<script data-pm-proxy="intercept"></script><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></title><description><![CDATA[Tổng hợp các bài viết]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HKwP!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Ftindocmotchut.substack.com%2Fimg%2Fsubstack.png</url><title>Tín Đọc Một Chút</title><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 04:24:30 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[tindocmotchut@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[tindocmotchut@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[tindocmotchut@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[tindocmotchut@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Bookhaul tháng 8/2008]]></title><description><![CDATA[v&#224; t&#7841;p ch&#250; 29/8/2026]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/bookhaul-thang-82008</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/bookhaul-thang-82008</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 29 Aug 2026 10:47:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dnyp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F771e835f-8c5f-403f-adf2-9c5fde63a28e_1536x2048.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dnyp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F771e835f-8c5f-403f-adf2-9c5fde63a28e_1536x2048.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dnyp!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F771e835f-8c5f-403f-adf2-9c5fde63a28e_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dnyp!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F771e835f-8c5f-403f-adf2-9c5fde63a28e_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dnyp!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F771e835f-8c5f-403f-adf2-9c5fde63a28e_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dnyp!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F771e835f-8c5f-403f-adf2-9c5fde63a28e_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dnyp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F771e835f-8c5f-403f-adf2-9c5fde63a28e_1536x2048.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/771e835f-8c5f-403f-adf2-9c5fde63a28e_1536x2048.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; h&#7897;p di&#234;m, s&#225;ch v&#224; v&#259;n b&#7843;n&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; h&#7897;p di&#234;m, s&#225;ch v&#224; v&#259;n b&#7843;n" title="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; h&#7897;p di&#234;m, s&#225;ch v&#224; v&#259;n b&#7843;n" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dnyp!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F771e835f-8c5f-403f-adf2-9c5fde63a28e_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dnyp!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F771e835f-8c5f-403f-adf2-9c5fde63a28e_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dnyp!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F771e835f-8c5f-403f-adf2-9c5fde63a28e_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dnyp!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F771e835f-8c5f-403f-adf2-9c5fde63a28e_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">H&#244;m nay t&#244;i nh&#7853;n n&#7889;t s&#225;ch cho th&#225;ng 8, h&#244;m nay l&#224; m&#7897;t ng&#224;y m&#432;a x&#7889;i x&#7843;. Nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7845;t v&#224;o t&#7911;. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Gogol hay Joyce th&#236; t&#244;i c&#361;ng d&#7877; d&#224;ng mua &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#236;a m&#7873;m, ti&#7871;ng Vi&#7879;t l&#7851;n ti&#7871;ng Anh, nh&#432;ng m&#224; v&#236; t&#244;i &#273;&#7921; &#273;&#7883;nh n&#259;m sau l&#224;m v&#7873; hai &#244;ng, n&#234;n th&#244;i c&#7913; mua Everyman&#8217;s Library cho r&#7867; v&#224; &#273;&#7865;p. C&#242;n t&#7853;p th&#417; c&#7911;a Pess&#245;a th&#236; t&#244;i ti&#7879;n th&#7875; mua lu&#244;n cho &#273;&#432;&#7907;c mi&#7877;n ph&#237; v&#7853;n chuy&#7875;n. Cu&#7889;n quan tr&#7885;ng m&#224; t&#244;i mu&#7889;n mua l&#224; t&#7853;p th&#417; c&#7911;a Frank Bidart (Phr&#259;ng Bi-&#273;&#225;t). Frank Bidart l&#224; m&#7897;t nh&#224; th&#417; M&#7929;, n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng hay kh&#244;ng th&#236; t&#244;i kh&#244;ng bi&#7871;t, ch&#7881; l&#224; t&#236;nh c&#7901; &#273;&#7885;c tr&#250;ng b&#224;i <em>The First Hour of the Night</em> c&#7911;a &#244;ng, m&#7897;t tr&#432;&#7901;ng thi, &#273;i qua t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7915; thi&#234;n c&#7893; &#273;&#7871;n hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i, &#273;&#7875; th&#7845;y t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng l&#253; thuy&#7871;t b&#7845;t l&#7921;c nh&#432; n&#224;o tr&#432;&#7899;c nh&#7919;ng n&#7895;i &#273;au c&#7911;a hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, c&#7911;a m&#7895;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#225; nh&#226;n. Th&#7853;t s&#7921; m&#224; n&#243;i, &#273;&#7875; n&#243;i v&#7873; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m n&#224;y th&#236; s&#7869; qu&#225; t&#7889;n th&#7901;i gian l&#250;c n&#224;y, v&#7853;y h&#227;y nghe, c&#7843;m l&#7845;y ch&#237;nh t&#225;c gi&#7843; &#273;&#7885;c b&#224;i th&#417; t&#7841;i &#273;&#226;y. V&#224; b&#226;y gi&#7901;, t&#244;i s&#7869; n&#243;i v&#7873; b&#224;i th&#417; kh&#225;c, ng&#7855;n h&#417;n, d&#7877; n&#243;i h&#417;n (c&#243; l&#7869;), b&#224;i th&#417; mang t&#234;n <em>Khi khao kh&#225;t h&#7891;n</em>:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;nh&#432;ng t&#236;m ki&#7871;m x&#225;c th&#7883;t</p><p style="text-align: justify;">t&#7899;i khi x&#225;c th&#7883;t</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#273;&#227; g&#7847;n nh&#432; &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7847;y</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">khi &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#432;a-k&#7883;p-vi&#7871;t-ra</p><p style="text-align: justify;">l&#224; b&#224;i th&#417; &#7903; n&#417;i b&#7841;n</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#273;&#242;i h&#7887;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7891;n t&#7841;i</p><p style="text-align: justify;">b&#7841;n ch&#7881; c&#243; th&#7875; d&#226;ng hi&#7871;n ng&#244;n t&#7915;. Ng&#244;n t&#7915;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">l&#224; x&#225;c th&#7883;t. Ng&#244;n t&#7915; </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">l&#224; x&#225;c th&#7883;t</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">khao kh&#225;t ho&#225; th&#224;nh &#253; ni&#7879;m, &#253; ni&#7879;m</p><p style="text-align: justify;">m&#417; r&#7857;ng, l&#7847;n n&#224;y, n&#234;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#236;nh h&#224;i</p><p style="text-align: justify;">c&#7913;ng c&#7887;i t&#7921;a &#273;&#225;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#272;&#7875; t&#7841;c n&#234;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#236;nh h&#224;i c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i</p><p style="text-align: justify;">v&#224; t&#7915; x&#225;c th&#7883;t t&#7841;o n&#234;n </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">th&#7913; x&#225;c th&#7883;t c&#7913;ng c&#7887;i t&#7921;a &#273;&#225;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nh&#236;n xu&#7889;ng h&#242;m n&#244;i </p><p style="text-align: justify;">c&#7911;a t&#236;nh y&#234;u b&#7841;n, h&#7891;n tr&#224;o ch&#225;t ch&#250;a </p><p style="text-align: justify;">b&#7841;n khao kh&#225;t ho&#225; &#273;&#225;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ch&#7859;ng ti&#7871;c th&#432;&#417;ng cho &#273;i&#7873;u kh&#244;ng c&#243;,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">nh&#432;ng ti&#7871;c th&#432;&#417;ng cho th&#7913; ch&#432;a c&#243; bao gi&#7901;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Th&#7913; ch&#7859;ng bao gi&#7901; n&#234;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#236;nh h&#224;i</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">b&#7903;i th&#7913; b&#7841;n mu&#7889;n, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta</p><p style="text-align: justify;">c&#361;ng mu&#7889;n nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i ch&#7859;ng mu&#7889;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#7847;m th&#432;&#7901;ng, chia n&#259;m s&#7867; b&#7843;y m&#7897;t con tim ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#272;i&#7873;u b&#7841;n m&#417;, b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch &#259;n l&#7845;y</p><p style="text-align: justify;">x&#225;c th&#7883;t c&#7911;a ng&#244;n t&#7915;, &#273;i&#7873;u b&#7841;n vi&#7871;t </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">l&#224;m cho t&#226;m tr&#237; v&#224; h&#236;nh h&#224;i</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">n&#234;n m&#7897;t. Khi, sau bu&#7893;i &#273;&#7885;c, b&#7841;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c y&#234;u c&#7847;u</p><p style="text-align: justify;">m&#244; t&#7843; l&#7845;y m&#7929; h&#7885;c c&#7911;a m&#236;nh,</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">b&#7841;n tr&#7843; l&#7901;i, M&#7897;t th&#7913; m&#7929; h&#7885;c c&#7911;a s&#7921; h&#236;nh h&#224;i ho&#225;.&#8221; </p></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cw9q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F735a0bd1-189c-4615-9122-32357379185a_1536x2048.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cw9q!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F735a0bd1-189c-4615-9122-32357379185a_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cw9q!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F735a0bd1-189c-4615-9122-32357379185a_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cw9q!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F735a0bd1-189c-4615-9122-32357379185a_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cw9q!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F735a0bd1-189c-4615-9122-32357379185a_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cw9q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F735a0bd1-189c-4615-9122-32357379185a_1536x2048.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/735a0bd1-189c-4615-9122-32357379185a_1536x2048.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n cho bi&#7871;t 'As You Crave Soul 2OONAl K adr but find flesh till fesh almost seems sufficient when the as-yet-unwritten poem within you demands existence all you can offer it are words. Words are flesh. Words ATE flesh no6o&#1083;bH ebrincal craving to become idea, idea dreaming found, this time, a body obdurate stone. To carve the body of the world and out of fesh make wrotesotei-doptabo.fo mstosol flesh obdurate as stone. Looking down into the casket-crib of your love, embittered by mott &#19968; 554 snoltibrsa oriulay hruses a Numot METAPHYSICAL DOG eHblO'&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n cho bi&#7871;t 'As You Crave Soul 2OONAl K adr but find flesh till fesh almost seems sufficient when the as-yet-unwritten poem within you demands existence all you can offer it are words. Words are flesh. Words ATE flesh no6o&#1083;bH ebrincal craving to become idea, idea dreaming found, this time, a body obdurate stone. To carve the body of the world and out of fesh make wrotesotei-doptabo.fo mstosol flesh obdurate as stone. Looking down into the casket-crib of your love, embittered by mott &#19968; 554 snoltibrsa oriulay hruses a Numot METAPHYSICAL DOG eHblO'" title="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n cho bi&#7871;t 'As You Crave Soul 2OONAl K adr but find flesh till fesh almost seems sufficient when the as-yet-unwritten poem within you demands existence all you can offer it are words. Words are flesh. Words ATE flesh no6o&#1083;bH ebrincal craving to become idea, idea dreaming found, this time, a body obdurate stone. To carve the body of the world and out of fesh make wrotesotei-doptabo.fo mstosol flesh obdurate as stone. Looking down into the casket-crib of your love, embittered by mott &#19968; 554 snoltibrsa oriulay hruses a Numot METAPHYSICAL DOG eHblO'" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cw9q!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F735a0bd1-189c-4615-9122-32357379185a_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cw9q!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F735a0bd1-189c-4615-9122-32357379185a_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cw9q!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F735a0bd1-189c-4615-9122-32357379185a_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cw9q!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F735a0bd1-189c-4615-9122-32357379185a_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FqBJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f1f819a-96d8-4da7-8e52-4a5dcefa1b2f_1536x2048.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FqBJ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f1f819a-96d8-4da7-8e52-4a5dcefa1b2f_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FqBJ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f1f819a-96d8-4da7-8e52-4a5dcefa1b2f_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FqBJ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f1f819a-96d8-4da7-8e52-4a5dcefa1b2f_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FqBJ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f1f819a-96d8-4da7-8e52-4a5dcefa1b2f_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FqBJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f1f819a-96d8-4da7-8e52-4a5dcefa1b2f_1536x2048.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8f1f819a-96d8-4da7-8e52-4a5dcefa1b2f_1536x2048.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n cho bi&#7871;t 'soul you crave to become stone. amontamtin etD You mourn not what is not, but what never could have been. What could not ever find body because what you wanted, he wanted but did not want. Ordinary divided unsimple heart. amewordo What you dream is that, by eating the flesh of words, what you write makes mind and body one. When, after reading, you ATE asked to describe your aesthetics, you reply, An aesthetics of embodiment. &#6047;&#6098;&#6042;&#6020;'&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n cho bi&#7871;t 'soul you crave to become stone. amontamtin etD You mourn not what is not, but what never could have been. What could not ever find body because what you wanted, he wanted but did not want. Ordinary divided unsimple heart. amewordo What you dream is that, by eating the flesh of words, what you write makes mind and body one. When, after reading, you ATE asked to describe your aesthetics, you reply, An aesthetics of embodiment. &#6047;&#6098;&#6042;&#6020;'" title="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n cho bi&#7871;t 'soul you crave to become stone. amontamtin etD You mourn not what is not, but what never could have been. What could not ever find body because what you wanted, he wanted but did not want. Ordinary divided unsimple heart. amewordo What you dream is that, by eating the flesh of words, what you write makes mind and body one. When, after reading, you ATE asked to describe your aesthetics, you reply, An aesthetics of embodiment. &#6047;&#6098;&#6042;&#6020;'" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FqBJ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f1f819a-96d8-4da7-8e52-4a5dcefa1b2f_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FqBJ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f1f819a-96d8-4da7-8e52-4a5dcefa1b2f_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FqBJ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f1f819a-96d8-4da7-8e52-4a5dcefa1b2f_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FqBJ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f1f819a-96d8-4da7-8e52-4a5dcefa1b2f_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#7853;y, th&#417; Bi-&#273;&#225;t hay kh&#244;ng? Hay ch&#7913;, t&#244;i ph&#7843;i n&#243;i l&#224; ri&#234;ng b&#224;i th&#417; n&#224;y c&#243; m&#7897;t s&#7913;c g&#7907;i to l&#7899;n, v&#236;, nh&#432; bao b&#224;i th&#417; kh&#225;c, v&#224; s&#7921; am t&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7847;y n&#7873;n t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng T&#226;y, th&#236; b&#224;i n&#224;y &#244;ng &#273;ang c&#7889; &#225;m ch&#7881; l&#7845;y L&#7901;i, &#273;&#250;ng v&#7853;y Logos (v&#7899;i ch&#7919; L &#273;&#432;&#7907;c vi&#7871;t hoa &#273;&#243;). L&#7901;i l&#224; x&#225;c th&#7883;t, L&#7901;i mang l&#7845;y x&#225;c th&#7883;t l&#224; g&#236; th&#236; ta &#273;&#227; qu&#225; quen, li&#7879;u &#273;&#226;y c&#243; ph&#7843;i m&#7897;t k&#7929; thu&#7853;t n&#243;i v&#7873; Ch&#250;a nh&#432;ng kh&#244;ng nh&#7855;c t&#7899;i Ch&#250;a, c&#7909; th&#7875; l&#224; Ng&#244;i Hai Thi&#234;n Ch&#250;a. Th&#7853;t kh&#243; hi&#7875;u, khi t&#244;i &#273;&#7885;c v&#224; suy t&#432; th&#236; t&#244;i c&#361;ng t&#7921; kh&#243; hi&#7875;u ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh, t&#7841;i sao l&#7841;i xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n s&#7921; nh&#7853;p th&#7875; (incarnate) v&#224; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng Descartes trong n&#224;y. Th&#244;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c r&#7891;i, tho&#7843;i m&#225;i ra n&#224;o, &#273;&#243; ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t b&#224;i th&#417; th&#244;i. H&#244;m nay c&#7911;a t&#244;i &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7911; l&#226;m ly bi &#273;&#225; v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c n&#7857;m &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng do b&#7883; t&#7841;t &#273;&#7847;u xe v&#224; tay ch&#7843;y &#273;&#7847;y m&#225;u, th&#7871; l&#224; nh&#226;n hai bi &#273;&#225;t, bi &#273;&#225;t v&#224; Bi-&#273;&#225;t. Th&#244;i ng&#7915;ng bi-&#273;&#225;t v&#224; so&#227; th&#244;i, c&#7909; th&#7875; l&#224; Pess&#245;a, c&#7909; th&#7875; h&#417;n n&#7919;a, d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7883; danh &#193;lvaro de Campos.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#244;i, ch&#237;nh t&#244;i&#8230;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#244;i, g&#225;nh &#273;&#7847;y m&#7885;i s&#7913;c n&#7863;ng </p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#7915; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i m&#224; ra&#8230;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#244;i&#8230;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#7885;i th&#7913;, cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng, b&#7903;i m&#7885;i th&#7913; l&#224; t&#244;i,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">K&#7875; c&#225;c mu&#244;n ng&#7847;n tinh t&#250;, d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432;,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#7915; t&#250;i t&#244;i, l&#7845;y ra lo&#224; l&#361; tr&#7867;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L&#361; tr&#7867; g&#236; v&#7853;y t&#244;i kh&#244;ng bi&#7871;t&#8230;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#244;i&#8230;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#244; th&#7853;p to&#224;n? B&#7845;t kh&#7843; tri? Th&#7847;n th&#225;nh?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#244;i kh&#244;ng bi&#7871;t.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#244;i&#8230;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#244;i c&#243; qu&#225; kh&#7913; ch&#7913;? D&#297; nhi&#234;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#244;i c&#243; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i ch&#7913;? D&#297; nhi&#234;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#244;i c&#243; t&#432;&#417;ng lai ch&#7913;? D&#297; nhi&#234;n,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">K&#7875; c&#7843; khi n&#243; ch&#7859;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bao l&#226;u.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nh&#432;ng t&#244;i, t&#244;i&#8230;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#244;i l&#224; t&#244;i,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#244;i c&#242;n s&#243;t l&#7841;i t&#244;i,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#244;i&#8230;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(ng&#224;y 4 th&#225;ng Gi&#234;ng n&#259;m 1935)</p></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4HSB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e0e23a-9487-4314-82cd-8682fafaaa8f_1536x2048.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4HSB!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e0e23a-9487-4314-82cd-8682fafaaa8f_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4HSB!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e0e23a-9487-4314-82cd-8682fafaaa8f_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4HSB!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e0e23a-9487-4314-82cd-8682fafaaa8f_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4HSB!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e0e23a-9487-4314-82cd-8682fafaaa8f_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4HSB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e0e23a-9487-4314-82cd-8682fafaaa8f_1536x2048.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f7e0e23a-9487-4314-82cd-8682fafaaa8f_1536x2048.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n cho bi&#7871;t 'I, I myself... I, full of all the weariness The world can produce I... Everything, finally, since everything is me, Including even the stars, it seems, &#47928;&#44592;&#51648; 3cHe Came out of my pocket to dazzle children. What children I don't know I... &#3619;&#3629;&#3591;&#3626;&#3635;&#3619;&#3632;&#3632;&#3585; Imperfect? Inscrutable? Divine? &#3619;&#3657;&#3626;&#3629;&#3617;&#3636;&#3585;&#3619;&#3611; Idon't know. wads 30&#26178; a past? Of course. DoIhaveapresent? present? Of course. &#3619;&#3623;&#3618;&#3619;&#3585;&#3605; WillIhave future? Of course, Evenifitdoesn'tlastlong. last long. Evenifit doesn't ButI,I... IamI, IremainI, 4JANUARY1935'&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n cho bi&#7871;t 'I, I myself... I, full of all the weariness The world can produce I... Everything, finally, since everything is me, Including even the stars, it seems, &#47928;&#44592;&#51648; 3cHe Came out of my pocket to dazzle children. What children I don't know I... &#3619;&#3629;&#3591;&#3626;&#3635;&#3619;&#3632;&#3632;&#3585; Imperfect? Inscrutable? Divine? &#3619;&#3657;&#3626;&#3629;&#3617;&#3636;&#3585;&#3619;&#3611; Idon't know. wads 30&#26178; a past? Of course. DoIhaveapresent? present? Of course. &#3619;&#3623;&#3618;&#3619;&#3585;&#3605; WillIhave future? Of course, Evenifitdoesn'tlastlong. last long. Evenifit doesn't ButI,I... IamI, IremainI, 4JANUARY1935'" title="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n cho bi&#7871;t 'I, I myself... I, full of all the weariness The world can produce I... Everything, finally, since everything is me, Including even the stars, it seems, &#47928;&#44592;&#51648; 3cHe Came out of my pocket to dazzle children. What children I don't know I... &#3619;&#3629;&#3591;&#3626;&#3635;&#3619;&#3632;&#3632;&#3585; Imperfect? Inscrutable? Divine? &#3619;&#3657;&#3626;&#3629;&#3617;&#3636;&#3585;&#3619;&#3611; Idon't know. wads 30&#26178; a past? Of course. DoIhaveapresent? present? Of course. &#3619;&#3623;&#3618;&#3619;&#3585;&#3605; WillIhave future? Of course, Evenifitdoesn'tlastlong. last long. Evenifit doesn't ButI,I... IamI, IremainI, 4JANUARY1935'" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4HSB!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e0e23a-9487-4314-82cd-8682fafaaa8f_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4HSB!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e0e23a-9487-4314-82cd-8682fafaaa8f_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4HSB!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e0e23a-9487-4314-82cd-8682fafaaa8f_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4HSB!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e0e23a-9487-4314-82cd-8682fafaaa8f_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">B&#224;i th&#417; v&#244; &#273;&#7873;, ch&#7859;ng hi&#7875;u d&#7909;ng &#253; c&#7911;a t&#225;c gi&#7843; l&#224; g&#236;, &#273;&#7885;c ch&#7859;ng hi&#7875;u l&#7855;m. Ta l&#224;m g&#236; tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#225;i ta kh&#244;ng hi&#7875;u nh&#7881;? &#272;&#250;ng, ta c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n n&#243;. V&#7853;y t&#244;i &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7885;c, &#273;&#227; th&#7917; d&#7883;ch v&#224; th&#7851;n th&#7901; ng&#7891;i nh&#236;n v&#224; g&#245; nh&#7919;ng d&#242;ng n&#224;y, v&#224; ch&#7859;ng hi&#7875;u g&#236;. C&#225;i s&#7921; kh&#244;ng hi&#7875;u c&#7911;a hai b&#224;i th&#417; x&#226;m chi&#7871;m l&#7845;y t&#244;i. &#7890; &#273;&#250;ng r&#7891;i, n&#243; &#273;&#226;y, ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng c&#7911;a th&#417; ca l&#224; s&#7921; kh&#244;ng hi&#7875;u n&#224;y. Th&#417; ca l&#224; m&#7885;i th&#7913;, b&#7903;i m&#7885;i th&#7913; l&#224; t&#244;i, t&#244;i kh&#244;ng hi&#7875;u ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh v&#224; t&#244;i ch&#237;nh l&#224; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; c&#242;n s&#243;t l&#7841;i, th&#417; ca c&#361;ng l&#224; th&#7913; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7845;y ra t&#7915; t&#250;i qu&#7847;n &#273;&#7875; lo&#224; l&#361; tr&#7867;&#8230;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L&#361; tr&#7867; n&#224;o? T&#244;i c&#243; thu&#7897;c v&#7873; l&#361; tr&#7867; &#273;&#243; kh&#244;ng?</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[LOLITA VÀ LŨ ĐỌC SÁCH NỬA MÙA ]]></title><description><![CDATA[T&#236;m hi&#7875;u &#253; &#273;&#7891; c&#7911;a Vladimir Nabokov th&#244;ng qua c&#225;c b&#224;i ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/lolita-va-lu-oc-sach-nua-mua</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/lolita-va-lu-oc-sach-nua-mua</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 05:02:58 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mcdY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0aa0670-26da-41c7-ab37-fc06c004f2aa_2048x1536.