditional language of good government. Cera points out that, in the programme of the Porta, they could also refer directly to Francesco Foscari; already in the sixteenth century Francesco Sansovino described them as the virtues of Prince Foscari.[5]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHLg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f05ff1e-6cf3-4004-8df4-9ef909820ba6_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHLg!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f05ff1e-6cf3-4004-8df4-9ef909820ba6_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHLg!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f05ff1e-6cf3-4004-8df4-9ef909820ba6_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Justice had a particularly evident meaning in a wing devoted to judicial functions. The same theme was already present in the sculpture of the Doge&#8217;s Palace: nearby are the <em>Judgement of Solomon</em> and the fourteenth-century personification of <em>Vene&#231;ia</em>, likewise seated on a throne of lions. The figure placed at the summit of the Porta therefore belonged to a political and visual language already well established in the palace.[5]</p><h2>Beyond the Porta</h2><p>The importance of the entrance becomes clearer when following the route that continued beyond it. The Andito Foscari leads into the courtyard and towards the Arco Foscari, built and modified in several phases during the fifteenth century. Concina interprets this axis as a ceremonial route that led from the Porta progressively into the internal spaces of power.[2]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AzKu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d15265-3af4-4a72-aaf3-6edf68ddf53c_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AzKu!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d15265-3af4-4a72-aaf3-6edf68ddf53c_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AzKu!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d15265-3af4-4a72-aaf3-6edf68ddf53c_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AzKu!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d15265-3af4-4a72-aaf3-6edf68ddf53c_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AzKu!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d15265-3af4-4a72-aaf3-6edf68ddf53c_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AzKu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d15265-3af4-4a72-aaf3-6edf68ddf53c_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d15265-3af4-4a72-aaf3-6edf68ddf53c_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AzKu!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d15265-3af4-4a72-aaf3-6edf68ddf53c_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">La scala dei Giganti</figcaption></figure></div><p>The arrangement visible today was completed at a later stage with the Scala dei Giganti (Giants&#8217; stairs) , designed by Antonio Rizzo and built as part of the works that followed the fire of 1483. The staircase stands on the same axis as the passage and became one of the principal settings of ducal ceremonial. Here the newly elected doge was received by the councillors, received the ducal horn, and pronounced the <em>Promissione</em>, which regulated the exercise of his office.[1][2]</p><p>The Porta della Carta was therefore the starting point of an architectural route that acquired an increasingly defined ceremonial character over time. Looking at it only from the Piazzetta leaves out an important part of its function: the entrance led into a sequence of spaces organised around the institutions of the Republic.</p><h2>1797 and what survives of the original</h2><p>In 1797, the group showing Francesco Foscari and the Lion of St Mark was demolished during the removal of images associated with the government of the Republic. The head of the fifteenth-century doge survived and is now preserved in the Museo dell&#8217;Opera.[1]</p><p>The group currently visible above the Porta was sculpted by Luigi Ferrari in 1885. Ferrari reconstructed the scene of the doge kneeling before the lion; it is therefore a nineteenth-century work occupying the place of the lost group.[6]</p><p>The Museo dell&#8217;Opera also makes it possible to see other consequences of the long conservation history of the Doge&#8217;s Palace. At the end of the nineteenth century, numerous deteriorated stone elements from the fa&#231;ades were removed and replaced with copies. Its rooms preserve original capitals, pinnacles, small arches, and colonnettes, together with the lintel of the Porta della Carta bearing Bartolomeo Bon&#8217;s name and the surviving head of Francesco Foscari.[1]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!du_e!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!du_e!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!du_e!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>What we see outside therefore preserves much of the fifteenth-century project together with the transformations accumulated over the centuries. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>Bibliography</h2><p>[1] Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia, <em>Palazzo Ducale</em>, concise guide, digital edition, n.d.</p><p>[2] Ennio Concina, &#8220;Dal Medioevo al primo Rinascimento: l&#8217;architettura&#8221;, in <em>Storia di Venezia. Dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima</em>, vol. V, <em>Il Rinascimento. Societ&#224; ed economia</em>, edited by Alberto Tenenti and Ugo Tucci, Rome, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1996, pp. 165&#8211;306.</p><p>[3] Giovanni Mariacher, &#8220;Bono, Giovanni&#8221;, in <em>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</em>, vol. 12, Rome, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1971.</p><p>[4] Giovanni Mariacher, &#8220;Bono, Bartolomeo&#8221;, in <em>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</em>, vol. 12, Rome, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1971.</p><p>[5] Elena Cera, &#8220;La Porta della Carta di Palazzo Ducale: iconografia, politica e memoria nella Venezia del Quattrocento&#8221;, <em>Ateneo Veneto</em>, CCXII, third series, 24/I, 2025, pp. 61&#8211;83.</p><p>[6] Roberta Lazzaro, &#8220;Ferrari, Luigi&#8221;, in <em>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</em>, vol. 46, Rome, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1996.</p><p>[7] Giuseppe Gullino, &#8220;Foscari, Francesco&#8221;, in <em>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</em>, vol. 49, Rome, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1997.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La Porta della Carta di Palazzo Ducale]]></title><description><![CDATA[Il cantiere dei Bon e la lunga storia dell&#8217;ingresso monumentale]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/la-porta-della-carta-di-palazzo-ducale</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/la-porta-della-carta-di-palazzo-ducale</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 08 Aug 2026 13:20:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>La Porta della Carta occupa il breve spazio tra l&#8217;ala di Palazzo Ducale rivolta verso la Piazzetta e il fianco meridionale della basilica di San Marco. Nel Quattrocento costituiva il portale monumentale attraverso il quale si accedeva alla sede del governo veneziano. Nello stesso punto, o poco distante, si apriva gi&#224; una grande porta fortificata nel complesso dei secoli X e XI.[1]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUN9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F894745fd-0b83-48f9-b5e6-33acbdd18c3b_1620x2160.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUN9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F894745fd-0b83-48f9-b5e6-33acbdd18c3b_1620x2160.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F894745fd-0b83-48f9-b5e6-33acbdd18c3b_1620x2160.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUN9!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F894745fd-0b83-48f9-b5e6-33acbdd18c3b_1620x2160.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">La porta della Carta. In asse si vede sullo sfondo la scala dei Giganti</figcaption></figure></div><p>L&#8217;aspetto attuale &#232; il risultato di una storia lunga. La struttura e buona parte delle sculture risalgono al cantiere quattrocentesco di Giovanni e Bartolomeo Bon; il muro dietro la Giustizia fu costruito nel Seicento; il gruppo con Francesco Foscari inginocchiato davanti al leone marciano venne ricostruito nel 1885. Alcuni elementi originali, tra cui l&#8217;architrave firmato e la testa del doge, sono oggi conservati nel Museo dell&#8217;Opera di Palazzo Ducale.[1][6]</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2>Il completamento dell&#8217;ala della Piazzetta</h2><p>Sul lato occidentale del palazzo sorgeva il <em>palacium ad jus reddendum</em>, destinato soprattutto alle funzioni giudiziarie. Nel settembre 1422, durante il dogado di Tommaso Mocenigo, fu decisa la demolizione dell&#8217;edificio, ormai in cattive condizioni. I lavori iniziarono nel marzo 1424, quando Francesco Foscari era gi&#224; doge.[5]</p><p>La nuova ala prosegu&#236; l&#8217;impianto della facciata trecentesca affacciata sul Bacino di San Marco. Al piano terreno venne ripreso il portico, al livello superiore il loggiato aperto, mentre la grande parete soprastante fu rivestita con il caratteristico disegno geometrico di marmi chiari e rosati. Anche i finestroni e il coronamento a pinnacoli continuarono i motivi gi&#224; utilizzati nella facciata sul molo.[1]</p><p>La Porta della Carta concluse questa facciata dalla parte della basilica. Ennio Concina la definisce un &#171;portale cerimoniale&#187; inserito nella continuit&#224; della <em>pubblica magnificenza</em> del palazzo: il nuovo intervento rispettava il linguaggio che Venezia aveva gi&#224; scelto per rappresentare la propria sede di governo.[2]</p><p>Il collegamento con il cortile venne organizzato attraverso l&#8217;Andito Foscari, il corridoio a volte a crociera che passa accanto alle strutture della basilica. Porta e androne appartengono allo stesso processo edilizio, anche se la sistemazione dell&#8217;intero settore continu&#242; per diversi decenni. La guida ufficiale di Palazzo Ducale indica infatti la conclusione dei lavori dell&#8217;androne durante il dogado di Giovanni Mocenigo, tra il 1478 e il 1485.[1]</p><h2>Giovanni e Bartolomeo Bon</h2><p>Quando ricevettero la commissione della Porta, Giovanni e Bartolomeo Bon erano gi&#224; inseriti da anni nei principali cantieri veneziani. Giovanni &#232; documentato come imprenditore di lavori e scultore; tra il 1422 e il 1430 lavor&#242;, insieme al figlio, alla Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro, dove operarono anche maestri di diversa provenienza, tra i quali Matteo Raverti. Nel 1426 Giovanni era gi&#224; impegnato nella ricostruzione dell&#8217;ala di Palazzo Ducale verso la Piazzetta.[3]</p><p>Bartolomeo aveva quindi iniziato la propria attivit&#224; accanto al padre e alla Ca&#8217; d&#8217;Oro aveva partecipato a un cantiere particolarmente complesso, nel quale diverse botteghe si dividevano parti della costruzione e dell&#8217;apparato decorativo. Negli anni successivi fu coinvolto nel completamento della facciata di Palazzo Ducale, nella Porta della Carta e nell&#8217;Arco Foscari.[4]</p><p>Questo contesto aiuta a comprendere il funzionamento del cantiere. I Bon non erano semplicemente scultori incaricati di eseguire alcune figure: dirigevano lavori, organizzavano materiali e collaboratori e assumevano responsabilit&#224; complessive sull&#8217;opera. Per Bartolomeo, in particolare, la documentazione restituisce sempre pi&#249; chiaramente un&#8217;attivit&#224; da costruttore e organizzatore, accanto a quella propriamente scultorea.[3][4]</p><h2>Il contratto e un cantiere pi&#249; lungo del previsto</h2><p>Il 10 novembre 1438 Giovanni e Bartolomeo sottoscrissero con i Provveditori del Sal e sopra Rialto il contratto per la &#171;porta granda da basso del palazzo a ladi la giexia di missier sam Marcho&#187;. Il documento, riesaminato recentemente da Elena Cera, prevedeva un compenso di 1.700 ducati e un termine di diciotto mesi. I committenti avrebbero fornito buona parte delle pietre e dei marmi necessari; i Bon dovevano procurare i materiali restanti, sovrintendere al loro trasporto e attenersi al disegno che avevano gi&#224; consegnato.[5]</p><p>Il contratto nomina esplicitamente il leone di san Marco, la Giustizia e i putti disposti tra le foglie dell&#8217;arco. Le altre sculture sono comprese nel termine generico di &#171;figure&#187;. Era prevista anche la possibilit&#224; di scolpire la Giustizia con due volti, affinch&#233; fosse visibile sia dalla Piazzetta sia dall&#8217;interno del palazzo. La soluzione non venne realizzata. Il dettaglio &#232; per&#242; significativo perch&#233; il muro che oggi si trova dietro la statua fu costruito soltanto nel Seicento: nel progetto quattrocentesco il coronamento si elevava libero sopra la Porta.[5]</p><p>Il cantiere procedette pi&#249; lentamente di quanto stabilito. Le cronache esaminate da Cera collocano l&#8217;inizio effettivo dei lavori al 9 gennaio 1440. Nell&#8217;ottobre 1441 la Giustizia era gi&#224; stata posta sulla sommit&#224;, mentre un documento del 17 aprile 1442 mostra che rimanevano ancora da completare il traforo, i tre angeli che sostengono il busto di san Marco, le parti superiori dei pilastri e altre figure. Secondo Cera, tra queste ultime potevano trovarsi le quattro Virt&#249; e forse anche il gruppo con Francesco Foscari.[5]</p><p>La consueta datazione 1438-1442 identifica quindi la fase principale del lavoro senza necessariamente coincidere con la conclusione di ogni elemento decorativo. Giovanni, gi&#224; malato nel marzo 1442, mor&#236; entro il novembre dell&#8217;anno seguente. Bartolomeo assunse un ruolo sempre maggiore nel completamento dell&#8217;opera.[4][5]</p><p>La sua responsabilit&#224; &#232; testimoniata dall&#8217;iscrizione <strong>OPUS BARTHOLOMEI</strong>, incisa sull&#8217;architrave originale oggi conservato nel Museo dell&#8217;Opera. L&#8217;attribuzione delle singole sculture &#232; invece pi&#249; complessa. Cera propone di riconoscere la mano di Niccol&#242; di Giovanni Fiorentino nella Temperanza e nella Fortezza, le due Virt&#249; delle nicchie inferiori. &#200; un&#8217;attribuzione fondata sul confronto stilistico e sull&#8217;ipotesi di una collaborazione con la bottega di Bartolomeo; nessun documento assegna direttamente a Niccol&#242; queste due figure.[5]</p><h2>Pietre, colore e sculture</h2><p>La Porta &#232; inquadrata da due alti pilastri nei quali la pietra d&#8217;Istria si combina con il marmo rosso di Verona e con inserti di verde antico. Sopra il grande vano rettangolare si sviluppano il gruppo del doge e del leone, la trifora a sesto acuto e il fitto traforo polilobato. Foglie d&#8217;acanto, putti, losanghe e teste di leone collegano le parti architettoniche alle sculture.[5]</p><p>Nelle quattro nicchie laterali si trovano la Temperanza in basso a sinistra, la Carit&#224; in alto a sinistra, la Prudenza in alto a destra e la Fortezza in basso a destra. All&#8217;interno dell&#8217;arco tre angeli sorreggono il busto di san Marco. Alla sommit&#224;, la Giustizia &#232; seduta su un trono leonino e tiene la spada e la bilancia. Sui pinnacoli compaiono gli stemmi della famiglia Foscari sormontati dal corno ducale.[5]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Qlo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4ebdc3f-bb3d-4162-a8b1-3ab613d22956_3024x4032.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Qlo!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4ebdc3f-bb3d-4162-a8b1-3ab613d22956_3024x4032.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Qlo!, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4ebdc3f-bb3d-4162-a8b1-3ab613d22956_3024x4032.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Qlo!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4ebdc3f-bb3d-4162-a8b1-3ab613d22956_3024x4032.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>L&#8217;aspetto originario era pi&#249; intensamente colorato di quello attuale. Alla policromia prodotta dai diversi marmi si aggiungevano oro e azzurro oltramarino. Concina ricorda anche che <em>porta aurea</em> era un altro nome utilizzato per la Porta della Carta e inserisce il monumento tra le architetture veneziane quattrocentesche nelle quali oro e colore partecipavano alla rappresentazione della magnificenza pubblica.[2]</p><p>La perdita delle finiture e le sostituzioni avvenute nel corso dei secoli hanno modificato questa percezione. La superficie che osserviamo oggi restituisce quindi solo in parte l&#8217;effetto cromatico per il quale il portale era stato concepito.</p><h2>Perch&#233; &#8220;Porta della Carta&#8221;?</h2><p>Il nome con cui conosciamo il monumento non compare nel contratto del 1438, dove si parla semplicemente della <em>porta granda</em>. La sua origine rimane incerta.</p><p>Le spiegazioni pi&#249; ricorrenti sono due. Una collega il nome alla vendita della carta nelle vicinanze; l&#8217;altra agli uffici del governo che si trovavano in questa parte del palazzo e ai documenti che vi venivano prodotti o consegnati. Le due ipotesi possono riferirsi anche ad attivit&#224; contemporanee, e le fonti disponibili non permettono di stabilire con certezza quale abbia dato origine alla denominazione.[5]</p><h2>Francesco Foscari e l&#8217;immagine del governo</h2><p>Francesco Foscari era doge dal 1423 e sarebbe rimasto in carica fino al 1457, per trentaquattro anni, uno dei dogadi pi&#249; lunghi della storia veneziana. Durante il suo governo Venezia consolid&#242; ed estese il proprio dominio in Terraferma e fu a lungo impegnata nelle guerre contro Milano, concluse nel 1454 con la pace di Lodi. Gli ultimi anni furono segnati anche dalle vicende giudiziarie del figlio Jacopo; nell&#8217;ottobre 1457 Foscari fu costretto a rinunciare al dogado e mor&#236; pochi giorni dopo, il 1&#176; novembre. Quando la Porta della Carta venne costruita, negli anni centrali del suo governo, la sua figura era quindi gi&#224; strettamente legata a una delle fasi pi&#249; importanti dell&#8217;espansione veneziana sulla terraferma.[7]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg" width="1456" height="2184" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RLEa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5004ca-570d-4d08-a406-7c3340b1c12e_4000x6000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Il centro visivo della Porta era occupato da Francesco Foscari inginocchiato davanti al leone alato di san Marco. Il ritratto del doge e la ripetizione degli stemmi familiari davano grande rilievo alla figura di Francesco Foscari.[5]</p><p>Il contratto fu stipulato dai Provveditori del Sal e sopra Rialto. Gli interventi di maggiore importanza sul palazzo rientravano in un sistema nel quale il doge operava entro i limiti imposti dalle istituzioni della Repubblica. L&#8217;immagine personale di Foscari trovava quindi posto all&#8217;interno di un&#8217;opera pubblica destinata alla sede del governo.[5]</p><p>Le Virt&#249; appartengono al tradizionale linguaggio del buon governo. Cera sottolinea che, nel programma della Porta, potevano riferirsi anche direttamente a Francesco Foscari; gi&#224; Francesco Sansovino, nel Cinquecento, le descriveva come le virt&#249; del principe Foscari.[5]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHLg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f05ff1e-6cf3-4004-8df4-9ef909820ba6_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHLg!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f05ff1e-6cf3-4004-8df4-9ef909820ba6_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHLg!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f05ff1e-6cf3-4004-8df4-9ef909820ba6_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>La Giustizia assumeva un significato particolarmente evidente in un&#8217;ala destinata alle funzioni giudiziarie. Lo stesso tema compariva gi&#224; nelle sculture di Palazzo Ducale: poco distante si trovano il <em>Giudizio di Salomone</em> e la personificazione trecentesca di <em>Vene&#231;ia</em>, anch&#8217;essa assisa sopra un trono di leoni. La figura posta sulla sommit&#224; della Porta apparteneva quindi a un linguaggio politico e figurativo gi&#224; consolidato nel palazzo.[5]</p><h2>Oltre la Porta</h2><p>L&#8217;importanza dell&#8217;ingresso diventa pi&#249; chiara seguendo il percorso che proseguiva al suo interno. L&#8217;Andito Foscari conduce al cortile e all&#8217;Arco Foscari, costruito e modificato in pi&#249; fasi nel corso del Quattrocento. Concina legge questo asse come un percorso cerimoniale che dalla Porta raggiungeva progressivamente gli spazi interni del potere.[2]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AzKu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d15265-3af4-4a72-aaf3-6edf68ddf53c_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AzKu!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d15265-3af4-4a72-aaf3-6edf68ddf53c_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d15265-3af4-4a72-aaf3-6edf68ddf53c_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AzKu!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d15265-3af4-4a72-aaf3-6edf68ddf53c_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">La scala dei Giganti</figcaption></figure></div><p>La sistemazione che vediamo oggi fu completata in epoca successiva con la Scala dei Giganti, progettata da Antonio Rizzo e realizzata nell&#8217;ambito dei lavori seguiti all&#8217;incendio del 1483. La scala si trova sullo stesso asse dell&#8217;androne e divenne uno dei punti principali del cerimoniale ducale. Qui il doge appena eletto veniva accolto dai consiglieri, riceveva il corno ducale e pronunciava la Promissione che regolava l&#8217;esercizio della sua carica.[1][2]</p><p>La Porta della Carta era quindi il punto iniziale di un percorso architettonico che acquist&#242; nel tempo una sempre maggiore definizione cerimoniale. Guardarla soltanto dalla Piazzetta lascia fuori una parte importante della sua funzione: l&#8217;ingresso introduceva a una sequenza di spazi costruiti attorno alle istituzioni della Repubblica.</p><h2>Il 1797 e ci&#242; che rimane dell&#8217;originale</h2><p>Nel 1797 il gruppo con Francesco Foscari e il leone marciano fu abbattuto durante la rimozione delle immagini legate al governo della Repubblica. Della figura quattrocentesca del doge sopravvisse la testa, oggi conservata nel Museo dell&#8217;Opera.[1]</p><p>Il gruppo attualmente visibile sopra la Porta fu scolpito da Luigi Ferrari nel 1885. Ferrari ricostru&#236; la scena del doge inginocchiato davanti al leone; si tratta quindi di un&#8217;opera ottocentesca che occupa il posto del gruppo perduto.[6]</p><p>Il Museo dell&#8217;Opera permette di osservare direttamente altre conseguenze della lunga storia conservativa di Palazzo Ducale. Alla fine dell&#8217;Ottocento numerosi elementi lapidei deteriorati delle facciate furono rimossi e sostituiti con copie. Nelle sue sale sono conservati capitelli, pinnacoli, archetti e colonnine originali, insieme all&#8217;architrave della Porta della Carta con il nome di Bartolomeo Bon e alla testa superstite di Francesco Foscari.[1]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!du_e!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!du_e!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!du_e!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!du_e!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!du_e!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!du_e!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3100988,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/210339064?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!du_e!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!du_e!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!du_e!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!du_e!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97a31623-9db6-4ee7-8011-a6ac01c0b373_5859x3295.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ci&#242; che vediamo all&#8217;esterno conserva dunque gran parte del progetto quattrocentesco, insieme alle trasformazioni accumulate nei secoli. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zHJP!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c9210b8-9df4-43d8-a76b-191a05ee8196_1620x2160.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h2>Bibliografia</h2><p>[1] Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia, <em>Palazzo Ducale</em>, guida in breve, edizione digitale, s.d.</p><p>[2] Ennio Concina, &#171;Dal Medioevo al primo Rinascimento: l&#8217;architettura&#187;, in <em>Storia di Venezia. Dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima</em>, vol. V, <em>Il Rinascimento. Societ&#224; ed economia</em>, a cura di Alberto Tenenti e Ugo Tucci, Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1996, pp. 165&#8211;306.</p><p>[3] Giovanni Mariacher, &#171;Bono, Giovanni&#187;, in <em>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</em>, vol. 12, Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1971.</p><p>[4] Giovanni Mariacher, &#171;Bono, Bartolomeo&#187;, in <em>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</em>, vol. 12, Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1971.</p><p>[5] Elena Cera, &#171;La Porta della Carta di Palazzo Ducale: iconografia, politica e memoria nella Venezia del Quattrocento&#187;, <em>Ateneo Veneto</em>, CCXII, terza serie, 24/I, 2025, pp. 61&#8211;83.</p><p>[6] Roberta Lazzaro, &#171;Ferrari, Luigi&#187;, in <em>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</em>, vol. 46, Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1996.</p><p>[7] Giuseppe Gullino, &#171;Foscari, Francesco&#187;, in <em>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</em>, vol. 49, Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1997.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Venice 101 #4 - The Sestieri and the Islands of the Lagoon]]></title><description><![CDATA[How Venice Is Organised, from the Historic Centre to the Islands of the Lagoon]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venice-101-4-the-sestieri-and-the</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venice-101-4-the-sestieri-and-the</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 19:22:50 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Versione italiana&#127470;&#127481; : <a href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venezia-101-4-i-sestieri-e-le-isole">leggi questo articolo in italiano&#8288;</a></p><p>To find your way around Venice&#8212;<em>Ven&#232;ssia</em> (<strong>veh-NESS-yah</strong>) in Venetian&#8212;it is useful to distinguish the historic centre from the other islands of the lagoon. The historic centre is divided into six <em>sestieri (<strong>seh-STYEH-ree</strong>)</em>: San Marco, Castello, Cannaregio, San Polo, Santa Croce and Dorsoduro. Murano, Burano, Torcello, the Lido and the other islands are separate centres, each with its own history and characteristics.</p><p>This distinction allows Venice to be read on two scales. The sestieri organise the urban centre crossed by the Grand Canal, while the islands reveal the extent and variety of the lagoon territory.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2>The six sestieri</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png" width="1456" height="961" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/db314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:961,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:384885,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/209916006?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>The six sestieri of Venice: San Marco, Castello, Cannaregio, San Polo, Santa Croce and Dorsoduro. Giudecca belongs to Dorsoduro, San Giorgio Maggiore to San Marco, and San Michele to Castello.</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>The word <em>sestiere</em> (<strong>seh-STYEH-reh</strong>) derives from <em>sesto</em>, meaning &#8220;sixth&#8221;, and refers to each of the six traditional divisions of Venice. This territorial arrangement was already in use before the beginning of the thirteenth century. In 1207, it was established that each of the six members of the Minor Council would represent one of the sestieri. The division therefore formed part of the city&#8217;s political and administrative organisation.