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">V&#7899;i h&#417;n 70 n&#259;m tu&#7893;i &#273;&#7901;i v&#224; h&#417;n 10 n&#259;m t&#7891;n t&#7841;i b&#7843;n d&#7883;ch t&#7841;i Vi&#7879;t Nam, Lolita v&#7851;n b&#7883; ph&#7847;n &#273;&#244;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c &#273;&#7889;i x&#7917; b&#7857;ng n&#7917;a c&#225;i &#273;&#7847;u v&#224; m&#7897;t con m&#7855;t, cho r&#7857;ng &#273;&#226;y l&#224; bi&#7871;n t&#432;&#7899;ng, &#273;&#226;y l&#224; g&#7907;i d&#7909;c, t&#7909;c t&#297;u, bi&#7871;n th&#225;i. V&#224; nhi&#7873;u t&#7915; kh&#225;c n&#7919;a. Th&#7853;t ra c&#243; th&#7875; ch&#226;m ch&#432;&#7899;c cho l&#7889;i ngh&#297; n&#224;y khi ch&#7881; nghe s&#417; s&#417; qua l&#7901;i k&#7875; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c. Nh&#432;ng &#273;i&#7873;u b&#7921;c m&#236;nh nh&#7845;t l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i ta qu&#7843;ng c&#225;o cu&#7889;n n&#224;y (th&#7853;m ch&#237; l&#224; nh&#224; ph&#225;t h&#224;nh c&#242;n ch&#7859;ng l&#234;n ti&#7871;ng g&#236;, c&#243; v&#7867; th&#7845;y &#273;&#226;y l&#224; hi&#7879;u &#7913;ng b&#225;n t&#7889;t) b&#7857;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p h&#249;a theo, ch&#226;m ng&#242;i cho nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;ua &#273;&#242;i h&#242;ng mong m&#7887;i th&#7887;a m&#227;n s&#7921; l&#7879;ch l&#7841;c n&#224;o &#273;&#243; trong &#253; &#273;&#7891; ri&#234;ng c&#7911;a h&#7885;. Ch&#237;nh t&#225;c gi&#7843;, &#244;ng Vladimir Nabokov c&#361;ng t&#7915;ng ch&#7853;t v&#7853;t &#273;&#7871;n ng&#225;n ng&#7849;m khi c&#7913; li&#234;n t&#7909;c b&#7883; ch&#7845;t v&#7845;n v&#7873; t&#237;nh ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a &#8220;&#273;&#7913;a con tinh th&#7847;n&#8221; m&#224; &#244;ng t&#7841;o ra. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mcdY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0aa0670-26da-41c7-ab37-fc06c004f2aa_2048x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mcdY!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0aa0670-26da-41c7-ab37-fc06c004f2aa_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mcdY!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0aa0670-26da-41c7-ab37-fc06c004f2aa_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mcdY!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0aa0670-26da-41c7-ab37-fc06c004f2aa_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mcdY!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0aa0670-26da-41c7-ab37-fc06c004f2aa_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mcdY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0aa0670-26da-41c7-ab37-fc06c004f2aa_2048x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d0aa0670-26da-41c7-ab37-fc06c004f2aa_2048x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mcdY!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0aa0670-26da-41c7-ab37-fc06c004f2aa_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mcdY!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0aa0670-26da-41c7-ab37-fc06c004f2aa_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mcdY!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0aa0670-26da-41c7-ab37-fc06c004f2aa_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mcdY!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0aa0670-26da-41c7-ab37-fc06c004f2aa_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">&#7902; Lolita, Nabokov b&#224;y ra m&#7897;t tr&#242; ch&#417;i v&#7899;i l&#7889;i v&#259;n phong di&#7877;m l&#7879; r&#432;&#7899;i m&#7853;t l&#234;n m&#7855;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c, &#273;&#7875; &#244;ng &#273;&#7913;ng trong vai Humbert thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c r&#7857;ng h&#7855;n nh&#226;n danh t&#236;nh y&#234;u m&#224; &#273;u&#7893;i theo Lolita. Ngh&#297;a l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c n&#224;o, v&#236; l&#7889;i vi&#7871;t t&#7921; th&#250; c&#7911;a t&#234;n Humbert m&#224; b&#7883; thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c, th&#236; ch&#237;nh t&#225;c gi&#7843; Nabokov l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i chi&#7871;n th&#7855;ng. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y &#273;&#7891;ng ngh&#297;a v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; thua trong vi&#7879;c gi&#7919; v&#7919;ng l&#7853;p tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c, l&#432;&#417;ng t&#226;m c&#7911;a m&#236;nh.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Ch&#7889;t l&#7841;i v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; nh&#432; c&#225;ch Nabokov &#273;&#227; chia s&#7867;: &#8221;Ch&#7859;ng ph&#7843;i th&#7853;t ngu khi c&#7913; &#273;&#7891;ng nh&#7845;t m&#7897;t t&#225;c gi&#7843; v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng sinh v&#7853;t trong tr&#237; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a anh ta sao?&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">D&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&#226;y l&#224; nh&#7919;ng &#273;o&#7841;n ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n trong cu&#7889;n Think, Write, Speak (s&#225;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bi&#234;n t&#7853;p t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng b&#224;i ti&#7875;u lu&#7853;n, b&#224;i &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225;, b&#224;i gi&#7843;ng th&#432; t&#7915; ch&#432;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c t&#7915; tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a Nabokov). </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiKO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F099c3802-9b46-462f-85c9-31b1fe4fa8ff_2048x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiKO!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F099c3802-9b46-462f-85c9-31b1fe4fa8ff_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiKO!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F099c3802-9b46-462f-85c9-31b1fe4fa8ff_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiKO!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F099c3802-9b46-462f-85c9-31b1fe4fa8ff_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiKO!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F099c3802-9b46-462f-85c9-31b1fe4fa8ff_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiKO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F099c3802-9b46-462f-85c9-31b1fe4fa8ff_2048x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/099c3802-9b46-462f-85c9-31b1fe4fa8ff_2048x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiKO!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F099c3802-9b46-462f-85c9-31b1fe4fa8ff_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiKO!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F099c3802-9b46-462f-85c9-31b1fe4fa8ff_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiKO!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F099c3802-9b46-462f-85c9-31b1fe4fa8ff_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiKO!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F099c3802-9b46-462f-85c9-31b1fe4fa8ff_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;">Ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n b&#7903;i Ann Gu&#233;rin cho t&#7901; L&#8217;Express (1959)</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>&#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nhi&#7873;u &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; c&#7911;a &#244;ng, v&#224;i ng&#432;&#7901;i nghe ng&#243;ng &#273;&#226;y l&#224; chuy&#7879;n t&#236;nh gi&#7853;t g&#226;n. &#272;&#226;y ph&#7843;i &#273;i&#7873;u &#244;ng tr&#244;ng &#273;&#7907;i kh&#244;ng?</span></em><br><span>&#7902; Lolita c&#243; m&#7897;t c&#225;i g&#236; &#273;&#243; tr&#224;n &#273;&#7847;y, tr&#7885;n v&#7865;n v&#224; h&#224;i h&#242;a. T&#244;i ngh&#297; m&#7897;t nh&#224; v&#259;n coi cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch c&#7911;a m&#236;nh nh&#432; m&#7897;t m&#7851;u thi&#7871;t k&#7871; n&#224;o &#273;&#243; m&#224; anh ta mu&#7889;n t&#225;i hi&#7879;n, v&#224; t&#244;i ngh&#297; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; l&#224;m kh&#225; t&#7889;t thi&#7871;t k&#7871; n&#224;y; c&#225;c &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng n&#233;t &#7903; &#273;&#243;, c&#225;c chi ti&#7871;t c&#361;ng v&#7853;y. C&#243; l&#250;c t&#244;i t&#7921; nh&#7911;: &#8220;N&#224;y, th&#7871; th&#244;i, kh&#244;ng th&#234;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#236; c&#7843;&#8221;. Sau &#273;&#243; t&#244;i c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#227; c&#7855;t ra m&#7897;t v&#224;i trang ch&#7895; n&#224;y ch&#7895; kia, m&#7897;t v&#224;i trang d&#224;i. Nh&#432;ng cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch &#273;&#227; n&#7857;m &#273;&#243;. T&#244;i &#273;&#227; l&#224;m vi&#7879;c ch&#259;m ch&#7881; cho n&#243; trong nhi&#7873;u n&#259;m&#8230;</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nsqt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe618fad6-ef0f-43fa-b5ea-7996feeade24_2048x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nsqt!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe618fad6-ef0f-43fa-b5ea-7996feeade24_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nsqt!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe618fad6-ef0f-43fa-b5ea-7996feeade24_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nsqt!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe618fad6-ef0f-43fa-b5ea-7996feeade24_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nsqt!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe618fad6-ef0f-43fa-b5ea-7996feeade24_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nsqt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe618fad6-ef0f-43fa-b5ea-7996feeade24_2048x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e618fad6-ef0f-43fa-b5ea-7996feeade24_2048x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nsqt!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe618fad6-ef0f-43fa-b5ea-7996feeade24_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nsqt!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe618fad6-ef0f-43fa-b5ea-7996feeade24_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nsqt!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe618fad6-ef0f-43fa-b5ea-7996feeade24_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nsqt!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe618fad6-ef0f-43fa-b5ea-7996feeade24_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span>Ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n b&#7903;i Paul Karolus cho t&#7901; Neue Illustrierte (1961)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Li&#7879;u t&#225;c ph&#7849;m Lolita l&#224; nguy hi&#7875;m, t&#7841;o s&#7921; quy&#7871;n r&#361; cho ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c tr&#7867; tu&#7893;i? Li&#7879;u n&#243; c&#243; ph&#225; hu&#7927; m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u c&#7845;m k&#7925;?</em><br><span>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; nh&#7919;ng c&#226;u h&#7887;i t&#244;i ch&#7859;ng th&#232;m tr&#7843; l&#7901;i, v&#236; c&#417; b&#7843;n ch&#7859;ng li&#234;n can &#273;&#7871;n t&#244;i. N&#7871;u cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch c&#7911;a t&#244;i, t&#7845;t nhi&#234;n kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c vi&#7871;t cho tr&#7867; em, m&#224; r&#417;i v&#224;o tay ch&#250;ng, ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n h&#7885; s&#7869; s&#7899;m &#273;&#7863;t n&#243; xu&#7889;ng, ch&#225;n n&#7843;n. V&#224; b&#7845;t k&#7923; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&#224;nh n&#224;o, v&#236; l&#253; do n&#224;y hay l&#253; do n&#7885; b&#7883; thu h&#250;t b&#7903;i tr&#7867; em l&#7913;a thanh thi&#7871;u ni&#234;n, s&#7869; b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng b&#7903;i Lolita kh&#244;ng t&#7889;t c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng x&#7845;u. H&#224;ng ng&#224;y b&#225;o ch&#237; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;a tin v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng t&#7897;i &#225;c t&#236;nh d&#7909;c kh&#7911;ng khi&#7871;p &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i l&#7913;a tu&#7893;i n&#224;y m&#7897;t c&#225;ch chi ti&#7871;t v&#224; sinh &#273;&#7897;ng. Tr&#7867; em v&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n &#273;&#7885;c n&#243;. Tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#226;y l&#224; nh&#432; v&#7853;y v&#224; sau n&#224;y c&#361;ng s&#7869; y chang.</span><br><span>Ngay c&#7843; vi&#7879;c tr&#7843; l&#7901;i nh&#7919;ng c&#226;u h&#7887;i kh&#244;ng li&#234;n quan g&#236; &#273;&#7871;n cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch c&#7911;a t&#244;i c&#361;ng g&#226;y kh&#243; ch&#7883;u. T&#244;i kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;o h&#7841;nh, v&#224; t&#244;i gh&#233;t b&#7845;t k&#7923; th&#7875; lo&#7841;i v&#259;n h&#7885;c n&#224;o mu&#7889;n c&#244;ng b&#7889; m&#7897;t th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p v&#224; &#273;&#432;a ra nh&#7919;ng c&#7917; ch&#7881; mang t&#237;nh &#253; th&#7913;c h&#7879;&#8230; H&#417;n n&#7919;a, ch&#7859;ng ph&#7843;i th&#7853;t ngu khi c&#7913; &#273;&#7891;ng nh&#7845;t m&#7897;t t&#225;c gi&#7843; v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng sinh v&#7853;t trong tr&#237; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a anh ta sao?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!maYr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50480237-eb8b-4055-bdfa-91992b7f01ec_1536x2048.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!maYr!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50480237-eb8b-4055-bdfa-91992b7f01ec_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!maYr!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50480237-eb8b-4055-bdfa-91992b7f01ec_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!maYr!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50480237-eb8b-4055-bdfa-91992b7f01ec_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!maYr!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50480237-eb8b-4055-bdfa-91992b7f01ec_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!maYr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50480237-eb8b-4055-bdfa-91992b7f01ec_1536x2048.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/50480237-eb8b-4055-bdfa-91992b7f01ec_1536x2048.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!maYr!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50480237-eb8b-4055-bdfa-91992b7f01ec_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!maYr!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50480237-eb8b-4055-bdfa-91992b7f01ec_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!maYr!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50480237-eb8b-4055-bdfa-91992b7f01ec_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!maYr!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50480237-eb8b-4055-bdfa-91992b7f01ec_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span>Ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n t&#7841;i to&#224; so&#7841;n New York Post (1958)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Nabokov, nh&#224; v&#259;n, gi&#225;o s&#432;, nh&#224; ph&#234; b&#236;nh, nh&#224; c&#244;n tr&#249;ng h&#7885;c n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng, tin ch&#7855;c r&#7857;ng &#8220;ch&#7881; nh&#7919;ng th&#7857;ng &#273;&#7847;n&#8221; m&#7899;i th&#7845;y t&#225;c ph&#7849;m Lolita t&#7909;c t&#297;u&#8230;. </span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Nabokov tin r&#7857;ng:</span></em><span> &#8220;kh&#244;ng c&#243; nguy c&#417; cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch b&#7883; theo &#273;u&#7893;i v&#236; t&#237;nh v&#244; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a n&#243;.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Nabokov d&#7921; &#273;o&#225;n:</span></em><span> &#8220;Nh&#7919;ng ai c&#7913; t&#236;m ki&#7871;m nh&#7919;ng gia v&#7883; nh&#432; th&#7871; s&#7869; kh&#244;ng t&#236;m th&#7845;y ch&#250;ng. H&#7885; s&#7869; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; n&#224;o &#273;&#7885;c tr&#244;i h&#7871;t cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch, s&#7869; ch&#243;ng ch&#225;n. &#272;i&#7873;u duy nh&#7845;t c&#243; th&#7875; h&#7845;p d&#7851;n l&#224; cu&#7889;n nh&#7853;t k&#253; m&#224; H.H. l&#432;u gi&#7919;. V&#224; r&#7891;i, ai s&#7869; b&#7883; thu h&#250;t b&#7903;i m&#7897;t c&#244; b&#233; 12 tu&#7893;i?&#8221;</span><br><em><span>Nabokov &#273;&#227; tr&#236;nh b&#224;y l&#253; thuy&#7871;t n&#224;y t&#7841;i m&#7897;t b&#7919;a ti&#7879;c cocktail c&#7911;a C&#226;u l&#7841;c b&#7897; Harvard. Anh ta &#273;i c&#249;ng v&#7899;i v&#7907; m&#236;nh, Vera, m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; m&#7843;nh kh&#7843;nh, da tr&#7855;ng, t&#243;c b&#7841;ch kim, kh&#244;ng h&#7873; g&#7907;i nh&#7899; &#273;&#7871;n Lolita. M&#7897;t v&#7883; kh&#225;ch nh&#7853;n x&#233;t r&#7857;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y khi&#7871;n t&#244;i y&#234;n t&#226;m.</span></em><br><span>&#8220;&#272;&#250;ng,&#8221; </span><em><span>b&#224; Nabokov m&#7881;m c&#432;&#7901;i n&#243;i. </span></em><span>&#8220;&#272;&#243; l&#224; l&#253; do ch&#237;nh khi&#7871;n t&#244;i &#7903; &#273;&#226;y.&#8221;</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVuE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51adc703-84d6-42f8-86e3-8e508e723456_1536x2048.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVuE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51adc703-84d6-42f8-86e3-8e508e723456_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVuE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51adc703-84d6-42f8-86e3-8e508e723456_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVuE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51adc703-84d6-42f8-86e3-8e508e723456_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVuE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51adc703-84d6-42f8-86e3-8e508e723456_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVuE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51adc703-84d6-42f8-86e3-8e508e723456_1536x2048.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/51adc703-84d6-42f8-86e3-8e508e723456_1536x2048.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVuE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51adc703-84d6-42f8-86e3-8e508e723456_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVuE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51adc703-84d6-42f8-86e3-8e508e723456_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVuE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51adc703-84d6-42f8-86e3-8e508e723456_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVuE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51adc703-84d6-42f8-86e3-8e508e723456_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span>Ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n v&#7899;i Neil Hickey cho t&#7901; Washington Post(1959)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br><em><span>T&#7841;i sao b&#7841;n l&#7841;i vi&#7871;t m&#7897;t th&#7913; nh&#432; Lolita?</span></em><br><span>T&#244;i &#273;&#227; l&#224;m g&#236;? T&#244;i kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; s&#7913; gi&#7843;. N&#7871;u cu&#7889;n ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t truy&#7873;n t&#7843;i m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c n&#224;o &#273;&#243;, th&#236; c&#7847;u Ch&#250;a ch&#250;c l&#224;nh cho nh&#7919;ng ai t&#236;m th&#7845;y n&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br><em><span>Lolita c&#243; mang t&#237;nh ch&#7845;t khi&#234;u d&#226;m kh&#244;ng?</span></em><br><span>&#272;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a t&#244;i v&#7873; n&#7897;i dung khi&#234;u d&#226;m l&#224; &#8220;s&#7921; k&#7871;t h&#7907;p c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i s&#225;o r&#7895;ng&#8221; trong &#273;&#243; t&#225;c gi&#7843; &#273;&#7863;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c v&#224;o n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng quen thu&#7897;c v&#224; sau &#273;&#243; c&#7889; g&#7855;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p k&#237;ch &#273;&#7897;ng ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng b&#7843;n n&#259;ng nh&#7845;t. &#272;&#226;y kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&#7911;a Lolita.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br><em><span>&#212;ng c&#243; &#273;i&#7873;u th&#7847;m k&#237;n khi &#273;&#7875; &#253; &#273;&#7871;n c&#225;c b&#233; g&#225;i kh&#244;ng?</span></em><br><span>Ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c c&#7911;a t&#244;i v&#7873; c&#225;c n&#7919; th&#7847;n ho&#224;n to&#224;n mang t&#237;nh h&#7885;c thu&#7853;t, t&#244;i &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o v&#7899;i b&#7841;n&#8230;. Th&#7921;c t&#7871; l&#224; t&#244;i ch&#7859;ng quan t&#226;m &#273;&#7871;n c&#225;c b&#233; g&#225;i l&#7855;m. T&#244;i c&#243; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;a con trai 25 tu&#7893;i, n&#234;n c&#243; l&#7869; t&#244;i &#273;&#7911; &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n t&#7889;t h&#417;n h&#7871;t &#273;&#7875; vi&#7871;t v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng b&#233; trai.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojZM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e231c0-2e70-4fd0-8783-12ea426cb725_2048x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojZM!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e231c0-2e70-4fd0-8783-12ea426cb725_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojZM!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e231c0-2e70-4fd0-8783-12ea426cb725_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojZM!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e231c0-2e70-4fd0-8783-12ea426cb725_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojZM!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e231c0-2e70-4fd0-8783-12ea426cb725_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojZM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e231c0-2e70-4fd0-8783-12ea426cb725_2048x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a4e231c0-2e70-4fd0-8783-12ea426cb725_2048x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojZM!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e231c0-2e70-4fd0-8783-12ea426cb725_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojZM!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e231c0-2e70-4fd0-8783-12ea426cb725_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojZM!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e231c0-2e70-4fd0-8783-12ea426cb725_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ojZM!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e231c0-2e70-4fd0-8783-12ea426cb725_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span>Interview with Martha MacGregor for New York Post (1958)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Ch&#237;nh t&#225;c gi&#7843; ph&#7843;i l&#234;n ti&#7871;ng v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng c&#225;o bu&#7897;c khi&#234;u d&#226;m:</span></em><span> &#8220;Ngu h&#7885;c&#8221;.</span><br><em><span>V&#224; v&#7873; s&#7921; xung &#273;&#7897;t c&#225;c gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t v&#7873; &#253; ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a cu&#7889;n Lolita:</span></em><span> &#8220;Ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n th&#244;i m&#224;, nh&#432; l&#224; c&#7893; t&#237;ch gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; m&#7845;y c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n nh&#432; th&#432;&#7901;ng t&#236;nh th&#244;i.&#8221;</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q5VQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e8ad782-7c40-472c-8ecd-35ea7d1a23ae_2048x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q5VQ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e8ad782-7c40-472c-8ecd-35ea7d1a23ae_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q5VQ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e8ad782-7c40-472c-8ecd-35ea7d1a23ae_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q5VQ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e8ad782-7c40-472c-8ecd-35ea7d1a23ae_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q5VQ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e8ad782-7c40-472c-8ecd-35ea7d1a23ae_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q5VQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e8ad782-7c40-472c-8ecd-35ea7d1a23ae_2048x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9e8ad782-7c40-472c-8ecd-35ea7d1a23ae_2048x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q5VQ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e8ad782-7c40-472c-8ecd-35ea7d1a23ae_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q5VQ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e8ad782-7c40-472c-8ecd-35ea7d1a23ae_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q5VQ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e8ad782-7c40-472c-8ecd-35ea7d1a23ae_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q5VQ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e8ad782-7c40-472c-8ecd-35ea7d1a23ae_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span>Ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n v&#7899;i Jeanine Delpech cho t&#7901; Nouvelles Litt&#233;raires (1959)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Lolita</span></em><br><span>C&#244; b&#233; ho&#224;n to&#224;n n&#7857;m ngo&#224;i v&#249;ng t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a t&#244;i. Nh&#7919;ng g&#227; ph&#234; b&#236;nh n&#243;i chung &#273;&#7873;u th&#7845;y c&#244; b&#233; t&#7909;c t&#297;u; ph&#7847;n t&#244;i th&#432;&#417;ng c&#7843;m cho c&#7893;: m&#7891; c&#244;i, &#273;&#417;n &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7919;a &#273;&#7901;i v&#7899;i g&#227; ngo&#224;i t&#7913; tu&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;y kh&#243; ch&#7883;u. Khi t&#244;i vi&#7871;t v&#7873; bu&#7893;i g&#7863;p cu&#7889;i gi&#7919;a c&#244; &#7845;y v&#224; Humbert, t&#244;i r&#417;i n&#432;&#7899;c m&#7855;t nh&#432; Flaubert kh&#243;c th&#432;&#417;ng cho c&#225;i ch&#7871;t c&#7911;a b&#224; Bovary.</span><br><span>&#8220;</span><em><span>C&#244; ta kh&#243;c h&#7857;ng &#273;&#234;m d&#224;i nh&#432;ng l&#361; nh&#224; ph&#234; b&#236;nh n&#224;o nghe th&#7845;y ti&#7871;ng n&#7913;c n&#7903; &#273;&#243; &#273;&#226;u</span></em><span>&#8221;</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qB69!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94382c2a-8550-4cc9-8e42-3ec9af14f6c4_2048x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qB69!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94382c2a-8550-4cc9-8e42-3ec9af14f6c4_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qB69!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94382c2a-8550-4cc9-8e42-3ec9af14f6c4_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qB69!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94382c2a-8550-4cc9-8e42-3ec9af14f6c4_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qB69!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94382c2a-8550-4cc9-8e42-3ec9af14f6c4_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qB69!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94382c2a-8550-4cc9-8e42-3ec9af14f6c4_2048x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/94382c2a-8550-4cc9-8e42-3ec9af14f6c4_2048x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qB69!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94382c2a-8550-4cc9-8e42-3ec9af14f6c4_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qB69!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94382c2a-8550-4cc9-8e42-3ec9af14f6c4_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qB69!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94382c2a-8550-4cc9-8e42-3ec9af14f6c4_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qB69!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94382c2a-8550-4cc9-8e42-3ec9af14f6c4_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span>Ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n v&#7899;i Lee Belser cho t&#7901; Los Angeles Mirror News (1959)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Li&#7879;u c&#243; li&#234;n quan g&#236; &#273;&#7871;n tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#225; nh&#226;n kh&#244;ng?</span></em><br><span>Lolita ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i. T&#244;i ch&#7881; &#273;&#417;n thu&#7847;n b&#7883;a ra c&#244; &#7845;y v&#224; t&#244;i ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; n&#224;y, kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i nh&#432; m&#7897;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; x&#227; h&#7897;i m&#224; l&#224; v&#7883; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Aai!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3dde71d9-2756-4605-bd0e-b5710cd2fe80_1536x2048.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Aai!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3dde71d9-2756-4605-bd0e-b5710cd2fe80_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Aai!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3dde71d9-2756-4605-bd0e-b5710cd2fe80_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Aai!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3dde71d9-2756-4605-bd0e-b5710cd2fe80_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Aai!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3dde71d9-2756-4605-bd0e-b5710cd2fe80_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Aai!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3dde71d9-2756-4605-bd0e-b5710cd2fe80_1536x2048.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3dde71d9-2756-4605-bd0e-b5710cd2fe80_1536x2048.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Aai!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3dde71d9-2756-4605-bd0e-b5710cd2fe80_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Aai!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3dde71d9-2756-4605-bd0e-b5710cd2fe80_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Aai!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3dde71d9-2756-4605-bd0e-b5710cd2fe80_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Aai!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3dde71d9-2756-4605-bd0e-b5710cd2fe80_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span>Ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n v&#7899;i Pual O&#8217;neil cho t&#7901; Life (1958)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>V&#7873; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; &#244;ng c&#7843;m th&#7845;y khi s&#225;ng t&#225;c Lolita</span></em><br><span>S&#7921; ph&#7845;n kh&#237;ch v&#224; ni&#7873;m vui khi t&#7841;o ra th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a ri&#234;ng t&#244;i.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br><em><span>Vi&#7879;c T&#7901; Olympia Press ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n quy&#7875;n Lolita</span></em><br><span>C&#361;ng gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867;&#8230; Sau khi b&#7841;n b&#7887; ra bao c&#244;ng s&#7913;c nu&#244;i d&#7841;y ch&#250;ng, b&#7841;n mu&#7889;n th&#7845;y ch&#250;ng k&#7871;t h&#244;n. C&#243; l&#7869; &#273;&#226;y kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; cu&#7897;c h&#244;n nh&#226;n h&#7841;nh ph&#250;c nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Lolita, nh&#432;ng n&#243; c&#243; &#253; ngh&#297;a n&#224;o &#273;&#243;. &#205;t nh&#7845;t n&#243; c&#361;ng cho t&#244;i c&#417; h&#7897;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#236;n th&#7845;y t&#225;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a m&#236;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c in v&#224; &#273;&#7863;t n&#243; gi&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n kh&#225;c tr&#234;n k&#7879; s&#225;ch c&#7911;a t&#244;i&#8230;. N&#243; b&#225;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhi&#7873;u b&#7843;n h&#417;n trong v&#224;i tu&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n, h&#417;n t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch kh&#225;c c&#7911;a t&#244;i c&#7897;ng l&#7841;i&#8230;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br><em><span>V&#7873; phim Lolita</span></em><br><span>T&#244;i ho&#224;n to&#224;n th&#7845;y b&#236;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng khi t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng ra m&#7897;t c&#244; b&#233; Lolita 12 tu&#7893;i&#8230; c&#244; &#7845;y t&#7891;n t&#7841;i trong &#273;&#7847;u t&#244;i. Nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7875; m&#7897;t c&#244; b&#233; 12 tu&#7893;i th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;&#243;ng vai nh&#432; v&#7853;y &#7903; n&#417;i c&#244;ng c&#7897;ng s&#7869; l&#224; t&#7897;i l&#7895;i v&#224; v&#244; lu&#226;n, v&#224; t&#244;i s&#7869; kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; &#273;&#7891;ng &#253; v&#7899;i &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243;.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5kdu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5044ab2d-481d-4e57-a6a6-012fb1157fc7_2048x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5kdu!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5044ab2d-481d-4e57-a6a6-012fb1157fc7_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5kdu!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5044ab2d-481d-4e57-a6a6-012fb1157fc7_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5kdu!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5044ab2d-481d-4e57-a6a6-012fb1157fc7_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5kdu!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5044ab2d-481d-4e57-a6a6-012fb1157fc7_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5kdu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5044ab2d-481d-4e57-a6a6-012fb1157fc7_2048x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5044ab2d-481d-4e57-a6a6-012fb1157fc7_2048x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5kdu!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5044ab2d-481d-4e57-a6a6-012fb1157fc7_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5kdu!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5044ab2d-481d-4e57-a6a6-012fb1157fc7_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5kdu!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5044ab2d-481d-4e57-a6a6-012fb1157fc7_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5kdu!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5044ab2d-481d-4e57-a6a6-012fb1157fc7_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span>Ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n v&#7899;i Pierre Mazars cho t&#7901; Le Figaro Litt&#233;raire (1959)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#272;&#250;ng v&#7853;y, </span><em><span>Lolita</span></em><span> l&#224; v&#7873; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng b&#7883; r&#224;ng bu&#7897;c b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng r&#224;o c&#7843;n, nh&#7919;ng song s&#7855;t c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng &#273;am m&#234; c&#7911;a anh ta, v&#224; Lolita, ti&#7875;u n&#7919; th&#7847;n &#273;ang &#273;&#7845;u tranh v&#7899;i anh, l&#224; v&#7867; &#273;&#7865;p. Theo c&#7843;m gi&#225;c c&#7911;a t&#244;i, quan ni&#7879;m v&#7873; t&#236;nh d&#7909;c ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o c&#225;i &#273;&#7865;p, tr&#225;i ng&#432;&#7907;c v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng g&#236; Freud ngh&#297;. S&#7921; quy&#7871;n r&#361; t&#236;nh d&#7909;c ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t chi ti&#7871;t nh&#7887; trong t&#7893;ng th&#7875; c&#225;i &#273;&#7865;p c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QleG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ccdfa-eee5-4491-b496-e625cc481630_2048x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QleG!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ccdfa-eee5-4491-b496-e625cc481630_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QleG!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ccdfa-eee5-4491-b496-e625cc481630_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QleG!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ccdfa-eee5-4491-b496-e625cc481630_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QleG!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ccdfa-eee5-4491-b496-e625cc481630_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QleG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ccdfa-eee5-4491-b496-e625cc481630_2048x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/602ccdfa-eee5-4491-b496-e625cc481630_2048x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QleG!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ccdfa-eee5-4491-b496-e625cc481630_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QleG!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ccdfa-eee5-4491-b496-e625cc481630_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QleG!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ccdfa-eee5-4491-b496-e625cc481630_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QleG!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ccdfa-eee5-4491-b496-e625cc481630_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span>Ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n v&#7899;i Guy de Belleval ch&#7901; t&#7901; Journal de Gen&#232;ve (1965)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>V&#7873; Lolita</span></em><br><span>Kh&#244;ng nghi ng&#7901; g&#236; n&#7919;a, </span><em><span>Lolita</span></em><span> l&#224; cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch mang l&#7841;i cho t&#244;i ni&#7873;m vui to b&#7921; nh&#7845;t, nh&#432;ng ni&#7873;m vui n&#224;y d&#224;nh cho ch&#237;nh cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n l&#224; cho b&#7843;n th&#226;n t&#244;i.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pKjv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F997095e3-7bce-4d92-8e38-fe2c41c5ce7e_2048x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pKjv!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F997095e3-7bce-4d92-8e38-fe2c41c5ce7e_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pKjv!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F997095e3-7bce-4d92-8e38-fe2c41c5ce7e_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pKjv!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F997095e3-7bce-4d92-8e38-fe2c41c5ce7e_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pKjv!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F997095e3-7bce-4d92-8e38-fe2c41c5ce7e_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pKjv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F997095e3-7bce-4d92-8e38-fe2c41c5ce7e_2048x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/997095e3-7bce-4d92-8e38-fe2c41c5ce7e_2048x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pKjv!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F997095e3-7bce-4d92-8e38-fe2c41c5ce7e_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pKjv!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F997095e3-7bce-4d92-8e38-fe2c41c5ce7e_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pKjv!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F997095e3-7bce-4d92-8e38-fe2c41c5ce7e_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pKjv!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F997095e3-7bce-4d92-8e38-fe2c41c5ce7e_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span>Ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n v&#7899;i Horst Tappe cho t&#7901; Die Welt (1964)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>V&#7873; Lolita&#8230;</span></em><br><span>&#272;&#244;i khi t&#244;i kh&#225; ch&#225;n ng&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng c&#226;u h&#7887;i v&#7873; </span><em><span>Lolita</span></em><span>, nh&#432;ng b&#7845;t ch&#7845;p t&#7845;t c&#7843;, &#273;&#243; v&#7851;n l&#224; cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch t&#244;i y&#234;u th&#237;ch.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WbGT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4afd3099-e808-4bbf-9991-6f0793cb656e_2048x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WbGT!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4afd3099-e808-4bbf-9991-6f0793cb656e_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WbGT!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4afd3099-e808-4bbf-9991-6f0793cb656e_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WbGT!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4afd3099-e808-4bbf-9991-6f0793cb656e_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WbGT!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4afd3099-e808-4bbf-9991-6f0793cb656e_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WbGT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4afd3099-e808-4bbf-9991-6f0793cb656e_2048x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4afd3099-e808-4bbf-9991-6f0793cb656e_2048x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WbGT!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4afd3099-e808-4bbf-9991-6f0793cb656e_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WbGT!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4afd3099-e808-4bbf-9991-6f0793cb656e_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WbGT!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4afd3099-e808-4bbf-9991-6f0793cb656e_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WbGT!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4afd3099-e808-4bbf-9991-6f0793cb656e_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>&#212;ng c&#243; ngh&#297; Lolita l&#224; m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t v&#7873; ni&#7873;m &#273;am m&#234; v&#244; v&#7885;ng hay n&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ph&#234; ph&#225;n x&#227; h&#7897;i?</span></em><br><em><span>Lolita</span></em><span> l&#224; ni&#7873;m &#273;am m&#234; v&#244; v&#7885;ng c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&#224;nh kh&#225; v&#7909;ng v&#7873; v&#224; kh&#243; &#432;a d&#224;nh cho m&#7897;t c&#244; b&#233;, ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#224; anh &#7845;y l&#224;m tan n&#225;t cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i. &#272;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&#7909; th&#7875; v&#224; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7911;a h&#7871;t th&#7843;y m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i ch&#7881; tr&#237;ch x&#227; h&#7897;i, t&#244;i kh&#244;ng quan t&#226;m &#273;&#7871;n n&#243;. T&#244;i ngh&#297; ph&#234; b&#236;nh x&#227; h&#7897;i trong ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t c&#249;ng l&#7855;m c&#361;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t th&#7911; thu&#7853;t v&#259;n phong &#273;&#227; c&#243; t&#7915; h&#224;ng th&#7871; k&#7927;, v&#224; c&#361;ng t&#7867; nh&#7841;t v&#224; c&#361; r&#237;ch nh&#432; h&#224;i k&#7883;ch th&#7871; k&#7927; XVIII. N&#7871;u l&#224; nh&#224; ph&#234; b&#236;nh x&#227; h&#7897;i th&#236; &#273;i vi&#7871;t ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t l&#224;m g&#236; v&#7853;y tr&#7901;i? &#272;i m&#224; vi&#7871;t ti&#7875;u lu&#7853;n, vi&#7871;t t&#243;m t&#7855;t c&#225;c b&#224;i b&#225;o trong c&#225;c b&#224;i ph&#234; b&#236;nh ch&#237;nh tr&#7883; &#273;i ch&#7913;.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[ALL THINGS DUG BACK UP]]></title><description><![CDATA[Writing in the 24/7 coffee shop at 3am.]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/dug-all-things-back-up</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/dug-all-things-back-up</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 22 Aug 2026 21:21:43 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/83d40925-f3f6-466f-94e8-8f496b66a427_736x736.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I had been trying to pretend that if I dug a really deep hole to burry all the things I gave them, I would get back to my normal life. But it didn't turn out that way. So right now, I've just dug the poem back up, read it again, again and again, typed it down, and I feel relieved. This was me, no, this is me, continuously. Accepting oneself is a necessary phase. Being a romantic person, a label I used to avoid, isn't a big deal anymore. Thank my friends, bad mood makes me s&#7871;ns&#250;aed, forgive me...</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fj9i!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26f72594-ad82-4529-bb74-6fb6e5e44bfa_736x736.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fj9i!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26f72594-ad82-4529-bb74-6fb6e5e44bfa_736x736.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fj9i!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26f72594-ad82-4529-bb74-6fb6e5e44bfa_736x736.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fj9i!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26f72594-ad82-4529-bb74-6fb6e5e44bfa_736x736.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fj9i!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26f72594-ad82-4529-bb74-6fb6e5e44bfa_736x736.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fj9i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26f72594-ad82-4529-bb74-6fb6e5e44bfa_736x736.jpeg" width="736" height="736" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/26f72594-ad82-4529-bb74-6fb6e5e44bfa_736x736.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:736,&quot;width&quot;:736,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:15514,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fj9i!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26f72594-ad82-4529-bb74-6fb6e5e44bfa_736x736.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fj9i!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26f72594-ad82-4529-bb74-6fb6e5e44bfa_736x736.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fj9i!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26f72594-ad82-4529-bb74-6fb6e5e44bfa_736x736.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fj9i!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26f72594-ad82-4529-bb74-6fb6e5e44bfa_736x736.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This is my poem which I wrote it while I was so deeply inspired by Nabokov's prose style, especially from the book <em>Letters to V&#233;ra</em>. I was in love. My soul, my yearning heart, my trembling hands, the heightened sensitivity of my fingers, all of them hunger to forge something: a gift, a poem an unprecedented mystery that I couldn't name. That was how I loved, that was how I articulated my feelings. Was I infatuated? Yes, I have to admit that was who I was. It has been about half a year since I buried all the things that truly belonged to me, yet I bound them to that previous relationship. How absurd and naive I was!  </p><p></p><blockquote><p>Em &#417;i nghe anh k&#7875;</p><p>V&#7899;i con tim anh &#273;&#226;y</p><p>V&#7899;i h&#7891;n d&#226;ng t&#236;nh &#225;i</p><p>Anh c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;ong &#273;&#7847;y</p><p></p><p>Ng&#224;n n&#259;m m&#249; m&#7883;t kh&#243;i</p><p>M&#432;&#7901;i th&#7871; k&#7927; chi&#7871;n chinh </p><p>Th&#7843;o nguy&#234;n tung v&#243; ng&#7921;a</p><p>Tr&#259;m th&#7853;p k&#7927; l&#7917;a binh</p><p></p><p>Qua bao cu&#7897;c th&#225;nh chi&#7871;n</p><p>Di&#7879;t bao g&#227; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;</p><p>Y&#234;u tinh c&#249;ng thi&#234;n s&#7913;</p><p>Kh&#250;c nh&#7841;c v&#7899;i b&#224;i th&#417;</p><p></p><p>Bi tr&#225;ng nh&#432; l&#7901;i s&#7917;</p><p>D&#7883;u d&#224;ng nh&#432; l&#7901;i ru</p><p>C&#243; l&#226;u &#273;&#224;i cung &#273;i&#7879;n</p><p>C&#243; nh&#226;n m&#227;, nh&#226;n ng&#432;</p><p></p><p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#249;n c&#7847;m r&#236;u s&#7855;t</p><p>T&#7897;c ti&#234;n gi&#7887;i b&#7855;n cung</p><p>Ph&#225;p s&#432; quy&#7873;n tr&#432;&#7907;ng ph&#233;p</p><p>V&#7867; huy&#7873;n b&#237; c&#7911;a r&#7915;ng</p><p></p><p>C&#432;&#7899;p bi&#7875;n v&#224; thi s&#297;</p><p>Nh&#7919;ng t&#234;n h&#7873; mua vui</p><p>Nh&#7919;ng ph&#224;m nh&#226;n c&#243; c&#225;nh</p><p>Qu&#7853;t kho b&#225;u ch&#244;n v&#249;i</p><p></p><p>&#272;&#7875; t&#236;nh ta b&#7845;t t&#7917;</p><p>B&#7857;ng m&#7897;t tho&#225;ng m&#244;i h&#244;n</p><p>&#272;&#432;a em v&#224;o huy&#7873;n tho&#7841;i</p><p>V&#224;o c&#7893; t&#237;ch, ng&#7909; ng&#244;n.</p></blockquote><p></p><p>The poem ends, but which borderland am I stepping upon right now? There lies a nameless realm to my left, and a realm called life to my right. And what am I doing, standing, then sitting, then lying prostrate in this frozen expanse? I am freezing, yet I have finally come to know myself. A mere fleeting glance toward the void on the left is enough to pierce me with freezing. How stubborn I once was, stubbornly waiting for someone to lie atop me and hold me tight, just so I could feel the warmth of humanity and the real feeling of the earth. But that is over now. Human warmth does not strictly require a physical body resting upon me when it can simply be a symbol. Humanity is a soft pillow.</p><p>&#8203;Clouds float aimlessly toward this borderland, shattering into scattered snowflakes. A beam from the lighthouse on the right pierces this space, its reflection transforming the falling snow into stardust. If time were to pause for just a single second, a tapestry of light akin to the aurora borealis would unfold. Warmly embraced by this pillow of humanity, I lie here, gazing in awe, bowing my heart in humbility before a solitude that feels complete amid the desolate surroundings.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Đọc What is Freedom? trong cuốn Between Past and Future]]></title><description><![CDATA[L&#7853;t s&#225;ch v&#224; xem c&#225;ch Hannah Arendt h&#7885;c t&#7915; Augustine nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/oc-what-is-freedom-trong-cuon-between</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/oc-what-is-freedom-trong-cuon-between</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 2026 01:24:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t9Ed!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b26f0e7-94c4-47b3-b489-c30b551f6e7c_1536x2048.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t9Ed!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b26f0e7-94c4-47b3-b489-c30b551f6e7c_1536x2048.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t9Ed!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b26f0e7-94c4-47b3-b489-c30b551f6e7c_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t9Ed!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b26f0e7-94c4-47b3-b489-c30b551f6e7c_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t9Ed!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b26f0e7-94c4-47b3-b489-c30b551f6e7c_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t9Ed!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b26f0e7-94c4-47b3-b489-c30b551f6e7c_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t9Ed!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b26f0e7-94c4-47b3-b489-c30b551f6e7c_1536x2048.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7b26f0e7-94c4-47b3-b489-c30b551f6e7c_1536x2048.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t9Ed!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b26f0e7-94c4-47b3-b489-c30b551f6e7c_1536x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t9Ed!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b26f0e7-94c4-47b3-b489-c30b551f6e7c_1536x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t9Ed!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b26f0e7-94c4-47b3-b489-c30b551f6e7c_1536x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t9Ed!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b26f0e7-94c4-47b3-b489-c30b551f6e7c_1536x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8203;...&#221; ch&#237; t&#7921; do v&#224; t&#7921; do &#273;&#227; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh nh&#7919;ng kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m &#273;&#7891;ng ngh&#297;a, v&#224; s&#7921; hi&#7879;n di&#7879;n c&#7911;a t&#7921; do &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m trong s&#7921; c&#244; &#273;&#7897;c tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i, &#8220;n&#417;i kh&#244;ng ai c&#243; th&#7875; ng&#259;n c&#7843;n cu&#7897;c tranh lu&#7853;n gay g&#7855;t m&#224; t&#244;i &#273;ang d&#7845;n th&#226;n v&#7899;i ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh&#8221;, cu&#7897;c xung &#273;&#7897;t ch&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i di&#7877;n ra trong &#8220;ng&#244;i nh&#224; b&#234;n trong&#8221; c&#7911;a linh h&#7891;n v&#224; &#8220;c&#259;n bu&#7891;ng t&#7889;i&#8221; c&#7911;a tr&#225;i tim...</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8203;Arendt tr&#237;ch d&#7851;n &#253; t&#432;&#7903;ng n&#224;y t&#7915; <em>Quy&#7875;n VIII</em> c&#7911;a cu&#7889;n <em>T&#7921; B&#7841;ch</em>. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m Augustine &#273;ang tr&#7843;i qua m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng tinh th&#7847;n s&#226;u s&#7855;c t&#7841;i m&#7897;t khu v&#432;&#7901;n &#7903; Milan, ngay tr&#432;&#7899;c khi &#244;ng th&#7921;c s&#7921; ho&#225;n c&#7843;i sang Kit&#244; gi&#225;o. Arendt l&#7853;p lu&#7853;n, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i, t&#7921; do l&#224; m&#7897;t hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng ch&#237;nh tr&#7883;, ch&#7881; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n khi con ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng c&#249;ng nhau trong <em>kh&#244;ng gian c&#244;ng c&#7897;ng</em> (polis). Tuy nhi&#234;n, th&#244;ng qua Augustine, t&#7921; do b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hi&#7875;u l&#224; <em>t&#7921; do c&#7911;a &#253; ch&#237;</em> (liberum arbitrium). N&#243; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng &#273;i l&#7841;i hay tham gia ch&#237;nh tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&#224; &#7903; &#273;&#243;, t&#7891;n t&#7841;i m&#7897;t n&#259;ng l&#7921;c b&#234;n trong c&#7911;a t&#226;m h&#7891;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u5do!