</p><p>The Grand Canal separated the sestieri into two groups. San Marco, Castello and Cannaregio were described as <em>de citra</em>, on the side containing the political centre of the city; San Polo, Santa Croce and Dorsoduro were <em>de ultra</em>, on the opposite bank. These expressions were also used when dividing responsibilities, offices and property.</p><h3>San Marco &#8212; <strong>sahn MAR-koh</strong></h3><p>San Marco takes its name from the basilica dedicated to Saint Mark the Evangelist, which served for centuries as the doge&#8217;s chapel. The sestiere includes Piazza San Marco, the Doge&#8217;s Palace and the buildings that housed the Republic&#8217;s principal political and ceremonial functions. It also extends through the areas of San Mois&#232;, Santa Maria del Giglio, Santo Stefano, Sant&#8217;Angelo and San Luca.</p><h3>Castello &#8212; <strong>kahs-TEH-oh</strong></h3><p>Castello occupies the eastern part of the city and is the largest of the six sestieri. Its name is generally associated with an early fortified area at Olivolo, now known as San Pietro di Castello. This was the location of Venice&#8217;s former cathedral and of the Arsenale, the Republic&#8217;s large naval and manufacturing complex.</p><h3>Cannaregio &#8212; <strong>kahn-nah-REH-joh</strong></h3><p>Cannaregio extends across the northern part of the city. The origin of its name is uncertain. The most common explanation connects it with the reeds that grew in the area before it was urbanised, while another derives it from <em>Canal Regio</em>, a name associated with the Cannaregio Canal.</p><p>The railway station, the Fondamente Nove and the Ghetto, established in 1516, are all located in this sestiere. For centuries, the Cannaregio Canal was one of the main connections between the Grand Canal and the northern lagoon.</p><p>My family lived in Cannaregio.</p><h3>San Polo &#8212; <strong>sahn POH-eoh</strong></h3><p>San Polo is the smallest of the sestieri. It takes its name from the church dedicated to Saint Paul the Apostle, known as <em>San Polo</em> in Venetian. It includes an important part of the Rialto area, where the city&#8217;s market and many of its commercial and financial activities developed.</p><p>The Basilica dei Frari and the Scuola Grande di San Rocco are also located in San Polo.</p><h3>Santa Croce &#8212; <strong>SAHN-tah KROH-zeh</strong></h3><p>Santa Croce takes its name from a church and monastery demolished during the nineteenth century. The sestiere includes historic areas such as San Giacomo dell&#8217;Orio, San Stae and the Tolentini, together with districts transformed by the construction of modern transport connections.</p><p>Piazzale Roma, Tronchetto and part of the port facilities belong to Santa Croce, giving it a different urban structure from the other sestieri.</p><h3>Dorsoduro &#8212; <strong>dor-soh-DOO-roh</strong></h3><p>The name Dorsoduro is traditionally connected with the greater firmness of its ground compared with the surrounding marshy areas. The sestiere occupies the southern part of the historic centre and includes Punta della Dogana, the Salute, the Zattere, San Nicol&#242; dei Mendicoli and Santa Marta.</p><p>Giudecca and Sacca Fisola also belong to Dorsoduro, although they are separated from its central area by the Giudecca Canal.</p><h2>The islands near the historic centre</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png" width="1456" height="2002" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2002,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4484656,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/209916006?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>The principal islands of the Venetian Lagoon, from the Torcello, Burano and Murano group in the northern lagoon to the Lido, Pellestrina and the islands of the southern lagoon.</span></figcaption></figure></div><h3>Giudecca &#8212; <strong>joo-DEH-kah</strong></h3><p>Giudecca consists of several islands arranged along the southern side of the canal that bears its name. Although it belongs to Dorsoduro, it forms a clearly recognisable urban area and has its own sequence of house numbers.</p><p>Over the centuries, the island contained convents, gardens, residences, shipyards and industrial plants. The churches of the Redentore and the Zitelle, both associated with Andrea Palladio&#8217;s work in Venice, stand here.</p><h3>San Giorgio Maggiore &#8212; <strong>sahn JOR-joh mah-JOR</strong></h3><p>San Giorgio Maggiore lies opposite the basin of San Marco. Its Benedictine monastery was one of the major religious complexes in Venice. Andrea Palladio designed the basilica and several monastic spaces, while Baldassare Longhena later worked on other parts of the complex.</p><p>After the fall of the Republic, the island was used for military purposes for a long period. Since 1951, it has housed the Fondazione Giorgio Cini, which restored the buildings and uses them for research, conservation and cultural programmes.</p><h3>San Michele &#8212; <strong>sahn mee-KEH-eh</strong></h3><p>San Michele is Venice&#8217;s cemetery island. The cemetery was first established on the neighbouring island of San Cristoforo della Pace. In 1836, the canal separating the two islands was filled in, creating the present single landmass.</p><p>The Renaissance church of San Michele and the former Camaldolese monastery stand beside the cemetery.</p><h3>La Certosa &#8212; <strong>ah chehr-TOH-zah</strong></h3><p>La Certosa lies between the historic centre, the Vignole and the Lido. It was once occupied by a Carthusian monastery and was later used for military purposes following the Napoleonic suppressions.</p><p>The island now contains extensive green areas and facilities connected with boating and environmental recovery.</p><h2>The northern lagoon</h2><h3>Murano &#8212; <strong>moo-RAH-n</strong></h3><p>Murano consists of several islands connected by bridges and divided by canals. Glassmaking was already practised there before 1291, but the decree concentrating Venice&#8217;s furnaces on the island strengthened its position as the Republic&#8217;s principal glassmaking centre.</p><p>Murano also developed as an urban settlement with its own churches, palaces and internal structure, closely connected with Venice while remaining distinct from it.</p><h3>Sant&#8217;Erasmo &#8212; <strong>sahn-teh-RAHZ-moh</strong></h3><p>Sant&#8217;Erasmo is one of the largest islands in the lagoon and retains a strong agricultural character. For centuries, its gardens supplied Venetian markets with fruit and vegetables. One of its best-known products is the violet artichoke.</p><p>The nineteenth-century Torre Massimiliana also records the island&#8217;s military role within the defensive system guarding the Lido inlet.</p><h3>Le Vignole &#8212; <strong>eh veen-YOH-eh</strong></h3><p>Le Vignole lies between Sant&#8217;Erasmo, La Certosa and the Lido. Its name is connected with the vineyards and cultivated land that long characterised the island.</p><p>Its proximity to the fort of Sant&#8217;Andrea and to the entrance of the lagoon also gave it strategic importance.</p><h3>Mazzorbo &#8212; <strong>maht-TSOR-boh</strong></h3><h3>Burano &#8212; <strong>boo-RAH-n</strong></h3><p>Mazzorbo and Burano belong to the same group of islands in the northern lagoon and are now connected by a bridge.</p><p>Mazzorbo has a sparse settlement pattern, with gardens and vineyards, as well as the church of Santa Caterina. Burano developed as a centre of fishing and craft production. It is known for its brightly painted houses and for its needle-lace tradition, revived during the nineteenth century by the Lace School.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VRIJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22985677-0966-48ad-95c7-3d331bf5609f_1996x1128.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VRIJ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22985677-0966-48ad-95c7-3d331bf5609f_1996x1128.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22985677-0966-48ad-95c7-3d331bf5609f_1996x1128.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VRIJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22985677-0966-48ad-95c7-3d331bf5609f_1996x1128.jpeg" width="1456" height="823" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22985677-0966-48ad-95c7-3d331bf5609f_1996x1128.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VRIJ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22985677-0966-48ad-95c7-3d331bf5609f_1996x1128.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>View from Burano towards Torcello, with the bell tower and the Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta. The Monte Cavallo massif is visible on the distant horizon.</span></figcaption></figure></div><h3>Torcello &#8212; <strong>tor-CHE-oh</strong></h3><p>Torcello was one of the principal centres of the lagoon before the rise of Rialto. The Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta, the nearby church of Santa Fosca and the objects held in the local museum record the importance of the medieval settlement.</p><p>Changes in the lagoon environment and the movement of economic and political activity towards Venice contributed to its gradual decline. The island now has very few permanent residents.</p><h3>San Francesco del Deserto &#8212; <strong>sahn frahn-CHESS-koh dehl deh-ZEHR-toh</strong></h3><p>San Francesco del Deserto is a small island between Sant&#8217;Erasmo and Burano. It contains a Franciscan friary and is not served by the regular public transport network.</p><p>Tradition associates the island with a visit by Francis of Assisi in 1220, while the permanent presence of the friars dates from later centuries.</p><h3>Lazzaretto Nuovo &#8212; <strong>lah-dzah-RE-toh NOH-voh</strong></h3><p>Lazzaretto Nuovo lies near one of the northern entrances to the lagoon. In 1468, the Venetian Senate assigned it a role in the prevention of contagion. Ships, people and goods arriving from places suspected of infection were detained there.</p><p>The island operated alongside Lazzaretto Vecchio, where people showing clear symptoms of plague were treated.</p><h2>The Lido and the southern lagoon</h2><h3>Lido &#8212; <strong>LEE-doh</strong></h3><p>The Lido is a long island separating the lagoon from the Adriatic Sea. It includes older settlements such as San Nicol&#242; and Malamocco, together with areas developed as seaside resorts during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.</p><p>Since 1932, it has hosted the Venice International Film Festival. Its beaches face the Adriatic, while its western shore looks towards Venice and the lagoon.</p><h3>Pellestrina &#8212; <strong>peh-eh-STREE-nah</strong></h3><p>Pellestrina continues the coastal barrier south of the Lido. The island consists of a succession of settlements, including San Pietro in Volta, Portosecco and Pellestrina, historically connected with fishing and maritime work.</p><p>On the seaward side stand the Murazzi, the stone defences built by the Republic to protect the coastline from erosion.</p><h3>San Lazzaro degli Armeni &#8212; <strong>sahn LAHD-dzah-roh DEH-yee ar-MEH-nee</strong></h3><p>San Lazzaro lies a short distance west of the Lido. In 1717, the Venetian Senate granted the island to Mechitar of Sebaste and his community of Armenian monks.</p><p>The Mekhitarists established a monastery, library, printing press and centre for the study of Armenian language and culture, which remains active today.</p><h3>San Servolo &#8212; <strong>sahn SEHR-voh-loh</strong></h3><p>San Servolo was occupied by a monastery for many centuries. From the eighteenth century onwards, it housed medical institutions and later a psychiatric hospital, which remained in operation until 1978.</p><p>The island now hosts cultural and university institutions and preserves the Museum of the Psychiatric Hospital, together with the records of the former hospital.</p><h3>San Clemente &#8212; <strong>sahn kleh-MEN-teh</strong></h3><p>San Clemente also began as a monastic island. During the nineteenth century, it became a psychiatric hospital for women, connected with the system of care centred on San Servolo.</p><p>After the hospital closed, the buildings were restored and adapted to other uses.</p><h3>Sacca Sessola, or Isola delle Rose &#8212; <strong>SAH-kah SEH-soh-eah</strong></h3><p>Sacca Sessola is one of the most recent islands in the lagoon. It was created artificially between 1860 and 1870 using material excavated during the construction of the commercial port at Santa Marta. After serving as a fuel depot and agricultural area, it housed facilities for the treatment of contagious diseases and later a large pulmonary hospital, which remained in operation until 1979.</p><p>The island is now occupied by a hotel complex and is marketed under the name <em>Isola delle Rose</em>, or Island of Roses. Its historical name, however, remains Sacca Sessola.</p><h3>Isola delle Grazie &#8212; <strong>EE-zoh-eah DEH-eh GRAH-zyeh</strong></h3><p>Santa Maria della Grazia, commonly known as Isola delle Grazie, is an artificial island situated between Giudecca and San Clemente. During the Middle Ages, it housed a hospice for pilgrims travelling to the Holy Land and later a monastery.</p><p>Following the Napoleonic suppressions, it was used as a gunpowder magazine; an explosion during the nineteenth century destroyed its church. It later became a hospital for infectious diseases, a function it retained until the end of the twentieth century.</p><h3>Lazzaretto Vecchio &#8212; <strong>lah-dzah-RE-toh VEH-chyoh</strong></h3><p>Lazzaretto Vecchio lies near the Lido. In 1423, the Republic established a permanent hospital there for the isolation and treatment of people suffering from plague.</p><p>Together with the later Lazzaretto Nuovo, it formed part of a sanitary system based on separating the sick, suspected cases and potentially contaminated goods.</p><h3>Poveglia &#8212; <strong>poh-VEH-yah</strong></h3><p>Poveglia lies in the southern lagoon, along the route between Venice and Malamocco. It was once inhabited, later served defensive purposes and was eventually incorporated into the lagoon&#8217;s sanitary system.</p><p>During the twentieth century, it housed a care institution. The island remained abandoned after its closure. The many stories of ghosts and paranormal phenomena associated with Poveglia are modern inventions with no basis in the island&#8217;s documented history.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Venezia 101 #4 - I sestieri e le isole della laguna]]></title><description><![CDATA[Come &#232; organizzata Venezia, dal centro storico alle isole della laguna]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venezia-101-4-i-sestieri-e-le-isole</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venezia-101-4-i-sestieri-e-le-isole</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 19:19:54 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Per orientarsi a Venezia &#232; utile distinguere il centro storico dalle altre isole della laguna. Il centro storico &#232; diviso nei sei sestieri di San Marco, Castello, Cannaregio, San Polo, Santa Croce e Dorsoduro. Murano, Burano, Torcello, il Lido e le altre isole costituiscono centri distinti, ciascuno con una propria storia e caratteristiche specifiche.</p><p>Questa distinzione permette di leggere Venezia su due scale. I sestieri organizzano il nucleo urbano attraversato dal Canal Grande, mentre le isole mostrano l&#8217;estensione e la variet&#224; del territorio lagunare.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2>I sei sestieri</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/db314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:961,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:384885,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/209916006?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!56Yp!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb314390-2cb2-48db-a980-4c7860d25b00_2000x1320.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">I sei sestieri di Venezia: San Marco, Castello, Cannaregio, San Polo, Santa Croce e Dorsoduro. La Giudecca appartiene a Dorsoduro, San Giorgio Maggiore a San Marco e San Michele a Castello.</figcaption></figure></div><p>La parola <em>sestiere</em> deriva da <em>sesto</em> e indica ciascuna delle sei divisioni tradizionali di Venezia. Questa ripartizione territoriale era gi&#224; in uso prima dell&#8217;inizio del XIII secolo. Nel 1207 fu stabilito che ciascuno dei sei membri del Minor Consiglio rappresentasse uno dei sestieri. La divisione faceva quindi parte dell&#8217;organizzazione politica e amministrativa della citt&#224;.</p><p>Il Canal Grande separava i sestieri in due gruppi. San Marco, Castello e Cannaregio erano indicati come <em>de citra</em>, dalla parte in cui si trovava il centro politico della citt&#224;; San Polo, Santa Croce e Dorsoduro erano <em>de ultra</em>, sulla riva opposta. Queste espressioni erano utilizzate anche nella distribuzione di competenze, uffici e patrimoni.</p><h3>San Marco</h3><p>San Marco prende il nome dalla basilica dedicata all&#8217;evangelista, che per secoli fu la cappella del doge. Il sestiere comprende Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Ducale e gli edifici che ospitavano le principali funzioni politiche e cerimoniali della Repubblica. Si estende anche nelle zone di San Mois&#232;, Santa Maria del Giglio, Santo Stefano, Sant&#8217;Angelo e San Luca.</p><h3>Castello</h3><p>Castello occupa la parte orientale della citt&#224; ed &#232; il pi&#249; esteso dei sei sestieri. Il nome &#232; generalmente associato a un&#8217;antica area fortificata presso Olivolo, oggi conosciuta come San Pietro di Castello. Qui si trovavano l&#8217;antica cattedrale veneziana e l&#8217;Arsenale, il grande complesso navale e produttivo della Repubblica.</p><h3>Cannaregio</h3><p>Cannaregio si estende nella parte settentrionale della citt&#224;. L&#8217;origine del nome &#232; incerta. La spiegazione pi&#249; comune lo collega ai canneti che crescevano nella zona prima della sua urbanizzazione, mentre un&#8217;altra lo fa derivare da <em>Canal Regio</em>, nome associato al canale di Cannaregio.</p><p>Nel sestiere si trovano la stazione ferroviaria, le Fondamente Nove e il Ghetto, istituito nel 1516. Per secoli il canale di Cannaregio fu uno dei principali collegamenti tra il Canal Grande e la laguna settentrionale.</p><h3>San Polo</h3><p>San Polo &#232; il pi&#249; piccolo dei sestieri. Prende il nome dalla chiesa dedicata a san Paolo Apostolo, chiamato <em>San Polo</em> in veneziano. Comprende una parte importante dell&#8217;area di Rialto, dove si svilupparono il mercato cittadino e molte attivit&#224; commerciali e finanziarie.</p><p>Nel sestiere si trovano anche la basilica dei Frari e la Scuola Grande di San Rocco.</p><h3>Santa Croce</h3><p>Santa Croce prende il nome da una chiesa e da un monastero demoliti nell&#8217;Ottocento. Il sestiere comprende zone storiche come San Giacomo dell&#8217;Orio, San Stae e i Tolentini, insieme ad aree trasformate dalla costruzione dei moderni collegamenti di trasporto.</p><p>Piazzale Roma, il Tronchetto e parte delle strutture portuali appartengono a Santa Croce, conferendole una struttura urbana diversa da quella degli altri sestieri.</p><h3>Dorsoduro</h3><p>Il nome Dorsoduro viene tradizionalmente collegato alla maggiore solidit&#224; del terreno rispetto alle aree paludose circostanti. Il sestiere occupa la parte meridionale del centro storico e comprende Punta della Dogana, la Salute, le Zattere, San Nicol&#242; dei Mendicoli e Santa Marta.</p><p>Anche la Giudecca e Sacca Fisola appartengono a Dorsoduro, pur essendo separate dalla sua parte centrale dal Canale della Giudecca.</p><h2>Le isole vicine al centro storico</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png" width="1456" height="2002" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2002,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4484656,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/209916006?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-obr!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64b36608-d973-47be-9046-7906557e5020_1600x2200.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Le principali isole della laguna di Venezia, dal gruppo di Torcello, Burano e Murano nella laguna settentrionale fino al Lido, Pellestrina e alle isole della laguna meridionale.</span></figcaption></figure></div><h3>Giudecca</h3><p>La Giudecca &#232; formata da diverse isole disposte lungo il lato meridionale del canale che porta il suo nome. Pur appartenendo a Dorsoduro, costituisce un&#8217;area urbana chiaramente riconoscibile e possiede una propria sequenza di numeri civici.</p><p>Nel corso dei secoli l&#8217;isola ospit&#242; conventi, orti, residenze, cantieri e impianti industriali. Vi sorgono le chiese del Redentore e delle Zitelle, entrambe legate all&#8217;attivit&#224; veneziana di Andrea Palladio.</p><h3>San Giorgio Maggiore</h3><p>San Giorgio Maggiore si trova di fronte al bacino di San Marco. Il monastero benedettino fu uno dei maggiori complessi religiosi veneziani. Andrea Palladio progett&#242; la basilica e diversi ambienti monastici, mentre Baldassare Longhena intervenne successivamente in altre parti del complesso.</p><p>Dopo la caduta della Repubblica l&#8217;isola fu utilizzata a lungo per scopi militari. Dal 1951 ospita la Fondazione Giorgio Cini, che ha restaurato gli edifici e li utilizza per attivit&#224; di ricerca, conservazione e produzione culturale.</p><h3>San Michele</h3><p>San Michele &#232; l&#8217;isola del cimitero di Venezia. Il camposanto fu istituito inizialmente sulla vicina isola di San Cristoforo della Pace. Nel 1836 il canale che separava le due isole fu interrato, formando l&#8217;attuale superficie unitaria.</p><p>Accanto al cimitero si trovano la chiesa rinascimentale di San Michele e l&#8217;ex monastero camaldolese.</p><h3>La Certosa</h3><p>La Certosa si trova tra il centro storico, le Vignole e il Lido. Fu sede di un monastero certosino e venne successivamente utilizzata per scopi militari dopo le soppressioni napoleoniche.</p><p>L&#8217;isola comprende oggi ampie zone verdi e strutture legate alle attivit&#224; nautiche e al recupero ambientale.</p><h2>La laguna settentrionale</h2><h3>Murano</h3><p>Murano &#232; costituita da diverse isole collegate da ponti e divise da canali. La lavorazione del vetro era gi&#224; praticata prima del 1291, ma il provvedimento che concentr&#242; sull&#8217;isola le fornaci veneziane rafforz&#242; il suo ruolo di principale centro vetrario della Repubblica.</p><p>Murano si svilupp&#242; anche come insediamento urbano, con chiese, palazzi e una propria struttura interna, strettamente collegata a Venezia e allo stesso tempo distinta da essa.</p><h3>Sant&#8217;Erasmo e le Vignole</h3><p>Sant&#8217;Erasmo &#232; una delle maggiori isole della laguna e conserva un forte carattere agricolo. Per secoli i suoi orti fornirono frutta e verdura ai mercati veneziani. Tra i suoi prodotti pi&#249; conosciuti vi &#232; il carciofo violetto.</p><p>La Torre Massimiliana, costruita nell&#8217;Ottocento, ricorda anche il ruolo militare dell&#8217;isola nel sistema difensivo che controllava la bocca di porto del Lido.</p><p>Le Vignole si trovano tra Sant&#8217;Erasmo, la Certosa e il Lido. Il nome &#232; collegato alle vigne e ai terreni coltivati che caratterizzarono a lungo l&#8217;isola.</p><p>La vicinanza al forte di Sant&#8217;Andrea e all&#8217;ingresso della laguna le confer&#236; anche importanza strategica.</p><h3>Mazzorbo e Burano</h3><p>Mazzorbo e Burano appartengono allo stesso gruppo di isole della laguna settentrionale e sono oggi collegate da un ponte.</p><p>Mazzorbo presenta un abitato poco denso, con orti e vigneti, oltre alla chiesa di Santa Caterina. Burano si svilupp&#242; come centro di pesca e di produzione artigianale. &#200; conosciuta per le case vivacemente colorate e per la tradizione del merletto ad ago, rilanciata nell&#8217;Ottocento dalla Scuola dei Merletti.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VRIJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22985677-0966-48ad-95c7-3d331bf5609f_1996x1128.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VRIJ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22985677-0966-48ad-95c7-3d331bf5609f_1996x1128.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VRIJ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22985677-0966-48ad-95c7-3d331bf5609f_1996x1128.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VRIJ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22985677-0966-48ad-95c7-3d331bf5609f_1996x1128.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VRIJ!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22985677-0966-48ad-95c7-3d331bf5609f_1996x1128.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Veduta da Burano verso Torcello, con il campanile e la basilica di Santa Maria Assunta. Sullo sfondo il massiccio del Monte Cavallo.</span></figcaption></figure></div><h3>Torcello</h3><p>Torcello fu uno dei principali centri della laguna prima dell&#8217;affermazione di Rialto. La basilica di Santa Maria Assunta, la vicina chiesa di Santa Fosca e gli oggetti conservati nel museo locale testimoniano l&#8217;importanza dell&#8217;insediamento medievale.</p><p>I cambiamenti dell&#8217;ambiente lagunare e lo spostamento delle attivit&#224; economiche e politiche verso Venezia contribuirono al suo progressivo declino. Oggi l&#8217;isola ha pochissimi residenti permanenti.</p><h3>San Francesco del Deserto</h3><p>San Francesco del Deserto &#232; una piccola isola tra Sant&#8217;Erasmo e Burano. Ospita un convento francescano e non &#232; servita dalla normale rete di trasporto pubblico.</p><p>La tradizione associa l&#8217;isola a una visita di Francesco d&#8217;Assisi nel 1220, mentre la presenza stabile dei frati risale ai secoli successivi.</p><h3>Lazzaretto Nuovo</h3><p>Il Lazzaretto Nuovo si trova presso uno degli ingressi settentrionali della laguna. Nel 1468 il Senato veneziano gli assegn&#242; una funzione nella prevenzione dei contagi. Vi venivano trattenuti navi, persone e merci provenienti da luoghi sospetti di infezione.</p><p>L&#8217;isola operava insieme al Lazzaretto Vecchio, dove venivano curate le persone che mostravano sintomi evidenti di peste.</p><h2>Il Lido e la laguna meridionale</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_oH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b4f42d-0cf0-47b9-b5ff-c1dc2b68a61a_3876x2907.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_oH!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b4f42d-0cf0-47b9-b5ff-c1dc2b68a61a_3876x2907.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_oH!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b4f42d-0cf0-47b9-b5ff-c1dc2b68a61a_3876x2907.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_oH!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b4f42d-0cf0-47b9-b5ff-c1dc2b68a61a_3876x2907.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_oH!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b4f42d-0cf0-47b9-b5ff-c1dc2b68a61a_3876x2907.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_oH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b4f42d-0cf0-47b9-b5ff-c1dc2b68a61a_3876x2907.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b4f42d-0cf0-47b9-b5ff-c1dc2b68a61a_3876x2907.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_oH!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b4f42d-0cf0-47b9-b5ff-c1dc2b68a61a_3876x2907.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>La laguna meridionale vista dal giardino della chiesa del Redentore, alla Giudecca. In lontananza si distinguono San Clemente e Sacca Sessola, oggi conosciuta anche come Isola delle Rose.</span></figcaption></figure></div><h3>Il Lido</h3><p>Il Lido &#232; una lunga isola che separa la laguna dal mare Adriatico. Comprende nuclei pi&#249; antichi come San Nicol&#242; e Malamocco, insieme ad aree sviluppate come localit&#224; balneari tra Ottocento e Novecento.</p><p>Dal 1932 ospita la Mostra internazionale d&#8217;arte cinematografica. Le spiagge si affacciano sull&#8217;Adriatico, mentre la riva occidentale guarda verso Venezia e la laguna.