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabf9b5cc-9c75-4c00-af79-2900adaa14f9_2048x2048.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u5do!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabf9b5cc-9c75-4c00-af79-2900adaa14f9_2048x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u5do!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabf9b5cc-9c75-4c00-af79-2900adaa14f9_2048x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u5do!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabf9b5cc-9c75-4c00-af79-2900adaa14f9_2048x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u5do!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabf9b5cc-9c75-4c00-af79-2900adaa14f9_2048x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u5do!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabf9b5cc-9c75-4c00-af79-2900adaa14f9_2048x2048.jpeg" width="1456" height="1456" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/abf9b5cc-9c75-4c00-af79-2900adaa14f9_2048x2048.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1456,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u5do!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabf9b5cc-9c75-4c00-af79-2900adaa14f9_2048x2048.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u5do!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabf9b5cc-9c75-4c00-af79-2900adaa14f9_2048x2048.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u5do!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabf9b5cc-9c75-4c00-af79-2900adaa14f9_2048x2048.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u5do!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabf9b5cc-9c75-4c00-af79-2900adaa14f9_2048x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">C&#7909;m t&#7915; <em>hot contention</em> (cu&#7897;c tranh lu&#7853;n gay g&#7855;t) &#225;m ch&#7881; tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i m&#224; Augustine m&#244; t&#7843; l&#224; &#8220;hai &#253; ch&#237;&#8221; trong m&#7897;t con ng&#432;&#7901;i: m&#7897;t &#253; ch&#237; c&#361; h&#432;&#7899;ng v&#7873; x&#225;c th&#7883;t v&#224; m&#7897;t &#253; ch&#237; m&#7899;i h&#432;&#7899;ng v&#7873; t&#226;m linh. Ngh&#297;a l&#224; <strong>&#253; ch&#237; t&#7921; giao tranh v&#7899;i ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh</strong>. Arendt nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh, khi t&#7921; do tr&#7903; th&#224;nh v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; c&#7911;a &#253; ch&#237;, n&#243; b&#7883; t&#225;ch r&#7901;i kh&#7887;i th&#7871; gi&#7899;i b&#234;n ngo&#224;i v&#224; r&#250;t lui v&#224;o s&#7921; c&#244; &#273;&#7897;c tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i c&#7911;a ch&#7911; th&#7875;. K&#233;o theo, t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a Arendt cho r&#7857;ng ch&#237;nh vi&#7879;c Augustine ph&#225;t hi&#7879;n ra <em>t&#7921; do c&#7911;a &#253; ch&#237;</em> c&#361;ng &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i ph&#225;t hi&#7879;n ra s&#7921; b&#7845;t l&#7921;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. &#221; ch&#237; c&#243; th&#7875; ra l&#7879;nh, nh&#432;ng n&#243; kh&#244;ng nh&#7845;t thi&#7871;t ph&#7843;i th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7879;nh l&#7879;nh &#273;&#243; (&#8221;&#221; ch&#237; mu&#7889;n, nh&#432;ng kh&#244;ng tr&#7885;n v&#7865;n&#8221;). &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c xung &#273;&#7897;t &#8220;ch&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i&#8221; ngay trong &#8220;c&#259;n bu&#7891;ng c&#7911;a tr&#225;i tim&#8221;, n&#417;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7889;i di&#7879;n v&#7899;i ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh m&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#243; s&#7921; ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n hay can thi&#7879;p c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Tr&#432;&#7899;c gi&#225;o ph&#7909; Augustine, Th&#225;nh t&#244;ng &#273;&#7891; Phaol&#244; &#273;&#227; ghi r&#245; trong th&#432; g&#7917;i t&#237;n h&#7919;u R&#244;ma (Rm 7, 16 &#8211; 23):</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#7851;n bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng L&#7873; Lu&#7853;t l&#224; b&#7903;i Th&#7847;n Kh&#237;, nh&#432;ng t&#244;i th&#236; l&#7841;i mang t&#237;nh x&#225;c th&#7883;t, b&#7883; b&#225;n &#8203;l&#224;m t&#244;i cho t&#7897;i l&#7895;i. Th&#7853;t v&#7853;y, t&#244;i l&#224;m g&#236; t&#244;i c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng hi&#7875;u: v&#236; &#273;i&#7873;u t&#244;i mu&#7889;n, th&#236; t&#244;i kh&#244;ng l&#224;m, nh&#432;ng &#273;i&#7873;u t&#244;i gh&#233;t, th&#236; t&#244;i l&#7841;i c&#7913; l&#224;m. N&#7871;u t&#244;i c&#7913; l&#224;m &#273;i&#7873;u t&#244;i kh&#244;ng mu&#7889;n, th&#236; t&#7913;c l&#224; t&#244;i &#273;&#7891;ng &#253; v&#7899;i L&#7873; Lu&#7853;t v&#224; nh&#7853;n r&#7857;ng L&#7873; Lu&#7853;t l&#224; t&#7889;t. V&#7853;y th&#7853;t ra kh&#244;ng c&#242;n ph&#7843;i l&#224; ch&#237;nh t&#244;i l&#224;m &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243;, nh&#432;ng l&#224; t&#7897;i v&#7851;n &#7903; trong t&#244;i. T&#244;i bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng s&#7921; thi&#7879;n kh&#244;ng &#7903; trong t&#244;i, ngh&#297;a l&#224; trong x&#225;c th&#7883;t t&#244;i. Th&#7853;t v&#7853;y, &#8203;mu&#7889;n s&#7921; thi&#7879;n th&#236; t&#244;i c&#243; th&#7875; mu&#7889;n, nh&#432;ng l&#224;m th&#236; kh&#244;ng. S&#7921; thi&#7879;n t&#244;i mu&#7889;n th&#236; t&#244;i kh&#244;ng l&#224;m, nh&#432;ng s&#7921; &#225;c t&#244;i kh&#244;ng mu&#7889;n, t&#244;i l&#7841;i c&#7913; l&#224;m. N&#7871;u t&#244;i c&#7913; l&#224;m &#273;i&#7873;u t&#244;i kh&#244;ng mu&#7889;n, th&#236; kh&#244;ng c&#242;n ph&#7843;i l&#224; ch&#237;nh t&#244;i l&#224;m &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243;, nh&#432;ng l&#224; t&#7897;i v&#7851;n &#7903; trong t&#244;i. B&#7903;i &#273;&#243; t&#244;i kh&#225;m ph&#225; ra lu&#7853;t n&#224;y: khi t&#244;i mu&#7889;n l&#224;m s&#7921; thi&#7879;n th&#236; l&#7841;i th&#7845;y s&#7921; &#225;c xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n ngay. Theo con ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#7897;i t&#226;m, t&#244;i vui th&#237;ch v&#236; lu&#7853;t c&#7911;a Thi&#234;n Ch&#250;a; nh&#432;ng trong c&#225;c chi th&#7875; c&#7911;a t&#244;i, t&#244;i l&#7841;i th&#7845;y m&#7897;t lu&#7853;t kh&#225;c: lu&#7853;t n&#224;y chi&#7871;n &#273;&#7845;u ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i lu&#7853;t c&#7911;a l&#253; tr&#237; v&#224; giam h&#227;m t&#244;i trong lu&#7853;t c&#7911;a t&#7897;i l&#224; lu&#7853;t v&#7851;n n&#7857;m s&#7861;n trong c&#225;c chi th&#7875; t&#244;i.</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Arendt s&#7917; d&#7909;ng Augustine &#273;&#7875; cho th&#7845;y truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c Kit&#244; gi&#225;o &#273;&#227; &#8220;n&#7897;i t&#226;m h&#243;a&#8221; t&#7921; do. T&#7915; m&#7897;t tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i c&#244;ng khai c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7921; do gi&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7921; do, n&#243; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n t&#226;m linh &#273;&#417;n &#273;&#7897;c. Qua &#253; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a <em>What is Freedom?</em> Arendt &#273;&#227; tr&#236;nh b&#224;y gi&#225; tr&#7883; nguy&#234;n th&#7911;y c&#7911;a t&#7921; do nh&#432; m&#7897;t h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng th&#7921;c t&#7871; trong &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng n&#243;i chung, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c ch&#237;nh tr&#7883;. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#7853;y ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; &#273;ang t&#7921; do ch&#259;ng? Ch&#237;nh tr&#7883; ra &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&#7875; ph&#7909;c v&#7909; cho t&#7921; do, h&#432;&#7899;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7871;n b&#236;nh &#273;&#7859;ng v&#224; l&#224;m vi&#7879;c b&#225;c &#225;i, th&#7871; nh&#432;ng ch&#237;nh trong vi&#7879;c ti&#7871;c th&#432;&#417;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c hay &#273;&#242;i c&#244;ng b&#7857;ng cho to&#224;n th&#7875; l&#7841;i b&#7883; ch&#7881; tr&#237;ch l&#224; ngu xu&#7849;n, t&#226;m l&#253; b&#7847;y &#273;&#224;n hay sao? T&#7915; khi n&#224;o th&#432;&#417;ng x&#243;t cho c&#225;i ch&#7871;t t&#7913;c t&#432;&#7903;i trong s&#7921; oan &#7913;c v&#224; b&#7845;t c&#244;ng l&#7841;i khi&#7871;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7921; do, ki&#234;u h&#227;nh b&#7883; d&#232;m pha, &#273;&#224;y xu&#7889;ng h&#224;ng gia s&#250;c?</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Đọc về Bolaño, trào lưu Tiềm Thực (Infrarrealismo).]]></title><description><![CDATA[Vi&#7871;t trong l&#250;c &#273;i ch&#417;i]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/oc-ve-bolano-trao-luu-tiem-thuc-infrarrealismo</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/oc-ve-bolano-trao-luu-tiem-thuc-infrarrealismo</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 01:56:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c77N!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44080829-e9d9-4993-840c-15c9ff03dd05_1456x931.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c77N!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44080829-e9d9-4993-840c-15c9ff03dd05_1456x931.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c77N!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, 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/__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44080829-e9d9-4993-840c-15c9ff03dd05_1456x931.webp 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c77N!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44080829-e9d9-4993-840c-15c9ff03dd05_1456x931.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" 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style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#272;&#7875; truy s&#226;u v&#224;o &#273;&#7901;i tr&#237; th&#7913;c c&#7911;a Roberto Bola&#241;o th&#236; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; kh&#244;ng t&#236;m t&#242;i nh&#7919;ng t&#236;nh ti&#7871;t l&#7883;ch s&#7917; xoay quanh ph&#7853;n ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#224; qu&#7889;c gia Chile &#273;&#7847;y h&#7895;n mang th&#7901;i k&#7923; c&#7911;a &#244;ng. S&#7861;n &#273;&#7853;p tan nh&#7919;ng nghi v&#7845;n cho r&#7857;ng Bola&#241;o l&#224; l&#227;o gi&#224; kh&#243; t&#237;nh do Isabel Allende (T&#225;c gi&#7843; c&#7911;a </span><em><span>La Casa de Los Esp&#237;ritus</span></em><span>) d&#7921;ng l&#234;n. C&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875; do Bola&#241;o c&#243; t&#432; th&#249; v&#7899;i l&#7889;i v&#259;n ch&#432;&#417;ng di&#7877;m l&#7879; l&#225;nh &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a b&#224; v&#224; b&#7903;i &#244;ng c&#361;ng th&#7847;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &#244;ng ch&#250; Salvador Allende c&#7911;a b&#7843;.</span><br><span>Bola&#241;o &#7903; c&#225;i tu&#7893;i c&#242;n thanh ni&#234;n l&#224; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i nhi&#7879;t th&#224;nh &#7911;ng h&#7897; cu&#7897;c c&#225;ch m&#7841;ng x&#227; h&#7897;i ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a Salvador Allende t&#7841;i Chile. Cho &#273;&#7871;n khi b&#7883; Pinochet l&#7853;t &#273;&#7893; v&#224; Salvador t&#7921; s&#225;t, Bola&#241;o b&#7883; b&#7855;t b&#7887; t&#249; v&#224; tho&#225;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n c&#361; l&#224;m c&#7843;nh s&#225;t. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i &#244;ng, Salvador Allende l&#224; m&#7897;t bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng cho th&#7871; h&#7879; tr&#7867; M&#7929;-Latinh ng&#7853;p tr&#224;n l&#253; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7921; do nh&#432;ng &#273;&#243; ch&#7881; l&#224; gi&#7845;c m&#7897;ng m&#7899;i ch&#7899;m r&#7841;ng &#273;&#227; b&#7883; v&#249;i ch&#244;n b&#7903;i b&#7841;o t&#224;n t&#7915; quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c. V&#7899;i ni&#7873;m say m&#234; b&#7883; hi&#7879;n th&#7921;c d&#7853;p v&#249;i ph&#361; ph&#224;ng &#273;&#243;, &#244;ng &#273;&#226;m ra gh&#233;t c&#7843; ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#225;u l&#224; Isabel Allende. &#212;ng coi b&#224; l&#224; k&#7867; c&#417; h&#7897;i, l&#7907;i d&#7909;ng </span><em><span>ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a Hi&#7879;n th&#7921;c huy&#7873;n &#7843;o</span></em><span> &#259;n theo M&#225;rquez, ch&#259;m ch&#259;m ph&#7909;c v&#7909; th&#7883; hi&#7871;u &#273;&#225;m &#273;&#244;ng ch&#7913; ch&#7859;ng quan t&#226;m g&#236; truy t&#236;m c&#225;i &#273;&#7865;p &#273;&#237;ch th&#7921;c. Isabel v&#236; v&#7853;y m&#224; lu&#244;n th&#7845;y Bola&#241;o phi&#7873;n ph&#7913;c, c&#7909;c s&#250;c v&#224; b&#224; c&#361;ng &#273;i &#273;&#7891;n kh&#7855;p n&#417;i. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, nh&#7919;ng b&#7841;n v&#259;n &#273;&#7873;u b&#234;nh &#244;ng, cho r&#7857;ng &#244;ng r&#7845;t vui v&#7867;, d&#7877; g&#7847;n. Nh&#224; b&#225;o Jorge Herralde c&#361;ng cho r&#7857;ng &#244;ng h&#224;o ph&#243;ng, r&#7897;ng r&#227;i, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; l&#7899;p v&#259;n tr&#7867;.</span><br><span>Roberto Bola&#241;o c&#242;n l&#224; th&#7911; l&#297;nh c&#7911;a </span><em><span>tr&#224;o l&#432;u Ti&#7873;m th&#7921;c</span></em><span> </span>(Infrarrealismo)<span>. B&#7919;a &#273;&#243;, t&#7841;i nh&#224; c&#7911;a Montan&#233;s, ng&#7853;p ng&#432;&#7901;i, Bola&#241;o &#259;n di&#7879;n tr&#7883;nh tr&#7885;ng ng&#7891;i tr&#432;&#7899;c b&#224;n, ph&#236; ph&#232;o ph&#224; thu&#7889;c v&#224; d&#245;ng d&#7841;c n&#243;i chuy&#7879;n.</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>"Th&#7871; </span><em><span>tr&#224;o l&#432;u Ti&#7873;m th&#7921;c</span></em><span> l&#224; th&#7913; qu&#225;i qu&#7927; g&#236;?"</span></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UxZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb8a4068-01f8-4dfa-8093-adb6eeb99b61_1520x2040.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UxZ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb8a4068-01f8-4dfa-8093-adb6eeb99b61_1520x2040.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UxZ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb8a4068-01f8-4dfa-8093-adb6eeb99b61_1520x2040.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UxZ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb8a4068-01f8-4dfa-8093-adb6eeb99b61_1520x2040.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UxZ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb8a4068-01f8-4dfa-8093-adb6eeb99b61_1520x2040.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UxZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb8a4068-01f8-4dfa-8093-adb6eeb99b61_1520x2040.jpeg" width="1456" height="1954" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cb8a4068-01f8-4dfa-8093-adb6eeb99b61_1520x2040.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1954,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UxZ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb8a4068-01f8-4dfa-8093-adb6eeb99b61_1520x2040.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UxZ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb8a4068-01f8-4dfa-8093-adb6eeb99b61_1520x2040.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UxZ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb8a4068-01f8-4dfa-8093-adb6eeb99b61_1520x2040.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UxZ!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb8a4068-01f8-4dfa-8093-adb6eeb99b61_1520x2040.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Tr&#224;o l&#432;u Ti&#7873;m th&#7921;c</span></em><span> ra &#273;&#7901;i t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng l&#7847;n g&#7863;p g&#7905; t&#7909; t&#7853;p, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thai ngh&#233;n b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng nh&#224; th&#417; tr&#7867;, r&#7845;t tr&#7867;, c&#7903;i m&#7903; v&#224; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n l&#7889;i thi ca ri&#234;ng l&#7851;n nhau; h&#417;n n&#7919;a, tr&#224;o l&#432;u c&#242;n l&#224; h&#236;nh th&#7913;c ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n mang d&#225;ng d&#7845;p c&#7911;a m&#7897;t h&#7889; th&#7859;m m&#224; t&#225;c gi&#7843; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7883;nh nh&#7843;y &#249;m xu&#7889;ng ngay, m&#224; ch&#7853;m r&#227;i th&#225;m hi&#7875;m c&#225;ch l&#224;m th&#417;.</span><br><span>Trong </span><em><span>Tuy&#234;n ng&#244;n Tr&#224;o l&#432;u Ti&#7873;m th&#7921;c</span></em><span> c&#7911;a Bola&#241;o, &#244;ng g&#7907;i l&#234;n nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c s&#225;o r&#7895;ng v&#7873; v&#361; tr&#7909; v&#259;n h&#7885;c nh&#432; m&#7897;t "bi&#7875;n h&#432; kh&#244;ng" r&#7897;ng l&#7899;n. Tuy&#234;n ng&#244;n d&#7845;y l&#234;n r&#7857;ng: "b&#7843;n &#273;&#7893; thi&#234;n th&#7875; t&#7921;a b&#7843;n &#273;&#7891; tr&#225;i &#273;&#7845;t, ch&#7881; nh&#7919;ng th&#224;nh ph&#7889; tinh t&#250; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong khi nh&#7919;ng th&#7883; tr&#7845;n tinh t&#250; b&#7883; ng&#417; &#273;i". &#272;i&#7873;u g&#236; s&#7869; x&#7843;y ra n&#7871;u c&#243; nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n nh&#7919;ng g&#236; m&#7855;t th&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#236;n th&#7845;y? &#272;i&#7873;u g&#236; s&#7869; x&#7843;y ra n&#7871;u ch&#250;ng ta ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7845;u tranh cho nh&#7919;ng quan &#273;i&#7875;m v&#224; t&#7847;m nh&#236;n m&#7899;i, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; trong th&#7875; gi&#7899;i v&#259;n h&#7885;c? Trong b&#7843;n tuy&#234;n ng&#244;n phi truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, theo l&#7889;i d&#242;ng ch&#7843;y &#253; th&#7913;c, Bola&#241;o ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c so s&#225;nh nh&#243;m m&#7899;i c&#7911;a m&#236;nh v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng tay b&#7855;n t&#7881;a v&#224; nh&#7919;ng c&#7853;u b&#233; &#273;&#7853;p ph&#225; qu&#225;n c&#224; ph&#234; v&#224; n&#7893;i lo&#7841;n &#7903; si&#234;u th&#7883; v&#224; &#244;ng v&#7841;ch ra m&#7897;t l&#7853;p tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#237;ch c&#7921;c cho c&#225;c nh&#224; th&#417;: h&#7885; h&#227;y n&#234;n nh&#7919;ng anh h&#249;ng v&#224; h&#7885; n&#234;n "m&#7903; &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng" ra cho nh&#7919;ng anh h&#249;ng kh&#225;c. &#212;ng vi&#7871;t: </span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ta l&#224; C&#225;ch m&#7841;ng, Th&#7849;m m&#7929; ta l&#224; Cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng: ch&#250;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t v&#224; nh&#432; nhau.</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Rub&#233;n Medina n&#243;i r&#7857;ng Bola&#241;o ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; "t&#7915; b&#7887; l&#7853;p tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c &#273;&#243;, kh&#244;ng ai trong ch&#250;ng ta t&#7915; b&#7887; c&#7843;. &#212;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t nh&#224; th&#417; v&#7899;i s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh &#7849;n d&#7909; tuy&#7879;t v&#7901;i. Qua nhi&#7873;u n&#259;m, &#244;ng &#273;&#227; lo&#7841;i b&#7887; nh&#7919;ng &#7849;n d&#7909; v&#224; c&#225;c b&#224;i th&#417; tr&#7903; n&#234;n tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p h&#417;n, &#237;t &#7849;n d&#7909; h&#417;n v&#224; c&#243; nhi&#7873;u y&#7871;u t&#7893; t&#7921; s&#7921; h&#417;n. Th&#7921;c t&#7871;, th&#417; &#244;ng c&#361;ng tr&#7903; n&#234;n &#237;t h&#432; c&#7845;u nh&#432; l&#7889;i t&#7921; s&#7921;."</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8kIi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98f193e6-fe22-4d63-900c-19651ee30913_1520x2040.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8kIi!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98f193e6-fe22-4d63-900c-19651ee30913_1520x2040.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8kIi!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98f193e6-fe22-4d63-900c-19651ee30913_1520x2040.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8kIi!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98f193e6-fe22-4d63-900c-19651ee30913_1520x2040.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8kIi!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98f193e6-fe22-4d63-900c-19651ee30913_1520x2040.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8kIi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98f193e6-fe22-4d63-900c-19651ee30913_1520x2040.jpeg" width="1456" height="1954" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/98f193e6-fe22-4d63-900c-19651ee30913_1520x2040.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1954,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8kIi!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98f193e6-fe22-4d63-900c-19651ee30913_1520x2040.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8kIi!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98f193e6-fe22-4d63-900c-19651ee30913_1520x2040.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8kIi!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98f193e6-fe22-4d63-900c-19651ee30913_1520x2040.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8kIi!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98f193e6-fe22-4d63-900c-19651ee30913_1520x2040.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ngo&#224;i ra trong cu&#7889;n n&#224;y c&#7911;a M&#243;nica Maristain &#273;&#7873;u cho th&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng m&#7843;nh gh&#233;p "g&#7905; b&#259;ng" t&#7915; c&#225;c nh&#226;n v&#7853;t trong gi&#7899;i &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#7891;ng t&#236;nh r&#7857;ng t&#225;c ph&#7849;m tuy&#7879;t v&#7901;i nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a Bola&#241;o l&#224; </span><em><span>Los Detectives Salvajes</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>2666</span></em><span>; v&#224; lu&#244;n nh&#7855;c th&#234;m nh&#7919;ng vi&#234;n ng&#7885;c qu&#253; kh&#225;c nh&#432; </span><em><span>Nocturno de Chile</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>Estrella Destance</span></em><span> (t&#244;i ch&#432;a &#273;&#7885;c).</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXaE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8346a9d6-57f1-4d51-bc96-98e5430c92af_1520x2040.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXaE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8346a9d6-57f1-4d51-bc96-98e5430c92af_1520x2040.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXaE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8346a9d6-57f1-4d51-bc96-98e5430c92af_1520x2040.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXaE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8346a9d6-57f1-4d51-bc96-98e5430c92af_1520x2040.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXaE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8346a9d6-57f1-4d51-bc96-98e5430c92af_1520x2040.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXaE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8346a9d6-57f1-4d51-bc96-98e5430c92af_1520x2040.jpeg" width="1456" height="1954" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8346a9d6-57f1-4d51-bc96-98e5430c92af_1520x2040.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1954,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXaE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8346a9d6-57f1-4d51-bc96-98e5430c92af_1520x2040.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXaE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8346a9d6-57f1-4d51-bc96-98e5430c92af_1520x2040.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXaE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8346a9d6-57f1-4d51-bc96-98e5430c92af_1520x2040.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXaE!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8346a9d6-57f1-4d51-bc96-98e5430c92af_1520x2040.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>T&#244;i mong r&#7857;ng c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7885;c lu&#244;n </span><em><span>Estrella Destance</span></em><span> n&#7871;u c&#242;n k&#7883;p. M&#224; c&#243; l&#7869; kh&#244;ng. C&#417;n h&#7845;p h&#7889;i c&#7911;a linh m&#7909;c Urrutia cu&#7891;n cu&#7897;n qu&#225; &#273;&#7895;i. T&#244;i lo ng&#7841;i r&#7857;ng khi &#7903; bu&#7893;i n&#243;i chuy&#7879;n, t&#244;i c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng th&#7875; n&#243;i sao cho h&#7871;t nh&#432; ch&#237;nh v&#7883; linh m&#7909;c &#273;&#226;y.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[NGỢI KHEN NGƯỜI-ĐỌC-KIỂU-MẪU]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ph&#234; ph&#225;n l&#7889;i &#273;&#7885;c duy nh&#226;n v&#259;n qua tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p Lolita]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/ngoi-khen-nguoi-oc-kieu-mau</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/ngoi-khen-nguoi-oc-kieu-mau</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 01:00:33 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/163b712f-b20b-40a7-95c9-36738cf5010c_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span>I. D&#7850;N NH&#7852;P</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Vi&#7879;c ph&#234; b&#236;nh v&#259;n h&#7885;c tho&#225;t kh&#7887;i s&#7921; ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o ti&#7875;u s&#7917; t&#225;c gi&#7843; v&#224; b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh x&#227; h&#7897;i trong th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i b&#7883; bao tr&#249;m b&#7903;i </span><em><span>Ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a Th&#7921;c ch&#7913;ng</span></em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a><span> th&#7921;c s&#7921; l&#224; m&#7897;t b&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#7863;c &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7897;t ph&#225; c&#7911;a c&#225;c nh&#224; ph&#234; b&#236;nh v&#259;n h&#7885;c th&#7871; k&#7927; XX. D&#7851;n &#273;&#7847;u tr&#432;&#7901;ng ph&#225;i </span><em><span>H&#236;nh th&#7913;c Nga</span></em><span>, Roman Jakobson v&#7899;i ti&#7875;u lu&#7853;n </span><em><span>Ng&#244;n ng&#7919; h&#7885;c v&#224; Thi ph&#225;p</span></em><span> &#273;&#227; b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7847;u cung c&#7845;p c&#417; s&#7903; khoa h&#7885;c cho n&#7895; l&#7921;c n&#224;y. Tuy nhi&#234;n, trong nhi&#7873;u tranh lu&#7853;n ph&#234; b&#236;nh, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta l&#7841;i th&#432;&#7901;ng tr&#237;ch d&#7851;n </span><em><span>M&#244; h&#236;nh S&#225;u nh&#226;n t&#7889; &#8211; ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng trong giao ti&#7871;p </span></em><span>c&#7911;a Roman Jakobson m&#7897;t c&#225;ch t&#243;m l&#432;&#7907;c v&#224; t&#249;y ti&#7879;n, nh&#7857;m quy gi&#7843;n t&#225;c ph&#7849;m v&#259;n h&#7885;c v&#7873; m&#7897;t th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p giao ti&#7871;p &#273;&#7901;i th&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224; bu&#7897;c nh&#224; v&#259;n ph&#7843;i ch&#7883;u tr&#225;ch nhi&#7879;m &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c cho n&#7897;i dung th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p &#273;&#243;. C&#225;ch &#273;&#7885;c ng&#226;y th&#417; n&#224;y th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t l&#224; di s&#7843;n c&#242;n s&#243;t l&#7841;i t&#7915; </span><em><span>M&#244; h&#236;nh Organon</span></em><span> c&#7911;a Karl B&#252;hler. N&#7871;u c&#432;&#7905;ng &#233;p khu&#244;n m&#7851;u th&#7921;c d&#7909;ng &#7845;y v&#224;o </span><em><span>Lolita</span></em><span>, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c duy nh&#226;n v&#259;n s&#7869; v&#7897;i v&#224;ng &#273;&#225;nh &#273;&#7891;ng ch&#237;nh t&#225;c gi&#7843; Nabokov v&#7899;i k&#7867; t&#7921; s&#7921; Humbert Humbert, t&#7915; &#273;&#243; quy k&#7871;t ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t n&#224;y nh&#432; m&#7897;t th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p mang t&#237;nh c&#7893; s&#250;y &#7845;u d&#226;m.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t, s&#7921; quy gi&#7843;n &#7845;y l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i sai l&#7847;m v&#7873; c&#417; ch&#7871; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh c&#7911;a v&#259;n b&#7843;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t. B&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y s&#7869; &#273;i m&#7897;t l&#7897; tr&#236;nh l&#253; thuy&#7871;t t&#7915; Karl B&#252;hler, Roman Jakobson &#273;&#7871;n Yuri Lotman, nh&#7857;m l&#224;m r&#245; c&#225;ch ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ng&#244;n ng&#7919; nh&#432; m&#7897;t h&#7879; th&#7889;ng m&#244; h&#236;nh h&#243;a th&#7913; c&#7845;p &#273;&#7875; truy&#7873;n t&#7843;i c&#225;ch th&#7913;c thay v&#236; tin t&#7913;c tr&#432;&#7899;c khi &#273;i v&#224;o kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i-&#273;&#7885;c-ki&#7875;u-m&#7851;u</span></em><span> c&#7911;a Umberto Eco. Qua &#273;&#243;, b&#224;i vi&#7871;t kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng l&#7889;i &#273;&#7885;c duy nh&#226;n v&#259;n ho&#224;n to&#224;n th&#7845;t b&#7841;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#225;c v&#259;n b&#7843;n ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p v&#224; n&#7863;ng t&#237;nh h&#236;nh th&#7913;c, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i th&#7875; hi&#7879;n quan &#273;i&#7875;m &#7911;ng h&#7897; chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n v&#224; bi&#7871;t gi&#7843;i m&#227; c&#7845;u tr&#250;c th&#7849;m m&#7929; m&#224; v&#259;n b&#7843;n &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7883;nh h&#236;nh ngay t&#7915; b&#234;n trong ch&#237;nh n&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>II. C&#193;C M&#212; H&#204;NH C&#7910;A KARL B&#220;HLER &#8211; ROMAN JAKOBSON &#8211; YURI LOTMAN</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>1. M&#244; h&#236;nh Organon c&#7911;a Karl B&#252;hler</span></strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sdqz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6871e3d2-4d93-4d2e-a3c2-98ba3033d8e6_1146x569.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sdqz!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6871e3d2-4d93-4d2e-a3c2-98ba3033d8e6_1146x569.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sdqz!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6871e3d2-4d93-4d2e-a3c2-98ba3033d8e6_1146x569.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sdqz!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6871e3d2-4d93-4d2e-a3c2-98ba3033d8e6_1146x569.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sdqz!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6871e3d2-4d93-4d2e-a3c2-98ba3033d8e6_1146x569.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sdqz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6871e3d2-4d93-4d2e-a3c2-98ba3033d8e6_1146x569.png" width="1146" height="569" 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/__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6871e3d2-4d93-4d2e-a3c2-98ba3033d8e6_1146x569.png 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sdqz!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6871e3d2-4d93-4d2e-a3c2-98ba3033d8e6_1146x569.png 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sdqz!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6871e3d2-4d93-4d2e-a3c2-98ba3033d8e6_1146x569.png 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sdqz!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6871e3d2-4d93-4d2e-a3c2-98ba3033d8e6_1146x569.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span>H&#236;nh 1. </span><em><span>M&#244; h&#236;nh Organon</span></em><span> c&#7911;a nh&#224; t&#226;m l&#253; h&#7885;c Karl B&#252;hler.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>a) Kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>N&#259;m 1934, nh&#224; t&#226;m l&#253; h&#7885;c v&#224; ng&#244;n ng&#7919; h&#7885;c Karl B&#252;hler xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n t&#225;c ph&#7849;m </span><em><span>Sprachtheorie</span></em><span> (L&#253; thuy&#7871;t Ng&#244;n ng&#7919;), &#273;&#7873; x&#432;&#7899;ng </span><em><span>M&#244; h&#236;nh Organon</span></em><span>. M&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch c&#7889;t l&#245;i c&#7911;a B&#252;hler l&#224; b&#225;c b&#7887; </span><em><span>quan &#273;i&#7875;m h&#224;nh vi thu&#7847;n t&#250;y</span></em><span> (Behaviorism) v&#7889;n xem ng&#244;n ng&#7919; ch&#7881; l&#224; chu&#7895;i ph&#7843;n x&#7841; k&#237;ch th&#237;ch &#8211; d&#225;p &#7913;ng, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p m&#7897;t m&#244; h&#236;nh </span><em><span>k&#253; hi&#7879;u h&#7885;c</span></em><span> (Semiotics) to&#224;n di&#7879;n v&#7873; giao ti&#7871;p con ng&#432;&#7901;i.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>B&#252;hler t&#236;m th&#7845;y &#273;i&#7875;m t&#7921;a tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c cho m&#244; h&#236;nh c&#7911;a m&#236;nh trong t&#225;c ph&#7849;m </span><em><span>Cratylus</span></em><span> c&#7911;a Plato</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a><span>: &#8220;[Plato] kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng ng&#244;n ng&#7919; l&#224; </span><em><span>c&#244;ng c&#7909;</span></em><span> &#273;&#7875; ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#224;y th&#244;ng b&#225;o cho ng&#432;&#7901;i kia v&#7873; </span><em><span>s&#7921; v&#7853;t</span></em><span>.&#8221; T&#7915; </span><em><span>organon</span></em><span> (&#8004;&#961;&#947;&#945;&#957;&#959;&#957;) trong ti&#7871;ng Hy L&#7841;p c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; </span><em><span>c&#244;ng c&#7909;</span></em><span>. B&#252;hler k&#7871; th&#7915;a quan &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&#243; c&#7911;a Plato v&#224; th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng ng&#244;n ng&#7919; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t th&#7921;c th&#7875; c&#244; l&#7853;p m&#224; v&#7889;n d&#297; l&#224; m&#7897;t ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n trung gian &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7911; th&#7875; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7875; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng v&#224; trao &#273;&#7893;i trong kh&#244;ng gian x&#227; h&#7897;i. Th&#7871; nh&#432;ng, ng&#244;n ng&#7919; kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; d&#249;ng &#273;&#7875; g&#7885;i t&#234;n c&#225;c v&#7853;t th&#7875; &#273;&#417;n l&#7867; nh&#432; l&#224; </span><em><span>s&#7921; v&#7853;t</span></em><span>, quan tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n, ng&#244;n ng&#7919; d&#249;ng &#273;&#7875; mi&#234;u t&#7843; c&#225;c m&#7889;i quan h&#7879;, s&#7921; vi&#7879;c, s&#7921; ki&#7879;n &#273;ang di&#7877;n ra gi&#7919;a c&#225;c v&#7853;t th&#7875; &#273;&#243;, &#244;ng g&#7885;i l&#224; </span><em><span>tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i th&#7921;c t&#7841;i</span></em><span> (states of affairs). &#272;&#7875; m&#244; h&#236;nh h&#243;a qu&#225; tr&#236;nh giao ti&#7871;p, B&#252;hler b&#7887; qua l&#7889;i m&#242;n c&#7911;a t&#432; duy tuy&#7871;n t&#237;nh ch&#7881; c&#243; ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#243;i v&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i nghe, m&#224; &#244;ng ghim </span><em><span>hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &#226;m thanh</span></em><span> th&#7921;c t&#7871; v&#224;o t&#226;m c&#7911;a m&#7897;t tam gi&#225;c giao ti&#7871;p n&#7889;i li&#7873;n ba &#273;&#7881;nh n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng: </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i g&#7917;i </span></em><span>(sender), </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#7853;n </span></em><span>(receiver), </span><em><span>tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i th&#7921;c t&#7841;i</span></em><span>.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i B&#252;hler, s&#7921; ki&#7879;n ng&#244;n ng&#7919; x&#7843;y ra lu&#244;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7855;m r&#7877; v&#224;o m&#7897;t t&#236;nh hu&#7889;ng s&#7889;ng nh&#432; c&#225;ch &#244;ng m&#244; t&#7843;, danh s&#225;ch &#8220;ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#224;y &#8211; &#273;&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i kia &#8211; v&#7873; s&#7921; v&#7853;t&#8221; (&#8221;the one &#8211; to the other &#8211; about the things&#8221;) &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n cho ba &#273;&#7881;nh quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t. </span><em><span>Hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &#226;m thanh</span></em><span> n&#7857;m &#7903; trung t&#226;m tam gi&#225;c &#8211; t&#7913;c &#273;i&#7875;m th&#7913; t&#432; &#8211; d&#249; mang b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t v&#7853;t l&#253; c&#243; th&#7875; tri gi&#225;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7857;ng th&#237;nh gi&#225;c, nh&#432;ng s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&#7911;a n&#243; n&#7857;m &#7903; c&#225;c s&#7907;i d&#226;y quan h&#7879; k&#7871;t n&#7889;i n&#243; v&#7899;i ba &#273;&#7881;nh c&#242;n l&#7841;i. Ch&#237;nh m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i quan h&#7879; n&#224;y &#273;&#227; bi&#7871;n m&#7897;t &#226;m thanh v&#244; h&#7891;n th&#224;nh m&#7897;t </span><em><span>t&#237;n hi&#7879;u mang ng&#7919; ngh&#297;a</span></em><span>.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>b) Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#272;i&#7875;m &#273;&#7897;t ph&#225; c&#7911;a </span><em><span>M&#244; h&#236;nh Organon</span></em><span> n&#7857;m &#7903; ch&#7895;: C&#249;ng m&#7897;t hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &#226;m thanh ph&#225;t ra nh&#432;ng n&#243; &#273;&#7843;m nh&#7853;n ba vai tr&#242; k&#253; hi&#7879;u ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c nhau t&#249;y thu&#7897;c v&#224;o vi&#7879;c n&#243; &#273;ang h&#432;&#7899;ng v&#7873; &#273;&#7881;nh n&#224;o trong tam gi&#225;c giao ti&#7871;p. B&#252;hler nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh r&#7857;ng v&#242;ng tr&#242;n &#226;m thanh &#7903; gi&#7919;a c&#243; ba y&#7871;u t&#7889; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i, trao cho n&#243; ba ph&#7849;m c&#7845;p k&#253; hi&#7879;u ri&#234;ng bi&#7879;t, v&#224; do &#273;&#243; c&#7843; ba kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7845;u th&#224;nh m&#244; h&#236;nh &#273;&#7873;u ph&#7843;i l&#224; c&#225;c </span><em><span>kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m ng&#7919; ngh&#297;a</span></em><span> (semantic concepts) ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i c&#225;c kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m v&#7853;t l&#253; hay sinh l&#253; h&#7885;c</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#7889;i quan h&#7879; ba chi&#7873;u n&#224;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c B&#252;hler &#273;&#250;c k&#7871;t trong m&#7897;t nguy&#234;n l&#253; n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng: Ph&#225;t ng&#244;n mang t&#237;nh ch&#7845;t l&#224; m&#7897;t </span><em><span>bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng</span></em><span> nh&#7901; v&#224;o s&#7921; k&#7871;t n&#7889;i c&#7911;a n&#243; v&#7899;i </span><em><span>tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i th&#7921;c t&#7841;i</span></em><span>; n&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t </span><em><span>tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng</span></em><span> nh&#7901; v&#224;o s&#7921; ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i g&#7917;i</span></em><span>, v&#224; n&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t </span><em><span>t&#237;n hi&#7879;u</span></em><span> nh&#7901; v&#224;o l&#7921;c t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng, k&#234;u g&#7885;i h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#7853;n nh&#7857;m &#273;i&#7873;u khi&#7875;n h&#224;nh vi c&#7911;a h&#7885;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>&#8211; Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng Bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t </span></em><span>(Darstellungsfunktion/Representation)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t</span></em><span> x&#225;c l&#7853;p m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; gi&#7919;a </span><em><span>t&#237;n hi&#7879;u </span></em><span>v&#224; </span><em><span>tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i th&#7921;c t&#7841;i</span></em><span>. &#7902; kh&#237;a c&#7841;nh n&#224;y, ph&#225;t ng&#244;n &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; l&#224; m&#7897;t </span><em><span>bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng</span></em><span>. M&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch c&#7911;a </span><em><span>ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t</span></em><span> l&#224; d&#249;ng ng&#244;n ng&#7919; &#273;&#7875; mi&#234;u t&#7843;, truy&#7873;n t&#7843;i th&#244;ng tin, s&#7921; th&#7853;t kh&#225;ch quan ho&#7863;c t&#225;i hi&#7879;n tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i b&#234;n ngo&#224;i m&#7897;t c&#225;ch trung t&#237;nh. Ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#243;i tri&#7879;t ti&#234;u t&#7889;i &#273;a thi&#234;n ki&#7871;n c&#225; nh&#226;n &#273;&#7875; ng&#244;n ng&#7919; ph&#7843;n &#225;nh th&#7921;c t&#7841;i m&#7897;t c&#225;ch ch&#237;nh x&#225;c nh&#7845;t. V&#7899;i B&#252;hler, h&#7847;u nh&#432; m&#7885;i ph&#225;t ng&#244;n &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t k&#7871; ri&#234;ng cho ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t, v&#224; n&#243; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n r&#245; n&#233;t nh&#7845;t trong ng&#244;n ng&#7919; khoa h&#7885;c, &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7881;nh cao &#7903; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t c&#7911;a logic k&#253; hi&#7879;u hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i.</span></p><blockquote><p><span>V&#237; d&#7909;: &#8220;Tr&#7901;i &#273;ang m&#432;a.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>&#8211; Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng Bi&#7875;u c&#7843;m</span></em><span> (Ausdrucksfunktion/Expression)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng Bi&#7875;u c&#7843;m</span></em><span> h&#432;&#7899;ng v&#7873; &#273;&#7881;nh </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i g&#7917;i</span></em><span>. Trong m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; n&#224;y, ph&#225;t ng&#244;n kh&#244;ng c&#242;n &#273;&#417;n thu&#7847;n l&#224; c&#244;ng c&#7909; mi&#234;u t&#7843; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, m&#224; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t </span><em><span>tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng</span></em><span> h&#233; l&#7897; tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i b&#234;n trong c&#7911;a ch&#7911; th&#7875; ph&#225;t ng&#244;n. Th&#244;ng qua &#226;m thanh, t&#7915; ng&#7919; hay ng&#7919; &#273;i&#7879;u, ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#243;i b&#7897;c l&#7897; t&#226;m tr&#7841;ng, c&#7843;m x&#250;c, th&#225;i &#273;&#7897; ho&#7863;c l&#7853;p tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&#225; nh&#226;n (d&#249; h&#7885; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng th&#7875; hi&#7879;n hay v&#244; t&#236;nh &#273;&#7875; l&#7897; ra). Ph&#226;n t&#237;ch ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng n&#224;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; &#273;&#7863;c th&#249; gi&#7919;a &#226;m thanh tri gi&#225;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#224; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i n&#7897;i t&#226;m c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#243;i. B&#252;hler nh&#7853;n &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng, trong khi nh&#224; logic h&#7885;c c&#7889; g&#7855;ng tri&#7879;t ti&#234;u c&#225;c d&#7845;u v&#7871;t c&#7843;m x&#250;c, th&#236; nh&#224; th&#417; l&#7841;i l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i khai th&#225;c v&#224; mang l&#7841;i ngu&#7891;n t&#224;i li&#7879;u phong ph&#250; nh&#7845;t cho ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng b&#7897;c l&#7897; n&#224;y.</span></p><blockquote><p><span>V&#237; d&#7909;: &#8220;Tr&#7901;i l&#7841;i m&#432;a n&#7919;a r&#7891;i...&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>&#8211; Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng K&#234;u g&#7885;i</span></em><span> (Appellfunktion/Appeal)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng K&#234;u g&#7885;i</span></em><span> quay g&#7853;p v&#7873; ph&#237;a </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#7853;n</span></em><span>. &#7902; g&#243;c &#273;&#7897; n&#224;y, ph&#225;t ng&#244;n v&#7853;n h&#224;nh nh&#432; m&#7897;t </span><em><span>t&#237;n hi&#7879;u</span></em><span> k&#237;ch ho&#7841;t h&#224;nh vi h&#432;&#7899;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n. B&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng l&#224; d&#249;ng ng&#244;n ng&#7919; &#273;&#7875; k&#237;ch th&#237;ch, ra l&#7879;nh, thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c, l&#244;i k&#233;o ho&#7863;c &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh h&#224;nh vi v&#224; ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng (c&#7843; b&#234;n trong l&#7851;n b&#234;n ngo&#224;i) c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i nghe. Ng&#244;n ng&#7919; l&#250;c n&#224;y tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t l&#7921;c &#273;&#7849;y h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng. B&#252;hler l&#432;u &#253; r&#7857;ng ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng n&#224;y th&#7875; hi&#7879;n r&#245; r&#224;ng v&#224; nghi&#234;m ng&#7863;t nh&#7845;t trong </span><em><span>ng&#244;n ng&#7919; m&#7879;nh l&#7879;nh</span></em><span> c&#361;ng nh&#432; trong ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t h&#249;ng bi&#7879;n/tu t&#7915; (rhetoric), th&#7875; hi&#7879;n m&#7885;i t&#7915; ng&#7919; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;nh to&#225;n &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o ra ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng mong mu&#7889;n &#7903; c&#244;ng ch&#250;ng.</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#237; d&#7909;: &#8220;Tr&#7901;i m&#432;a r&#7891;i k&#236;a!&#8221; (M&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch y&#234;u c&#7847;u ng&#432;&#7901;i nghe h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng qua vi&#7879;c r&#250;t qu&#7847;n &#225;o ho&#7863;c &#273;&#243;ng c&#7917;a s&#7893;,&#8230;)</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>T&#7915; vi&#7879;c ph&#226;n t&#237;ch c&#7845;u tr&#250;c ba chi&#7873;u c&#7911;a </span><em><span>M&#244; h&#236;nh Organon</span></em><span>, c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n mang t&#237;nh ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p lu&#7853;n quan tr&#7885;ng: Karl B&#252;hler x&#226;y d&#7921;ng m&#244; h&#236;nh n&#224;y thu&#7847;n t&#250;y nh&#432; m&#7897;t l&#253; thuy&#7871;t v&#7873; h&#224;nh vi giao ti&#7871;p th&#7921;c t&#7871;, ch&#7913; ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t c&#244;ng c&#7909; &#273;&#7875; ph&#234; b&#236;nh hay ph&#226;n t&#237;ch v&#259;n b&#7843;n v&#259;n ch&#432;&#417;ng/thi ca. Ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7871;n khi Roman Jakobson b&#7893; sung </span><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng Thi ca</span></em><span>, ng&#244;n ng&#7919; h&#7885;c m&#7899;i th&#7921;c s&#7921; s&#7903; h&#7919;u m&#7897;t c&#244;ng c&#7909; chuy&#234;n bi&#7879;t &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;i m&#227; v&#224; ph&#234; b&#236;nh t&#225;c ph&#7849;m v&#259;n h&#7885;c</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>2. M&#244; h&#236;nh S&#225;u nh&#226;n t&#7889; </span></strong><span>&#8211;</span><strong><span> ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng trong giao ti&#7871;p c&#7911;a Roman Jakobson</span></strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AC-Z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59b67ca-6a05-400f-97c1-c5c0a3e13b50_743x578.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AC-Z!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59b67ca-6a05-400f-97c1-c5c0a3e13b50_743x578.png 424w, 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/__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59b67ca-6a05-400f-97c1-c5c0a3e13b50_743x578.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AC-Z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59b67ca-6a05-400f-97c1-c5c0a3e13b50_743x578.png" width="743" height="578" 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15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span>H&#236;nh 2. M&#244; h&#236;nh </span><em><span>S&#225;u nh&#226;n t&#7889; - ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng trong giao ti&#7871;p</span></em><span> c&#7911;a Roman Jakobson</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#272;i xa h&#417;n B&#252;hler, Jakobson ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng th&#224;nh m&#244; h&#236;nh </span><em><span>M&#244; h&#236;nh S&#225;u nh&#226;n t&#7889; - ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng trong giao ti&#7871;p</span></em><span> v&#224; x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh </span><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng Thi ca</span></em><span> (</span><em><span>poetic</span></em><span>) l&#224; ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; c&#7911;a ng&#244;n ng&#7919; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t. Kh&#244;ng gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; </span><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng Tham chi&#7871;u</span></em><span> (</span><em><span>referential</span></em><span>) hay </span><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng Bi&#7875;u c&#7843;m</span></em><span> (emotive), </span><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng Thi ca</span></em><span> &#8220;chi&#7871;u nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng c&#7911;a tr&#7909;c tuy&#7875;n l&#7921;a l&#234;n tr&#7909;c c&#7911;a s&#7921; k&#7871;t h&#7907;p&#8221; (Jakobson, 2008, tr. 24) v&#224; &#8220;vi&#7879;c nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh v&#224;o th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p v&#236; b&#7843;n th&#226;n n&#243;, ch&#237;nh l&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u n&#243;i l&#234;n &#273;&#7863;c tr&#432;ng thi ca c&#7911;a ng&#244;n ng&#7919;&#8221; (Jakobson, 2008, tr. 21).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>N&#243;i m&#7897;t c&#225;ch &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n, ng&#244;n ng&#7919; thi ca thu h&#250;t s&#7921; ch&#250; &#253; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c v&#224;o &#226;m thanh, nh&#7883;p &#273;i&#7879;u, c&#7845;u tr&#250;c v&#224; t&#237;nh ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh n&#243;. V&#259;n b&#7843;n gi&#7901; &#273;&#226;y tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t v&#7853;t th&#7875; ng&#244;n ng&#7919; m&#7901; &#273;&#7909;c v&#224; t&#7921; th&#226;n, ngh&#297;a l&#224; ch&#237;nh t&#225;c ph&#7849;m v&#259;n h&#7885;c t&#7921; thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p c&#225;c quy lu&#7853;t ng&#244;n t&#7915; &#273;&#7863;c th&#249; (bi&#7879;n ph&#225;p tu t&#7915;, nh&#7883;p &#273;i&#7879;u, c&#7845;u tr&#250;c k&#253; hi&#7879;u) m&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c ph&#7843;i th&#432;&#7903;ng th&#7913;c &#7903; ngay c&#7845;p &#273;&#7897; h&#236;nh th&#7913;c. V&#259;n b&#7843;n tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t t&#7893;ng th&#7875; &#8220;c&#243; tr&#7885;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng v&#224; gi&#225; tr&#7883; ri&#234;ng&#8221; v&#224; ch&#237;nh s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh h&#236;nh th&#7913;c &#273;&#243; t&#7841;o ra &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng th&#7849;m m&#7929;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Thi ph&#225;p h&#7885;c trong ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t </span><em><span>Lolita</span></em><span> c&#7911;a Vladimir Nabokov l&#224; m&#7897;t v&#237; d&#7909; &#273;i&#7875;n h&#236;nh v&#224; c&#7845;p ti&#7871;n cho l&#253; thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a Jakobson. To&#224;n b&#7897; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; ph&#244; di&#7877;n c&#7911;a </span><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng Thi ca</span></em><span>. L&#7889;i v&#259;n phong c&#7847;u k&#7923;, ki&#7871;n tr&#250;c ng&#244;n ng&#7919; hoa m&#7929; v&#224; m&#234; ho&#7863;c m&#224; Nabokov s&#7855;p &#273;&#7863;t cho Humbert Humbert ngay t&#7915; ch&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n qua vi&#7879;c h&#7855;n gi&#7877;u nh&#7841;i v&#224; d&#7851;n d&#7909; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c: &#8220;You can always count on a murderer for a fancy prose style&#8221; &#8211; kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c &#273;&#227; ph&#7843;i v&#7853;t l&#7897;n tr&#234;n b&#7873; m&#7863;t ch&#7845;t li&#7879;u c&#7911;a v&#259;n b&#7843;n, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i &#273;&#7889;i &#273;&#7847;u tr&#7921;c di&#7879;n v&#7899;i l&#7889;i t&#7921; s&#7921; ng&#7909;y bi&#7879;n c&#7911;a h&#7855;n.