</p><h3>Pellestrina</h3><p>Pellestrina prosegue verso sud la barriera litoranea del Lido. L&#8217;isola &#232; costituita da una successione di centri abitati, tra cui San Pietro in Volta, Portosecco e Pellestrina, storicamente legati alla pesca e alle attivit&#224; marittime.</p><p>Sul lato rivolto al mare si trovano i Murazzi, le difese in pietra costruite dalla Repubblica per proteggere il litorale dall&#8217;erosione.</p><h3>San Lazzaro degli Armeni</h3><p>San Lazzaro si trova poco a ovest del Lido. Nel 1717 il Senato veneziano concesse l&#8217;isola a Mechitar di Sebaste e alla sua comunit&#224; di monaci armeni.</p><p>I Mechitaristi vi fondarono un monastero, una biblioteca, una tipografia e un centro per lo studio della lingua e della cultura armena, tuttora attivo.</p><h3>San Servolo</h3><p>San Servolo fu sede di un monastero per molti secoli. Dal Settecento ospit&#242; istituzioni mediche e successivamente un ospedale psichiatrico, rimasto in attivit&#224; fino al 1978.</p><p>Oggi l&#8217;isola ospita istituzioni culturali e universitarie e conserva il Museo del Manicomio, insieme ai documenti dell&#8217;antico ospedale.</p><h3>San Clemente</h3><p>Anche San Clemente ebbe origine come isola monastica. Nell&#8217;Ottocento divenne un ospedale psichiatrico femminile, collegato al sistema assistenziale incentrato su San Servolo.</p><p>Dopo la chiusura dell&#8217;ospedale, gli edifici furono restaurati e adattati ad altri usi.</p><h3>Sacca Sessola, o Isola delle Rose</h3><p>Sacca Sessola &#232; una delle isole pi&#249; recenti della laguna. Fu creata artificialmente tra il 1860 e il 1870 utilizzando materiali provenienti dagli scavi per il porto commerciale di Santa Marta. Dopo essere stata adibita a deposito di combustibili e ad attivit&#224; agricole, ospit&#242; strutture per la cura delle malattie contagiose e successivamente un grande ospedale pneumologico, rimasto in funzione fino al 1979.</p><p>L&#8217;isola &#232; oggi occupata da un complesso alberghiero ed &#232; presentata con il nome di Isola delle Rose. La denominazione storica rimane tuttavia Sacca Sessola.</p><h3>Isola delle Grazie</h3><p>Santa Maria della Grazia, comunemente chiamata Isola delle Grazie, &#232; un&#8217;isola artificiale situata fra la Giudecca e San Clemente. Nel Medioevo ospit&#242; un ricovero per i pellegrini diretti in Terrasanta e successivamente un convento.</p><p>Dopo le soppressioni napoleoniche fu utilizzata come polveriera; nell&#8217;Ottocento un&#8217;esplosione distrusse la chiesa. In seguito divenne sede di un ospedale per le malattie infettive, funzione mantenuta fino alla fine del Novecento. Attualmente non visitabile.</p><h3>Lazzaretto Vecchio</h3><p>Il Lazzaretto Vecchio si trova vicino al Lido. Nel 1423 la Repubblica vi istitu&#236; un ospedale permanente per l&#8217;isolamento e la cura delle persone affette da peste.</p><p>Insieme al successivo Lazzaretto Nuovo, costitu&#236; parte di un sistema sanitario basato sulla separazione dei malati, dei casi sospetti e delle merci potenzialmente contaminate.</p><h3>Poveglia</h3><p>Poveglia si trova nella laguna meridionale, lungo il percorso tra Venezia e Malamocco. Fu abitata, ebbe in seguito funzioni difensive e venne infine inserita nel sistema sanitario della laguna.</p><p>Nel Novecento ospit&#242; una struttura assistenziale. Dopo la sua chiusura, l&#8217;isola rimase abbandonata. Le numerose storie di fantasmi e fenomeni paranormali associate a Poveglia sono invenzioni moderne, prive di qualsiasi fondamento nella storia documentata dell&#8217;isola.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Pietro Querini: Stockfish and the Long Voyage that Linked Venice to the Lofoten Islands]]></title><description><![CDATA[From Candia to the Lofoten Islands and Back: the Shipwreck of the Querina, Stockfish, and a Memory that Still Lives On]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/pietro-querini-stockfish-and-the</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/pietro-querini-stockfish-and-the</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Aug 2026 08:48:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Versione italiana&#127470;&#127481; : <a href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/pietro-querini-lo-stoccafisso-e-il">leggi questo articolo in italiano&#8288;</a></p><p>A few weeks ago, I made <em>bacal&#224; mantecato</em> at home. In Venice, it is one of those dishes that seem to have always belonged to the city: it is found in <em>bacari</em>, trattorias, and family kitchens, served on bread or polenta, and its presence is so familiar that it is easy to forget how far its principal ingredient has travelled. The name, moreover, can be misleading. In most of Italy, <em>baccal&#224;</em> means cod preserved in salt; in the Venetian tradition, <em>bacal&#224;</em>, with a single <em>c</em>, is instead stockfish: cod dried in the cold air without salting. The dish in front of me therefore came, at least in its basic ingredient, from an environment very far from the lagoon: the coasts of northern Norway and, in particular, the Lofoten Islands.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SfPa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F966fdeed-b5b6-4704-b2ab-e32b1eb0c0da_5712x4284.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SfPa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F966fdeed-b5b6-4704-b2ab-e32b1eb0c0da_5712x4284.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SfPa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F966fdeed-b5b6-4704-b2ab-e32b1eb0c0da_5712x4284.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SfPa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F966fdeed-b5b6-4704-b2ab-e32b1eb0c0da_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SfPa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F966fdeed-b5b6-4704-b2ab-e32b1eb0c0da_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SfPa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F966fdeed-b5b6-4704-b2ab-e32b1eb0c0da_5712x4284.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F966fdeed-b5b6-4704-b2ab-e32b1eb0c0da_5712x4284.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SfPa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F966fdeed-b5b6-4704-b2ab-e32b1eb0c0da_5712x4284.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SfPa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F966fdeed-b5b6-4704-b2ab-e32b1eb0c0da_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SfPa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F966fdeed-b5b6-4704-b2ab-e32b1eb0c0da_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Homemade <strong>bacal&#224; mantecato</strong>. Photograph by the author.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>The connection between Venice and those islands is generally associated with Pietro Querini, a Venetian patrician and shipowner who left Candia for Flanders in 1431 and, after a shipwreck, reached the R&#248;st archipelago with a small group of companions. The story is often condensed into the claim that Querini &#8220;brought <em>bacal&#224;</em> to Venice&#8221;. It is an effective summary, and one that has become part of the culinary tradition, but it reduces a much broader history. The significance of the voyage lies in the commercial expedition that preceded it, in the decisions made during a crisis lasting several months, in the encounter with a northern community described with unusual attention, and in the survival of sources that still allow us to follow the experience of the castaways almost day by day.</p><p>Pietro Querini&#8217;s story contains many of the elements that make great travel narratives memorable: a mission, a ship lost in the Atlantic, survival at the edge of the Arctic Circle, and a long return to Venice. Yet at the centre of the story stands no legendary figure, but a Venetian patrician engaged in a concrete fifteenth-century shipping venture.</p><p>Almost six centuries later, the story is still remembered at R&#248;st, where a monument erected in 1932 commemorates the landing, and along the Via Querinissima, the European cultural project created to retrace the journey and certified in June 2026 as a Cultural Route of the Council of Europe.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h2xV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962021c1-296c-47ca-9744-a8e33d64d5df_1182x307.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h2xV!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962021c1-296c-47ca-9744-a8e33d64d5df_1182x307.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h2xV!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962021c1-296c-47ca-9744-a8e33d64d5df_1182x307.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h2xV!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962021c1-296c-47ca-9744-a8e33d64d5df_1182x307.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h2xV!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962021c1-296c-47ca-9744-a8e33d64d5df_1182x307.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h2xV!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962021c1-296c-47ca-9744-a8e33d64d5df_1182x307.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h2xV!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962021c1-296c-47ca-9744-a8e33d64d5df_1182x307.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2>A Venetian Patrician between Candia and Flanders</h2><p>Pietro Querini belonged to a patrician family that held fiefs on Crete, then part of the Venetian <em>Stato da Mar</em>. Candia, present-day Heraklion, was one of the principal centres of Venetian rule in the eastern Mediterranean and an essential hub for the collection and redistribution of goods. Wine&#8212;including the highly prized Malvasia&#8212;olive oil, raisins, cotton, and other products left its port for western markets, while goods and capital arrived through a network connecting Venice, the Aegean, the Levant, and North Africa. Querini operated within this system, and the expedition to Flanders arose from a business venture that was ordinary within his milieu, though demanding in scale, duration, and invested capital.[1]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPDI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c7b7125-bb20-4d17-ab36-464f955033cd_454x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPDI!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c7b7125-bb20-4d17-ab36-464f955033cd_454x900.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPDI!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c7b7125-bb20-4d17-ab36-464f955033cd_454x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Temene and Dafnes, the fiefs assigned by the Most Serene Republic of Venice to the Venetian patrician Quirini/Querini family from 1204 onwards, and from which the title &#8220;Counts of Castel Temene and the Estates of Dafnes&#8221; was derived in 1597. Image kindly provided by Paolo Francis Quirini.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>The destination was Bruges, one of the foremost commercial centres of fifteenth-century Europe, where Italian, Hanseatic, English, and Flemish merchants met. Venetian ships carried Mediterranean and eastern goods there; the return voyage would probably have offered woollen cloth and other northern products, although the sources do not specify what cargo Querini intended to purchase. Richard Holt has observed that Querini never states that he owned all the goods on board. Other patricians and merchants connected with Crete were among the survivors, and some may have rented space in the hold or invested their own capital in the venture. The <em>Querina</em> therefore stood at the centre of a commercial partnership in which the shipowner, financiers, merchants, and crew could hold different but overlapping interests.[1]</p><p>Querini&#8217;s role, however, went far beyond that of a merchant or passive investor: he was the patrician shipowner who had commissioned the vessel, personally led the expedition, and placed both a considerable part of his capital and his own life at risk.</p><p>The vessel was a <em>cocca</em>, a broad and robust merchant cog, designed to carry large quantities of goods under sail. Holt estimates her capacity at about 420 tons, substantial for the period, and believes that this was her maiden voyage. Querini had commissioned her construction and invested a considerable part of his economic expectations in the enterprise. Authority on board followed a precise hierarchy: Cristofalo Fioravante was described as <em>omo de consiglio</em>, an experienced seaman whose role may cautiously be compared with that of a first officer, while Nicol&#242; de Michiel served as the ship&#8217;s clerk. Querini remained responsible for the venture and was required to decide on the route, stops, repairs, defence, and discipline of the men.[1][3]</p><p>A personal loss marked the days before departure. One of Querini&#8217;s elder sons was to have travelled with him, but died five days before the ship left Candia. In the account attributed to Querini, the loss is recalled with a grief expressed through the religious language of the period: he writes that he felt alone and deprived of consolation, and only after the shipwreck did he interpret the death as having spared his son the suffering that awaited the crew. The passage allows us to see the man alongside the organiser of the expedition. Querini departed on 25 April 1431, carrying with him his family bereavement, a valuable cargo, and responsibility for a vessel bound to pass Gibraltar and sail northwards into the Atlantic.[1][2]</p><h2>C&#225;diz, Repairs, and Delay in the Atlantic</h2><p>The first stage of the voyage was slowed by contrary winds, which forced the <em>Querina</em> to follow the North African coast for a considerable distance. On 2 June, the ship reached the area of C&#225;diz, but struck a submerged rock at the mouth of the San Pedro River. The rudder was displaced, its fastenings were damaged, and the hull opened in several places, taking on water. The cargo had to be unloaded, the cog hauled ashore, and repairs carried out over twenty-five days. The damage appeared to have been repaired, although its consequences would re-emerge later. Querini had to coordinate men, materials, time, and expenditure while the season suitable for sailing north was rapidly slipping away.[1][2]</p><p>During the stop, news also arrived of war between Venice and Genoa. According to the manuscript account transcribed by Angela Pluda, the cog had a crew of sixty-eight men, and at <em>Cadef</em>, present-day C&#225;diz, Querini hired another forty-four <em>combatanti</em> to strengthen her defence. The account does not state when these men left the vessel. On 14 July, the <em>Querina</em> returned to sea, keeping away from routes on which she might encounter Genoese ships.[3]</p><p>Difficulties continued along the Iberian coast. The <em>Querina</em> called at Lisbon and then at Muros in Galicia, where she arrived on 26 October. Querini used the stop to travel with thirteen companions to Santiago de Compostela, about sixty-five kilometres away, and returned in time to depart on the 28th. The pilgrimage reveals something of his culture and his way of confronting uncertainty: commercial prudence, calculation of resources, and religious devotion coexisted in the decisions of the same man. The choice cost further time when autumn was already well advanced, but it would be reductive to judge it solely by modern criteria. For Querini and many of his contemporaries, travel, danger, and divine protection belonged to a single horizon.[1]</p><p>After Cape Finisterre, the ship entered the North Atlantic in increasingly adverse conditions. The rudder repaired at C&#225;diz began to cause problems again, storms prevented the crew from maintaining the course towards Flanders, and the cog was driven away from the coast. The accounts record repeated attempts to steer her, repair the damage, pump out water, and preserve the provisions. The cargo, the economic purpose of the entire voyage, also became a burden to be sacrificed whenever the safety of the vessel required it. Querini and his officers made decisions that rapidly consumed the wealth invested in the venture but offered the men a slightly better chance of survival. Goods were thrown overboard, the masts and rigging were damaged, and navigation gave way to an uncontrolled drift.</p><p>In November 1431, a violent storm drove the <em>Querina</em> towards the area of the Isles of Scilly. The crew had no instruments capable of determining longitude accurately, and after weeks of bad weather even their estimated position was uncertain. The cog had lost much of her manoeuvrability and provisions were dwindling. Querini continued to exercise command, assisted by Fioravante and the other officers, trying to keep the work organised and prevent fear from dissolving discipline.</p><h2>The Abandonment of the <em>Querina</em> and the Drift Northwards</h2><p>On 17 December 1431, the men abandoned the ship. The decision came when the <em>Querina</em> no longer offered any reasonable prospect of safety and, for her owner, it also meant the material loss of the enterprise he had built over the preceding years. The sixty-eight men were divided between two service boats: twenty-one boarded a smaller boat, while forty-seven entered the <em>fusta</em> with Querini. The separation took place in extreme conditions, and the two boats soon lost contact. Nothing more was ever heard of the first. The second remained exposed to the winter Atlantic, overloaded, with few provisions and no controllable course.[1][2]</p><p>Survival depended on the ability to ration water and food, keep the boat balanced, and preserve at least a minimal form of authority. The account describes men consumed by cold, thirst, and hunger; some drank seawater, rapidly worsening their condition. In these passages, Querini appears as a leader subjected to the same suffering as the others, yet also compelled to manage inadequate resources. The accounts do not turn his conduct into an uninterrupted celebration: they record disputes, errors, hesitation, and collapse. This concreteness makes credible the figure of a commander who retained a recognised role without being spared the physical and moral fragility of the group.</p><p>Of the forty-seven men who had boarded the <em>fusta</em>, twenty-one were still alive when, on 4 January 1432, they saw a low stretch of land on the horizon. It took another two days to reach it. On 6 January, after five more deaths, only sixteen landed on Sand&#248;ya, in the R&#248;st archipelago, beyond the Arctic Circle. Landing did not end the emergency: the island was uninhabited at that time of year, food and adequate shelter were lacking, and the men were no longer capable of sustaining lengthy searches. They used parts of the boat to shelter from the wind, gathered shellfish, and melted snow. Some died even after landing, while their companions searched for signs of human presence.</p><p>The discovery of a hut offered better shelter and showed that the island was visited. Rescue came only in February, when a fisherman who had arrived with his sons found the castaways and alerted the community of R&#248;st. In the end, only eleven of the men who had left Candia would return. The number conveys the scale of the loss, but not by itself the duration of the ordeal: almost nine months between departure and landing, followed by weeks of waiting on the small island. When the inhabitants of R&#248;st reached the survivors, they found men reduced to conditions that the sources describe starkly, unable immediately to resume anything resembling a normal life.</p><h2>R&#248;st through Querini&#8217;s Eyes</h2><p>The community of R&#248;st distributed the survivors among its households, gave them clothing and food, and cared for them throughout a long convalescence. Querini remained in the archipelago for about one hundred days, long enough to observe its social organisation and economic activities. His perspective retains the moral and religious assumptions of a fifteenth-century Venetian patrician, but he avoids reducing the inhabitants to a remote and incomprehensible people. He emphasises their devotion, honesty, and above all their hospitality, on which the lives of the castaways depended. Gratitude runs through his descriptions of their houses, family relations, food, and everyday customs.[1][2]</p><p>Querini also records practices that appeared unusual to him, including the custom of men and women bathing together. The passage has often been isolated for its curiosity, whereas the account as a whole offers something more important: an extended description of a medieval coastal community seen by an observer from the Mediterranean. R&#248;st had few agricultural resources, consisted of a small number of families, and depended closely on the sea. Cooperation within the community, access to networks of exchange, and adaptation to the environment nevertheless allowed its inhabitants to lead a life that Querini judged more orderly and secure than he had expected.</p><p>At the centre of the economy was the seasonal fishing of Arctic cod, the <em>skrei</em>, which reaches the Lofoten Islands during the winter months to spawn. The fish were cleaned and hung on wooden racks, exposed to the wind and low temperatures. Drying required no salt and produced a hard, light stockfish that could be preserved for a long time and transported over thousands of kilometres. Before being eaten, it was beaten to break down the fibres, then rehydrated and prepared. Querini described the process attentively because it formed the material basis of life on the island and because his shipowner&#8217;s eye immediately recognised the qualities of a commodity capable of circulating over great distances.[1][2]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rjzz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33b7777-1dcd-4f4c-8184-3ee6e03f12c0_940x786.avif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rjzz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33b7777-1dcd-4f4c-8184-3ee6e03f12c0_940x786.avif 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rjzz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33b7777-1dcd-4f4c-8184-3ee6e03f12c0_940x786.avif 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rjzz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33b7777-1dcd-4f4c-8184-3ee6e03f12c0_940x786.avif 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rjzz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33b7777-1dcd-4f4c-8184-3ee6e03f12c0_940x786.avif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rjzz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33b7777-1dcd-4f4c-8184-3ee6e03f12c0_940x786.avif" width="940" height="786" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e33b7777-1dcd-4f4c-8184-3ee6e03f12c0_940x786.avif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:786,&quot;width&quot;:940,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:139269,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/avif&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/208666161?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33b7777-1dcd-4f4c-8184-3ee6e03f12c0_940x786.avif&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rjzz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33b7777-1dcd-4f4c-8184-3ee6e03f12c0_940x786.avif 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rjzz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33b7777-1dcd-4f4c-8184-3ee6e03f12c0_940x786.avif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Stockfish. &#169; Via Querinissima.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>From the Lofoten Islands, stockfish travelled to Bergen, where it entered the Hanseatic commercial network and was distributed throughout northern Europe. The product therefore did not belong to an isolated economy: it connected fishermen, carriers, and merchants across an extensive system. In Catholic territories, it also provided a durable answer to the demand for fish on the many days of abstinence. The inhabitants of R&#248;st gave the Venetians a quantity of stockfish to take with them, and over the centuries this contributed to the tradition that Querini had introduced it to Venice.</p><p>More recent studies, particularly Richard Holt&#8217;s contribution, call for greater caution. Stockfish was present in European commercial circuits before the voyage of the <em>Querina</em>, and the product may already have been known in Italy. The available sources do not demonstrate that Querini personally established a stable route between R&#248;st and Venice. His voyage nevertheless remains of decisive importance: it left us an extensive account of the production, consumption, and trade of stockfish, and gave later Venetian and Norwegian memory an episode in which to identify the symbolic origin of a genuine connection. Venetian <em>bacal&#224;</em> belongs to a long and complex commercial history; Querini became its most recognisable figure.[1]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZyt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZyt!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZyt!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZyt!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZyt!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZyt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg" width="1022" height="1299" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1299,&quot;width&quot;:1022,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:152840,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/208666161?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZyt!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZyt!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZyt!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZyt!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Reconstruction of the voyage of the <strong>Querina</strong>: in blue, the sea passage from Candia to the shipwreck near R&#248;st; in red, Pietro Querini&#8217;s return through Scandinavia and Europe; in orange, the route followed by Cristofalo Fioravante and Nicol&#242; de Michiele. Courtesy of Via Querinissima &#8211; International Association. Image: &#169; Via Querinissima.</em></figcaption></figure></div><h2>The Return across Europe</h2><p>When the season improved, the survivors left R&#248;st. The return journey followed different routes, and some of the companions separated. The reconstructed itinerary includes Trondheim, Vadstena, and L&#246;d&#246;se; Querini later reached London, where he found assistance within Italian mercantile networks. Fioravante and de Michiel instead followed a route through territories that now form parts of Germany and Austria. Their ability to return depended on a web of hospitality, religious institutions, commercial relations, and contacts among merchants extending across fifteenth-century Europe.[1]</p><p>Querini also passed through Bruges, the destination the <em>Querina</em> had never reached, and continued overland through Germany and Basel. He arrived in Venice on 25 January 1433, twenty-one months after leaving Candia. Fioravante and de Michiel described the physical transformation of a patrician who, judging from their words, had been rather slight in build and refined in manner before departure, but returned robust and marked by suffering. The expedition had lost the ship, the cargo, and almost all its men. The accounts written after the return, however, preserved the story of the venture and allowed it to circulate.</p><h2>The Accounts, the Manuscripts, and Ramusio</h2><p>The story has reached us through two textual groups. The first is the account attributed to Querini himself. Two manuscript versions survive: one in the Vatican Apostolic Library, Vat. lat. 5256, and an incomplete copy in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana. The attribution directly to the shipowner must remain cautious: the text presents his voice and point of view, but no autograph survives that would allow us to say that the manuscript was physically written by him. Daniela Di Pinto has analysed the Vatican codex as a material object, reconstructing its composition, characteristics, and history of preservation. Vat. lat. 5256 is a composite volume formed from units of different periods and contents; the section devoted to the voyage must therefore also be studied in relation to the material history of the codex.