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Humbert Humbert &#273;ang t&#7921; s&#7921; tr&#432;&#7899;c t&#242;a, c&#242;n ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c th&#236; ch&#7859;ng th&#7875; n&#224;o theo l&#7869; th&#432;&#7901;ng l&#7841;i ch&#7885;n &#273;&#7913;ng v&#7873; ph&#237;a h&#7855;n. Qu&#225; hi&#7875;n nhi&#234;n, d&#7851;u c&#243; c&#432;&#7905;ng &#233;p nh&#432; th&#7875; Humbert &#273;ang th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t h&#224;nh vi &#8220;giao ti&#7871;p&#8221; (nh&#7857;m gi&#7843;i tr&#236;nh hay c&#7847;u xin s&#7921; c&#7843;m th&#244;ng), th&#236; c&#225;i m&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n v&#224; th&#432;&#7903;ng th&#7913;c l&#7841;i l&#224; c&#7845;u tr&#250;c ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t v&#224; t&#237;nh ch&#7845;t k&#253; hi&#7879;u c&#7911;a v&#259;n b&#7843;n. T&#7841;i &#273;&#226;y, m&#244; h&#236;nh giao ti&#7871;p th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a B&#252;hler s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893; ho&#224;n to&#224;n trong &#273;&#7883;a h&#7841;t v&#259;n b&#7843;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t. Trong m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c giao ti&#7871;p &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng, n&#7871;u </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i g&#7917;i</span></em><span> (Addresser) l&#224; m&#7897;t k&#7867; t&#7897;i ph&#7841;m ng&#7909;y bi&#7879;n, </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#7853;n</span></em><span> (Addressee) s&#7869; l&#7853;p t&#7913;c ng&#7855;t </span><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng K&#7871;t n&#7889;i</span></em><span> (contact) ho&#7863;c d&#249;ng ng&#244;n ng&#7919; &#273;&#7875; ph&#7843;n kh&#225;ng. Nh&#432;ng trong </span><em><span>Lolita</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng Thi ca</span></em><span> &#273;&#227; ph&#7871; b&#7887; &#273;i </span><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng Tham chi&#7871;u</span></em><span> v&#224; </span><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng T&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng </span></em><span>(conative), th&#7875; hi&#7879;n qua vi&#7879;c ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c kh&#244;ng ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p &#273;&#7875; th&#244;ng c&#7843;m cho Humbert, m&#224; b&#7883; m&#234; ho&#7863;c b&#7903;i c&#7845;u tr&#250;c c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&#226;n th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p. V&#236; v&#7853;y, n&#7871;u ngo&#224;i kia c&#243; ai &#273;&#243; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng m&#244; h&#236;nh giao ti&#7871;p h&#7857;ng ng&#224;y &#273;&#7875; &#225;p v&#224;o m&#7897;t v&#259;n b&#7843;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t th&#236; th&#7853;t l&#224; v&#244; tri.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>3. K&#253; hi&#7879;u quy&#7875;n c&#7911;a Yuri Lotman</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Quan &#273;i&#7875;m tr&#234;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&#7871; th&#7915;a v&#224; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n m&#7897;t c&#225;ch &#273;&#7897;t ph&#225; b&#7903;i Yuri Lotman v&#224; Tr&#432;&#7901;ng ph&#225;i Tartu &#8211; Moscow qua kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m </span><em><span>k&#253; hi&#7879;u quy&#7875;n</span></em><span> (semiosphere) v&#224; vi&#7879;c xem x&#233;t v&#259;n b&#7843;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t l&#224; &#8220;m&#7897;t h&#7879; th&#7889;ng m&#244; h&#236;nh h&#243;a th&#7913; sinh&#8221; (Yuri Lotman, 2007, tr. 28). N&#7871;u ng&#244;n ng&#7919; (h&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#417; c&#7845;p) m&#244; h&#236;nh h&#243;a th&#7921;c t&#7841;i th&#236; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t (h&#7879; th&#7889;ng th&#7913; sinh) s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ng&#244;n ng&#7919; &#273;&#7875; x&#226;y d&#7921;ng m&#7897;t &#8220;m&#244; h&#236;nh th&#7871; gi&#7899;i&#8221; &#273;&#7897;c l&#7853;p, c&#243; ranh gi&#7899;i v&#224; quy t&#7855;c n&#7897;i t&#7841;i ri&#234;ng. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c gi&#225; tr&#7883; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t c&#7911;a t&#225;c ph&#7849;m kh&#244;ng n&#7857;m &#7903; s&#7921; ph&#7843;n &#225;nh th&#7909; &#273;&#7897;ng m&#224; &#7903; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng t&#7841;o ra s&#7921; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p v&#224; sinh ngh&#297;a b&#234;n trong m&#7897;t kh&#244;ng gian k&#253; hi&#7879;u t&#7921; tr&#7883;. Yuri Lotman vi&#7871;t:</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#272;&#7875; m&#7897;t h&#224;nh vi giao ti&#7871;p ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t n&#243;i chung di&#7877;n ra th&#236; t&#7845;t y&#7871;u b&#7897; m&#227; c&#7911;a t&#225;c gi&#7843; v&#224; b&#7897; m&#227; c&#7911;a &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; &#273;&#227; h&#236;nh th&#224;nh n&#234;n nhi&#7873;u t&#7853;p h&#7907;p giao nhau c&#7911;a c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; c&#7845;u tr&#250;c &#8211; ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n &#273;&#7875; cho th&#7913; ng&#244;n ng&#7919; t&#7921; nhi&#234;n m&#224; v&#259;n b&#7843;n s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; hi&#7875;u. Nh&#7919;ng ph&#7847;n kh&#244;ng giao nhau c&#7911;a b&#7897; m&#227; c&#7845;u th&#224;nh n&#234;n l&#297;nh v&#7921;c b&#7883; bi&#7871;n d&#7841;ng, b&#7883; pha t&#7841;p ho&#7863;c b&#7857;ng b&#7845;t k&#7923; c&#225;ch n&#224;o &#273;&#243; kh&#225;c t&#225;i t&#7893; ch&#7913;c l&#7841;i trong b&#432;&#7899;c qu&#225; &#273;&#7897; t&#7915; nh&#224; v&#259;n t&#7899;i &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843;.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: right;"><span>(Yuri Lotman, 2007, tr. 58)</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ranh gi&#7899;i kh&#244;ng gian k&#253; hi&#7879;u h&#7885;c l&#224; v&#7883; th&#7871; ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng v&#224; v&#7883; th&#7871; c&#7845;u tr&#250;c quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#417; ch&#7871; k&#253; hi&#7879;u h&#7885;c c&#7911;a n&#243;.&#8221;</span></p><p><span>(Yuri Lotman, 2016, tr. 93)</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Lotman, gi&#225; tr&#7883; c&#7911;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t n&#7857;m &#7903; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng kh&#417;i g&#7907;i v&#224; t&#7841;o ngh&#297;a b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch t&#225;i m&#227; h&#243;a th&#244;ng tin. M&#7897;t t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; truy&#7873;n t&#7843;i th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p theo m&#7897;t m&#227; duy nh&#7845;t (nh&#432; m&#7897;t t&#224;i li&#7879;u khoa h&#7885;c) m&#224; n&#243; t&#432;&#417;ng t&#225;c v&#7899;i th&#7921;c t&#7871;, t&#225;i c&#7845;u tr&#250;c n&#243; (qua c&#225;c d&#7841;ng chuy&#7875;n m&#227; h&#432;&#7899;ng n&#7897;i l&#7851;n h&#432;&#7899;ng ngo&#7841;i [&#273;&#417;n v&#224; t&#7915;ng c&#7863;p]) v&#224; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t v&#361; tr&#7909; th&#7849;m m&#7929; ri&#234;ng bi&#7879;t th&#244;ng qua s&#7921; va ch&#7841;m c&#243; ki&#7875;m so&#225;t c&#7911;a nhi&#7873;u m&#227; k&#253; hi&#7879;u. Ri&#234;ng t&#225;c ph&#7849;m </span><em><span>Lolita</span></em><span> &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t cao nh&#7901; v&#224;o m&#7853;t &#273;&#7897; v&#224; t&#237;nh &#273;a ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a h&#236;nh th&#7913;c ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng h&#7873; l&#224; m&#7897;t t&#224;i li&#7879;u ph&#7843;n &#225;nh th&#7921;c tr&#7841;ng x&#227; h&#7897;i M&#7929; &#273;&#432;&#417;ng th&#7901;i hay m&#7897;t nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u ca b&#7879;nh n&#224;o &#273;&#243; v&#7873; &#7845;u d&#226;m. Quan &#273;i&#7875;m v&#7873; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t c&#7911;a Yuri Lotman &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#236;nh b&#224;y v&#244; c&#249;ng g&#7885;n g&#224;ng v&#224; m&#7841;ch l&#7841;c nh&#432; sau:</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Ch&#250;ng ta th&#432;&#7901;ng hi&#7875;u s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t r&#7845;t h&#7901;i h&#7907;t. Quan ni&#7879;m th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; </span><em><span>con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch hay v&#224; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7889;t</span></em><span>. Khi &#273;&#7885;c m&#224; g&#7863;p ch&#7895; nh&#226;n v&#7853;t x&#7917; s&#7921; kh&#244;ng t&#7889;t, th&#236; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c s&#7869; tr&#7903; n&#234;n x&#7845;u. V&#236; th&#7871; ch&#250;ng ta n&#243;i nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch c&#243; c&#225;c nh&#226;n v&#7853;t x&#7845;u, t&#7889;t nh&#7845;t l&#224; kh&#244;ng n&#234;n &#273;&#7885;c. H&#236;nh nh&#432; ch&#250;ng ta mu&#7889;n n&#243;i r&#7857;ng, nh&#7901; kh&#244;ng bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n c&#225;c h&#224;nh vi x&#7845;u n&#234;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; kh&#244;ng l&#224;m c&#225;c h&#224;nh vi &#7845;y. Nh&#432;ng c&#225;i kh&#244;ng bi&#7871;t ch&#7859;ng bao gi&#7901; c&#7913;u v&#7899;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ai.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>S&#7913;c m&#7841;nh c&#7911;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t n&#7857;m &#7903; ch&#7895; kh&#225;c. N&#243; cho ch&#250;ng ta s&#7921; l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n &#7903; n&#417;i m&#224; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng kh&#244;ng cho ta l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n. V&#236; th&#7871; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n trong ph&#7841;m vi ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t r&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n n&#243; v&#224;o cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng. T&#7915; &#273;&#243; s&#7869; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; h&#7871;t s&#7913;c nghi&#234;m t&#250;c, m&#7897;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; lu&#244;n lu&#244;n &#273;&#7863;t ra cho nh&#224; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c v&#224; &#273;&#7863;t ra m&#7897;t c&#225;ch c&#243; c&#417; s&#7903;, c&#225;i g&#236; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224;m v&#224; c&#225;i g&#236; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#224;m? Ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#8211; &#273;&#243; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i s&#225;ch gi&#225;o khoa, kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i s&#225;ch h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c. Ch&#250;ng ta cho r&#7857;ng ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i r&#7845;t nguy hi&#7875;m, v&#236; &#7903; &#273;&#243; c&#243; nhi&#7873;u c&#225;i x&#7845;u. Nh&#432;ng h&#227;y xem Shakespeare. Ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#7885;c g&#236; trong c&#225;c bi k&#7883;ch c&#7911;a &#244;ng? S&#7921; gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i, t&#7897;i &#225;c, s&#7921; tr&#7843; th&#249; &#273;&#7851;m m&#225;u. Trong m&#7897;t v&#7903; bi k&#7883;ch c&#243; ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; m&#243;c m&#7855;t, trong m&#7897;t v&#7903; kh&#225;c c&#243; k&#7867; c&#7855;t l&#432;&#7905;i v&#224; ch&#7863;t hai tay ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; v&#7915;a b&#7883; hi&#7871;p d&#226;m. &#272;&#243; l&#224; h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng th&#250; v&#7853;t. Nh&#432;ng trong ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t th&#236; &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243; h&#236;nh nh&#432; c&#243; th&#7875; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n. Ch&#7859;ng ai tr&#225;ch c&#7913; Shakespeare l&#224; thi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7843;. Qu&#7843; l&#224; c&#243; l&#250;c ng&#432;&#7901;i ta &#273;&#227; l&#234;n &#225;n nh&#432; th&#7871;,... Nh&#432;ng t&#7841;i sao s&#7921; gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i khi l&#224; &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t kh&#244;ng tr&#7903; th&#224;nh l&#7901;i k&#234;u g&#7885;i gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i? Ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t mu&#7889;n gi&#7889;ng v&#7899;i &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng nh&#432;ng n&#243; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng. V&#224; ch&#250;ng ta kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; nh&#7847;m l&#7851;n hai c&#225;i &#273;&#243; v&#7899;i nhau. Chuy&#7879;n ti&#7871;u l&#226;m v&#7873; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i mu&#7889;n c&#7913;u n&#224;ng Desdemona tr&#234;n s&#226;n kh&#7845;u &#273;&#227; ch&#7913;ng t&#7887; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; &#273;&#7891;ng nh&#7845;t hai th&#7913; &#273;&#243; v&#7899;i nhau &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, &#273;&#243; ch&#7881; l&#224; s&#7921; v&#244; tri v&#7873; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t m&#224; th&#244;i. Ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t l&#224; m&#244; h&#236;nh c&#7911;a &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng, v&#224; s&#7921; kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t gi&#7919;a m&#244; h&#236;nh v&#224; &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng l&#224; r&#7845;t l&#7899;n. V&#236; th&#7871;, t&#7897;i &#225;c trong ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t l&#224; s&#7921; t&#236;m hi&#7875;u v&#7873; t&#7897;i &#225;c, c&#242;n trong cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng th&#236; ch&#7881; c&#243; t&#7897;i &#225;c m&#224; th&#244;i. M&#7897;t &#273;&#7857;ng l&#224; mi&#234;u t&#7843; s&#7921; v&#7853;t, &#273;&#7857;ng kia l&#224; b&#7843;n th&#226;n s&#7921; v&#7853;t. V&#224; v&#244; kh&#7889;i truy&#7873;n thuy&#7871;t v&#7873; c&#225;ch ngh&#7879; s&#297; t&#7841;o ra c&#225;c t&#225;c ph&#7849;m kh&#244;ng t&#225;ch r&#7901;i &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng, thay ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t b&#7857;ng ch&#237;nh &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng th&#236; ch&#7881; n&#7843;y sinh trong gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n c&#7911;a quan &#273;i&#7875;m ng&#226;y th&#417; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: right;"><span>(Yuri Lotman, 2016, tr. 338 &#8211; 339)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Hai lu&#7891;ng t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng ph&#234; b&#236;nh n&#7889;i ti&#7871;p nhau qua th&#7901;i gian &#8211; &#273;&#7883;nh h&#236;nh n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng l&#253; lu&#7853;n ph&#234; b&#236;nh v&#259;n h&#7885;c th&#7871; k&#7927; XX nh&#432; Roman Jakobson v&#224; Yuri Lotman &#8211; &#273;&#7873;u cung c&#7845;p m&#7897;t khu&#244;n kh&#7893; l&#253; thuy&#7871;t m&#7841;nh m&#7869; &#273;&#7875; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch gi&#225; tr&#7883; ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t tr&#234;n ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng thi ph&#225;p, kh&#244;ng t&#225;ch r&#7901;i h&#236;nh th&#7913;c v&#224; n&#7897;i dung, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh &#432;u ti&#234;n h&#7879; t&#7841;i n&#417;i gi&#225; tr&#7883; th&#7849;m m&#7929;. Tuy nhi&#234;n, ch&#237;nh t&#7841;i &#273;&#7881;nh cao c&#7911;a th&#224;nh t&#7921;u thi ph&#225;p n&#224;y, </span><em><span>Lolita</span></em><span> l&#7841;i v&#7845;p ph&#7843;i s&#7921; kh&#225;ng c&#7921; d&#7919; d&#7897;i nh&#7845;t t&#7915; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng ph&#234; b&#236;nh duy nh&#226;n v&#259;n. B&#7887; qua </span><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng Thi ca</span></em><span> c&#7911;a Jakobson v&#224; ph&#7899;t l&#7901; ranh gi&#7899;i </span><em><span>k&#253; hi&#7879;u quy&#7875;n</span></em><span> c&#7911;a Lotman, l&#7889;i &#273;&#7885;c duy nh&#226;n v&#259;n lao th&#7859;ng v&#224;o </span><em><span>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng Tham chi&#7871;u</span></em><span> &#273;&#7875; xem x&#233;t v&#259;n b&#7843;n nh&#432; m&#7897;t l&#7901;i th&#250; t&#7897;i, &#273;&#225;nh &#273;&#7891;ng Humbert v&#7899;i Nabokov v&#224; quy gi&#7843;n to&#224;n b&#7897; c&#7845;u tr&#250;c ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p th&#224;nh m&#7897;t &#273;&#7883;nh ki&#7871;n ng&#226;y ng&#244;: &#8220;T&#225;c ph&#7849;m n&#224;y c&#7893; s&#250;y &#7845;u d&#226;m&#8221;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>III. UMBERTO ECO V&#192; KH&#193;I NI&#7878;M NG&#431;&#7900;I-&#272;&#7884;C-KI&#7874;U-M&#7850;U</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>1. T&#237;nh ch&#7845;t m&#417; h&#7891; c&#7911;a t&#225;c ph&#7849;m m&#7903;</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Trong cu&#7889;n </span><em><span>Ph&#234; b&#236;nh V&#259;n h&#7885;c th&#7871; k&#7927; XX</span></em><span>, Th&#7909;y Khu&#234; &#273;&#227; tr&#237;ch d&#7883;ch l&#7901;i t&#7921;a c&#7911;a t&#225;c ph&#7849;m </span><em><span>Opera Aperta/T&#225;c ph&#7849;m m&#7903;</span></em><span> nh&#432; sau:</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;T&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t l&#224; m&#7897;t th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t nh&#7853;p nh&#7857;ng (ambigu), c&#243; th&#7875; c&#243; nhi&#7873;u ngh&#297;a c&#249;ng trong m&#7897;t k&#253; hi&#7879;u. T&#237;nh c&#225;ch m&#417; h&#7891; kh&#244;ng r&#245; ngh&#297;a n&#224;y tr&#7903; n&#234;n m&#7897;t c&#7913;u c&#225;nh, m&#7897;t gi&#225; tr&#7883; c&#7911;a t&#225;c ph&#7849;m, &#273;&#7913;ng tr&#234;n m&#7885;i gi&#225; tr&#7883; kh&#225;c. &#272;&#244;i khi, nh&#432; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&#225;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a Joyce, t&#237;nh m&#417; h&#7891; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n c&#7921;c &#273;&#7897;. &#272;&#7875; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n t&#237;nh ch&#7845;t m&#417; h&#7891; nh&#432; m&#7897;t gi&#225; tr&#7883;, ngh&#7879; s&#297; th&#7901;i nay th&#432;&#7901;ng d&#249;ng &#273;&#7871;n c&#225;ch bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n v&#244; h&#236;nh th&#7913;c, v&#244; tr&#7853;t t&#7921;, ng&#7851;u nhi&#234;n, &#273;&#432;a &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng k&#7871;t qu&#7843; v&#244; &#273;&#7883;nh. V&#236; v&#7853;y, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta th&#237;ch thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p m&#7897;t bi&#7879;n ch&#7913;ng gi&#7919;a h&#236;nh th&#7913;c v&#224; s&#7921; m&#7903;. Bi&#7879;n ch&#7913;ng n&#224;y x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh m&#7897;t t&#225;c ph&#7849;m, t&#249;y theo c&#225;ch &#273;&#243;ng g&#243;p c&#7911;a kh&#225;n gi&#7843;, c&#243; th&#7875; m&#417; h&#7891; &#273;&#7871;n th&#7871; n&#224;o m&#224; kh&#244;ng b&#7883; m&#7845;t &#273;i gi&#225; tr&#7883; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t &#8216;t&#225;c ph&#7849;m&#8217;? Ch&#7919; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m &#7903; &#273;&#226;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hi&#7875;u theo ngh&#297;a r&#7897;ng, t&#7913;c l&#224; m&#7897;t v&#7853;t th&#7875; c&#243; c&#7845;u tr&#250;c, cho ph&#233;p t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng h&#236;nh th&#7913;c bi&#7875;u di&#7877;n.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: right;"><span>(Th&#7909;y Khu&#234;, 2018, tr. 486)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>V&#7853;y theo nh&#432; Umberto Eco, m&#7895;i t&#225;c ph&#7849;m &#273;&#7873;u l&#224; </span><em><span>t&#225;c ph&#7849;m m&#7903;</span></em><span> v&#7899;i &#253; ngh&#297;a kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; l&#224; hi&#7875;n nhi&#234;n m&#224; ch&#250;ng ta ph&#7843;i c&#7845;t c&#244;ng t&#236;m ki&#7871;m m&#227;i b&#7903;i l&#7869; m&#7895;i k&#253; hi&#7879;u l&#7899;n nh&#7887;, m&#7895;i chi ti&#7871;t t&#7915; ch&#7919;, ng&#7919; t&#7899;i c&#226;u &#273;&#7873;u &#7849;n t&#224;ng h&#224;ng l&#7899;p &#253; ngh&#297;a. V&#236; v&#7853;y, m&#7897;t t&#225;c ph&#7849;m lu&#244;n c&#7847;n s&#7921; c&#7897;ng t&#225;c c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c &#273;&#7875; t&#7921; ho&#224;n th&#224;nh ch&#237;nh b&#7843;n th&#226;n n&#243;. Ng&#432;&#7901;i ngh&#7879; s&#297; khi s&#225;ng t&#7841;o &#253; th&#7913;c r&#7857;ng m&#236;nh &#273;ang g&#7917;i &#273;i m&#7897;t th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p v&#224; th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p &#273;&#243; lu&#244;n h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n ti&#7873;m n&#259;ng. Trong qu&#225; tr&#236;nh ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c s&#7869; di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i v&#224; c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n t&#225;c ph&#7849;m theo nhi&#7873;u c&#225;ch kh&#225;c nhau trong gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n m&#224; ch&#237;nh th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p cho ph&#233;p. V&#7853;y n&#234;n, ngh&#7879; s&#297; ph&#7843;i ch&#7883;u tr&#225;ch nhi&#7879;m v&#7873; c&#225;ch th&#7913;c truy&#7873;n &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#243;. Nh&#432; Eco &#273;&#7873; ra, m&#7885;i nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u thi ph&#225;p &#273;&#7873;u c&#7847;n xem x&#233;t song song hai y&#7871;u t&#7889;, &#273;&#243; l&#224; b&#7843;n th&#226;n th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p v&#224; t&#237;nh m&#417; h&#7891; v&#7889;n c&#243; c&#7911;a n&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#272;i&#7875;m quan tr&#7885;ng kh&#225;c Eco b&#224;n &#273;&#7871;n trong cu&#7889;n </span><em><span>T&#225;c ph&#7849;m m&#7903;</span></em><span> l&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#243; s&#7921; m&#226;u thu&#7851;n gi&#7919;a </span><em><span>t&#225;c ph&#7849;m m&#7903;</span></em><span> v&#224; </span><em><span>t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ho&#224;n t&#7845;t</span></em><span>, &#244;ng vi&#7871;t: &#8220;Nh&#7919;ng nh&#224; m&#7929; h&#7885;c th&#432;&#7901;ng hay n&#243;i &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; ho&#224;n t&#7845;t t&#225;c ph&#7849;m, v&#224; h&#7885; c&#361;ng n&#243;i &#273;&#7871;n t&#237;nh ch&#7845;t &#8216;m&#7903;&#8217; c&#7911;a t&#225;c ph&#7849;m khi b&#224;n &#273;&#7871;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; ti&#234;u th&#7909; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m&#8221;. T&#7841;i sao &#273;&#227; ho&#224;n t&#7845;t m&#224; c&#242;n m&#7903;? B&#7903;i v&#236; hai m&#7863;t sau:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8211; Ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c khi &#273;&#7885;c, h&#7885; mu&#7889;n t&#236;m &#273;&#7871;n t&#7853;n ngu&#7891;n &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u xem t&#225;c gi&#7843; mu&#7889;n vi&#7871;t g&#236; v&#224; t&#225;c gi&#7843; c&#361;ng mu&#7889;n cho ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c hi&#7875;u t&#225;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, n&#234;n t&#225;c gi&#7843; ph&#7843;i t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&#224; &#8220;ho&#224;n t&#7845;t&#8221; &#273;&#7875; g&#7917;i &#273;&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8211; M&#7863;t kh&#225;c, trong khi &#273;&#7885;c, m&#7895;i &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; l&#7841;i v&#7853;n d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7897; nh&#7841;y c&#7843;m ri&#234;ng, ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c ri&#234;ng v&#224; c&#7843; th&#224;nh ki&#7871;n ri&#234;ng c&#7911;a m&#236;nh &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u t&#225;c ph&#7849;m theo &#253; ri&#234;ng c&#7911;a m&#236;nh.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cho n&#234;n, m&#7895;i &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t (quy&#7875;n s&#225;ch hay b&#7913;c tranh) ch&#7881; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c coi l&#224; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t, n&#7871;u n&#243; c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7885;c (hay &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xem) v&#224; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hi&#7875;u qua nhi&#7873;u ch&#7911; th&#7875; kh&#225;c nhau m&#224; v&#7851;n kh&#244;ng b&#7883; m&#7845;t &#273;i t&#237;nh ch&#7845;t c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7911;a n&#243;. V&#237; d&#7909;: m&#7897;t t&#7845;m b&#7843;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng, n&#7871;u ta hi&#7875;u n&#243; theo nhi&#7873;u ngh&#297;a kh&#225;c nhau, th&#236; n&#243; s&#7869; kh&#244;ng c&#242;n l&#224; n&#243; n&#7919;a. V&#7853;y:</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;T&#7845;t c&#7843; m&#7885;i t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t, ngay c&#7843; khi n&#243; &#7903; d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng ho&#224;n t&#7845;t v&#224; &#273;&#243;ng, t&#7913;c l&#224; n&#243; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#234;u chu&#7849;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t trong m&#7897;t c&#417; ch&#7871; &#273;&#227; quy &#273;&#7883;nh s&#7861;n, th&#236; n&#243; c&#361;ng l&#224; &#8216;m&#7903;&#8217;, b&#7903;i v&#236; n&#243; c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hi&#7875;u theo nhi&#7873;u c&#225;ch kh&#225;c nhau, m&#224; kh&#237;a c&#7841;nh &#273;&#7863;c th&#249; ch&#237;nh y&#7871;u c&#7911;a n&#243; kh&#244;ng h&#7873; b&#7883; suy suy&#7875;n. Th&#432;&#7903;ng th&#7913;c m&#7897;t t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; &#273;o&#225;n nh&#7853;n, l&#224; hi&#7875;u, l&#224; bi&#7875;u di&#7877;n, l&#224; l&#224;m n&#243; s&#7889;ng l&#7841;i trong m&#7897;t b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh &#273;&#7897;c s&#225;ng.