[1][P1]</p><p>The second group derives from the testimony of Cristofalo Fioravante and Nicol&#242; de Michiel, recorded in 1433 by the Florentine Antonio di Matteo di Corrado de&#8217; Cardini. The original has not been identified, but a copy made by Antonio Vitturi on 8 October 1480 in the Venetian parish of San Simeone Apostolo is preserved in the Marciana under the shelfmark ms. It. VII 368 (7936). The manuscript, entitled <em>Naufragio della Coca Quirina</em>, presents Fioravante as <em>omo de consiglio</em> and de Michiel as the ship&#8217;s clerk. The interval of almost fifty years between the events and the surviving copy requires caution, but the existence of an earlier text and the closeness of the testimony to the protagonists make it an essential source.[1][3][P2]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg" width="1240" height="827" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:827,&quot;width&quot;:1240,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:190628,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/208666161?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Opening of the account by Nicol&#242; de Michiele and Cristofalo Fioravante, preserved in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana (Ms. It. VII, 368 [7936]). Together with Pietro Querini&#8217;s account, it constitutes one of the principal contemporary sources for the expedition. Courtesy of Via Querinissima &#8211; International Association. Image: &#169; Via Querinissima.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>The opening lines read:</p><blockquote><p>Avegna che per infiniti exemplij et miracoli al continuo siamo da nostro Signore Dio exortati sollo per umiliare le nostre dure mente e poco o niente ne giova. [&#8230;][P2]</p></blockquote><p>My translation:</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;Although we are continually exhorted by Our Lord God, through countless examples and miracles, to humble our stubborn minds, it avails us little or not at all.&#8221;</p></blockquote><p>The accounts do not agree in every detail. They differ in perspective, in the selection of episodes, and in the way decisions are explained. Comparing them allows us to distinguish Querini&#8217;s personal memory from the reconstruction offered by two men who had shared the voyage and held different roles on board. Their richness extends beyond the shipwreck: the texts document the practices of a commercial expedition, the hierarchy aboard the vessel, repairs, provisions, survival strategies, and observations of R&#248;st. They are sources for maritime, economic, and social history, as well as one of the most important medieval accounts of an encounter between Mediterranean and Arctic Europe.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZED!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd1cba01-88b6-4223-9785-9b367339b1c8_2160x998.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZED!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd1cba01-88b6-4223-9785-9b367339b1c8_2160x998.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZED!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd1cba01-88b6-4223-9785-9b367339b1c8_2160x998.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZED!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd1cba01-88b6-4223-9785-9b367339b1c8_2160x998.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZED!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd1cba01-88b6-4223-9785-9b367339b1c8_2160x998.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Detail from the Fra Mauro Map (c. 1450), preserved in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana in Venice. Beside Norway appears the inscription &#171;In questa prou&#299;cia di norue gi&#224; scorse misier piero querini come &#232; noto&#187;, showing how rapidly Pietro Querini&#8217;s voyage entered the geographical and cultural knowledge of fifteenth-century Venice.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>The story was already circulating in the fifteenth century. On the Fra Mauro Map, made around 1450 and now preserved in the Marciana, a note beside Norway refers to the voyage of Messer Piero Querini. The annotation shows that within a few years his experience had become geographical knowledge that could be used in representing the North. The phrase <em>come &#232; noto</em>&#8212;&#8220;as is well known&#8221;&#8212;is particularly significant, showing that the voyage had already entered Venetian knowledge.[P4] In 1559, Giovanni Battista Ramusio published both accounts in the second volume of the <em>Navigationi et viaggi</em>, ensuring a much wider circulation for the story.[P3]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg" width="1456" height="1330" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Opening page of the <strong>Viaggio del magnifico messer Piero Quirino</strong>, published by Giovanni Battista Ramusio in the <strong>Navigationi et Viaggi</strong> (1559). Although it is not a direct source, this edition helped circulate the story of Pietro Querini&#8217;s voyage throughout Europe. Public domain &#8211; Heidelberg University.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>Ramusio did not simply reproduce the surviving manuscripts. His versions contain significant differences, and the relationship between the printed texts and the earlier versions remains a subject of study. The recent volume published by Via Querinissima brings together modern translations of Ramusio&#8217;s versions and essays on the commercial context, the Norwegian reception of the story, and the history of the Vatican manuscript. It is particularly valuable because it makes visible the distinctions between textual tradition, source, and interpretation.[1]</p><h2>From the R&#248;st Monument to Via Querinissima</h2><p>The memory of the voyage did not remain constant over the centuries and assumed different meanings in Italy and Norway. One decisive moment came in 1932, the five-hundredth anniversary of the landing. The inhabitants of R&#248;st erected a monument at the place that local tradition identified with the arrival of the castaways. The inscription recalls Pietro Querini, his surviving companions, the date of 6 January 1432, and the initiative of the local population. The inauguration involved local authorities, Italian guests, and about 250 people who had also travelled from Bod&#248; and Svolv&#230;r. The event was broadcast on Norwegian radio, indicating that the story had already moved beyond a purely local dimension.[1] </p><blockquote><h6>&#8220;IN THIS PLACE THE ITALIAN<br>PIETRO QUERINI<br>ARRIVED WITH THE SURVIVORS OF HIS CREW<br>ON 6 JANUARY 1432<br>THE INHABITANTS OF R&#216;ST<br>ERECTED THIS MONUMENT IN 1932&#8221;</h6></blockquote><p>On the same occasion, Francesco Querini di San Silvestro was also commemorated. A descendant of Pietro and an officer in the <em>Regia Marina</em>, the Royal Italian Navy, he had taken part in the Duke of the Abruzzi&#8217;s polar expedition and disappeared in 1900 during the return from the attempt to reach the North Pole. The speech delivered at R&#248;st in 1932 thus brought together two members of the family connected, almost five centuries apart, with the Arctic regions.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C4x0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f28f5f3-8c2c-40b8-aad5-db80e791536e_640x853.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C4x0!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f28f5f3-8c2c-40b8-aad5-db80e791536e_640x853.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f28f5f3-8c2c-40b8-aad5-db80e791536e_640x853.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C4x0!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f28f5f3-8c2c-40b8-aad5-db80e791536e_640x853.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>The memorial monument at Sand&#248;ya commemorates the landing of Pietro Querini and the survivors of the <strong>Querina</strong> in the winter of 1432. It remains one of the symbols of the historical connection between the Lofoten Islands and Venice. In June 2009, Conte Paolo Francis Quirini di Santa Giustina, a descendant of Pietro Querini, visited Sand&#248;ya with Arnfinn Ellingsen, then Mayor of R&#248;st, shown on the right. Photograph kindly provided by Paolo Francis Quirini</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>The monument celebrated both Querini and the inhabitants who had welcomed the castaways. The memory of their hospitality offered the community of R&#248;st a medieval testimony to its own history and to the virtues attributed to the people of the North. It also served a practical function: during years of crisis in the fishing industry, some promoters hoped that the association with Querini would encourage cultural and tourist interest in the island. The commemoration therefore brought together local identity, relations with Italy, and hopes for the future. In 1982, for the 550th anniversary, another celebration brought Norwegian and Italian representatives together before the same monument, consolidating a relationship that had by then acquired an institutional dimension.[1]</p><p>Since the end of the twentieth century, the story has been revisited through studies, translations, festivals, educational activities, and artistic productions, including the <em>Querinioperaen</em> created at R&#248;st. The twinning with Sandrigo has strengthened relations with the Veneto also through the culinary culture of stockfish. This contemporary reception does not merely repeat the story of the shipwreck: it selects themes within the experience of 1432 that remain meaningful today, including hospitality, exchange between distant communities, the circulation of goods, and the capacity to build relationships across geographical and cultural boundaries.[1]</p><p>In 2022, the International Cultural Association Via Querinissima was founded to coordinate a cultural route inspired by the voyage made between 1431 and 1433. The route crosses several European countries, connecting the eastern Mediterranean, the Iberian Peninsula, Norway, Sweden, the British Isles, and central Europe with Venice. Its objectives include historical research, education, sustainable tourism, the enhancement of tangible and intangible heritage, and cooperation among the territories involved.[1] In June 2026, Via Querinissima was certified as a Cultural Route of the Council of Europe.</p><p>The monument erected in 1932 and Via Querinissima belong to two different phases of the same memory. The first fixed the recollection of the landing and the welcome into the landscape of R&#248;st; the second has transformed the castaways&#8217; route into a contemporary network of places, institutions, and people. In both cases, the story has continued to live because the communities involved recognised in it something extending beyond Querini&#8217;s individual fate. Venice and R&#248;st came into contact through a maritime disaster, but what is remembered today is above all the way in which the men survived through competence, organisation, and the assistance they received.</p><h2>A Legacy Broader than <em>Bacal&#224;</em></h2><p><em>Bacal&#224; mantecato</em> remains a natural point of entry into this story. Stockfish still connects the Veneto with the Lofoten Islands and makes immediately understandable the distance crossed by goods and traditions. Pietro Querini gains greater depth when freed from the exclusive role of gastronomic importer. The sources present him as a shipowner and leader of the expedition, required to manage a crisis that destroyed the vessel and cost the lives of almost the entire crew. The account of his stay at R&#248;st also reveals his attention to the community that welcomed him and to the stockfish economy.</p><p>The sources and later forms of commemoration show how deeply the story entered Venetian and Norwegian memory. The dish prepared today in a Venetian or Veneto kitchen belongs to this long process of accumulation, in which commerce, memory, research, and culinary tradition have overlapped. Behind <em>bacal&#224; mantecato</em> therefore remains a documented history of people and European routes, begun with a ship bound for Bruges and still capable of connecting Venice with islands beyond the Arctic Circle.</p><h2>Part Two: Trade, Ships, and Maritime Organisation</h2><p>This article has concentrated above all on the human story of the shipwreck, the stay at R&#248;st, and the return. The second part will examine the economic, shipping, and nautical context of the expedition: the fiefs of Candia and the production of goods, the organisation of Venetian trade with Flanders, the relationship between merchant cogs and the <em>galee di muda</em>, and the technical characteristics of fifteenth-century navigation. These aspects are necessary for a fuller understanding of the reasons behind the voyage and of the world in which the <em>Querina</em> was conceived, built, and fitted out.</p><h2>Acknowledgements</h2><p>I would like to thank Dr Nicoletta Martorana, Director of Via Querinissima &#8211; International Association, for her availability and for authorising the use of the images reproduced in this article. I also thank the Association for the materials made available through its website and the e-book <em>Insights into the Sources for Pietro Querini&#8217;s Journey</em>, which provided an important reference in preparing this work.</p><p>I would also like to thank Maria Cristina Giacomazzo and Conte Alessandro Zanotto, <em>Cavaliere Ereditario di San Marco</em>, for their help and for the time they devoted to this work.</p><p>My particular thanks go to Conte Paolo Francis Quirini di Santa Giustina, <em>Patrizio Veneziano, Cavaliere Ereditario di San Marco e di Stola d&#8217;Oro</em>, a descendant of Pietro Querini, for the information, materials, and family memories he made available to me. They substantially enriched this article and will be invaluable for the further studies that follow.</p><h2>Primary Sources</h2><p><strong>[P1]</strong> Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 5256, ff. 42r&#8211;55v, account of the voyage attributed to Pietro Querini.</p><p><strong>[P2]</strong> Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, ms. It. VII, 368 (7936), <em>Naufragio della Coca Quirina</em>, account by Cristofalo Fioravante and Nicol&#242; de Michiele, copy by Antonio Vitturi, Venice, 8 October 1480.</p><p><strong>[P3]</strong> Giovanni Battista Ramusio, <em>Delle navigationi et viaggi</em>, vol. II, Venice, Giunti, 1559, &#8220;Viaggio del magnifico messer Piero Quirino gentiluomo vinitiano&#8221;, digitised copy held by the Universit&#228;tsbibliothek Heidelberg, DOI: 10.11588/diglit.9381, digital image 349 ff.</p><p><strong>[P4]</strong> Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Fra Mauro Map, c. 1450.</p><h2>Bibliography</h2><p><strong>[1]</strong> Stefano Agnoletto (ed.), <em>Insights into the Sources for Pietro Querini&#8217;s Journey: Texts, Interpretations, and Historical Perspectives</em>, Via Querinissima International Association, 2025.</p><p><strong>[2]</strong> Pietro Querini, Nicol&#242; de Michiele, and Cristofalo Fioravante, <em>Il naufragio della Querina. Veneziani nel circolo polare artico</em>, ed. by Paolo Nelli, afterword by Claire Judde de Larivi&#232;re, 2nd ed., Rome, Nutrimenti, 2018.</p><p><strong>[3]</strong> Angela Pluda (ed.), <em>&#171;Infeli&#231;e e sventuratta coca Querina&#187;. I racconti originali del naufragio dei Veneziani nei mari del Nord</em>, Rome, Viella, 2019.</p><p><strong>[4]</strong> Francesco Surdich, &#8220;Querini, Pietro&#8221;, in <em>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</em>, vol. 86, Rome, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2016, pp. 33&#8211;35.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Pietro Querini: lo stoccafisso e il lungo viaggio che unì Venezia alle Lofoten ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Da Candia alle Lofoten e ritorno: il naufragio della Querina, lo stoccafisso e una memoria ancora viva]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/pietro-querini-lo-stoccafisso-e-il</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/pietro-querini-lo-stoccafisso-e-il</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Aug 2026 08:46:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Qualche settimana fa ho preparato in casa il <strong>bacal&#224; mantecato</strong>. A Venezia &#232; uno di quei piatti che sembrano appartenere da sempre alla citt&#224;: si trova nei bacari, nelle trattorie, sulle tavole familiari, servito sul pane o sulla polenta, e la sua presenza &#232; cos&#236; consueta da far dimenticare quanto sia lunga la strada percorsa dal suo ingrediente principale. Il nome, inoltre, pu&#242; trarre in inganno. In gran parte d&#8217;Italia il <em>baccal&#224;</em> &#232; il merluzzo conservato sotto sale; nella tradizione veneziana il <strong>bacal&#224;</strong>, con una sola <em>c</em>, &#232; invece lo <strong>stoccafisso</strong>, merluzzo essiccato all&#8217;aria fredda senza salagione. Il piatto che avevo davanti proveniva quindi, almeno nella sua materia prima, da un ambiente lontanissimo dalla laguna: le coste della Norvegia settentrionale e, in particolare, le isole Lofoten.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SfPa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F966fdeed-b5b6-4704-b2ab-e32b1eb0c0da_5712x4284.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SfPa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F966fdeed-b5b6-4704-b2ab-e32b1eb0c0da_5712x4284.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SfPa!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F966fdeed-b5b6-4704-b2ab-e32b1eb0c0da_5712x4284.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" 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y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Il collegamento fra Venezia e quelle isole viene abitualmente ricondotto a Pietro Querini, patrizio e armatore veneziano che nel 1431 part&#236; da Candia diretto nelle Fiandre e, dopo un naufragio, raggiunse con pochi compagni l&#8217;arcipelago di R&#248;st. La vicenda &#232; spesso condensata nella formula secondo cui Querini avrebbe &#8220;portato il bacal&#224; a Venezia&#8221;. &#200; una sintesi efficace, divenuta parte della tradizione gastronomica, ma semplifica una storia molto pi&#249; ampia. Il valore del viaggio risiede nella spedizione commerciale che lo precedette, nelle decisioni prese durante una crisi durata mesi, nell&#8217;incontro con una comunit&#224; del Nord descritta con attenzione insolita e nella sopravvivenza di fonti che permettono ancora oggi di seguire quasi giorno per giorno l&#8217;esperienza dei naufraghi. </p><p>La vicenda di Pietro Querini possiede molti degli elementi che rendono memorabili i grandi racconti di viaggio: una missione, una nave perduta nell&#8217;Atlantico, la sopravvivenza ai limiti del Circolo Polare Artico e un lungo ritorno a Venezia. Eppure, al centro di questa storia non c&#8217;&#232; un personaggio leggendario, ma un patrizio veneziano impegnato in una concreta impresa armatoriale del XV secolo.</p><p>A quasi sei secoli di distanza, quella storia continua inoltre a essere ricordata a R&#248;st, dove un cippo del 1932 commemora l&#8217;approdo, e lungo la <a href="https://www.viaquerinissima.net/">Via Querinissima</a>, il progetto culturale europeo nato per ripercorrerne le tracce, e riconosciuto nel giugno 2026 dal Consiglio d&#8217;Europa come <strong>Itinerario culturale europeo</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h2xV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962021c1-296c-47ca-9744-a8e33d64d5df_1182x307.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962021c1-296c-47ca-9744-a8e33d64d5df_1182x307.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h2xV!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962021c1-296c-47ca-9744-a8e33d64d5df_1182x307.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2><strong>Un patrizio veneziano tra Candia e le Fiandre</strong></h2><p>Pietro Querini apparteneva a una famiglia patrizia che possedeva feudi a Creta, allora parte dello Stato da Mar veneziano. Candia, l&#8217;attuale Heraklion, era uno dei maggiori centri del dominio veneziano nel Mediterraneo orientale e un nodo essenziale per la raccolta e la redistribuzione di merci. Da l&#236; partivano vino (la pregiata Malvasia), olio, uva passa, cotone e altri prodotti destinati ai mercati occidentali; vi arrivavano beni e capitali provenienti da una rete che collegava Venezia, l&#8217;Egeo, il Levante e l&#8217;Africa settentrionale. Querini operava all&#8217;interno di questo sistema e la spedizione verso le Fiandre nasceva da un progetto imprenditoriale ordinario per il suo ambiente, bench&#233; impegnativo per dimensioni, durata e capitale investito.[1]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPDI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c7b7125-bb20-4d17-ab36-464f955033cd_454x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPDI!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c7b7125-bb20-4d17-ab36-464f955033cd_454x900.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPDI!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c7b7125-bb20-4d17-ab36-464f955033cd_454x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c7b7125-bb20-4d17-ab36-464f955033cd_454x900.jpeg" width="454" height="900" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6c7b7125-bb20-4d17-ab36-464f955033cd_454x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:900,&quot;width&quot;:454,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:95929,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/208666161?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c7b7125-bb20-4d17-ab36-464f955033cd_454x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPDI!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c7b7125-bb20-4d17-ab36-464f955033cd_454x900.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPDI!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c7b7125-bb20-4d17-ab36-464f955033cd_454x900.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPDI!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c7b7125-bb20-4d17-ab36-464f955033cd_454x900.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pPDI!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c7b7125-bb20-4d17-ab36-464f955033cd_454x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Temene e Dafnes, i feudi dei Patrizi Veneti Quirini/Querini a loro assegnati dalla Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia fin dal 1204 (e dai quali, a partire dal 1597, il titolo di &#8220;Conti di Castel Temene e Casali di Dafnes&#8221;) Immagine gentilmente concessa da Paolo Francis Quirini</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>La destinazione era Bruges, uno dei principali centri commerciali dell&#8217;Europa del Quattrocento, dove si incontravano mercanti italiani, anseatici, inglesi e fiamminghi. Le navi veneziane vi portavano merci mediterranee e orientali; il viaggio di ritorno avrebbe probabilmente offerto tessuti di lana e altri prodotti del Nord, anche se le fonti non specificano quale carico Querini intendesse acquistare. Richard Holt ha sottolineato che non dichiara mai di possedere l&#8217;intera merce imbarcata. Tra i superstiti figuravano altri patrizi e mercanti legati a Creta, ed &#232; verosimile che alcuni avessero affittato spazio nella stiva o partecipassero all&#8217;impresa con propri capitali. La <em>Querina</em> era dunque al centro di una societ&#224; commerciale nella quale proprietario della nave, finanziatori, mercanti e uomini dell&#8217;equipaggio potevano condividere interessi diversi.[1]</p><p><span>Il ruolo di Querini andava per&#242; ben oltre quello di un mercante o di un investitore passivo: era il patrizio armatore che aveva fatto costruire la nave, guidava personalmente la spedizione e metteva a rischio sia una parte considerevole del proprio capitale sia la propria vita.</span></p><p>La nave era una cocca mercantile, larga e robusta, adatta a trasportare grandi quantit&#224; di merci affidandosi principalmente alla vela. Holt ne propone una stima intorno alle 420 tonnellate, notevole per l&#8217;epoca, e ritiene che si trattasse del suo viaggio inaugurale. Querini l&#8217;aveva fatta costruire e vi aveva riposto una parte considerevole delle proprie aspettative economiche. A bordo l&#8217;autorit&#224; era organizzata secondo una gerarchia precisa: Cristofalo Fioravante era indicato come <em>omo de consiglio</em>, una figura di grande esperienza nautica paragonabile, con cautela, a un primo ufficiale; Nicol&#242; de Michiel svolgeva il ruolo di scrivano. Querini rimaneva il responsabile dell&#8217;impresa, chiamato a decidere sulla rotta, sulle soste, sulle riparazioni, sulla difesa e sulla disciplina degli uomini.[1][3]</p><p>Un fatto personale segn&#242; i giorni precedenti alla partenza. Uno dei figli maggiori di Querini avrebbe dovuto viaggiare con lui, ma mor&#236; cinque giorni prima che la nave lasciasse Candia. Nella relazione attribuita al Querini, la perdita viene ricordata con un dolore che attraversa il linguaggio religioso del tempo: egli scrive di essersi sentito solo e privo di consolazione, e soltanto dopo il naufragio interpret&#242; quella morte come la salvezza del figlio dalle sofferenze che attendevano l&#8217;equipaggio. Questo passaggio consente di vedere l&#8217;uomo accanto all&#8217;organizzatore della spedizione. Querini part&#236; il <strong>25 aprile 1431</strong>, portando con s&#233; il lutto familiare, un carico di grande valore e la responsabilit&#224; di una nave destinata a superare Gibilterra e risalire l&#8217;Atlantico.[1][2]</p><h2><strong>Cadice, le riparazioni e il ritardo nell&#8217;Atlantico</strong></h2><p>La prima fase del viaggio fu rallentata dai venti contrari, che spinsero la <em>Querina</em> a seguire a lungo la costa dell&#8217;Africa settentrionale. Il 2 giugno la nave raggiunse la zona di Cadice, ma all&#8217;imboccatura del fiume San Pedro urt&#242; uno scoglio sommerso. Il timone si disloc&#242;, i suoi elementi di fissaggio subirono danni e lo scafo si apr&#236; in pi&#249; punti, imbarcando acqua. Fu necessario scaricare la merce, mettere la cocca in secco e lavorare per venticinque giorni. Il danno sembr&#242; riparato, anche se le conseguenze sarebbero riemerse pi&#249; avanti. In questa situazione Querini dovette coordinare uomini, materiali, tempi e costi mentre la stagione utile per la navigazione verso nord si riduceva rapidamente.[1][2]</p><p><span>Durante la sosta arriv&#242; anche la notizia della guerra fra Venezia e Genova. Secondo la relazione manoscritta trascritta da Angela Pluda, la cocca aveva un equipaggio di sessantotto uomini e a </span><em>Cadef</em><span>, l&#8217;odierna Cadice, Querini assunse altri quarantaquattro &#171;combatanti&#187; per rafforzarne la difesa. La relazione non precisa quando questi uomini lasciarono la nave. Il 14 luglio la </span><em>Querina</em><span> riprese il mare, tenendosi lontana dalle rotte sulle quali avrebbe potuto incontrare unit&#224; genovesi.[3]</span></p><p>Le difficolt&#224; continuarono lungo le coste iberiche. La <em>Querina</em> fece tappa a Lisbona e poi a Muros, in Galizia, dove arriv&#242; il 26 ottobre. Querini sfrutt&#242; la sosta per recarsi con tredici compagni a Santiago de Compostela, distante circa sessantacinque chilometri, e torn&#242; in tempo per ripartire il 28. Il pellegrinaggio rivela un tratto della sua cultura e del suo modo di affrontare l&#8217;incertezza: la prudenza commerciale, il calcolo delle risorse e la devozione religiosa convivevano nelle scelte dello stesso uomo. La decisione cost&#242; altro tempo quando l&#8217;autunno era gi&#224; avanzato, ma sarebbe riduttivo leggerla con criteri esclusivamente moderni. Per Querini e per molti suoi contemporanei, il viaggio, il rischio e la protezione divina appartenevano a un unico orizzonte.[1]</p><p>Dopo Capo Finisterre la nave entr&#242; nell&#8217;Atlantico settentrionale in condizioni sempre pi&#249; sfavorevoli. Il timone riparato a Cadice torn&#242; a creare problemi, le tempeste impedirono di mantenere la rotta verso le Fiandre e la cocca venne spinta lontano dalla costa. Le relazioni registrano tentativi continui di governarla, riparare i danni, pompare l&#8217;acqua e conservare le provviste. Il carico, ragione economica dell&#8217;intero viaggio, diventava anche un peso da sacrificare quando la sicurezza della nave lo richiedeva. Querini e i suoi ufficiali presero decisioni che consumavano rapidamente il patrimonio investito, ma offrivano qualche possibilit&#224; in pi&#249; agli uomini. Le merci vennero gettate in mare, gli alberi e le attrezzature subirono danni e la navigazione si trasform&#242; in una deriva.</p><p>Nel novembre del 1431 una violenta tempesta spinse la <em>Querina</em> verso l&#8217;area delle isole Scilly. L&#8217;equipaggio non disponeva di strumenti capaci di determinare con precisione la longitudine e, dopo settimane di maltempo, anche la posizione stimata era incerta. La cocca aveva perso gran parte della capacit&#224; di manovra e le scorte diminuivano. Querini continu&#242; a esercitare il comando, affiancato da Fioravante e dagli altri ufficiali, cercando di mantenere il lavoro organizzato e di evitare che la paura dissolvesse la disciplina. </p><h2><strong>L&#8217;abbandono della </strong><em><strong>Querina</strong></em><strong> e la deriva verso nord</strong></h2><p>Il <strong>17 dicembre 1431</strong> gli uomini abbandonarono la nave. La decisione arriv&#242; quando la <em>Querina </em>non offriva pi&#249; una ragionevole possibilit&#224; di salvezza e rappresent&#242; per il suo proprietario anche la perdita materiale dell&#8217;impresa costruita negli anni precedenti. I sessantotto uomini furono divisi fra due imbarcazioni di servizio: ventuno salirono su una barca pi&#249; piccola, quarantasette sulla <em>fusta</em> con Querini. La separazione avvenne in condizioni estreme e le due imbarcazioni persero presto il contatto. Della prima non si ebbero pi&#249; notizie. La seconda rimase esposta all&#8217;oceano in pieno inverno, sovraccarica, con poche provviste e senza una rotta controllabile.[1][2]</p><p>La sopravvivenza dipese dalla capacit&#224; di distribuire acqua e cibo, mantenere l&#8217;imbarcazione in equilibrio e conservare una forma minima di autorit&#224;. Il racconto descrive uomini consumati dal freddo, dalla sete e dalla fame; alcuni bevvero acqua di mare, peggiorando rapidamente le proprie condizioni. Querini appare in questi passaggi come un capo sottoposto alla stessa sofferenza degli altri e insieme costretto a gestire risorse insufficienti. Le relazioni non trasformano la sua condotta in una celebrazione continua: registrano contrasti, errori, esitazioni e cedimenti. Proprio questa concretezza rende credibile la figura di un comandante che conserv&#242; un ruolo riconosciuto senza essere sottratto alla fragilit&#224; fisica e morale del gruppo.</p><p>Dei quarantasette uomini partiti sulla <em>fusta</em>, ventuno erano ancora vivi quando il 4 gennaio 1432 scorsero una terra bassa all&#8217;orizzonte. Raggiungerla richiese altri due giorni. Il <strong>6 gennaio, </strong>dopo la morte di altri cinque, solo in 16 approdarono a Sand&#248;ya, nell&#8217;arcipelago di R&#248;st, oltre il Circolo Polare Artico [3]. <span>L&#8217;approdo non concluse l&#8217;emergenza: </span>l&#8217;isola era disabitata in quella stagione, mancavano cibo e ripari adeguati e gli uomini erano ormai incapaci di sostenere lunghe ricerche. Utilizzarono parti dell&#8217;imbarcazione per proteggersi dal vento, raccolsero molluschi e sciolsero la neve. Alcuni morirono anche dopo l&#8217;approdo, mentre i compagni cercavano tracce di presenza umana.</p><p>La scoperta di una capanna offr&#236; un riparo migliore e indic&#242; che l&#8217;isola veniva frequentata. Il soccorso arriv&#242; soltanto in febbraio, quando un pescatore giunto con i figli trov&#242; i naufraghi e avvis&#242; la comunit&#224; di R&#248;st. Alla fine, degli uomini partiti da Candia, <strong>undici</strong> avrebbero fatto ritorno. Il numero esprime la dimensione della perdita, ma non restituisce da solo la durata della prova: quasi nove mesi fra la partenza e l&#8217;approdo, seguiti da settimane di attesa sulla piccola isola. Quando gli abitanti di R&#248;st raggiunsero i superstiti, trovarono persone ridotte in condizioni che le fonti descrivono con crudezza, incapaci di riprendere immediatamente una vita normale.</p><h2><strong>R&#248;st attraverso gli occhi di Querini</strong></h2><p>La comunit&#224; di R&#248;st distribu&#236; i superstiti nelle proprie case, forn&#236; loro abiti e cibo e li assistette durante una lunga convalescenza. Querini rimase nell&#8217;arcipelago per circa cento giorni, un periodo sufficiente a osservare l&#8217;organizzazione sociale e le attivit&#224; economiche locali. Il suo sguardo conserva i criteri morali e religiosi di un patrizio veneziano del Quattrocento, ma evita di ridurre gli abitanti a una popolazione remota e incomprensibile. Egli ne sottolinea la devozione, l&#8217;onest&#224; e soprattutto l&#8217;ospitalit&#224;, dalla quale dipendeva la vita dei naufraghi. La riconoscenza attraversa le descrizioni delle case, dei rapporti familiari, dell&#8217;alimentazione e delle abitudini quotidiane.[1][2]</p><p>Querini annota anche usi che gli apparivano insoliti, fra cui la consuetudine del bagno condiviso da uomini e donne. Il passo &#232; stato spesso isolato per il suo carattere curioso, mentre l&#8217;insieme del racconto offre qualcosa di pi&#249; importante: una descrizione prolungata di una comunit&#224; costiera medievale vista da un osservatore proveniente dal Mediterraneo. R&#248;st disponeva di scarse risorse agricole, era composta da poche famiglie e viveva in stretta dipendenza dal mare. La collaborazione all&#8217;interno della comunit&#224;, la disponibilit&#224; di reti di scambio e l&#8217;adattamento alle condizioni ambientali permettevano tuttavia agli abitanti di condurre un&#8217;esistenza che Querini giudic&#242; pi&#249; ordinata e sicura di quanto si sarebbe aspettato.</p><p>Il centro dell&#8217;economia era la pesca stagionale del merluzzo artico, lo <em>skrei</em>, che nei mesi invernali raggiunge le Lofoten per la riproduzione. Il pesce veniva pulito e appeso su rastrelliere di legno, esposto al vento e alle basse temperature. L&#8217;essiccazione avveniva senza sale e produceva uno stoccafisso duro, leggero, conservabile a lungo e adatto a viaggi di migliaia di chilometri. Prima del consumo veniva battuto per spezzarne le fibre e poi reidratato e preparato. Querini descrisse il procedimento con attenzione perch&#233; costituiva la base materiale della vita dell&#8217;isola e perch&#233; il suo occhio di armatore riconosceva immediatamente le qualit&#224; di una merce capace di circolare su grandi distanze.[1][2]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rjzz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33b7777-1dcd-4f4c-8184-3ee6e03f12c0_940x786.avif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rjzz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33b7777-1dcd-4f4c-8184-3ee6e03f12c0_940x786.avif 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rjzz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33b7777-1dcd-4f4c-8184-3ee6e03f12c0_940x786.avif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Stoccafisso &#169; via querinissima</figcaption></figure></div><p>Dalle Lofoten lo stoccafisso raggiungeva Bergen, dove entrava nella rete commerciale anseatica e veniva distribuito nell&#8217;Europa settentrionale. Il prodotto non apparteneva dunque a un&#8217;economia isolata: collegava pescatori, trasportatori e mercanti lungo un sistema esteso. Per i territori cattolici offriva inoltre una risposta durevole alla domanda di pesce nei numerosi giorni di magro. Gli abitanti di R&#248;st donarono ai veneziani una quantit&#224; di stoccafisso da portare con s&#233;, e questo elemento contribu&#236; a costruire nei secoli la tradizione secondo cui Querini ne sarebbe stato l&#8217;introduttore a Venezia.</p><p>Gli studi pi&#249; recenti, in particolare il contributo di Richard Holt, invitano a formulare la questione con maggiore prudenza. La presenza dello stoccafisso nei circuiti commerciali europei precedeva il viaggio della <em>Querina</em> ed &#232; possibile che il prodotto fosse gi&#224; noto in Italia. Le fonti disponibili non dimostrano l&#8217;avvio, per iniziativa di Querini, di una rotta stabile fra R&#248;st e Venezia. Il suo viaggio conserva ugualmente un valore decisivo: ci ha lasciato una testimonianza ampia sulla produzione, sul consumo e sul commercio dello stoccafisso e ha offerto alla successiva memoria veneziana e norvegese un episodio nel quale riconoscere l&#8217;origine simbolica di un legame reale. Il bacal&#224; della tradizione veneta appartiene a una storia commerciale lunga e complessa; Querini ne &#232; diventato il volto pi&#249; riconoscibile.[1]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZyt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZyt!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AZyt!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F267e02a9-c726-4bcb-9bc7-d1966ae7f5cb_1022x1299.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong><span>Ricostruzione del viaggio della Querina: in blu la traversata marittima da Candia fino al naufragio presso R&#248;st, in rosso il ritorno di Pietro Querini attraverso la Scandinavia e l&#8217;Europa, in arancione il percorso seguito da Cristofalo Fioravante e Nicol&#242; de Michiele. Per gentile concessione: </span><a href="https://www.viaquerinissima.net/"><span>Via Querinissima</span></a><span> &#8211; International Association. </span></strong><span>Foto: &#169; Via Querinissima.</span></figcaption></figure></div><h2><strong>Il ritorno attraverso l&#8217;Europa</strong></h2><p>Con il miglioramento della stagione i superstiti lasciarono R&#248;st. Il viaggio di ritorno segu&#236; rotte diverse e alcuni compagni si separarono. L&#8217;itinerario ricostruito comprende Trondheim, Vadstena e L&#246;d&#246;se; Querini raggiunse poi Londra, dove trov&#242; assistenza all&#8217;interno delle reti mercantili italiane. Fioravante e de Michiel seguirono invece un percorso attraverso territori dell&#8217;attuale Germania e dell&#8217;Austria. La possibilit&#224; stessa di tornare dipese da una trama di ospitalit&#224;, istituzioni religiose, rapporti commerciali e contatti fra mercanti che attraversava l&#8217;Europa del Quattrocento.[1]</p><p>Querini pass&#242; anche per Bruges, la destinazione che la <em>Querina</em> non aveva mai raggiunto, e prosegu&#236; via terra attraverso la Germania e Basilea. Arriv&#242; a Venezia il <strong>25 gennaio 1433</strong>, ventuno mesi dopo la partenza da Candia. <span>Fioravante e de Michiel descrissero la trasformazione fisica di un patrizio che, a giudicare dalle loro parole, prima della partenza era di corporatura piuttosto esile e di modi raffinati, e che torn&#242; robusto e segnato dalle sofferenze.</span> <span>La spedizione aveva perduto la nave, il carico e quasi tutti gli uomini. Le relazioni redatte dopo il ritorno conservarono per&#242; il racconto dell&#8217;impresa e ne permisero la successiva circolazione.</span></p><h2><strong>Le relazioni, i manoscritti e Ramusio</strong></h2><p>La storia &#232; arrivata fino a noi attraverso due nuclei testuali. Il primo &#232; la relazione attribuita allo stesso Querini. Ne esistono due versioni manoscritte: una conservata nella Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, <strong>Vat. lat. 5256</strong>, e una copia incompleta alla Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana. L&#8217;attribuzione diretta all&#8217;armatore rimane prudenziale: il testo presenta la sua voce e il suo punto di vista, ma non possediamo un autografo che consenta di affermare che il manoscritto sia stato scritto materialmente da lui. Daniela Di Pinto ha analizzato il codice vaticano come manufatto, ricostruendone composizione, caratteristiche e vicende conservative. Il <em>Vat. lat. 5256</em> &#232; un volume composito formato da unit&#224; di epoche e contenuti differenti; la sezione dedicata al viaggio deve quindi essere studiata anche nella sua relazione con la storia materiale del codice.[1][P1]<strong><span> </span></strong></p><p>Il secondo nucleo deriva dalle testimonianze di Cristofalo Fioravante e Nicol&#242; de Michiel, raccolte nel 1433 dal fiorentino Antonio di Matteo di Corrado de&#8217; Cardini. L&#8217;originale non &#232; stato identificato, ma una copia eseguita da Antonio Vitturi l&#8217;8 ottobre 1480 nella parrocchia veneziana di San Simeone Apostolo &#232; conservata alla Marciana con la segnatura <strong>ms. It. VII 368 (7936)</strong>. Il manoscritto, intitolato <em>Naufragio della Coca Quirina</em>, presenta Fioravante come <em>omo de consiglio</em> e de Michiel come scrivano della nave. La distanza di quasi cinquant&#8217;anni fra gli eventi e la copia superstite impone cautela, ma l&#8217;esistenza di un testo precedente e la vicinanza delle testimonianze ai protagonisti ne fanno una fonte essenziale.[1][3][P2]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oHYk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3236275e-41fa-4c92-aa5f-beae3cdd1470_1240x827.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Inizio della relazione di Nicol&#242; de Michiele e Cristofalo Fioravante, conservata presso la Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana (Ms. It. VII, 368 [7936]). Insieme al racconto di Pietro Querini costituisce una delle principali fonti coeve sulla spedizione. Per gentile concessione: Via Querinissima - International Association </strong><span>Foto: &#169; Via Querinissima. </span></figcaption></figure></div><p>Le prime righe recitano: </p><p><em>Avegna che per infiniti exemplij et miracoli al continuo siamo da nostro Signore Dio exortati sollo per umiliare le nostre dure mente e poco o niente ne giova. [&#8230;][P2]</em></p><p>Traduzione mia: &#8220;<span>Sebbene siamo continuamente esortati dal nostro Signore Dio, attraverso infiniti esempi e miracoli, a umiliare le nostre menti ostinate, ci&#242; ci giova poco o nulla.</span>&#8221; </p><p>Queste relazioni non coincidono in ogni dettaglio. Cambiano il punto di vista, la selezione degli episodi e il modo di spiegare le decisioni. Il confronto permette di distinguere la memoria personale di Querini dalla ricostruzione offerta da due uomini che avevano condiviso il viaggio e possedevano ruoli diversi a bordo. La loro ricchezza va oltre il naufragio: i testi documentano le pratiche di una spedizione commerciale, i rapporti gerarchici sulla nave, le riparazioni, le provviste, le strategie di sopravvivenza e l&#8217;osservazione di R&#248;st. Sono fonti di storia marittima, economica e sociale, oltre che uno dei pi&#249; importanti resoconti medievali di un incontro fra l&#8217;Europa mediterranea e quella artica.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZED!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd1cba01-88b6-4223-9785-9b367339b1c8_2160x998.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZED!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd1cba01-88b6-4223-9785-9b367339b1c8_2160x998.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZED!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd1cba01-88b6-4223-9785-9b367339b1c8_2160x998.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" 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y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong><span>Particolare del Mappamondo di Fra Mauro (ca. 1450) conservato presso la Biblioteca Marciana di Venezia . Accanto alla Norvegia compare il cartiglio &#171;In questa prou&#299;cia di norue gi&#224; scorse misier piero querini come &#232; noto&#187;, testimonianza di quanto rapidamente il viaggio di Pietro Querini fosse entrato nel patrimonio geografico e culturale della Venezia del Quattrocento.</span></strong></figcaption></figure></div><p>La vicenda circolava gi&#224; nel Quattrocento. Nel mappamondo di Fra Mauro, realizzato intorno al 1450 e oggi conservato alla Marciana, accanto alla Norvegia compare un riferimento al viaggio di messer Piero Querini. L&#8217;annotazione dimostra che la sua esperienza era divenuta in pochi anni una conoscenza geografica utilizzabile nella rappresentazione del Nord. <span>Particolarmente significativo &#232; il &#171;</span><strong><span>come &#232; noto</span></strong><span>&#187;, che mostra come il viaggio fosse gi&#224; entrato nel patrimonio di conoscenze veneziano[P4]. Nel 1559 Giovanni Battista Ramusio pubblic&#242; entrambe le relazioni nel secondo volume delle Navigationi et viaggi, assicurando al racconto una circolazione molto pi&#249; ampia.</span><strong><span> [</span></strong>P3]</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A94v!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c80c86-4f17-4628-8ee1-876aff681288_1539x1406.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Pagina iniziale del Viaggio del magnifico messer Piero Quirino pubblicato da Giovanni Battista Ramusio nelle Navigationi et Viaggi (1559). Pur non essendo una fonte diretta, questa edizione contribu&#236; a diffondere il racconto del viaggio di Pietro Querini in tutta Europa. Testo di dominio pubblico - <a href="https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.9381#0349">Universit&#224; di Heidelberg</a></strong></figcaption></figure></div><p>Ramusio non riprodusse semplicemente i manoscritti superstiti. Le sue versioni presentano differenze significative e il rapporto fra i testi stampati e le redazioni precedenti rimane oggetto di studio. Il recente volume della Via Querinissima riunisce traduzioni contemporanee delle versioni ramusiane e saggi dedicati al contesto commerciale, alla ricezione norvegese e alla storia del manoscritto vaticano, offrendo uno strumento prezioso proprio perch&#233; espone le differenze fra tradizione, fonte e interpretazione.[1]</p><h2><strong>Dal cippo di R&#248;st alla Via Querinissima</strong></h2><p>La memoria del viaggio non rimase costante nei secoli e assunse significati diversi in Italia e in Norvegia. Uno dei momenti decisivi fu il 1932, cinquecentesimo anniversario dell&#8217;approdo. Gli abitanti di R&#248;st eressero un cippo nel luogo che la tradizione locale identificava con l&#8217;arrivo dei naufraghi. L&#8217;iscrizione ricorda Pietro Querini, i compagni superstiti, la data del 6 gennaio 1432 e l&#8217;iniziativa della cittadinanza. L&#8217;inaugurazione coinvolse autorit&#224; locali, ospiti italiani e circa duecentocinquanta persone giunte anche da Bod&#248; e Svolv&#230;r. L&#8217;evento venne trasmesso dalla radio norvegese, segno che la vicenda aveva ormai superato la dimensione strettamente locale.[1]</p><blockquote><h6>&#8220;IN QUESTO LUOGO VENNE L&#8217;ITALIANO</h6><h6>PIETRO QUERINI</h6><h6>CON I SOPRAVVISSUTI DEL SUO EQUIPAGGIO</h6><h6>IL 6 GENNAIO 1432</h6><h6>GLI ABITANTI DI R&#216;ST</h6><h6>ERESSERO QUESTA STELE NEL 1932&#8221;</h6><h6></h6></blockquote><p>In quella stessa occasione venne ricordato anche Francesco Querini di San Silvestro, discendente di Pietro e ufficiale della Regia Marina, che aveva preso parte alla spedizione polare del duca degli Abruzzi ed era scomparso nel 1900 durante il viaggio di ritorno dal tentativo di raggiungere il Polo Nord. Il discorso pronunciato a R&#248;st nel 1932 accostava cos&#236; due membri della famiglia legati, a quasi cinque secoli di distanza, alle regioni artiche.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qVlj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ee01708-52f9-4269-8756-ecbfcbe5de5c_640x853.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qVlj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ee01708-52f9-4269-8756-ecbfcbe5de5c_640x853.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ee01708-52f9-4269-8756-ecbfcbe5de5c_640x853.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qVlj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ee01708-52f9-4269-8756-ecbfcbe5de5c_640x853.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Il cippo commemorativo a Sand&#248;ya ricorda l&#8217;approdo di Pietro Querini e dei superstiti della Querina nell&#8217;inverno del 1432. Ancora oggi rappresenta uno dei simboli del legame storico tra le isole Lofoten e Venezia. </span>Nel giugno 2009 il conte Paolo Francis Quirini di Santa Giustina, discendente di Pietro Querini, visit&#242; Sand&#248;ya con Arnfinn Ellingsen, (a destra)  allora sindaco di R&#248;st.<span> </span><strong><span>Fotografia gentilmente concessa da Paolo Francis Quirini</span></strong></figcaption></figure></div><p>Il monumento celebrava contemporaneamente Querini e gli abitanti che avevano accolto i naufraghi. La memoria della loro ospitalit&#224; offriva alla comunit&#224; di R&#248;st una testimonianza medievale della propria storia e delle virt&#249; attribuite alla popolazione del Nord. Aveva anche una funzione concreta: negli anni della crisi della pesca, alcuni promotori speravano che il richiamo a Querini favorisse l&#8217;interesse culturale e turistico per l&#8217;isola. La commemorazione univa dunque identit&#224; locale, relazioni con l&#8217;Italia e prospettive per il futuro. Nel 1982, per il cinquecentocinquantesimo anniversario, una nuova celebrazione riun&#236; rappresentanti norvegesi e italiani davanti allo stesso cippo, consolidando una relazione che nel frattempo aveva assunto una dimensione istituzionale.[1]</p><p>Dalla fine del Novecento la vicenda &#232; stata ripresa attraverso studi, traduzioni, festival, attivit&#224; didattiche e produzioni artistiche, fra cui la <em>Querinioperaen</em> nata a R&#248;st. Il gemellaggio con Sandrigo ha rafforzato i rapporti con il Veneto anche attraverso la cultura gastronomica dello stoccafisso. Questa ricezione contemporanea non ripete semplicemente il racconto del naufragio: seleziona nell&#8217;esperienza del 1432 temi utili al presente, come l&#8217;ospitalit&#224;, lo scambio fra comunit&#224; lontane, la circolazione delle merci e la capacit&#224; di costruire relazioni attraverso confini geografici e culturali.[1]</p><p>Nel 2022 &#232; stata fondata l&#8217;International Cultural Association <strong>Via Querinissima</strong>, che coordina un itinerario culturale ispirato al viaggio compiuto fra il 1431 e il 1433. La rotta attraversa numerosi paesi europei e collega il Mediterraneo orientale, la penisola iberica, la Norvegia, la Svezia, le isole britanniche e l&#8217;Europa centrale fino a Venezia. L&#8217;obiettivo comprende ricerca storica, didattica, turismo sostenibile, valorizzazione del patrimonio materiale e immateriale e collaborazione fra i territori coinvolti. [1] <span>Nel giugno 2026 la Via Querinissima ha ottenuto la certificazione di Itinerario culturale del Consiglio d&#8217;Europa.</span></p><p>Il cippo del 1932 e la Via Querinissima appartengono a due fasi differenti della stessa memoria. Il primo fiss&#242; sul paesaggio di R&#248;st il ricordo dell&#8217;approdo e dell&#8217;accoglienza; la seconda ha trasformato il percorso dei naufraghi in una rete contemporanea di luoghi, istituzioni e persone. In entrambi i casi la storia ha continuato a vivere perch&#233; le comunit&#224; coinvolte vi hanno riconosciuto qualcosa che superava la sorte individuale di Querini. Venezia e R&#248;st sono entrate in contatto attraverso un disastro marittimo, ma ci&#242; che viene ricordato oggi &#232; soprattutto il modo in cui gli uomini riuscirono a sopravvivere grazie alla competenza, all&#8217;organizzazione e all&#8217;aiuto ricevuto.</p><h2><strong>Un&#8217;eredit&#224; pi&#249; ampia del bacal&#224;</strong></h2><p>Il bacal&#224; mantecato rimane una porta d&#8217;ingresso naturale per raccontare questa storia. Lo stoccafisso collega ancora oggi il Veneto alle Lofoten e rende immediatamente comprensibile la distanza attraversata da merci e tradizioni. La figura di Pietro Querini acquista per&#242; maggiore spessore quando viene liberata dal ruolo esclusivo di importatore gastronomico. <span>Le fonti restituiscono Querini come armatore e responsabile della spedizione, chiamato a governare una crisi che distrusse la nave e cost&#242; la vita a quasi tutto l&#8217;equipaggio. Il racconto della permanenza a R&#248;st mostra inoltre la sua attenzione per la comunit&#224; che lo accolse e per l&#8217;economia dello stoccafisso.</span></p><p><span>Le fonti e le successive forme di commemorazione mostrano quanto profondamente la vicenda sia entrata nella memoria veneziana e norvegese.</span> Il piatto preparato oggi in una cucina veneziana o veneta appartiene a questa lunga stratificazione, nella quale commercio, memoria, ricerca e tradizione gastronomica si sono sovrapposti. Dietro il bacal&#224; mantecato rimane cos&#236; una storia documentata di uomini e rotte europee, iniziata con una nave diretta a Bruges e ancora capace di collegare Venezia alle isole poste oltre il Circolo Polare Artico.</p><h2><span>La seconda parte: commerci, navi e organizzazione marittima </span></h2><p><span>Abbiamo seguito soprattutto la vicenda umana del naufragio, della permanenza a R&#248;st e del ritorno. La seconda parte sar&#224; dedicata al contesto economico, armatoriale e nautico della spedizione: i feudi di Candia e la produzione delle merci, l&#8217;organizzazione dei traffici veneziani verso le Fiandre, il rapporto fra cocche mercantili e galee di muda e le caratteristiche tecniche della navigazione del Quattrocento. Sono aspetti necessari per comprendere meglio le ragioni del viaggio e il mondo nel quale la Querina fu concepita, costruita e armata.</span></p><h2>Ringraziamenti</h2><p><span>Desidero ringraziare la dott.ssa Nicoletta Martorana, direttrice della </span><strong><a href="https://www.viaquerinissima.net/">Via Querinissima</a> &#8211; International Association</strong><span>, per la disponibilit&#224; e per aver autorizzato l&#8217;utilizzo delle immagini riprodotte nell&#8217;articolo. Ringrazio inoltre l&#8217;Associazione per i materiali resi disponibili attraverso il sito e l&#8217;e-book </span><em><span>Insights into the Sources for Pietro Querini&#8217;s Journey</span></em><span>, che hanno costituito un riferimento importante per la preparazione di questo lavoro.</span></p><p><span>Ringrazio inoltre Maria Cristina Giacomazzo e il Conte Alessandro Zanotto, Cavaliere Ereditario di San Marco, per l&#8217;aiuto, la disponibilit&#224; e il tempo dedicato a questo lavoro.</span></p><p><span>Un particolare ringraziamento va al Conte Paolo Francis Quirini di Santa Giustina, Patrizio Veneziano, Cavaliere Ereditario di San Marco e di Stola d&#8217;Oro, discendente di Pietro Querini, per le informazioni, i materiali e le memorie familiari che mi ha messo a disposizione, che hanno arricchito in modo sostanziale questo articolo e saranno preziosi per i successivi approfondimenti.</span></p><p><strong>Fonti primarie</strong></p><p><strong><span>[P1]</span></strong><span> Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, </span><strong><span>Vat. lat. 5256</span></strong><span>, ff. 42r&#8211;55v, relazione del viaggio attribuita a Pietro Querini.</span></p><p><strong><span>[P2]</span></strong><span> Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, </span><strong><span>ms. It. VII, 368 (7936)</span></strong><span>, </span><em><span>Naufragio della Coca Quirina</span></em><span>, relazione di Cristofalo Fioravante e Nicol&#242; de Michiele, copia di Antonio Vitturi, Venezia, 8 ottobre 1480.</span></p><p><strong><span>[P3]</span></strong><span> Giovanni Battista Ramusio, </span><em><span>Delle navigationi et viaggi</span></em><span>, vol. II, Venezia, Giunti, 1559, &#171;Viaggio del magnifico messer Piero Quirino gentiluomo vinitiano&#187;, esemplare digitalizzato della </span><strong><span>Universit&#228;tsbibliothek Heidelberg</span></strong><span>, DOI: </span><strong><span>10.11588/diglit.9381</span></strong><span>, immagine digitale 349 e seguenti.</span></p><p><strong><span>[P4]</span></strong><span> Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, </span><strong><span>Mappamondo di Fra Mauro</span></strong><span>, circa 1450.</span></p><h2><strong>Bibliografia</strong></h2><ol start="4"><li><p><strong><span>[1]</span></strong><span> Stefano Agnoletto (a cura di), </span><em><span>Insights into the Sources for Pietro Querini&#8217;s Journey: Texts, Interpretations, and Historical Perspectives</span></em><span>, </span><a href="https://www.viaquerinissima.net/"><span>Via Querinissima International Association,</span></a><span> 2025.</span></p><p><strong><span>[2]</span></strong><span> Pietro Querini, Nicol&#242; de Michiele e Cristofalo Fioravante, </span><em><span>Il naufragio della Querina. Veneziani nel circolo polare artico</span></em><span>, a cura di Paolo Nelli, postfazione di Claire Judde de Larivi&#232;re, 2&#170; ed., Roma, Nutrimenti, 2018.