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: right;"><span>(Th&#7909;y Khu&#234;, 2018, tr. 490 &#8211; 491)</span></p><p><strong><span>2. T&#432;&#417;ng t&#225;c Ch&#7911; &#253; t&#225;c gi&#7843; &#8211; Ch&#7911; &#253; v&#259;n b&#7843;n &#8211; Ch&#7911; &#253; &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843;</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ph&#226;n t&#237;ch c&#7911;a Umberto Eco v&#7873; ch&#7911; &#253; trong ph&#234; b&#236;nh v&#259;n h&#7885;c v&#432;&#7907;t qua </span><em><span>c&#225;c l&#253; thuy&#7871;t H&#7853;u c&#7845;u tr&#250;c/H&#7853;u hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i</span></em><span> b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch t&#225;i kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a t&#225;c gi&#7843; v&#224; v&#259;n b&#7843;n trong qu&#225; tr&#236;nh sinh ngh&#297;a, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i &#273;&#7863;t &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; v&#224;o v&#7883; tr&#237; m&#7897;t ch&#7911; th&#7875; di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i c&#243; kinh nghi&#7879;m v&#259;n h&#243;a. Theo Nguy&#7877;n V&#259;n Thu&#7845;n (2019), Eco di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i ba lo&#7841;i ch&#7911; &#253; n&#224;y nh&#432; sau:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>a. Ch&#7911; &#253; t&#225;c gi&#7843; (Intentio Auctoris)</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Eco, </span><em><span>ch&#7911; &#253; t&#225;c gi&#7843;</span></em><span> l&#224; m&#7897;t y&#7871;u t&#7889; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n trong vi&#7879;c ki&#7871;n t&#7841;o v&#224; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#253; ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a v&#259;n b&#7843;n. Kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t v&#7899;i </span><em><span>quan ni&#7879;m H&#7853;u c&#7845;u tr&#250;c/H&#7853;u hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i</span></em><span> v&#7889;n ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n h&#236;nh &#7843;nh t&#225;c gi&#7843; v&#224; xem t&#225;c gi&#7843; ch&#7881; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i bi&#234;n ch&#233;p, Eco t&#225;i nh&#236;n nh&#7853;n t&#225;c gi&#7843; l&#224; m&#7897;t ch&#7911; th&#7875; t&#237;ch c&#7921;c:</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#7902; ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n h&#7919;u th&#7913;c, c&#225;c tham chi&#7871;u li&#234;n v&#259;n b&#7843;n c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7891;ng v&#224;o trong c&#225;c t&#225;c ph&#7849;m v&#259;n h&#7885;c tr&#234;n c&#7845;p &#273;&#7897; &#253; th&#7913;c ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng </span><em><span>d&#7851;n d&#7909;ng</span></em><span> (quotation), </span><em><span>b&#7855;t ch&#432;&#7899;c</span></em><span> (imitation) c&#7911;a t&#225;c gi&#7843;. &#7902; ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n v&#244; th&#7913;c, do &#8216;t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7921; nhi&#234;n c&#7911;a t&#237;nh t&#432;&#417;ng t&#225;c v&#7873; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t&#8217;, t&#225;c gi&#7843; c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7875; tho&#225;t kh&#7887;i ph&#7841;m vi c&#7911;a t&#237;nh li&#234;n v&#259;n b&#7843;n. N&#243;i c&#225;ch kh&#225;c, kh&#244;ng m&#7897;t s&#7921; vi&#7871;t n&#224;o kh&#244;ng ch&#7883;u &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng, t&#432;&#417;ng t&#225;c, giao ho&#225;n, bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i c&#225;c v&#259;n b&#7843;n kh&#225;c tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#243;. T&#7915; trong b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t, m&#7885;i s&#7921; vi&#7871;t c&#361;ng nh&#432; &#253; ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a n&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh b&#7903;i t&#225;c gi&#7843; c&#7911;a n&#243; &#273;&#227; g&#7885;i ra c&#225;c v&#259;n b&#7843;n kh&#225;c, ho&#7863;c h&#7919;u th&#7913;c ho&#7863;c v&#244; th&#7913;c. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i [c&#225;c nh&#224; l&#253; thuy&#7871;t h&#7853;u hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i], t&#225;c gi&#7843; ch&#7881; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i bi&#234;n ch&#233;p, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c mi&#234;u t&#7843; nh&#432; l&#224; k&#7867; ch&#7881; gom g&#7897;p r&#7891;i l&#7855;p gh&#233;p c&#225;c m&#7843;nh m&#7851;u v&#259;n b&#7843;n c&#243; s&#7861;n &#273;&#7875; c&#7845;u th&#224;nh v&#259;n b&#7843;n m&#7899;i. Nh&#7919;ng l&#253; thuy&#7871;t n&#224;y b&#7887; qua ch&#7911; &#253; c&#7911;a t&#225;c gi&#7843; v&#224; nh&#7919;ng c&#225;ch th&#7913;c t&#225;c gi&#7843; c&#243; th&#7875; h&#7895; tr&#7907; kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; trong vi&#7879;c ki&#7871;n t&#7841;o v&#259;n b&#7843;n m&#7899;i m&#224; c&#7843; vi&#7879;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#253; ngh&#297;a.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: right;"><span>(Nguy&#7877;n V&#259;n Thu&#7845;n, 2019, tr. 195)</span></p><p><em><span>b. Ch&#7911; &#253; v&#259;n b&#7843;n (Intentio Operis)</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Ch&#7911; &#253; v&#259;n b&#7843;n </span></em><span>&#273;&#432;&#7907;c Eco nh&#236;n nh&#7853;n nh&#432; l&#224; m&#7897;t </span><em><span>s&#7921; ki&#7879;n c&#243; t&#237;nh v&#361; tr&#7909; lu&#7853;n</span></em><span> (cosmological event), n&#417;i &#253; t&#432;&#7903;ng, th&#7871; gi&#7899;i v&#224; phong c&#225;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#227; h&#243;a th&#224;nh m&#7897;t </span><em><span>c&#7895; m&#225;y s&#7843;n sinh s&#7921; di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i</span></em><span>. V&#259;n b&#7843;n mang trong m&#236;nh chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i c&#7911;a ri&#234;ng n&#243;, &#273;&#7897;c l&#7853;p v&#7899;i c&#225;c &#253; &#273;&#7883;nh tho&#225;ng qua c&#7911;a t&#225;c gi&#7843;:</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;V&#7899;i Eco, ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t &#8216;l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; ki&#7879;n c&#243; t&#237;nh v&#361; tr&#7909; lu&#7853;n&#8217; n&#417;i m&#224; vi&#7879;c ki&#7871;n t&#7841;o th&#7871; gi&#7899;i ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t, nh&#7919;ng di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n c&#7911;a n&#243;, xu&#7845;t ph&#225;t t&#7915; m&#7897;t &#253; t&#432;&#7903;ng, b&#7883; cu&#7889;n &#273;i trong d&#242;ng s&#244;ng k&#253; &#7913;c li&#234;n v&#259;n b&#7843;n, k&#233;o theo c&#7843; m&#7897;t phong c&#225;ch v&#224; m&#7897;t chu&#7895;i l&#7901;i l&#7869;. &#221; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#8211; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#8211; phong c&#225;ch l&#224; ba b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;i trong qu&#225; tr&#236;nh s&#225;ng t&#7841;o v&#259;n b&#7843;n c&#7911;a t&#225;c gi&#7843;, t&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;&#7873;u xu&#7845;t ph&#225;t t&#7915; tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7911;a t&#225;c gi&#7843;, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#227; h&#243;a trong v&#259;n b&#7843;n v&#7899;i t&#432; c&#225;ch v&#7915;a l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m v&#7915;a l&#224; m&#7897;t </span><em><span>c&#7895; m&#225;y s&#7843;n sinh s&#7921; di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i</span></em><span>.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: right;"><span>(Nguy&#7877;n V&#259;n Thu&#7845;n, 2019, tr. 196)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>V&#259;n b&#7843;n kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t chu&#7895;i c&#226;u; n&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t ki&#7871;n t&#7841;o th&#7871; gi&#7899;i ho&#224;n ch&#7881;nh, n&#417;i m&#7885;i th&#224;nh t&#7889; (t&#7915; c&#7889;t truy&#7879;n, nh&#226;n v&#7853;t, &#273;&#7871;n c&#7843; l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n t&#7915; ng&#7919;) &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&#7871;t n&#7889;i m&#7897;t c&#225;ch n&#7897;i t&#7841;i. </span><em><span>Ch&#7911; &#253; v&#259;n b&#7843;n</span></em><span> n&#7857;m &#7903; ch&#237;nh c&#7845;u tr&#250;c v&#259;n b&#7843;n v&#224; chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i m&#224; n&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p &#273;&#7875; s&#7843;n sinh. </span><em><span>C&#7895; m&#225;y s&#7843;n sinh s&#7921; di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i</span></em><span> mang trong m&#236;nh c&#225;c quy t&#7855;c (c&#250; ph&#225;p, ng&#7919; ngh&#297;a, li&#234;n v&#259;n b&#7843;n) cho ph&#233;p c&#225;c di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i h&#7907;p l&#7879; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n, b&#7845;t k&#7875; t&#225;c gi&#7843; c&#243; &#253; &#273;&#7883;nh nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o hay ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c mang &#273;&#7883;nh ki&#7871;n ra sao.</span></p><p><em><span>c. Ch&#7911; &#253; &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; (Intentio Lectoris)</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Ch&#7911; &#253; &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843;</span></em><span>, theo c&#225;ch hi&#7875;u c&#7911;a Umberto Eco, l&#224; ph&#7847;n n&#259;ng &#273;&#7897;ng trong ti&#7871;n tr&#236;nh di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i. T&#7841;i &#273;&#226;y, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; &#8220;gi&#7843;i m&#227;&#8221; v&#259;n b&#7843;n m&#224; c&#242;n &#8220;t&#225;i t&#7841;o&#8221; n&#243; b&#7857;ng v&#7889;n kinh nghi&#7879;m v&#224; k&#253; &#7913;c c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh. &#272;&#7897;c gi&#7843; kh&#244;ng ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n v&#259;n b&#7843;n m&#7897;t c&#225;ch th&#7909; &#273;&#7897;ng m&#224; tham gia v&#224;o cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7889;i tho&#7841;i li&#234;n t&#7909;c gi&#7919;a v&#259;n b&#7843;n v&#224; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a h&#7885;, trong &#273;&#243; c&#225;c m&#227; m&#224; t&#225;c gi&#7843; &#273;&#227; thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p tr&#7903; th&#224;nh &#273;i&#7875;m t&#7921;a cho qu&#225; tr&#236;nh ki&#7871;n t&#7841;o ngh&#297;a.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Trong </span><em><span>Vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a Ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c </span></em><span>(1979), Eco l&#253; thuy&#7871;t h&#243;a qu&#225; tr&#236;nh n&#224;y b&#7857;ng hai kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m trung t&#226;m: </span><em><span>khung th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng</span></em><span> (common frames) v&#224; </span><em><span>khung li&#234;n v&#259;n b&#7843;n</span></em><span> (intertextual frames). </span><em><span>Khung th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng</span></em><span> b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng kinh nghi&#7879;m &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng h&#7857;ng ng&#224;y, bao g&#7891;m nh&#7919;ng g&#236; con ng&#432;&#7901;i chia s&#7867; trong th&#7921;c t&#7871;, nh&#432; vi&#7879;c d&#249;ng b&#7919;a, &#273;i t&#224;u, hay tr&#242; chuy&#7879;n. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, </span><em><span>khung li&#234;n v&#259;n b&#7843;n</span></em><span> h&#236;nh th&#224;nh t&#7915; v&#7889;n hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t v&#7873; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng v&#259;n ch&#432;&#417;ng, c&#225;c h&#236;nh m&#7851;u, m&#244;-t&#237;p hay th&#7875; lo&#7841;i &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7883;nh h&#236;nh tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#243;. Trong qu&#225; tr&#236;nh &#273;&#7885;c, &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; v&#7853;n d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i c&#7843; hai lo&#7841;i khung n&#224;y: </span><em><span>khung th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng</span></em><span> gi&#250;p h&#7885; &#8220;neo&#8221; v&#259;n b&#7843;n v&#224;o th&#7921;c t&#7871; s&#7889;ng, c&#242;n </span><em><span>khung li&#234;n v&#259;n b&#7843;n </span></em><span>gi&#250;p h&#7885; &#8220;m&#7903; r&#7897;ng&#8221; v&#259;n b&#7843;n v&#7873; ph&#237;a c&#225;c c&#7845;u tr&#250;c v&#259;n h&#243;a &#273;&#227; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Tuy nhi&#234;n, nh&#432; Eco c&#7843;nh b&#225;o, s&#7921; t&#7921; do c&#7911;a &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7891;ng ngh&#297;a v&#7899;i t&#249;y ti&#7879;n. &#272;&#7875; tr&#225;nh t&#236;nh tr&#7841;ng &#273;&#7885;c lo&#7841;n x&#7841;, &#244;ng nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh:</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;... nh&#224; v&#259;n ph&#7843;i t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t chi&#7871;n thu&#7853;t v&#259;n b&#7843;n t&#7913;c l&#224; </span><em><span>h&#7879; th&#7889;ng m&#227;</span></em><span> (codes) v&#224; </span><em><span>quy &#432;&#7899;c n&#7897;i t&#7841;i</span></em><span> cho ph&#233;p ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c nh&#7853;n ra m&#236;nh &#273;ang &#7903; trong &#8216;tr&#242; ch&#417;i&#8217; m&#224; v&#259;n b&#7843;n b&#224;y ra. Ch&#237;nh chi&#7871;n thu&#7853;t n&#224;y thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n v&#224; &#273;&#7883;nh h&#432;&#7899;ng cho s&#7921; t&#7921; do c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i khi&#7871;n cho vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7885;c tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t h&#224;nh vi c&#243; tr&#225;ch nhi&#7879;m, v&#7915;a s&#225;ng t&#7841;o v&#7915;a tu&#226;n th&#7911; quy &#432;&#7899;c.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: right;"><span>(Th&#7909;y Khu&#234;, 2018, tr. 498 &#8211; 499)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>T&#7915; &#273;&#243;, </span><em><span>ch&#7911; &#253; &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; </span></em><span>kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; s&#7921; ph&#243;ng t&#250;ng c&#7911;a ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i v&#244; bi&#234;n, m&#224; l&#224; n&#259;ng l&#7921;c h&#7907;p t&#225;c c&#243; &#273;&#7883;nh h&#432;&#7899;ng, n&#259;ng l&#7921;c &#273;&#7885;c trong khu&#244;n kh&#7893; c&#7911;a v&#259;n b&#7843;n nh&#432;ng v&#7851;n &#273;&#7911; nh&#7841;y b&#233;n &#273;&#7875; kh&#225;m ph&#225; nh&#7919;ng kho&#7843;ng tr&#7855;ng m&#224; v&#259;n b&#7843;n c&#7889; &#253; &#273;&#7875; l&#7841;i. Ch&#237;nh &#7903; &#273;&#226;y, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c tr&#7903; th&#224;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7891;ng s&#225;ng t&#7841;o, l&#224;m cho v&#259;n b&#7843;n hi&#7879;n r&#245; tr&#7903; l&#7841;i.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>3. Ng&#432;&#7901;i-&#273;&#7885;c-ki&#7875;u-m&#7851;u</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Trong </span><em><span>Vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a Ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c</span></em><span> (1979), Umberto Eco ph&#226;n bi&#7879;t r&#245; r&#224;ng gi&#7919;a </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i-&#273;&#7885;c-tr&#7843;i-nghi&#7879;m</span></em><span> (Empirical Reader) v&#224; </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i-&#273;&#7885;c-ki&#7875;u-m&#7851;u</span></em><span> (Lettore Modello / Model Reader). Sau &#273;&#243;, trong </span><em><span>S&#225;u chuy&#7871;n b&#7897; h&#224;nh trong r&#7915;ng h&#432; c&#7845;u</span></em><span> (1994), &#244;ng l&#7841;i &#273;&#432;a ra m&#7897;t so s&#225;nh v&#244; c&#249;ng d&#237; d&#7887;m v&#224; d&#7877; hi&#7875;u nh&#432; sau:</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;C&#243; hai c&#225;ch &#273;&#7875; &#273;i xuy&#234;n qua m&#7897;t khu r&#7915;ng. C&#225;ch th&#7913; nh&#7845;t l&#224; th&#7917; m&#7897;t ho&#7863;c v&#224;i con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng (&#273;&#7875; ra kh&#7887;i khu r&#7915;ng c&#224;ng nhanh c&#224;ng t&#7889;t...). C&#225;ch th&#7913; hai l&#224; b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;i nh&#7857;m kh&#225;m ph&#225; xem khu r&#7915;ng &#7845;y nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o, v&#224; t&#236;m hi&#7875;u t&#7841;i sao c&#243; nh&#7919;ng l&#7889;i &#273;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, c&#242;n nh&#7919;ng l&#7889;i kh&#225;c th&#236; kh&#244;ng.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: right;"><span>(Umberto Eco, 1994, tr. 27)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#7902; &#273;&#226;y, </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i-&#273;&#7885;c-tr&#7843;i-nghi&#7879;m</span></em><span> l&#224; ch&#237;nh ch&#250;ng ta &#8211; nh&#7919;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7857;ng x&#432;&#417;ng b&#7857;ng th&#7883;t ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n v&#259;n b&#7843;n v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7883;nh ki&#7871;n, c&#7843;m x&#250;c v&#224; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#225; nh&#226;n ri&#234;ng bi&#7879;t. B&#234;n ph&#237;a ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i-&#273;&#7885;c-ki&#7875;u-m&#7851;u</span></em><span> kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#225; nh&#226;n c&#7909; th&#7875; ngo&#224;i &#273;&#7901;i th&#7921;c m&#224; l&#224; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c v&#259;n b&#7843;n. &#272;&#243; l&#224; &#8220;m&#7897;t t&#7853;p h&#7907;p c&#225;c &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n n&#259;ng l&#7921;c... m&#224; v&#259;n b&#7843;n y&#234;u c&#7847;u ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c ph&#7843;i th&#7887;a m&#227;n &#273;&#7875; c&#243; th&#7875; &#8216;hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#243;&#8217;&#8221;. Eco tin r&#7857;ng trong qu&#225; tr&#236;nh s&#225;ng t&#7841;o, nh&#224; v&#259;n kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; tr&#242; chuy&#7879;n v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng v&#259;n b&#7843;n kh&#225;c m&#224; c&#242;n &#273;&#7889;i tho&#7841;i ng&#7847;m v&#7899;i m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c ti&#7873;m n&#259;ng &#8211; ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; &#273;&#7911; nh&#7841;y b&#233;n &#273;&#7875; &#8220;nghe&#8221; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;n hi&#7879;u m&#224; v&#259;n b&#7843;n g&#7917;i ra. </span><em><span>Ng&#432;&#7901;i-&#273;&#7885;c-ki&#7875;u-m&#7851;u</span></em><span> &#253; th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#236;nh &#273;ang &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7901;i tham gia v&#224;o tr&#242; ch&#417;i c&#7845;u tr&#250;c v&#224; thi ph&#225;p c&#7911;a v&#259;n b&#7843;n, thay v&#236; ch&#7881; v&#7897;i v&#227; ph&#225;n x&#233;t &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c n&#7897;i dung c&#7911;a n&#243;:</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Khi t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ho&#224;n th&#224;nh, t&#225;c gi&#7843; b&#7883; g&#7841;t ra ngo&#224;i cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7889;i tho&#7841;i gi&#7919;a v&#259;n b&#7843;n v&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c nh&#432;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7875; ch&#7911; quan t&#249;y ti&#7879;n &#225;p &#273;&#7863;t ch&#7911; &#253; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh l&#234;n tr&#234;n ch&#7911; &#253; c&#7911;a t&#225;c gi&#7843;. S&#7921; c&#7897;ng t&#225;c h&#236;nh th&#224;nh gi&#7919;a t&#225;c gi&#7843; v&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c trong qu&#225; tr&#236;nh s&#225;ng t&#7841;o v&#259;n b&#7843;n nh&#7857;m &#8216;x&#226;y d&#7921;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c&#8217; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n tr&#236;nh &#273;&#7897; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c ki&#7875;u m&#7851;u, lo&#7841;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c l&#253; t&#432;&#7903;ng m&#224; v&#259;n b&#7843;n &#273;&#242;i h&#7887;i, khuy&#7871;n kh&#237;ch v&#224; ch&#7901; &#273;&#7907;i.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: right;"><span>(Nguy&#7877;n V&#259;n Thu&#7845;n, 2019, tr. 201)</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;V&#236; &#253; h&#432;&#7899;ng c&#7911;a v&#259;n b&#7843;n v&#7873; c&#417; b&#7843;n l&#224; nh&#7857;m t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i-&#273;&#7885;c-ki&#7875;u-m&#7851;u</span></em><span>, ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng &#273;&#432;a ra nh&#7919;ng gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t v&#7873; ch&#237;nh v&#259;n b&#7843;n &#273;&#243;, n&#234;n h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c ki&#7875;u m&#7851;u n&#7857;m &#7903; ch&#7895;: h&#7885; ph&#7843;i h&#236;nh dung ra m&#7897;t </span><em><span>t&#225;c gi&#7843; ki&#7875;u m&#7851;u</span></em><span>, k&#7867; kh&#244;ng tr&#249;ng kh&#7899;p v&#7899;i t&#225;c gi&#7843; hi&#7879;n th&#7921;c, nh&#432;ng cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng l&#7841;i h&#7897;i t&#7909; v&#7899;i ch&#237;nh </span><em><span>Ch&#7911; &#253; v&#259;n b&#7843;n</span></em><span>.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: right;"><span>(Umberto Eco, 1992, tr. 64)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Do &#273;&#243;, quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a Eco &#273;&#227; gi&#250;p dung h&#242;a vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a t&#225;c gi&#7843; v&#224; &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843;: t&#225;c ph&#7849;m v&#259;n h&#7885;c ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; thu&#7897;c h&#7859;n v&#7873; m&#7897;t ai trong hai ph&#237;a, m&#224; n&#243; l&#224; kh&#244;ng gian chung n&#417;i m&#7897;t </span><em><span>c&#7895; m&#225;y s&#7843;n sinh s&#7921; di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i</span></em><span> &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&#237;ch ho&#7841;t. Khi nh&#224; v&#259;n bi&#7871;t t&#7841;o ra chi&#7871;n thu&#7853;t v&#259;n b&#7843;n &#273;&#7911; tinh vi v&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c bi&#7871;t nh&#7853;p vai &#273;&#250;ng ki&#7875;u m&#7851;u m&#224; v&#259;n b&#7843;n m&#7901;i g&#7885;i, s&#7921; &#273;&#7885;c l&#7853;p t&#7913;c tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng s&#225;ng t&#7841;o. T&#7915; &#273;&#226;y, t&#225;c ph&#7849;m v&#259;n h&#7885;c tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t qu&#225; tr&#236;nh c&#7897;ng t&#225;c th&#7849;m m&#7929; ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i m&#7897;t s&#7921; &#225;p &#273;&#7863;t &#253; ngh&#297;a t&#7915; b&#7845;t k&#7923; ph&#237;a n&#224;o:</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;N&#7871;u m&#7897;t v&#259;n b&#7843;n m&#7903; &#273;&#7847;u b&#7857;ng c&#226;u &#8216;Ng&#224;y x&#7917;a ng&#224;y x&#432;a...&#8217;, n&#243; ph&#225;t &#273;i m&#7897;t t&#237;n hi&#7879;u gi&#250;p n&#243; ngay l&#7853;p t&#7913;c ch&#7885;n ra ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c ki&#7875;u m&#7851;u c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#243; ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; ho&#7863;c &#237;t nh&#7845;t l&#224; ai &#273;&#243; s&#7861;n l&#242;ng ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u v&#432;&#7907;t ra ngo&#224;i c&#225;i h&#7907;p l&#253; v&#224; th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: right;"><span>(Umberto Eco, 1994, tr. 9)</span></p><p><strong><span>IV. K&#7870;T LU&#7852;N</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Lolita l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#7895; m&#225;y nh&#432; th&#7871;, th&#7913; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t k&#7871; t&#7881; m&#7881;, &#273;&#7847;y toan t&#237;nh &#273;&#7875; &#8220;b&#7851;y&#8221; </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i-&#273;&#7885;c-tr&#7843;i-nghi&#7879;m</span></em><span> v&#224; t&#225;n th&#432;&#7903;ng </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i-&#273;&#7885;c-ki&#7875;u-m&#7851;u</span></em><span>. C&#225;c nh&#224; ph&#234; b&#236;nh duy nh&#226;n v&#259;n &#273;&#227; d&#7877; d&#224;ng s&#7853;p b&#7851;y khi h&#7885; nh&#7865; d&#7841; c&#7843; tin v&#224;o l&#7901;i t&#7921; s&#7921; &#273;&#7847;y ng&#7909;y bi&#7879;n c&#7911;a Humbert Humbert. H&#7885; &#273;&#7885;c Lolita nh&#432; m&#7897;t l&#7901;i th&#250; t&#7897;i hay m&#7897;t nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u t&#226;m l&#253; l&#226;m s&#224;ng, t&#7915; &#273;&#243; v&#7897;i v&#227; &#273;&#225;nh &#273;&#7891;ng s&#7921; tinh x&#7843;o trong v&#259;n phong c&#7911;a Humbert v&#7899;i s&#7921; bi&#7879;n minh &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a Nabokov. S&#7921; quy gi&#7843;n &#273;&#243; ho&#224;n to&#224;n &#273;i ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh t&#225;c gi&#7843;. Trong </span><em><span>Cu&#7897;c ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n v&#7899;i Paul Karolus n&#259;m 1961</span></em><span>, Nabokov &#273;&#227; kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh v&#244; c&#249;ng r&#245; r&#224;ng:</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;N&#7871;u cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch c&#7911;a t&#244;i &#8211; t&#7845;t nhi&#234;n kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c vi&#7871;t cho tr&#7867; em &#8211; m&#224; r&#417;i v&#224;o tay ch&#250;ng, ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n ch&#250;ng s&#7869; s&#7899;m &#273;&#7863;t n&#243; xu&#7889;ng v&#236; ch&#225;n n&#7843;n. V&#224; b&#7845;t k&#7923; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&#224;nh n&#224;o, v&#236; l&#253; do n&#224;y hay l&#253; do kh&#225;c b&#7883; thu h&#250;t b&#7903;i tr&#7867; thanh thi&#7871;u ni&#234;n, s&#7869; b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng b&#7903;i Lolita kh&#244;ng t&#7889;t c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng x&#7845;u. H&#7857;ng ng&#224;y b&#225;o ch&#237; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;a tin v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng t&#7897;i &#225;c t&#236;nh d&#7909;c kh&#7911;ng khi&#7871;p &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i gi&#7899;i tr&#7867; &#8211; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7875; hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t c&#225;ch chi ti&#7871;t v&#224; sinh &#273;&#7897;ng. Tr&#7867; em v&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n &#273;&#7885;c n&#243;. Tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#226;y l&#224; nh&#432; v&#7853;y v&#224; sau n&#224;y c&#361;ng s&#7869; kh&#244;ng kh&#225;c.