</span></p><p><strong><span>[3]</span></strong><span> Angela Pluda (a cura di), </span><em><span>&#171;Infeli&#231;e e sventuratta coca Querina&#187;. I racconti originali del naufragio dei Veneziani nei mari del Nord</span></em><span>, Roma, Viella, 2019.</span></p><p><strong><span>[4]</span></strong><span> Francesco Surdich, &#171;Querini, Pietro&#187;, in </span><em><span>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</span></em><span>, vol. 86, Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2016, pp. 33&#8211;35.</span></p><p></p></li></ol><div><hr></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Venice 101 #3 — Where the Streets Open Up]]></title><description><![CDATA[Piazza, campo, campiello, corte, lista, liston and crosera: the names of Venice&#8217;s open spaces]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venice-101-3-where-the-streets-open</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venice-101-3-where-the-streets-open</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 11:48:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qost!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F361b7efe-02bd-4298-9c1d-5a118b465c12_768x1024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Versione italiana&#127470;&#127481; : <a href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venezia-101-3-gli-spazi-aperti">leggi questo articolo in italiano&#8288;</a></p><p>The first two articles in <strong>Venice 101</strong> followed the city through its pedestrian streets and waterways. The same vocabulary continues when those routes open into a larger space. A calle may reach the area in front of a church, widen among a group of houses or lead through a sotoportego into an enclosed courtyard.</p><p>English will usually describe these places as squares or courtyards. Venetian toponymy distinguishes between <em>piazza</em>, <em>campo</em>, <em>campiello</em> and <em>corte</em>, together with less common terms such as <em>crosera</em>, <em>lista</em> and <em>liston</em>. Their meaning is connected with the origin and use of each space, although local names do not always follow a rigid classification.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>The pronunciation guides use the same simplified conventions as the previous articles. Capital letters indicate the stressed syllable. In urban Venetian, the <em>l</em> between vowels is often very weak and may almost disappear. <em>Campiello</em> is therefore rendered here as <strong>campi&#232;o</strong> (<em>kahm-pee-EH-oh</em>).</p><h2>Piazza: only San Marco</h2><p>Venice has only one public space officially called a <em>piazza</em> (<em>pee-AHT-tsah</em>): <strong>Piazza San Marco</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qost!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F361b7efe-02bd-4298-9c1d-5a118b465c12_768x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qost!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F361b7efe-02bd-4298-9c1d-5a118b465c12_768x1024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qost!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F361b7efe-02bd-4298-9c1d-5a118b465c12_768x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Piazza san Marco</figcaption></figure></div><p>Its name reflects the particular position of San Marco within the former Republic. The basilica, the Doge&#8217;s Palace and the main buildings of government formed the religious and political centre of Venice, while the piazza provided the setting for state ceremonies, processions, public announcements and celebrations.</p><p>The two smaller spaces belonging to the same monumental area are called <em>piazzette</em>. The <strong>Piazzetta San Marco</strong> lies between the Doge&#8217;s Palace and the Libreria Marciana and opens towards the Bacino di San Marco. The <strong>Piazzetta dei Leoncini</strong> is beside the northern side of the basilica.</p><p>Elsewhere in the city, open spaces are generally called <em>campi</em>, even when they are very large. Campo San Polo, for example, retains the name <em>campo</em> despite being the largest of them. [1][2]</p><h2>Campo: from field to parish centre</h2><p>A <em>campo</em> (<em>KAHM-poh</em>), plural <em>campi</em> (<em>KAHM-pee</em>), is the usual Venetian name for a large open space within the built city.</p><p>The word means &#8220;field&#8221; and preserves the earlier appearance of these areas. Many were once covered with grass or beaten earth and remained open while houses and other buildings gradually developed around them. Paving was introduced over time, but the traditional name remained.</p><p>Most campi were closely connected with a parish church. The parish formed one of the basic divisions of Venetian life, and the open ground beside the church served the surrounding community. Religious processions passed through it, markets and temporary stalls could be set up there, and the space was used for neighbourhood gatherings and ordinary daily activities.</p><p>Campi vary considerably in shape. Their outlines followed the arrangement of the islands, canals, churches and existing buildings, and many changed further as the surrounding fabric was rebuilt. Some are broad and relatively regular, while others narrow, bend or continue around the side of a church</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">campo Santa Maria Nova with the church of Miracoli - Cannaregio</figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>Campo San Polo</strong> offered enough space for markets, games and public events. <strong>Campo Santa Margherita</strong>, with its long and irregular form, continues to serve as an important meeting place in Dorsoduro. Smaller campi may have a quieter and more residential character, although their historical role was similar.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCJw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3650c9b-96ee-4ef3-a893-cd0cbea8cf1b_1024x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCJw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3650c9b-96ee-4ef3-a893-cd0cbea8cf1b_1024x768.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCJw!, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3650c9b-96ee-4ef3-a893-cd0cbea8cf1b_1024x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCJw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3650c9b-96ee-4ef3-a893-cd0cbea8cf1b_1024x768.jpeg" width="1024" height="768" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3650c9b-96ee-4ef3-a893-cd0cbea8cf1b_1024x768.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCJw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3650c9b-96ee-4ef3-a893-cd0cbea8cf1b_1024x768.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCJw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3650c9b-96ee-4ef3-a893-cd0cbea8cf1b_1024x768.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCJw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3650c9b-96ee-4ef3-a893-cd0cbea8cf1b_1024x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Campo Santa Maria Formosa - Castello</figcaption></figure></div><p>Their names usually derive from the church beside them, as in Campo San Polo, Campo San Barnaba or Campo Santa Maria Formosa. The same local name often appears in nearby calli, bridges, rii and fondamente, connecting the different parts of a parish area.</p><h2>Campiello: a smaller opening among the houses</h2><p>A <em>campiello</em>, pronounced <strong>campi&#232;o</strong> (<em>kahm-pee-EH-oh</em>), is a smaller open space. Its plural, <em>campielli</em>, is pronounced approximately <strong>campi&#232;i</strong> (<em>kahm-pee-EH-ee</em>).</p><p>The term is a diminutive of <em>campo</em>, although there is no fixed measurement separating the two. The established place name may survive even when later alterations have made a campiello appear larger or smaller than it once was.</p><p>A campiello often forms where one or more calli widen among houses. It may connect several short routes or provide access to the surrounding buildings. After the confined space of a narrow calle, even a modest campiello allows more light to reach the fa&#231;ades and gives pedestrians room to change direction.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg" width="1024" height="768" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" 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y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Campiello Barbato (and the rear of Ca&#8217; Dario) Dorsoduro</figcaption></figure></div><p>Many campielli are mainly residential and belong to a smaller part of the neighbourhood than the parish campo. Their names may recall a family, a craft, a confraternity or a nearby building. <strong>Campiello del Remer</strong>, near the Canal Grando, takes its name from the <em>remeri</em>, the craftsmen who made oars.</p><h2>Corte: one way in and out</h2><p>A <em>corte</em> (<em>KOR-teh</em>) is an enclosed or partly enclosed space among buildings, traditionally reached through a single entrance.</p><p>The access may be a short calle or a sotoportego beneath a house. In many cases, the same passage is used to enter and leave, while the houses around the corte open onto the central space.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0rnj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0rnj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0rnj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0rnj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0rnj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0rnj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg" width="768" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:768,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:414182,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/i/208814763?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0rnj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0rnj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0rnj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0rnj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Corte della Comare - Dorsoduro</figcaption></figure></div><p>Corti were often associated with groups of dwellings whose inhabitants shared access and space for domestic activities. Some were connected with workshops, warehouses or housing owned by religious and charitable institutions. Their names frequently preserve the memory of families or trades formerly present there.</p><p>Many corti remain publicly accessible, although their enclosed form and residential use can make them appear private.</p><h2>Crosera: a crossing of calli</h2><p>A <em>crosera</em> (<em>kroh-ZEH-rah</em>) is a point where several pedestrian routes cross.</p><p>The word is related to <em>croce</em>, &#8220;cross,&#8221; although the shape of a Venetian crosera is rarely regular. Calli may arrive from different angles, and one of the routes may continue towards a bridge or pass beneath a sotoportego.</p><h2>Lista: beside an ambassador&#8217;s residence</h2><p>A <em>lista</em> (<em>LEE-stah</em>) was a strip of ground associated with the residence of a foreign ambassador.</p><p>Diplomatic representatives living in Venice enjoyed particular protections, which also extended to a defined area close to their residence. The term remained in the name of the adjoining route after the original diplomatic use had ended. [1][2]</p><p>The best-known example is the <strong>Lista di Spagna</strong>, near Santa Lucia railway station. Its name recalls the former residence of the Spanish ambassador, although the street is now one of the busiest pedestrian routes between the station and the centre of Venice.</p><h2>Liston: the paved walk</h2><p>A <em>liston</em> (<em>lee-STON</em>) was a broad strip of paving laid across an open space.</p><p>The word is particularly associated with <strong>Campo Santo Stefano</strong>, where the paved route became a customary place for walking. The expression <em>fare il liston</em> referred to the public promenade along it, during which people met acquaintances and walked back and forth across the campo.</p><p>The term later came to be used in other cities of the Veneto and northern Italy for a principal promenade or a broad paved section of a square. [1]</p><p>The next article in <strong>Venice 101</strong> will move from streets, waterways and open spaces to the six historic divisions of the city: the <strong>sestieri</strong>.</p><h2>Essential references</h2><ol><li><p>Giuseppe Boerio, <em>Dizionario del dialetto veneziano</em> (<em>Dictionary of the Venetian Dialect</em>), second enlarged and corrected edition, Giovanni Cecchini, Venice, 1856, relevant entries.</p></li><li><p>Giuseppe Tassini, <em>Curiosit&#224; veneziane, ovvero Origini delle denominazioni stradali di Venezia</em> (<em>Venetian Curiosities, or the Origins of Venice&#8217;s Street Names</em>), second edition, Stabilimento tipografico Grimaldo, Venice, 1872, relevant entries.</p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Venezia 101 #3 Gli spazi aperti]]></title><description><![CDATA[Piazza, campo, campiello, corte, crosera, lista e liston: i nomi degli spazi aperti di Venezia]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venezia-101-3-gli-spazi-aperti</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/venezia-101-3-gli-spazi-aperti</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 11:47:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qost!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F361b7efe-02bd-4298-9c1d-5a118b465c12_768x1024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Piazza, campo, campiello, corte, crosera, lista e liston: i nomi degli spazi aperti di Venezia</h1><p>Le prime due puntate di <strong>Venezia 101</strong> hanno seguito la citt&#224; lungo le sue strade pedonali e le sue vie d&#8217;acqua. Lo stesso vocabolario continua nei punti in cui questi percorsi si aprono in uno spazio pi&#249; ampio: una calle pu&#242; sboccare davanti a una chiesa, allargarsi tra un gruppo di case oppure condurre, attraverso un sotoportego, a una corte chiusa.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>La toponomastica veneziana distingue tra <em>piazza</em>, <em>campo</em>, <em>campiello</em> e <em>corte</em>, ai quali si aggiungono termini meno comuni come <em>crosera</em>, <em>lista</em> e <em>liston</em>. Il significato di questi nomi dipende dall&#8217;origine e dall&#8217;uso dei diversi spazi, anche se la tradizione locale non segue sempre una classificazione rigida.</p><p>Nel veneziano urbano la <em>l</em> tra due vocali tende a indebolirsi fino quasi a scomparire: <em>campiello</em> si pronuncia quindi <strong>campi&#232;o</strong>, mentre il plurale <em>campielli</em> diventa <strong>campi&#232;i</strong>.</p><h2>Piazza: soltanto San Marco</h2><p>A Venezia esiste un solo spazio pubblico chiamato ufficialmente <em>piazza</em>: <strong>Piazza San Marco</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qost!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F361b7efe-02bd-4298-9c1d-5a118b465c12_768x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F361b7efe-02bd-4298-9c1d-5a118b465c12_768x1024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qost!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F361b7efe-02bd-4298-9c1d-5a118b465c12_768x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Il nome corrisponde alla posizione particolare occupata da San Marco nella Repubblica. La basilica, il Palazzo Ducale e i principali edifici del governo costituivano il centro religioso e politico della citt&#224;, mentre la piazza ospitava cerimonie di Stato, processioni, annunci pubblici e celebrazioni.</p><p>I due spazi minori appartenenti allo stesso complesso monumentale sono chiamati <em>piazzette</em>. La <strong>Piazzetta San Marco</strong>, compresa tra il Palazzo Ducale e la Libreria Marciana, si apre verso il Bacino di San Marco; la <strong>Piazzetta dei Leoncini</strong> si trova sul lato settentrionale della basilica.</p><p>Nel resto della citt&#224; gli spazi aperti sono generalmente chiamati <em>campi</em>, anche quando hanno dimensioni notevoli. Campo San Polo, per esempio, conserva il nome di <em>campo</em> pur essendo il pi&#249; grande di Venezia. [1][2]</p><h2>Campo: dal terreno aperto al centro della parrocchia</h2><p>Un <em>campo</em>, al plurale <em>campi</em>, &#232; il nome veneziano abituale di un ampio spazio aperto all&#8217;interno del tessuto urbano.</p><p>La parola conserva il ricordo dell&#8217;aspetto originario di questi luoghi. Molti erano coperti d&#8217;erba o di terra battuta e rimasero liberi mentre case e altri edifici crescevano gradualmente attorno ad essi. La pavimentazione venne introdotta nel corso del tempo, ma il nome tradizionale rimase.</p><p>La maggior parte dei campi era strettamente legata a una chiesa parrocchiale. La parrocchia costituiva una delle unit&#224; fondamentali della vita veneziana e lo spazio aperto accanto alla chiesa serviva la comunit&#224; circostante. Vi passavano le processioni religiose, vi si allestivano mercati e banchi temporanei e vi si svolgevano riunioni di quartiere e attivit&#224; quotidiane.</p><p>I campi hanno forme molto diverse. I loro profili seguivano la disposizione delle isole, dei canali, delle chiese e degli edifici gi&#224; esistenti, e cambiarono ulteriormente con le trasformazioni del tessuto urbano. Alcuni sono ampi e relativamente regolari, altri si restringono, curvano o proseguono lungo il fianco di una chiesa.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H7oy!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61205d69-bbbb-4927-9fb6-c2ca2541422f_2172x1448.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Campo Santa Maria Nova (e chisa della Madonna dei Miracoli) - Cannaregio</figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>Campo San Polo</strong> offriva spazio sufficiente per mercati, giochi e manifestazioni pubbliche. <strong>Campo Santa Margherita</strong>, lungo e irregolare, continua a essere uno dei principali luoghi d&#8217;incontro di Dorsoduro. I campi pi&#249; piccoli hanno spesso un carattere pi&#249; tranquillo e residenziale, pur avendo svolto in passato funzioni simili.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCJw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3650c9b-96ee-4ef3-a893-cd0cbea8cf1b_1024x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCJw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3650c9b-96ee-4ef3-a893-cd0cbea8cf1b_1024x768.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3650c9b-96ee-4ef3-a893-cd0cbea8cf1b_1024x768.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCJw!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3650c9b-96ee-4ef3-a893-cd0cbea8cf1b_1024x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Campo Santa Maria Formosa - Castello</figcaption></figure></div><p>I loro nomi derivano solitamente dalla chiesa vicina, come nel caso di Campo San Polo, Campo San Barnaba o Campo Santa Maria Formosa. Lo stesso nome ricorre spesso anche nelle calli, nei ponti, nei rii e nelle fondamente circostanti, indicando le diverse parti della stessa area parrocchiale.</p><h2>Campiello: uno spazio pi&#249; piccolo tra le case</h2><p>Un <em>campiello</em>, pronunciato in veneziano <strong>campi&#232;o</strong>, &#232; uno spazio aperto di dimensioni pi&#249; ridotte. Il plurale <em>campielli</em> si pronuncia <strong>campi&#232;i</strong>.</p><p>Il termine &#232; un diminutivo di <em>campo</em>, anche se non esiste una misura precisa che separi le due categorie. Il nome tradizionale pu&#242; rimanere invariato anche quando trasformazioni successive hanno modificato le dimensioni o la forma dello spazio.</p><p>Un campiello si trova spesso nel punto in cui una o pi&#249; calli si allargano tra le case. Pu&#242; collegare diversi percorsi brevi oppure dare accesso agli edifici circostanti. Dopo lo spazio ristretto di una calle, anche un campiello di dimensioni modeste lascia entrare pi&#249; luce e offre maggiore spazio al passaggio.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg" width="1024" height="768" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4aax!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84be218f-ef26-4985-91de-fc19a3aad107_1024x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Campiello barbaro (cn il retro di Ca&#8217; Dario) - Dorsoduro</figcaption></figure></div><p>Molti campielli hanno un carattere prevalentemente residenziale e servono una parte del quartiere pi&#249; circoscritta rispetto al campo parrocchiale. I loro nomi possono ricordare una famiglia, un mestiere, una confraternita o un edificio vicino. <strong>Campiello del Remer</strong>, vicino al Canal Grando, prende il nome dai <em>remeri</em>, gli artigiani che fabbricavano i remi.</p><h2>Corte: un solo accesso</h2><p>Una <em>corte</em> &#232; uno spazio chiuso o parzialmente chiuso tra gli edifici, tradizionalmente raggiungibile attraverso un unico ingresso.</p><p>L&#8217;accesso pu&#242; essere costituito da una breve calle oppure da un sotoportego che passa sotto una casa. In molti casi lo stesso passaggio serve per entrare e uscire, mentre le abitazioni disposte attorno alla corte si affacciano sullo spazio centrale.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0rnj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0rnj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0rnj!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4f9ec6b-16ba-4d4c-a434-715c447a3fac_768x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Corte della Comare - Dorsoduro</figcaption></figure></div><p>Le corti erano spesso legate a gruppi di abitazioni i cui residenti condividevano l&#8217;accesso e lo spazio destinato alle attivit&#224; domestiche. Alcune erano collegate a botteghe, magazzini oppure ad alloggi appartenenti a istituzioni religiose o assistenziali. I loro nomi conservano spesso il ricordo di famiglie o mestieri un tempo presenti nel luogo.</p><p>Molte corti rimangono accessibili al pubblico, anche se la loro forma chiusa e l&#8217;uso prevalentemente residenziale possono farle apparire private.</p><h2>Crosera: un incrocio di calli</h2><p>Una <em>crosera</em> &#232; un punto nel quale si incontrano diversi percorsi pedonali.</p><p>Il termine deriva da <em>croce</em>, anche se una crosera veneziana ha raramente una forma regolare. Le calli possono arrivare da direzioni diverse e uno dei percorsi pu&#242; proseguire verso un ponte oppure passare sotto un sotoportego.</p><h2>Lista: accanto alla residenza di un ambasciatore</h2><p>Una <em>lista</em> era una fascia di terreno associata alla residenza di un ambasciatore straniero.</p><p>I rappresentanti diplomatici che vivevano a Venezia godevano di particolari protezioni, estese anche a un&#8217;area delimitata attorno alla loro residenza. Il termine rimase nel nome del percorso adiacente anche dopo la fine della sua funzione diplomatica originaria. [1][2]</p><p>L&#8217;esempio pi&#249; conosciuto &#232; la <strong>Lista di Spagna</strong>, vicino alla stazione ferroviaria di Santa Lucia. Il nome ricorda l&#8217;antica residenza dell&#8217;ambasciatore spagnolo, mentre oggi la strada costituisce uno dei percorsi pedonali pi&#249; frequentati tra la stazione e il centro di Venezia.</p><h2>Liston: il percorso pavimentato</h2><p>Un <em>liston</em> era un&#8217;ampia fascia pavimentata che attraversava uno spazio aperto.</p><p>Il termine &#232; legato in particolare a <strong>Campo Santo Stefano</strong>, dove il tratto pavimentato divenne un luogo abituale per il passeggio. L&#8217;espressione <em>fare il liston</em> indicava la passeggiata pubblica lungo questo percorso, durante la quale le persone incontravano conoscenti e camminavano avanti e indietro attraverso il campo.</p><p>Il termine venne in seguito usato anche in altre citt&#224; del Veneto e dell&#8217;Italia settentrionale per indicare una passeggiata principale o un&#8217;ampia parte pavimentata di una piazza. [1]</p><p>La prossima puntata di <strong>Venezia 101</strong> passer&#224; dalle strade, dalle vie d&#8217;acqua e dagli spazi aperti alle sei divisioni storiche della citt&#224;: i <strong>sestieri</strong>.</p><h2>Riferimenti essenziali</h2><ol><li><p>Giuseppe Boerio, <em>Dizionario del dialetto veneziano</em>, seconda edizione aumentata e corretta, Giovanni Cecchini, Venezia, 1856, voci pertinenti.</p></li><li><p>Giuseppe Tassini, <em>Curiosit&#224; veneziane, ovvero Origini delle denominazioni stradali di Venezia</em>, seconda edizione, Stabilimento tipografico Grimaldo, Venezia, 1872, voci pertinenti.</p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Two Crucifixions in the Same Room: Tintoretto and Veronese at the Gallerie dell’Accademia]]></title><description><![CDATA[Two monumental Crucifixions and an unexpected exchange between the visual languages of Tintoretto and Veronese.]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/two-crucifixions-in-the-same-room</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/two-crucifixions-in-the-same-room</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 26 Jul 2026 08:14:34 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d1bfb524-5dfa-46b5-996d-51736437d95c_5708x2905.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Versione italiana&#127470;&#127481; : </span><a href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/due-crocifissioni-nella-stessa-sala">leggi questo articolo in italiano&#8288;</a></p><p><span>In Room X of the Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia in Venice, two monumental </span><em><span>Crucifixions</span></em><span> of almost identical format are displayed side by side. The canvas originally made for the Scuola del Santissimo Sacramento in the church of San Severo, attributed to Jacopo Tintoretto and dated to around 1555, measures 280 &#215; 444 centimetres; Paolo Veronese&#8217;s painting for San Nicol&#242; della Lattuga, dated to around 1582, measures 285 &#215; 447 centimetres [1][2][7][8]. Their physical proximity and closely corresponding dimensions invite a direct comparison between two works painted about twenty-five years apart, originally intended for different buildings and associated with distinct devotional settings.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7Cnk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedc2af1-8ea1-4fef-bf84-41c42575ac82_5057x1879.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7Cnk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedc2af1-8ea1-4fef-bf84-41c42575ac82_5057x1879.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7Cnk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedc2af1-8ea1-4fef-bf84-41c42575ac82_5057x1879.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7Cnk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedc2af1-8ea1-4fef-bf84-41c42575ac82_5057x1879.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7Cnk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedc2af1-8ea1-4fef-bf84-41c42575ac82_5057x1879.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7Cnk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedc2af1-8ea1-4fef-bf84-41c42575ac82_5057x1879.jpeg" width="1456" height="541" 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedc2af1-8ea1-4fef-bf84-41c42575ac82_5057x1879.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7Cnk!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedc2af1-8ea1-4fef-bf84-41c42575ac82_5057x1879.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Paolo Veronese, </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> (c. 1582), left, and Jacopo Tintoretto, </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> (c. 1555), right, Room X of the Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia, Venice. Photograph by me; paintings in the public domain.</span></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>The pairing is particularly effective from both a historical and a philological point of view, since it makes visible a relationship already noted in the critical records of the two works. The </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> from San Severo has been associated with a phase in which Tintoretto moved closer to Veronese&#8217;s use of colour, while in Veronese&#8217;s late painting the Gallerie identify a dramatic construction approaching Tintoretto&#8217;s &#8220;turbulent compositional layout&#8221; [2][9]. The display therefore brings together two paintings in which the visual languages of two of the leading figures of later sixteenth-century Venetian painting seem to meet from opposite directions.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong><span>Two commissions and two vanished churches</span></strong></p><p><span>Tintoretto&#8217;s </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> was originally installed in the premises of the Scuola del Santissimo Sacramento within the church of San Severo, in the sestiere of Castello. The scuole del Sacramento were lay confraternities devoted to the custody and veneration of the Eucharist and were present in many Venetian parishes. The painting was therefore intended for a setting in which the death of Christ was directly connected with Eucharistic worship and the activities of the confraternity. The church was suppressed in the early nineteenth century and later demolished; the canvas eventually entered the collections of the Accademia [1][2].</span></p><p><span>The date published by the Gallerie, around 1555, corresponds to that traditionally accepted by the ministerial catalogue. Robert Echols and Frederick Ilchman have proposed moving it a few years later, towards the end of the decade, on the basis of documentary research carried out by Thomas Worthen. The confraternity&#8217;s </span><em><span>mariegola</span></em><span>, or rule book, records the construction of a new </span><em><span>banco</span></em><span> between April 1556 and April 1557. An inventory dated May 1557 lists several fittings intended for the paintings in the chapel but does not yet mention the fixtures required for the </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span>. According to this reconstruction, the canvas may have been commissioned in connection with the new furnishing and installed shortly afterwards [3]. Its chronology therefore remains between the date of around 1555 given by the museum and the second half of the 1550s proposed by the two scholars.</span></p><p><span>Echols and Ilchman also observe that the original width of the </span><em><span>banco</span></em><span>, slightly less than five and a half metres, was compatible with the dimensions of the painting. The canvas is now about four and a half metres wide and may have been reduced along its right edge: Christ appears slightly off-centre, while parts of several figures and the horse&#8217;s legs are cut by the edge [3]. The work had been designed for a specific confraternal furnishing, and its present form may therefore differ slightly from its sixteenth-century appearance.</span></p><p><span>Veronese&#8217;s </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> belonged to the decoration of San Nicol&#242; della Lattuga, also known as San Nicoletto dei Frari. The church stood north of the Frari convent, near the cloister of the Trinity. It was headed by an independent superior, while its property and finances were entrusted to an administration formed by the Procurators of Saint Mark </span><em><span>de ultra</span></em><span>. The community belonged to the same order of Conventual Franciscans established at the Frari and shared much of their spirituality [10]. The medieval building was renovated during the sixteenth century and received an extensive cycle painted by Veronese and his workshop between about 1580 and 1582.</span></p><p><span>An apostolic visitation of July 1581 describes the church as richly decorated with paintings devoted to the mysteries of Redemption. The document does not list the individual canvases, although its description makes it plausible that at least part of the new decorative scheme was already in place by that date [10]. The Gallerie now hold seven of the eleven canvases attributed to Veronese and his workshop for San Nicol&#242;, while the large high-altarpiece previously painted by Titian is preserved in the Vatican Pinacoteca [9][11]. The </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> therefore belonged to a much broader programme centred on the life of Christ, the Passion and saints particularly important to Franciscan devotion.</span></p><h3><strong><span>The crowd and colour in the San Severo Crucifixion</span></strong></h3><p><span>In the San Severo canvas, Christ&#8217;s cross occupies the centre of the composition. The crosses of the two thieves rise on either side, set at different angles and partly cut by the upper edges. The ground below is filled by a densely packed crowd: the fainting Virgin is supported by the women around her, soldiers guard the site of the execution, several men divide Christ&#8217;s garments, and horsemen and spectators overlap across the entire width of the painting. The landscape appears only through narrow openings between the groups and remains subordinate to the mass of figures.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Eo9x!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7511d80-6dc5-482a-9218-61abf0cd69e1_3656x2334.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Eo9x!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7511d80-6dc5-482a-9218-61abf0cd69e1_3656x2334.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7511d80-6dc5-482a-9218-61abf0cd69e1_3656x2334.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Eo9x!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7511d80-6dc5-482a-9218-61abf0cd69e1_3656x2334.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Jacopo Tintoretto, </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span>, c. 1555, originally from the Scuola del Santissimo Sacramento in the church of San Severo. Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia, Venice. Photograph by me; painting in the public domain.</span></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>The visual structure depends on several strongly marked elements. On the left, a large red standard bends in the wind and occupies a considerable portion of the sky; on the right, the white horse and its rider form a second luminous mass, almost balancing the banner. At the centre, Christ&#8217;s pale body emerges against the dark blue background and interrupts the movement of the crowd. Ladders, spears and the timbers of the crosses multiply the verticals and diagonals, while the gestures of the figures repeatedly lead the eye towards new episodes.</span></p><p><span>The richness of the palette is one of the painting&#8217;s most striking features. Reds, blues, oranges, violets and whites emerge from the half-light and distinguish the individual groups within a densely populated space. The General Catalogue of Cultural Heritage identifies the canvas with a moment when Tintoretto moved closer to Veronese&#8217;s painting. Veronese had arrived in Venice in the early 1550s and quickly established himself through a clear and sumptuous palette [2]. His influence is most evident in the colour and in some of the elaborate costumes, incorporated within a construction that retains Tintoretto&#8217;s characteristic tension and density.</span></p><p><span>Echols and Ilchman advise caution in using the older definition of a distinct &#8220;Veronesian period&#8221; in Tintoretto&#8217;s career. They have reassigned some of the paintings traditionally placed in that phase to the workshop or to followers, while bright colour alone is not a sufficient basis for dating [3]. In the San Severo </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span>, however, the encounter with Veronese remains clearly perceptible: the luminous colour gives order to a highly complex scene and separates its many simultaneous actions.</span></p><p><strong><span>Preparatory drawings and workshop practice</span></strong></p><p><span>The Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia and the General Catalogue attribute the painting to Jacopo Tintoretto [1][2]. Echols and Ilchman retain it within the master&#8217;s catalogue, crediting him with extensive preparation through figure drawings, while proposing substantial workshop involvement in transferring the composition to the canvas and in the painted execution [3].</span></p><p><span>The graphic material connected with the work confirms the care devoted to individual figures. The Royal Collection preserves a study of a man seen from behind, identified with a figure standing at the foot of a ladder in the San Severo </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> [4]. A sheet in the Courtauld depicts a seated man viewed from behind with his arms raised; the pose recurs in the painting, and in 2018 the drawing was exhibited as a study by Jacopo for this commission. The museum&#8217;s current catalogue instead attributes it to Domenico Tintoretto, while recording its former attribution to Jacopo [5]. These changes in attribution show the difficulty of distinguishing the master&#8217;s activity from that of a workshop in which models, preparatory sheets and working procedures were shared.</span></p><p><span>The designation adopted by the Gallerie therefore remains the most balanced: </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> by Jacopo Tintoretto, with possible extensive participation by the workshop. The discussion primarily concerns the process of execution, while the invention and preparation of the work remain firmly associated with the master.</span></p><p><strong><span>A precedent for the Crucifixion at San Rocco</span></strong></p><p><span>The San Severo canvas acquires further importance when compared with the celebrated </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> painted by Tintoretto in 1565 for the Sala dell&#8217;Albergo of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco. The digital project produced by Save Venice in connection with the restoration of the great San Rocco canvas identifies the Accademia painting as a direct precedent for several fundamental motifs: the central position of Christ, the grieving group gathered beneath the cross, the soldiers casting dice and the horsemen arranged at the sides [6].</span></p><p><span>In the San Rocco version, these elements are distributed across an immensely larger surface and acquire greater narrative clarity. Christ is placed much higher, the foreground is opened up, and the separate episodes of the Passion are divided by more legible spatial intervals [6]. The San Severo </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> already contains much of the figurative repertory that Tintoretto would reorganise in the commission of 1565, within a broader and more fully articulated structure.</span></p><p><span>The Accademia painting therefore belongs to a phase in which Tintoretto was experimenting with a large choral representation of the Passion and developing solutions that would return in one of his most important works. The Veronesian element in its colour becomes part of a process of development fully internal to Jacopo&#8217;s painting.</span></p><h3><strong><span>Veronese&#8217;s late Crucifixion from San Nicol&#242; della Lattuga</span></strong></h3><p><span>Veronese&#8217;s </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> organises the same event according to a profoundly different structure. Christ and the two thieves are grouped at the far left; the centre of the painting is occupied by the moving crowd, while on the right the large brown horse, the riders and the city of Jerusalem dominate the scene. The sky fills almost the entire upper half of the canvas, crossed by grey clouds that gather above Calvary and open towards a pale light near the city.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_rmH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fd0ed9e-4ac0-4a2d-b7c6-733398e8e7f8_4681x3082.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_rmH!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fd0ed9e-4ac0-4a2d-b7c6-733398e8e7f8_4681x3082.jpeg 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fd0ed9e-4ac0-4a2d-b7c6-733398e8e7f8_4681x3082.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_rmH!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fd0ed9e-4ac0-4a2d-b7c6-733398e8e7f8_4681x3082.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Paolo Veronese, </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span>, c. 1582, originally from the church of San Nicol&#242; della Lattuga. Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia, Venice. Photograph by me; painting in the public domain.</span></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>The principal group therefore loses the geometric centrality it retains in the San Severo painting. Christ&#8217;s death is set within a much wider space in which different episodes coexist. In the background, along the road descending from the city, the beginning of the ascent to Calvary is evoked; in the foreground, the ground opens above a tomb from which a figure emerges, while the men and animals react with gestures of fear. The narrative extends from the earlier journey towards the Crucifixion to the prodigies that, according to the Gospels, accompanied Christ&#8217;s death.</span></p><p><span>The figure emerging from the tomb has received different interpretations. The text published by the Gallerie for Good Friday in 2020 describes it as a demon rising from the depths of the earth and frightening the bystanders and the horse [9]. Carlo Corsato instead interprets it as one of the dead raised following the earthquake described in the Gospel of Matthew. This second reading connects the figure directly with the centurion Longinus, kneeling near Mary Magdalene, and with his recognition of Christ&#8217;s divine nature [10]. The identification remains uncertain; in both interpretations, the opening in the ground generates the sudden movement that runs across the entire foreground.</span></p><p><span>The palette retains precious colours in the garments of Mary Magdalene, the Virgin and the women gathered beneath the cross, together with greens, pinks and yellows distributed through the crowd. The general level of light is nevertheless lower than in Veronese&#8217;s great compositions of earlier decades. The Gallerie place the painting within the artist&#8217;s late period and relate the gradual darkening of his palette in part to the religious and social climate following the plague of 1575 [8][9]. This reference forms one element in the broader context of Veronese&#8217;s late development. The difference from the luminosity of his celebrated banquet scenes remains evident, while the Gallerie compare the drama of the composition to Tintoretto&#8217;s approach [9].</span></p><p><strong><span>A composition designed to be seen from the side</span></strong></p><p><span>The painting&#8217;s original position explains its pronounced asymmetry. Marco Boschini recorded the canvas on the right wall of the nave of San Nicol&#242;, above the altar dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and flanked by two other paintings, together forming a kind of painted frieze. Its location is confirmed by Anton Maria Zanetti and by later documents examined by Corsato [10].</span></p><p><span>A person entering the church would have viewed the work obliquely from the right. Veronese therefore shifted Calvary towards the left edge and turned Christ&#8217;s cross in relation to the plane of the canvas, adapting it to the direction of the viewer&#8217;s approach. From that angle, the body of the Crucified Christ, illuminated along its right side, would have been immediately visible to anyone moving towards the altar. The extensive area of landscape and sky helped to connect the principal group with the real space of the chapel [10].</span></p><p><span>Once transferred to a museum and viewed frontally, the composition lost part of its original relationship with the architecture. Its pairing with Tintoretto makes the displacement of the cross especially evident, since the San Severo canvas is organised around a strongly marked central axis.</span></p><p><strong><span>Mary Magdalene, Longinus and the Lenten liturgy</span></strong></p><p><span>In Veronese&#8217;s painting, the light selects Mary Magdalene with particular intensity. She kneels at the foot of Christ, recognisable by her pale garment and open arms. Her pose echoes that of the Crucified Christ and establishes a visual relationship with Longinus, kneeling nearby. Corsato reads this group as the spiritual centre of the composition: the gaze directed towards Christ leads to contemplation, while the Magdalene&#8217;s gesture offered the faithful a model of penitence [10].</span></p><p><span>This choice had a precise meaning in the Franciscan church. Sixteenth-century devotional literature presented Mary Magdalene as one of the principal figures of Christian penitence, capable of abandoning sin and following Christ through his death and Resurrection. The scene was displayed above the altar of Saint John the Baptist, the preacher who calls for conversion in the Gospels. Corsato therefore connects the </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> with the </span><em><span>Preaching of Saint John the Baptist</span></em><span>, originally placed beneath it, as parts of the same penitential sequence [10].</span></p><p><span>The decorative programme of the church was also connected with the liturgies of Lent and Holy Week. Veronese constructed the scene using elements drawn primarily from the Gospels of Matthew and John, read respectively on Palm Sunday and Good Friday according to the missal reformed after the Council of Trent. The images made episodes proclaimed in Latin more accessible to the faithful and connected the Gospel narratives with the Eucharistic sacrifice [10].</span></p><p><span>Corsato also recalls the presence at the Frari of a relic of Christ&#8217;s Blood, venerated during a solemn procession on the fifth Sunday of Lent. According to tradition, the ampoule contained Mary Magdalene&#8217;s ointment mixed with the Redeemer&#8217;s blood. The relationship between the Magdalene, Longinus and the blood flowing from Christ&#8217;s side therefore carried a precise local resonance for the Franciscan community and the worshippers who attended San Nicol&#242; [10].</span></p><p><strong><span>From the church to the museum</span></strong></p><p><span>The life of Veronese&#8217;s painting inside San Nicol&#242; was already marked by conservation problems in the eighteenth century. In 1726 the friars complained about the condition of the canvases, described as corroded by time, and obtained one hundred ducats from the Procurators for an intervention. In 1746 a fire destroyed almost the entire convent and threatened the church; the paintings were saved, although smoke and heat may have damaged them. Further requests for restoration were made during the 1750s [10].</span></p><p><span>The </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> remained in its original position until the early nineteenth century. Following the suppression of the church, it entered the Imperial-Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1834. Corsato records that the large canvas remained rolled up in storage for many years before being restored and displayed between 1852 and 1853 [10]. The surface visible today is therefore the result of a long conservation history, including ageing within the church, the fire, its period in storage and later restorations.</span></p><p><span>The San Severo </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> also came from a suppressed and demolished church. The two paintings therefore share a further condition beyond their subject and dimensions: both are monumental fragments of vanished religious complexes. Their entry into the Accademia collections has brought them together in a setting where comparison between the painters has replaced their original relationships with altars, confraternities and liturgy.</span></p><h3><strong><span>Two ways of distributing the narrative</span></strong></h3><p><span>The almost identical format allows the different choices made by the two painters to be observed with particular clarity. Tintoretto concentrates the narrative around the axis of the cross and fills the foreground with a compact crowd. Veronese shifts Calvary to the edge and distributes the episodes through the depth of the landscape. In the first canvas, the dark sky functions mainly as a background for the figures; in the second, it becomes an active part of the event and announces the disturbance of nature through the clouds.</span></p><p><span>The horses also perform different functions. Tintoretto&#8217;s white horse emerges forcefully from the crowd on the right and balances the large red standard at the opposite edge. Veronese&#8217;s brown horse occupies almost the entire right margin and reacts to the opening of the tomb, passing its movement to the men trying to restrain it. Tintoretto uses the animal as a luminous mass within a crowded structure; Veronese turns it into one of the principal vehicles of narrative tension.</span></p><p><span>The treatment of time presents a similar difference. Tintoretto gathers several simultaneous episodes around the moment of Christ&#8217;s death: the Virgin&#8217;s collapse, the casting of dice, the movements of the soldiers and the presence of the horsemen coexist on the same plane. Veronese extends the narrative between background and foreground, recalling both the ascent towards Calvary near Jerusalem and the events that followed the death. The viewer&#8217;s gaze therefore crosses different moments before reaching the group around the cross.</span></p><p><strong><span>An intersection between the visual languages of Tintoretto and Veronese</span></strong></p><p><span>The comparison of colour and composition reveals a particularly striking intersection. In the earlier canvas, Tintoretto adopts the richness of Veronese&#8217;s colour and incorporates it into a tense and densely packed scene. About twenty-five years later, Veronese retains his sensitivity to colour within a darker atmosphere and constructs a narrative that the Gallerie themselves compare to Tintoretto&#8217;s turbulence [2][9].</span></p><p><span>The sources considered here do not document a direct response by Veronese to the San Severo </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span>. The two paintings belonged to independent commissions and to churches in different parts of Venice. Their relationship belongs instead to the continuous exchange between two painters working in the city at the same time, each capable of observing and transforming the other&#8217;s solutions according to his own needs. Colour and movement also circulated through large workshops, assistants and major decorative projects, making any rigid separation between their respective languages of limited use.</span></p><p><span>The customary association of Veronese with colour and Tintoretto with drama describes only part of their work. The San Severo canvas shows how colour could become a narrative instrument in Tintoretto&#8217;s painting; the San Nicol&#242; canvas demonstrates Veronese&#8217;s ability to construct an irregular, darkened space crossed by violent reactions. Each painter remains fully recognisable, while the boundaries between their experiences become more permeable.</span></p><p><strong><span>Bibliography</span></strong></p><p><span>[1] Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia di Venezia, </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> [</span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span>], Jacopo Robusti, known as Jacopo Tintoretto, catalogue no. 213, canvas, 280 &#215; 444 cm, c. 1555.</span></p><p><span>[2] Catalogo generale dei Beni culturali, </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> [</span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span>], Jacopo Robusti, known as Jacopo Tintoretto, national catalogue code </span><a href="tel:0500401297"><span>0500401297</span></a><span>.</span></p><p><span>[3] Robert Echols and Frederick Ilchman, &#8220;Toward a New Tintoretto Catalogue, with a Checklist of Revised Attributions and a New Chronology,&#8221; in Miguel Falomir, ed., </span><em><span>Jacopo Tintoretto. Actas del Congreso Internacional / Proceedings of the International Symposium</span></em><span>, Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado, 2009, pp. 91&#8211;150, especially pp. 102 and 114, notes 80&#8211;81.</span></p><p><span>[4] Royal Collection Trust, Jacopo Tintoretto, </span><em><span>A Man from Behind</span></em><span>, RCIN 904823, collection entry.</span></p><p><span>[5] Courtauld Gallery, attributed to Domenico Tintoretto, formerly attributed to Jacopo Tintoretto, </span><em><span>Man Seated with His Arms Raised, Viewed from Behind</span></em><span>, D.1978.PG.369, collection entry.</span></p><p><span>[6] Save Venice, </span><em><span>The Crucifixion Explained</span></em><span>, digital project devoted to the </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> in the Scuola Grande di San Rocco.</span></p><p><span>[7] Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia di Venezia, </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> [</span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span>], Paolo Caliari, known as Paolo Veronese, catalogue no. 255, canvas, 285 &#215; 447 cm, c. 1582.</span></p><p><span>[8] Catalogo generale dei Beni culturali, </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> [</span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span>], Paolo Caliari, known as Paolo Veronese, national catalogue code </span><a href="tel:0500401296"><span>0500401296</span></a><span>.</span></p><p><span>[9] Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia di Venezia, &#8220;La </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> di Veronese per il Venerd&#236; Santo&#8221; [&#8220;Veronese&#8217;s </span><em><span>Crucifixion</span></em><span> for Good Friday&#8221;], </span><em><span>L&#8217;opera del giorno</span></em><span>, 14 April 2020.</span></p><p><span>[10] Carlo Corsato, &#8220;Contemplation and Penitence. Mary Magdalen and Veronese&#8217;s &#8216;Crucifixion&#8217; in San Nicoletto,&#8221; in Bernard Aikema, Thomas Dalla Costa and Paola Marini, eds., </span><em><span>Paolo Veronese. Giornate di studio</span></em><span> [</span><em><span>Paolo Veronese: Study Days</span></em><span>], Venice, lineadacqua, 2016, pp. 308&#8211;313.</span></p><p><span>[11] Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia di Venezia, </span><em><span>San Nicol&#242; consacrato vescovo di Myra</span></em><span> [</span><em><span>Saint Nicholas Consecrated Bishop of Myra</span></em><span>], collection entry for the painting and the cycle from San Nicol&#242; della Lattuga</span></p><p></p><p><em><span>(Only the English translation was prepared with the assistance of AI. All posts are originally conceived and written in Italian, my native language.)</span></em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Due Crocifissioni nella stessa sala: Tintoretto e Veronese alle Gallerie dell’Accademia ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Due Crocifissioni monumentali e un inatteso incrocio tra i linguaggi visivi di Tintoretto e Veronese.]]></description><link>https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/due-crocifissioni-nella-stessa-sala</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/p/due-crocifissioni-nella-stessa-sala</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Marco Manente]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 26 Jul 2026 08:08:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7d559252-d662-4059-b017-a9e193840d95_5708x2905.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Nella sala X delle Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia di Venezia sono esposte fianco a fianco due grandi </span><em><span>Crocifissioni</span></em><span> di formato quasi identico. La tela proveniente dalla Scuola del Santissimo Sacramento nella chiesa di San Severo, attribuita a Jacopo Tintoretto e datata intorno al 1555, misura 280 &#215; 444 centimetri; quella dipinta da Paolo Veronese per San Nicol&#242; della Lattuga, collocata intorno al 1582, misura 285 &#215; 447 centimetri [1][2][7][8]. La vicinanza fisica e la corrispondenza delle dimensioni invitano a un confronto diretto fra due opere nate a circa venticinque anni di distanza, destinate a edifici diversi e legate a contesti devozionali distinti.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cojz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb499b79c-fccc-48aa-a760-4dc2559d6bec_5057x1879.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cojz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb499b79c-fccc-48aa-a760-4dc2559d6bec_5057x1879.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cojz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_848, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb499b79c-fccc-48aa-a760-4dc2559d6bec_5057x1879.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cojz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb499b79c-fccc-48aa-a760-4dc2559d6bec_5057x1879.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cojz!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb499b79c-fccc-48aa-a760-4dc2559d6bec_5057x1879.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em><span>Paolo Veronese, Crocifissione</span></em><span> (1582 circa), a sinistra, e Jacopo Tintoretto, </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> (1555 circa), a destra, sala X delle Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia, Venezia. Fotografia mia; dipinti in pubblico dominio.</span></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>L&#8217;accostamento nella sala appare particolarmente felice sul piano storico e filologico, perch&#233; rende visibile una relazione gi&#224; indicata dalle schede critiche delle due opere: nella </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> di San Severo &#232; stata riconosciuta una fase di avvicinamento di Tintoretto al colore di Veronese; nella tela tarda di Veronese le Gallerie rilevano invece una costruzione drammatica prossima al &#171;turbolento impaginato&#187; tintorettesco [2][9]. L&#8217;allestimento riunisce cos&#236; due dipinti nei quali i linguaggi di due dei maggiori protagonisti della pittura veneziana del secondo Cinquecento sembrano incontrarsi da direzioni opposte.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong><span>Due commissioni e due luoghi scomparsi</span></strong></p><p><span>La </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> di Tintoretto si trovava nella sede della Scuola del Santissimo Sacramento all&#8217;interno della chiesa di San Severo, nel sestiere di Castello. Le scuole del Sacramento erano confraternite laiche legate alla custodia e alla venerazione dell&#8217;Eucaristia, presenti in numerose parrocchie veneziane. Il dipinto era quindi destinato a un ambiente nel quale il tema della morte di Cristo assumeva un rapporto diretto con il culto eucaristico e con le attivit&#224; della confraternita. La chiesa venne soppressa all&#8217;inizio dell&#8217;Ottocento e in seguito demolita; la tela entr&#242; infine nelle collezioni dell&#8217;Accademia [1][2].</span></p><p><span>La datazione pubblicata dalle Gallerie, intorno al 1555, coincide con quella tradizionalmente accolta dal catalogo ministeriale. Robert Echols e Frederick Ilchman hanno proposto di spostarla di qualche anno, verso la fine del decennio, sulla base di ricerche documentarie condotte da Thomas Worthen. La </span><em><span>mariegola</span></em><span> della Scuola ricorda la costruzione di un nuovo </span><em><span>banco</span></em><span> tra l&#8217;aprile 1556 e l&#8217;aprile 1557. Un inventario del maggio 1557 elenca diversi elementi destinati ai dipinti della cappella senza menzionare ancora gli apprestamenti per la </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span>. Secondo questa ricostruzione, la tela sarebbe stata commissionata in relazione al nuovo arredo e installata poco dopo [3]. La cronologia resta quindi compresa fra il 1555 circa indicato dal museo e la seconda met&#224; degli anni Cinquanta proposta dai due studiosi.</span></p><p><span>Echols e Ilchman osservano inoltre che la larghezza originaria del </span><em><span>banco</span></em><span>, poco inferiore a cinque metri e mezzo, era compatibile con quella del dipinto. La tela misura oggi circa quattro metri e mezzo e potrebbe avere subito una riduzione sul margine destro: Cristo risulta leggermente decentrato, mentre alcune figure e le zampe del cavallo sono interrotte dal bordo [3]. L&#8217;opera era stata progettata per un preciso arredo confraternale e la sua forma attuale potrebbe quindi non coincidere esattamente con quella cinquecentesca.</span></p><p><span>La </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> di Veronese apparteneva invece alla decorazione di San Nicol&#242; della Lattuga, detta anche San Nicoletto dei Frari. La chiesa sorgeva a nord del convento dei Frari, vicino al chiostro della Trinit&#224;. Era retta da un superiore autonomo, mentre gli aspetti patrimoniali erano affidati a un&#8217;amministrazione composta dai Procuratori di San Marco </span><em><span>de ultra</span></em><span>. La comunit&#224; apparteneva allo stesso ordine dei Frati Minori Conventuali insediati ai Frari e condivideva con essi gran parte della propria spiritualit&#224; [10]. L&#8217;edificio medievale venne rinnovato nel Cinquecento e ricevette fra il 1580 e il 1582 un vasto ciclo realizzato da Veronese e dalla sua bottega.</span></p><p><span>Una visita apostolica del luglio 1581 descrive la chiesa come riccamente decorata da dipinti dedicati ai misteri della Redenzione. Il documento non elenca le singole tele; la descrizione rende comunque plausibile che almeno una parte del nuovo apparato fosse gi&#224; collocata a quella data [10]. Le Gallerie possiedono oggi sette delle undici tele attribuite a Veronese e alla sua bottega per San Nicol&#242;, mentre la grande pala dell&#8217;altare maggiore dipinta in precedenza da Tiziano &#232; conservata nella Pinacoteca Vaticana [9][11]. La </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> faceva quindi parte di un programma molto pi&#249; ampio, costruito attorno alla vita di Cristo, alla Passione e ai santi particolarmente legati alla devozione francescana.</span></p><h3><strong><span>La folla e il colore nella Crocifissione di San Severo</span></strong></h3><p><span>Nella tela di San Severo la croce di Cristo occupa il centro della composizione. Ai lati si innalzano quelle dei due ladroni, disposte secondo inclinazioni diverse e parzialmente tagliate dai margini superiori. Il terreno sottostante &#232; riempito da una folla serrata: la Vergine svenuta viene sostenuta dalle donne, i soldati sorvegliano il luogo dell&#8217;esecuzione, alcuni uomini si contendono le vesti di Cristo, cavalieri e spettatori si sovrappongono lungo l&#8217;intera larghezza del quadro. Il paesaggio compare soltanto attraverso aperture limitate fra i gruppi e rimane subordinato alla massa delle figure.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pQ5I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11d83e5f-9855-4cee-ad32-b4d23eb01e91_3656x2334.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pQ5I!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11d83e5f-9855-4cee-ad32-b4d23eb01e91_3656x2334.jpeg 424w, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11d83e5f-9855-4cee-ad32-b4d23eb01e91_3656x2334.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pQ5I!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11d83e5f-9855-4cee-ad32-b4d23eb01e91_3656x2334.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Jacopo Tintoretto, </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span>, 1555 circa, proveniente dalla Scuola del Santissimo Sacramento nella chiesa di San Severo. Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia, Venezia. Fotografia mia; dipinto in pubblico dominio.</span></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>La struttura visiva si regge su alcuni elementi molto marcati. A sinistra un grande vessillo rosso si piega nel vento e occupa una porzione consistente del cielo; sulla destra il cavallo bianco e il suo cavaliere creano una seconda massa luminosa, quasi simmetrica rispetto al drappo. Al centro, il corpo chiaro di Cristo emerge contro il fondo blu scuro e interrompe il movimento della folla. Le scale, le lance e i legni delle croci moltiplicano le verticali e le diagonali, mentre i gesti dei personaggi conducono continuamente lo sguardo verso nuovi episodi.</span></p><p><span>La ricchezza cromatica &#232; uno degli aspetti pi&#249; evidenti del dipinto. Rossi, azzurri, aranci, violetti e bianchi affiorano dalla penombra e distinguono i singoli gruppi entro uno spazio densamente popolato. Il Catalogo generale dei Beni culturali riconosce nella tela un momento di adesione di Tintoretto alla pittura di Veronese, arrivato a Venezia nei primi anni Cinquanta e rapidamente affermatosi attraverso una tavolozza chiara e sontuosa [2]. L&#8217;influenza riguarda soprattutto il colore e alcuni abiti preziosi, inseriti entro una costruzione che conserva la tensione e l&#8217;affollamento propri di Tintoretto.</span></p><p><span>Echols e Ilchman invitano a usare con prudenza la vecchia definizione di un vero e proprio &#8220;periodo veronesiano&#8221; nella carriera del pittore. Una parte delle opere tradizionalmente assegnate a quella fase &#232; stata da loro ricondotta alla bottega o a seguaci, mentre la sola presenza di colori brillanti non costituisce un criterio sufficiente per la datazione [3]. Nella </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> di San Severo il confronto con Veronese emerge comunque con chiarezza: il colore luminoso organizza una scena molto complessa e separa le numerose azioni simultanee.</span></p><p><strong><span>Disegni preparatori e lavoro di bottega</span></strong></p><p><span>Le Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia e il Catalogo generale attribuiscono il dipinto a Jacopo Tintoretto [1][2]. Echols e Ilchman mantengono l&#8217;opera nel catalogo del maestro, riconoscendogli un&#8217;estesa preparazione attraverso disegni di figura, e ipotizzano un intervento consistente della bottega nella trasposizione sulla tela e nell&#8217;esecuzione pittorica [3].</span></p><p><span>Il materiale grafico collegato all&#8217;opera conferma l&#8217;attenzione dedicata alle singole figure. Nella Royal Collection si conserva uno studio di un uomo visto di schiena, identificato con una figura posta ai piedi di una scala nella </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> di San Severo [4]. Un foglio del Courtauld raffigura un uomo seduto da tergo con le braccia sollevate; la posa ricorre nel dipinto e il disegno fu esposto nel 2018 come studio di Jacopo per questa commissione. La scheda attuale del museo lo attribuisce invece a Domenico Tintoretto, registrando la precedente attribuzione a Jacopo [5]. Le oscillazioni attributive testimoniano la difficolt&#224; di distinguere con precisione l&#8217;attivit&#224; del maestro da quella di una bottega che condivideva modelli, fogli preparatori e procedure di lavoro.</span></p><p><span>La denominazione adottata dalle Gallerie rimane quindi la pi&#249; equilibrata: </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> di Jacopo Tintoretto, con una possibile partecipazione estesa della bottega. La discussione riguarda soprattutto il processo esecutivo, mentre l&#8217;invenzione e la preparazione dell&#8217;opera restano saldamente legate al maestro.</span></p><p><strong><span>Un precedente per la Crocifissione di San Rocco</span></strong></p><p><span>La tela di San Severo acquista ulteriore rilievo nel confronto con la celebre </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> dipinta da Tintoretto nel 1565 per la Sala dell&#8217;Albergo della Scuola Grande di San Rocco. Il progetto digitale realizzato da Save Venice in occasione del restauro della grande tela di San Rocco individua nel dipinto dell&#8217;Accademia un precedente diretto per alcuni motivi fondamentali: la posizione centrale di Cristo, il gruppo dolente raccolto sotto la croce, i soldati che giocano a dadi e i cavalieri disposti ai lati [6].</span></p><p><span>Nella versione di San Rocco questi elementi vengono distribuiti su una superficie immensamente pi&#249; ampia e acquistano una maggiore chiarezza narrativa. Cristo &#232; collocato molto in alto, il primo piano viene liberato e i diversi episodi della Passione sono separati da intervalli spaziali pi&#249; leggibili [6]. La </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> di San Severo contiene quindi gran parte del repertorio figurativo che Tintoretto avrebbe riorganizzato nella commissione del 1565, entro una struttura pi&#249; ampia e maggiormente articolata.</span></p><p><span>Il quadro dell&#8217;Accademia appartiene cos&#236; a una fase nella quale Tintoretto sperimenta una grande scena corale della Passione e prepara soluzioni destinate a tornare in una delle sue opere pi&#249; importanti. La componente veronesiana del colore entra in un processo di elaborazione pienamente interno alla pittura di Jacopo.</span></p><h3><strong><span>Il tardo Veronese di San Nicol&#242; della Lattuga</span></strong></h3><p><span>La </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> di Veronese organizza lo stesso episodio secondo una struttura profondamente diversa. Cristo e i due ladroni sono raccolti all&#8217;estrema sinistra; il centro del quadro &#232; occupato dalla folla in movimento, mentre sulla destra dominano il grande cavallo bruno, i cavalieri e la citt&#224; di Gerusalemme. Il cielo prende possesso di quasi tutta la met&#224; superiore della tela, attraversato da nubi grigie che si addensano sopra il Calvario e si aprono verso una luce pallida in prossimit&#224; della citt&#224;.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mPBd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad53d5d9-57c1-45a7-9242-892eaa763318_4681x3082.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mPBd!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_424, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad53d5d9-57c1-45a7-9242-892eaa763318_4681x3082.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mPBd!, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/reflectionsofvenice.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad53d5d9-57c1-45a7-9242-892eaa763318_4681x3082.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Paolo Veronese, </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span>, 1582 circa, proveniente dalla chiesa di San Nicol&#242; della Lattuga. Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia, Venezia. Fotografia mia; dipinto in pubblico dominio.</span></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Il gruppo principale perde quindi la centralit&#224; geometrica che conserva nella tela di San Severo. La morte di Cristo si inserisce entro uno spazio pi&#249; vasto, nel quale convivono episodi diversi. Sul fondo, lungo la strada che scende dalla citt&#224;, &#232; evocato l&#8217;inizio della salita al Calvario; in primo piano si apre una fenditura del terreno dalla quale emerge una figura, mentre gli uomini e gli animali reagiscono con gesti di paura. La narrazione si estende dal percorso precedente alla Crocifissione fino ai prodigi che, secondo i Vangeli, accompagnarono la morte di Cristo.</span></p><p><span>La figura che appare dal sepolcro ha ricevuto letture differenti. La scheda pubblicata dalle Gallerie per il Venerd&#236; Santo del 2020 la descrive come un demone che emerge dalle viscere della terra e spaventa gli astanti e il cavallo [9]. Carlo Corsato la interpreta invece come un morto risuscitato in seguito al terremoto ricordato dal Vangelo di Matteo. Questa seconda lettura collega direttamente la figura al centurione Longino, inginocchiato vicino alla Maddalena, e al riconoscimento della natura divina di Cristo [10]. L&#8217;identificazione resta incerta; in entrambe le interpretazioni l&#8217;apertura del suolo provoca il movimento improvviso che attraversa l&#8217;intero primo piano.</span></p><p><span>La tavolozza conserva colori preziosi nelle vesti della Maddalena, della Vergine e delle donne raccolte ai piedi della croce, insieme ai verdi, ai rosa e ai gialli distribuiti fra la folla. La luce generale &#232; per&#242; pi&#249; bassa rispetto alle grandi composizioni veronesiane dei decenni precedenti. Le Gallerie collocano il dipinto nella fase tarda del pittore e collegano il progressivo scurimento della sua tavolozza anche al clima religioso e sociale seguito alla peste del 1575 [8][9]. Il riferimento costituisce uno degli elementi di contesto entro il pi&#249; ampio mutamento della pittura tarda di Veronese. La differenza rispetto alla luminosit&#224; delle celebri </span><em><span>Cene</span></em><span> resta comunque evidente, mentre la drammaticit&#224; della scena viene avvicinata dalle Gallerie all&#8217;impaginazione di Tintoretto [9].</span></p><p><strong><span>Una composizione progettata per essere vista di lato</span></strong></p><p><span>La posizione originaria del dipinto spiega la forte asimmetria della scena. Marco Boschini ricordava la tela sulla parete destra della navata di San Nicol&#242;, sopra l&#8217;altare dedicato a San Giovanni Battista e affiancata da altri due quadri, cos&#236; da formare una sorta di fregio dipinto. La collocazione &#232; confermata da Anton Maria Zanetti e da documenti successivi esaminati da Corsato [10].</span></p><p><span>Chi entrava in chiesa osservava l&#8217;opera da destra e secondo un angolo obliquo. Veronese spost&#242; il Calvario verso il margine sinistro e ruot&#242; la croce di Cristo rispetto al piano della tela, adattandola alla direzione dello sguardo. Da quel punto di vista il corpo del Crocifisso, illuminato sul fianco destro, risultava immediatamente visibile a chi avanzava verso l&#8217;altare. La vasta porzione di paesaggio e di cielo contribuiva a collegare il gruppo principale allo spazio reale della cappella [10].</span></p><p><span>Una volta trasferita in museo e osservata frontalmente, la composizione ha perso parte del rapporto originario con l&#8217;architettura. L&#8217;accostamento con Tintoretto rende ancora pi&#249; evidente lo spostamento della croce, perch&#233; la tela di San Severo presenta al contrario un asse centrale molto marcato.</span></p><p><strong><span>La Maddalena, Longino e la liturgia quaresimale</span></strong></p><p><span>Nella tela di Veronese la luce seleziona con particolare intensit&#224; la Maddalena, inginocchiata ai piedi di Cristo e riconoscibile per la veste chiara e le braccia aperte. La sua posa riprende quella del Crocifisso e stabilisce un rapporto visivo con Longino, inginocchiato poco distante. Corsato legge questo gruppo come il centro spirituale della composizione: lo sguardo rivolto a Cristo conduce alla contemplazione, mentre il gesto della Maddalena propone ai fedeli un modello di pentimento [10].</span></p><p><span>La scelta acquistava un significato preciso nella chiesa francescana. La letteratura devozionale del Cinquecento presentava Maria Maddalena come una delle figure principali della penitenza cristiana, capace di abbandonare il peccato e seguire Cristo fino alla morte e alla Resurrezione. La scena era collocata sopra l&#8217;altare di San Giovanni Battista, il predicatore che nei Vangeli invita alla conversione. Corsato collega quindi la </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> e la tela con la </span><em><span>Predicazione del Battista</span></em><span>, posta originariamente sotto di essa, entro un medesimo percorso penitenziale [10].</span></p><p><span>Il programma della chiesa era inoltre legato alle celebrazioni della Quaresima e della Settimana Santa. Veronese costru&#236; la scena attraverso elementi tratti soprattutto dai Vangeli di Matteo e Giovanni, letti rispettivamente durante la Domenica delle Palme e il Venerd&#236; Santo secondo il messale riformato dopo il Concilio di Trento. Le immagini rendevano accessibili ai fedeli episodi proclamati in latino e collegavano i testi evangelici al sacrificio eucaristico [10].</span></p><p><span>Corsato richiama anche la presenza ai Frari di una reliquia del Sangue di Cristo, venerata durante una solenne processione nella quinta domenica di Quaresima. Secondo la tradizione, l&#8217;ampolla conteneva l&#8217;unguento della Maddalena mescolato con il sangue del Redentore. Il rapporto fra Maddalena, Longino e il sangue che sgorga dal costato di Cristo assumeva quindi una risonanza locale precisa, comprensibile alla comunit&#224; francescana e ai fedeli che frequentavano San Nicol&#242; [10].</span></p><p><strong><span>Dalla chiesa al museo</span></strong></p><p><span>La vita del dipinto di Veronese all&#8217;interno di San Nicol&#242; fu segnata da problemi conservativi gi&#224; nel Settecento. Nel 1726 i frati lamentavano lo stato delle tele, descritte come corrose dal tempo, e ottennero dai Procuratori cento ducati per un intervento. Nel 1746 un incendio distrusse quasi interamente il convento e minacci&#242; la chiesa; i dipinti vennero messi in salvo, anche se il fumo e il calore potrebbero averli danneggiati. Nuove richieste di restauro furono avanzate negli anni Cinquanta del secolo [10].</span></p><p><span>La </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> rimase nella propria collocazione fino ai primi anni dell&#8217;Ottocento. Dopo la soppressione della chiesa entr&#242; nel 1834 nell&#8217;Imperial Regia Accademia di Belle Arti. Corsato ricorda che la grande tela rimase a lungo arrotolata nei depositi, prima di essere restaurata ed esposta fra il 1852 e il 1853 [10]. La superficie oggi visibile &#232; quindi il risultato di una lunga storia conservativa, che comprende l&#8217;invecchiamento nella chiesa, l&#8217;incendio, la permanenza nei depositi e i successivi restauri.</span></p><p><span>Anche la </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> di San Severo proviene da una chiesa soppressa e demolita. Le due opere condividono dunque una seconda condizione, oltre al soggetto e alle dimensioni: entrambe sono frammenti monumentali di complessi religiosi scomparsi. Il loro ingresso nelle collezioni dell&#8217;Accademia le ha riunite in un contesto nel quale il confronto fra i pittori ha sostituito i rapporti originari con altari, confraternite e liturgie.</span></p><h3><strong><span>Due modi di distribuire il racconto</span></strong></h3><p><span>Il formato quasi coincidente permette di osservare con chiarezza le scelte opposte compiute dai due pittori. Tintoretto concentra il racconto intorno all&#8217;asse della croce e occupa il primo piano con una folla compatta. Veronese sposta il Calvario sul margine e distribuisce gli episodi lungo la profondit&#224; del paesaggio. Nella prima tela il cielo scuro funziona soprattutto come fondale per le figure; nella seconda diventa una parte determinante dell&#8217;azione e annuncia attraverso le nubi il turbamento della natura.</span></p><p><span>Anche i cavalli svolgono funzioni diverse. Quello bianco di Tintoretto emerge con forza dalla folla sulla destra e bilancia il grande vessillo rosso collocato all&#8217;estremit&#224; opposta. Il cavallo bruno di Veronese occupa quasi interamente il margine destro e reagisce all&#8217;apertura del sepolcro, trasmettendo il movimento agli uomini che cercano di trattenerlo. Tintoretto usa l&#8217;animale come massa luminosa entro una struttura affollata; Veronese lo trasforma in uno dei principali veicoli della tensione narrativa.</span></p><p><span>Il rapporto con il tempo presenta una differenza analoga. Tintoretto raccoglie numerosi episodi simultanei attorno al momento della morte di Cristo: lo svenimento della Vergine, il gioco dei dadi, i movimenti dei soldati e la presenza dei cavalieri convivono sullo stesso piano. Veronese estende il racconto fra il fondo e il primo piano, richiamando la salita al Calvario presso Gerusalemme e gli eventi successivi alla morte. Il percorso dello sguardo attraversa cos&#236; tempi differenti prima di raggiungere il gruppo della croce.</span></p><p><strong><span>Un incrocio fra i linguaggi di Tintoretto e Veronese</span></strong></p><p><span>Il confronto cromatico e compositivo produce un incrocio particolarmente interessante. Nella tela pi&#249; antica, Tintoretto accoglie la ricchezza del colore veronesiano e la inserisce in una scena serrata e inquieta. Circa venticinque anni dopo, Veronese mantiene la propria sensibilit&#224; cromatica entro un&#8217;atmosfera pi&#249; scura e costruisce un racconto che le Gallerie stesse avvicinano alla turbolenza di Tintoretto [2][9].</span></p><p><span>Le fonti qui considerate non documentano una risposta diretta di Veronese alla </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> di San Severo. Le due opere appartenevano a commissioni indipendenti e a luoghi distanti. Il rapporto riguarda il confronto continuo fra due pittori attivi contemporaneamente a Venezia, capaci di osservare le soluzioni del collega e di trasformarle secondo esigenze proprie. Il colore e il movimento circolavano inoltre attraverso botteghe numerose, collaboratori e grandi cantieri decorativi, rendendo poco utile una separazione troppo rigida dei rispettivi linguaggi.</span></p><p><span>La consueta associazione fra Veronese e il colore, da una parte, e Tintoretto e il dramma, dall&#8217;altra, descrive soltanto una porzione della loro ricerca. La tela di San Severo mostra quanto il colore potesse diventare uno strumento narrativo nella pittura di Tintoretto; quella di San Nicol&#242; mostra la capacit&#224; di Veronese di costruire uno spazio irregolare, cupo e percorso da reazioni violente. Ciascun pittore rimane pienamente riconoscibile, mentre i confini fra le due esperienze diventano pi&#249; permeabili.</span></p><p><strong><span>Bibliografia</span></strong></p><p><span>[1] Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia di Venezia, </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span>, Jacopo Robusti detto Jacopo Tintoretto, catalogo 213, tela, 280 &#215; 444 cm, 1555 circa.</span></p><p><span>[2] Catalogo generale dei Beni culturali, </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span>, Jacopo Robusti detto Jacopo Tintoretto, codice di catalogo nazionale </span><a href="tel:0500401297"><span>0500401297</span></a><span>.</span></p><p><span>[3] Robert Echols, Frederick Ilchman, &#171;Toward a New Tintoretto Catalogue, with a Checklist of Revised Attributions and a New Chronology&#187;, in Miguel Falomir, a cura di, </span><em><span>Jacopo Tintoretto. Actas del Congreso Internacional / Proceedings of the International Symposium</span></em><span>, Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado, 2009, pp. 91&#8211;150, in particolare pp. 102 e 114, nn. 80&#8211;81.</span></p><p><span>[4] Royal Collection Trust, Jacopo Tintoretto, </span><em><span>A Man from Behind</span></em><span>, RCIN 904823, scheda della collezione.</span></p><p><span>[5] Courtauld Gallery, attribuito a Domenico Tintoretto, gi&#224; attribuito a Jacopo Tintoretto, </span><em><span>Man Seated with His Arms Raised, Viewed from Behind</span></em><span>, D.1978.PG.369, scheda della collezione.</span></p><p><span>[6] Save Venice, </span><em><span>The Crucifixion Explained</span></em><span>, progetto digitale dedicato alla </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> della Scuola Grande di San Rocco.</span></p><p><span>[7] Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia di Venezia, </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span>, Paolo Caliari detto Paolo Veronese, catalogo 255, tela, 285 &#215; 447 cm, 1582 circa.</span></p><p><span>[8] Catalogo generale dei Beni culturali, </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span>, Paolo Caliari detto Paolo Veronese, codice di catalogo nazionale </span><a href="tel:0500401296"><span>0500401296</span></a><span>.</span></p><p><span>[9] Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia di Venezia, &#171;La </span><em><span>Crocifissione</span></em><span> di Veronese per il Venerd&#236; Santo&#187;, rubrica </span><em><span>L&#8217;opera del giorno</span></em><span>, 14 aprile 2020.</span></p><p><span>[10] Carlo Corsato, &#171;Contemplation and Penitence. Mary Magdalen and Veronese&#8217;s &#8220;Crucifixion&#8221; in San Nicoletto&#187;, in Bernard Aikema, Thomas Dalla Costa, Paola Marini, a cura di, </span><em><span>Paolo Veronese. Giornate di studio</span></em><span>, Venezia, lineadacqua, 2016, pp. 308&#8211;313.</span></p><p><span>[11] Gallerie dell&#8217;Accademia di Venezia, </span><em><span>San Nicol&#242; consacrato vescovo di Myra</span></em><span>, scheda dell&#8217;opera e del ciclo proveniente da San Nicol&#242; della Lattuga.</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>