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: right;"><span>(Vladimir Nabokov, 2021, tr. 333)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Th&#244;ng qua vi&#7879;c v&#7853;n d&#7909;ng c&#225;c m&#244; h&#236;nh l&#253; thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a Karl B&#252;hler, Roman Jakobson, Yuri Lotman v&#224; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; Umberto Eco, b&#224;i vi&#7871;t </span><em><span>Ng&#7907;i khen Ng&#432;&#7901;i-&#273;&#7885;c-ki&#7875;u-m&#7851;u </span></em><span>h&#432;&#7899;ng t&#7899;i s&#7921; th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng: c&#225;c v&#259;n b&#7843;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t kh&#225;c nhau &#273;&#242;i h&#7887;i nh&#7919;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng th&#7913;c &#273;&#7885;c v&#224; gi&#7843;i m&#227; kh&#225;c nhau. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; n&#7895; l&#7921;c l&#253; lu&#7853;n nh&#7857;m gi&#7843;i ph&#243;ng </span><em><span>Lolita</span></em><span> kh&#7887;i nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i bu&#7897;c t&#7897;i sai l&#7847;m t&#7915; g&#243;c nh&#236;n duy th&#7921;c ch&#7913;ng ng&#244; ngh&#234;. </span><em><span>Lolita</span></em><span> ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; l&#224; m&#7897;t t&#225;c ph&#7849;m v&#244; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c; tr&#225;i l&#7841;i, n&#243; mang m&#7897;t c&#7845;u tr&#250;c &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c s&#226;u s&#7855;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c che gi&#7845;u m&#7897;t c&#225;ch b&#7853;c th&#7847;y d&#432;&#7899;i b&#7873; m&#7863;t l&#7897;ng l&#7851;y c&#7911;a ng&#244;n t&#7915;, m&#7897;t c&#7845;u tr&#250;c c&#7847;u k&#7923; ch&#7881; hi&#7875;n l&#7897; tr&#7885;n v&#7865;n trong chuy&#7871;n b&#7897; h&#224;nh th&#432;&#7903;ng th&#7913;c r&#7915;ng h&#432; c&#7845;u c&#7911;a m&#7897;t </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i-&#273;&#7885;c-ki&#7875;u-m&#7851;u</span></em><span>.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>T&#192;I LI&#7878;U THAM KH&#7842;O</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nguy&#7877;n V&#259;n Thu&#7845;n. (2019). Gi&#225;o tr&#236;nh L&#253; thuy&#7871;t Li&#234;n v&#259;n b&#7843;n. Nh&#224; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Hu&#7871;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Roman Jakobson. (2008). Thi h&#7885;c v&#224; Ng&#7919; h&#7885;c. Tr&#7847;n Duy Ch&#226;u bi&#234;n kh&#7843;o, Nh&#224; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n V&#259;n h&#7885;c.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Th&#7909;y Khu&#234;. (2018). Ph&#234; b&#236;nh V&#259;n h&#7885;c Th&#7871; k&#7927; XX. Nh&#224; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n H&#7897;i Nh&#224; v&#259;n.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Umberto Eco. (1992). Interpretation and Overinterpretation. Cambridge University Press.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Umberto Eco. (1994). Six Walks in the Fictional Woods. Harvard University Press.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Yuri Lotman. (2007). C&#7845;u tr&#250;c V&#259;n b&#7843;n Ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t. Nh&#224; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Qu&#7889;c gia H&#224; N&#7897;i.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Yuri Lotman. (2016). K&#253; hi&#7879;u h&#7885;c V&#259;n h&#243;a. Nh&#224; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Qu&#7889;c gia H&#224; N&#7897;i.</span></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em><span>Ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a Th&#7921;c ch&#7913;ng</span></em><span> (Positivism) l&#224; n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng l&#253; lu&#7853;n v&#224; ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p lu&#7853;n kh&#7903;i ngu&#7891;n cho s&#7921; ra &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh ng&#224;nh X&#227; h&#7897;i h&#7885;c nh&#432; m&#7897;t m&#244;n khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&#7897;c l&#7853;p. </span><em><span>Ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a th&#7921;c ch&#7913;ng</span></em><span> c&#243; quan &#273;i&#7875;m ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p lu&#7853;n cho r&#7857;ng x&#227; h&#7897;i lo&#224;i ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#243; th&#7875; v&#224; ph&#7843;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u b&#7857;ng c&#225;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p kh&#225;ch quan, th&#7921;c nghi&#7879;m t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; c&#225;c ng&#224;nh Khoa h&#7885;c T&#7921; nhi&#234;n.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8220;I think it was a good idea of Plato's when he claims in Cratylus that language is an organum for the one to inform the other of something about the things.&#8221;</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[UMBERTO ECO – VẺ ĐẸP CỦA LỬA]]></title><description><![CDATA[B&#224;i gi&#7843;ng v&#7873; l&#7917;a t&#7841;i l&#7877; h&#7897;i v&#259;n h&#243;a Milanesiana v&#224;o ng&#224;y 7 th&#225;ng 7 n&#259;m 2008]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/umberto-eco-ve-ep-cua-lua</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/umberto-eco-ve-ep-cua-lua</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 01:41:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f21447f9-52e5-4fe8-a519-c37ff0637d43_1200x630.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; c&#7911;a l&#7877; h&#7897;i Milanesiana n&#259;m nay l&#224; <em>B&#7889;n nguy&#234;n t&#7889;</em>. &#272;&#7875; b&#224;n v&#7873; c&#7843; b&#7889;n th&#236; qu&#7843; l&#224; qu&#225; s&#7913;c &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i t&#244;i, v&#236; v&#7853;y t&#244;i ch&#7885;n gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n m&#236;nh trong nguy&#234;n t&#7889; <em>l&#7917;a</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#236; sao? B&#7903;i v&#236;, d&#249; v&#7851;n thi&#7871;t y&#7871;u &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i s&#7921; s&#7889;ng, nh&#432;ng trong t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7889;, <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#224; th&#7913; d&#7877; b&#7883; l&#227;ng qu&#234;n nh&#7845;t. Ch&#250;ng ta h&#237;t th&#7903; kh&#244;ng kh&#237; m&#7885;i l&#250;c, d&#249;ng n&#432;&#7899;c m&#7895;i ng&#224;y, b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;i tr&#234;n &#273;&#7845;t li&#234;n t&#7909;c, nh&#432;ng tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m v&#7873; <em>l&#7917;a</em> &#273;ang c&#243; nguy c&#417; gi&#7843;m d&#7847;n theo n&#259;m th&#225;ng. Vai tr&#242; m&#224; <em>l&#7917;a</em> t&#7915;ng &#273;&#7843;m nh&#7853;n &#273;&#227; d&#7847;n b&#7883; thay th&#7871; b&#7903;i c&#225;c d&#7841;ng n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng v&#244; h&#236;nh; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; t&#225;ch bi&#7879;t kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m <em>&#225;nh s&#225;ng</em> kh&#7887;i kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em>. Tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m duy nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta v&#7873; <em>l&#7917;a</em> gi&#7901; &#273;&#226;y ch&#7881; l&#224; kh&#237; gas (th&#7913; m&#224; ta h&#7847;u nh&#432; ch&#7859;ng &#273;&#7875; &#253;), que di&#234;m hay h&#7897;p qu&#7865;t (&#237;t nh&#7845;t l&#224; v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#242;n h&#250;t thu&#7889;c), v&#224; &#225;nh n&#7871;n lung linh (cho nh&#7919;ng ai c&#242;n &#273;&#7871;n nh&#224; th&#7901;).</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#7897;t v&#224;i ng&#432;&#7901;i may m&#7855;n v&#7851;n c&#242;n l&#242; s&#432;&#7903;i, v&#224; &#273;&#226;y l&#224; n&#417;i t&#244;i mu&#7889;n b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u. V&#224;o nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1970, t&#244;i mua m&#7897;t ng&#244;i nh&#224; &#7903; v&#249;ng n&#244;ng th&#244;n v&#7899;i m&#7897;t l&#242; s&#432;&#7903;i r&#7845;t &#273;&#7865;p. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&#225;c con t&#244;i khi &#273;&#243;, trong &#273;&#7897; m&#432;&#7901;i, m&#432;&#7901;i hai, tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m v&#7873; <em>l&#7917;a</em>, v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng kh&#250;c c&#7911;i ch&#225;y, v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em>, l&#224; m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236; &#273;&#243; ho&#224;n to&#224;n m&#7899;i m&#7867;. T&#244;i nh&#7853;n ra r&#7857;ng khi <em>l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#243;m l&#234;n, ch&#250;ng m&#7845;t h&#7871;t h&#7913;ng th&#250; v&#7899;i truy&#7873;n h&#236;nh. <em>Ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a </em>&#273;&#7865;p v&#224; &#273;a d&#7841;ng h&#417;n b&#7845;t k&#7923; ch&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh tivi n&#224;o n&#243; k&#7875; v&#244; s&#7889; c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n, n&#243; c&#243; th&#7875; b&#249;ng l&#234;n b&#7845;t c&#7913; l&#250;c n&#224;o v&#224; kh&#244;ng tu&#226;n theo nh&#7919;ng k&#7883;ch b&#7843;n d&#224;n d&#7921;ng s&#7861;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c ch&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh truy&#7873;n h&#236;nh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">C&#243; l&#7869;, trong s&#7889; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#249;ng th&#7901;i v&#7899;i ch&#250;ng ta, ng&#432;&#7901;i suy ng&#7851;m nhi&#7873;u nh&#7845;t v&#7873; thi ca, th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i, t&#226;m l&#253; h&#7885;c v&#224; <em>ph&#226;n t&#226;m h&#7885;c v&#7873; l&#7917;a</em> ch&#237;nh l&#224; Gaston Bachelard<a href="#_ftn1"><sup><span>[1]</span></sup></a>. &#212;ng kh&#243; l&#242;ng tr&#225;nh kh&#7887;i vi&#7879;c ch&#7841;m tr&#225;n v&#7899;i <em>l&#7917;a </em>trong qu&#225; tr&#236;nh nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; c&#225;c <em>c&#7893; m&#7851;u</em><a href="#_ftn2"><sup><span>[2]</span></sup></a> g&#7855;n li&#7873;n v&#7899;i tr&#237; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a nh&#226;n lo&#7841;i t&#7915; thu&#7903; h&#7891;ng hoang.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nhi&#7879;t t&#7915; <em>l&#7917;a</em> g&#7907;i nh&#7855;c &#273;&#7871;n nhi&#7879;t l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i, v&#7889;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xem nh&#432; m&#7897;t qu&#7843; c&#7847;u <em>l&#7917;a</em> kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;. <em>L&#7917;a</em> th&#244;i mi&#234;n ch&#250;ng ta v&#224; do &#273;&#243; n&#243; l&#224; &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng v&#224; ngu&#7891;n c&#417;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n c&#7911;a s&#7921; kinh ng&#7841;c. <em>L&#7917;a</em> nh&#7855;c nh&#7903; ta v&#7873; l&#7879;nh c&#7845;m ph&#7893; qu&#225;t &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n (kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7841;m v&#224;o n&#243;), t&#7915; &#273;&#243; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh s&#7921; hi&#7875;n linh c&#7911;a lu&#7853;t l&#7879;. <em>L&#7917;a</em> l&#224; t&#7841;o v&#7853;t &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n m&#224; khi th&#224;nh h&#236;nh v&#224; l&#7899;n l&#234;n, n&#243; s&#7869; nu&#7889;t ch&#7917;ng ch&#237;nh hai m&#7843;nh g&#7895; &#273;&#227; sinh ra n&#243; v&#224; s&#7921; khai sinh n&#224;y c&#7911;a <em>l&#7917;a</em> mang m&#7897;t &#253; ngh&#297;a t&#237;nh d&#7909;c m&#7841;nh m&#7869;, v&#236; h&#7841;t m&#7847;m c&#7911;a <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#7843;i ph&#243;ng th&#244;ng qua s&#7921; ma s&#225;t, tuy v&#7853;y, n&#7871;u mu&#7889;n theo &#273;u&#7893;i m&#7897;t di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i ph&#226;n t&#226;m h&#7885;c, ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; nh&#7899; l&#7841;i c&#225;ch Freud quan ni&#7879;m r&#7857;ng &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n &#273;&#7875; ki&#7875;m so&#225;t <em>ng&#7885;n</em> <em>l&#7917;a</em> ch&#237;nh l&#224; s&#7921; t&#7915; b&#7887; kho&#225;i c&#7843;m d&#7853;p t&#7855;t n&#243; b&#7857;ng n&#432;&#7899;c ti&#7875;u, v&#224; do &#273;&#243;, l&#224; s&#7921; kh&#432;&#7899;c t&#7915; &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng b&#7843;n n&#259;ng.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>L&#7917;a</em> l&#224; &#7849;n d&#7909; cho nhi&#7873;u xung l&#7921;c, t&#7915; <em>ng&#7885;n</em> <em>l&#7917;a</em> c&#7911;a c&#417;n gi&#7853;n cho &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c b&#7883; thi&#234;u &#273;&#7889;t b&#7903;i s&#7921; si t&#236;nh; <em>l&#7917;a</em> hi&#7879;n di&#7879;n m&#7897;t c&#225;ch &#7849;n d&#7909; trong m&#7885;i cu&#7897;c th&#7843;o lu&#7853;n v&#7873; &#273;am m&#234;, c&#361;ng nh&#432; c&#225;ch n&#243; lu&#244;n li&#234;n k&#7871;t &#7849;n d&#7909; v&#7899;i s&#7921; s&#7889;ng th&#244;ng qua s&#7855;c &#273;&#7887; n&#243; s&#7867; chia v&#7899;i m&#225;u. <em>L&#7917;a</em> d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng nhi&#7879;t n&#259;ng &#273;i&#7873;u khi&#7875;n qu&#225; tr&#236;nh chuy&#7875;n h&#243;a th&#7913;c &#259;n (ti&#234;u h&#243;a) v&#224; chia s&#7867; v&#7899;i qu&#225; tr&#236;nh &#259;n u&#7889;ng m&#7897;t &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m: &#273;&#7875; duy tr&#236; s&#7921; s&#7889;ng, n&#243; ph&#7843;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#7871;p nhi&#234;n li&#7879;u li&#234;n t&#7909;c.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>L&#7917;a</em> lu&#244;n hi&#7879;n di&#7879;n nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&#244;ng c&#7909; cho m&#7885;i s&#7921; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i, v&#224; <em>l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tri&#7879;u h&#7891;i khi c&#243; &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236; &#273;&#243; c&#7847;n thay &#273;&#7893;i: &#273;&#7875; gi&#7919; cho <em>l&#7917;a</em> kh&#244;ng t&#7855;t &#273;&#242;i h&#7887;i m&#7897;t s&#7921; ch&#259;m s&#243;c t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; ch&#259;m s&#243;c m&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; s&#417; sinh; <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#7853;p t&#7913;c l&#224;m n&#7893;i b&#7853;t nh&#7919;ng m&#226;u thu&#7851;n c&#417; b&#7843;n trong &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta: n&#243; l&#224; nguy&#234;n t&#7889; mang l&#7841;i s&#7921; s&#7889;ng nh&#432;ng c&#361;ng l&#224; nguy&#234;n t&#7889; mang l&#7841;i c&#225;i ch&#7871;t, s&#7921; h&#7911;y di&#7879;t v&#224; &#273;au kh&#7893;; n&#243; l&#224; bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a s&#7921; thu&#7847;n khi&#7871;t v&#224; thanh t&#7849;y nh&#432;ng c&#361;ng l&#224; bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a s&#7921; d&#417; b&#7849;n, v&#236; n&#243; t&#7841;o ra tro t&#224;n nh&#432; m&#7897;t d&#7841;ng ph&#7871; li&#7879;u.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>L&#7917;a</em> c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; th&#7913; &#225;nh s&#225;ng qu&#225; ch&#243;i l&#242;a kh&#244;ng th&#7875; nh&#236;n tr&#7921;c di&#7879;n, gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i. Nh&#432;ng khi &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7871; ng&#7921; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch th&#237;ch &#273;&#225;ng, nh&#432; trong &#225;nh s&#225;ng c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#7885;n n&#7871;n, n&#243; lung linh v&#224; &#273;&#7893; b&#243;ng, &#273;&#7891;ng h&#224;nh c&#249;ng ta trong nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#234;m canh th&#7913;c, trong khi m&#7897;t <em>ng&#7885;n</em> <em>l&#7917;a</em> c&#244; &#273;&#7897;c chi&#7871;m l&#7845;y tr&#237; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a ta v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng tia s&#225;ng lan t&#7887;a v&#224;o b&#243;ng t&#7889;i, v&#7899;i ng&#7885;n n&#7871;n t&#432;&#7907;ng tr&#432;ng cho ngu&#7891;n s&#7889;ng, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i c&#361;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i &#273;ang d&#7847;n l&#7909;i t&#7855;t. <em>L&#7917;a</em> sinh ra t&#7915; v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; r&#7891;i bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i th&#224;nh m&#7897;t th&#7921;c th&#7875; ng&#224;y c&#224;ng nh&#7865; v&#224; thanh tho&#225;t h&#417;n, t&#7915; <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#7887; ho&#7863;c xanh &#7903; &#273;&#225;y &#273;&#7871;n <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> tr&#7855;ng &#7903; &#273;&#7881;nh, cho &#273;&#7871;n khi tan bi&#7871;n v&#224;o l&#224;n kh&#243;i... Theo ngh&#297;a &#273;&#243;, b&#7843;n t&#237;nh c&#7911;a <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#224; h&#432;&#7899;ng th&#432;&#7907;ng, n&#243; nh&#7855;c nh&#7903; ch&#250;ng ta v&#7873; s&#7921; si&#234;u vi&#7879;t. Th&#7871; nh&#432;ng, c&#243; l&#7869; v&#236; ta bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng n&#243; tr&#250; ng&#7909; trong l&#242;ng &#273;&#7845;t, n&#417;i n&#243; ch&#7881; phun tr&#224;o khi <em>n&#250;i l&#7917;a</em> th&#7913;c t&#7881;nh, [n&#234;n] n&#243; c&#361;ng l&#224; bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a v&#7921;c th&#7859;m &#273;&#7883;a ng&#7909;c. N&#243; l&#224; s&#7921; s&#7889;ng, nh&#432;ng n&#243; c&#361;ng t&#224;n l&#7909;i v&#224; lu&#244;n mong m&#7841;nh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#272;&#7875; k&#7871;t th&#250;c nh&#7919;ng suy ng&#7851;m v&#7873; Bachelard, t&#244;i xin tr&#237;ch d&#7851;n &#273;o&#7841;n v&#259;n n&#224;y t&#7915; cu&#7889;n <em>Ph&#226;n t&#226;m h&#7885;c v&#7873; L&#7917;a</em> (1964):</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;T&#7915; nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c m&#243;c r&#259;ng c&#432;a c&#7911;a d&#226;y treo l&#242; s&#432;&#7903;i, c&#225;i v&#7841;c &#273;en l&#7911;ng l&#7859;ng. Chi&#7871;c n&#7891;i ba ch&#226;n nh&#244; ra tr&#234;n nh&#7919;ng h&#242;n than r&#7921;c h&#7891;ng. Ph&#7891;ng m&#225; th&#7893;i v&#224;o &#7889;ng th&#233;p, b&#224; n&#7897;i t&#244;i s&#7869; &#273;&#225;nh th&#7913;c nh&#7919;ng ng&#7885;n <em>l&#7917;a</em> &#273;ang ng&#7911; say. M&#7885;i th&#7913; s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#7845;u c&#249;ng m&#7897;t l&#250;c: khoai t&#226;y cho heo, v&#224; nh&#7919;ng c&#7911; khoai ngon nh&#7845;t cho gia &#273;&#236;nh. Ri&#234;ng t&#244;i, s&#7869; c&#243; m&#7897;t qu&#7843; tr&#7913;ng t&#432;&#417;i v&#249;i trong tro n&#243;ng. C&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7897; c&#7911;a <em>l&#7917;a</em> kh&#244;ng th&#7875; &#273;o b&#7857;ng &#273;&#7891;ng h&#7891; c&#225;t; qu&#7843; tr&#7913;ng ch&#237;n khi m&#7897;t gi&#7885;t n&#432;&#7899;c, hay c&#243; l&#7869; l&#224; m&#7897;t ch&#250;t n&#432;&#7899;c b&#7885;t, b&#7889;c h&#417;i tr&#234;n v&#7887; c&#7911;a n&#243;. T&#244;i &#273;&#227; ng&#7841;c nhi&#234;n khi bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng Papin<a href="#_ftn3"><sup><span>[3]</span></sup></a> c&#361;ng canh ch&#7915;ng n&#7891;i n&#7845;u c&#7911;a m&#236;nh b&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p y h&#7879;t b&#224; t&#244;i. Tr&#432;&#7899;c khi &#259;n tr&#7913;ng, t&#244;i ph&#7843;i &#259;n s&#250;p b&#225;nh m&#236;... Nh&#432;ng v&#224;o nh&#7919;ng ng&#224;y t&#244;i ngoan ngo&#227;n, h&#7885; s&#7869; mang khu&#244;n l&#224;m b&#225;nh waffle ra. Chi&#7871;c khu&#244;n h&#236;nh ch&#7919; nh&#7853;t &#7845;y s&#7869; &#233;p xu&#7889;ng <em>ng&#7885;n</em> <em>l&#7917;a</em> t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng c&#224;nh gai ch&#225;y &#273;&#7887; nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng b&#244;ng hoa lay-&#417;n. V&#224; ch&#7859;ng m&#7845;y ch&#7889;c, chi&#7871;c b&#225;nh gaufre, hay g&#7885;i l&#224; waffle, s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#225;p v&#224;o chi&#7871;c t&#7841;p d&#7873; c&#7911;a t&#244;i, mang l&#7841;i c&#7843;m gi&#225;c &#7845;m &#225;p cho nh&#7919;ng ng&#243;n tay h&#417;n l&#224; cho &#273;&#244;i m&#244;i. Ph&#7843;i, khi &#273;&#243; t&#244;i th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;ang &#259;n <em>l&#7917;a</em>, &#259;n c&#225;i s&#7855;c v&#224;ng, m&#249;i h&#432;&#417;ng v&#224; c&#7843; ti&#7871;ng l&#225;ch t&#225;ch c&#7911;a n&#243; khi chi&#7871;c b&#225;nh n&#243;ng h&#7893;i gi&#242;n r&#7909;m d&#432;&#7899;i r&#259;ng t&#244;i. Lu&#244;n lu&#244;n l&#224; nh&#432; v&#7853;y, th&#244;ng qua m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i kho&#225;i c&#7843;m t&#259;ng th&#234;m &#8211; gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; m&#243;n tr&#225;ng mi&#7879;ng &#8211; m&#224; <em>l&#7917;a</em> cho th&#7845;y n&#243; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.&#8221;</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#236; v&#7853;y, <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#224; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u th&#7913;. B&#234;n c&#7841;nh m&#7897;t hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng v&#7853;t l&#253;, n&#243; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng, v&#224; gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; m&#7885;i bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng, n&#243; m&#417; h&#7891;, &#273;a ngh&#297;a, g&#7907;i l&#234;n nh&#7919;ng &#253; ngh&#297;a kh&#225;c nhau t&#249;y v&#224;o ho&#224;n c&#7843;nh. Do &#273;&#243;, &#273;&#234;m nay, t&#244;i s&#7869; kh&#244;ng n&#7895; l&#7921;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c <em>ph&#226;n t&#226;m h&#7885;c v&#7873; l&#7917;a</em> m&#224; thay v&#224;o &#273;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c th&#225;m hi&#7875;m k&#253; hi&#7879;u h&#7885;c s&#417; kh&#7903;i, t&#236;m ki&#7871;m nh&#7919;ng &#253; ngh&#297;a kh&#225;c nhau m&#224; <em>l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#227; t&#7841;o ra cho t&#7845;t c&#7843; ch&#250;ng ta, nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#432;&#7903;i &#7845;m b&#7903;i n&#243; v&#224; &#273;&#244;i khi c&#361;ng l&#236;a &#273;&#7901;i v&#236; n&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>L&#7916;A NH&#431; M&#7896;T NGUY&#202;N T&#7888; TH&#7846;N TH&#193;NH</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta v&#7873; <em>l&#7917;a</em> di&#7877;n ra m&#7897;t c&#225;ch gi&#225;n ti&#7871;p qua &#225;nh s&#225;ng m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i v&#224; tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p qua s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh kh&#244;ng th&#7875; thu&#7847;n h&#243;a c&#7911;a s&#7845;m s&#233;t hay nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#225;m ch&#225;y kh&#244;n c&#249;ng, vi&#7879;c <em>l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7855;n k&#7871;t v&#7899;i th&#7847;n t&#237;nh ngay t&#7915; thu&#7903; s&#417; khai l&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u hi&#7875;n nhi&#234;n. Trong t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c t&#244;n gi&#225;o nguy&#234;n th&#7911;y, ta &#273;&#7873;u t&#236;m th&#7845;y m&#7897;t h&#236;nh th&#7913;c th&#7901; ph&#7909;ng <em>l&#7917;a</em> n&#224;o &#273;&#243;, t&#7915; vi&#7879;c b&#225;i l&#7841;y m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i m&#7885;c cho &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c g&#236;n gi&#7919; <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> thi&#234;ng kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#233;p t&#7855;t trong cung th&#225;nh c&#7911;a &#273;&#7873;n th&#7901;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Trong <em>Kinh Th&#225;nh</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> lu&#244;n l&#224; m&#7897;t h&#236;nh &#7843;nh <em>hi&#7875;n linh</em> c&#7911;a Thi&#234;n Ch&#250;a &#8211; Ti&#234;n tri &#202;-li-a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;a &#273;i tr&#234;n m&#7897;t c&#7895; xe <em>l&#7917;a</em>; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#244;ng ch&#237;nh s&#7869; chi&#7871;n th&#7855;ng trong &#225;nh <em>l&#7917;a</em> r&#7841;ng ng&#7901;i</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;L&#7841;y &#272;&#7913;c Ch&#250;a! M&#7885;i k&#7867; th&#249; c&#7911;a Ng&#224;i &#273;&#7873;u ti&#234;u vong nh&#432; th&#7871;! C&#242;n nh&#7919;ng ai y&#234;u m&#7871;n Ng&#224;i, xin cho h&#7885; r&#7841;ng r&#7905; nh&#432; m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i h&#7915;ng &#273;&#244;ng.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">Th&#7911; l&#227;nh 5, 31</p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;C&#225;c hi&#7873;n s&#297; s&#7869; ch&#243;i l&#7885;i nh&#432; b&#7847;u tr&#7901;i r&#7921;c r&#7905;, nh&#7919;ng ai l&#224;m cho ng&#432;&#7901;i ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#234;n c&#244;ng ch&#237;nh, s&#7869; chi&#7871;u s&#225;ng mu&#244;n &#273;&#7901;i nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng v&#236; sao.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#272;a-ni-en 12, 3</p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Khi &#273;&#7871;n gi&#7901; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Thi&#234;n Ch&#250;a vi&#7871;ng th&#259;m, h&#7885; s&#7869; r&#7921;c s&#225;ng nh&#432; tia <em>l&#7917;a</em> b&#233;n nhanh kh&#7855;p r&#7915;ng s&#7853;y.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">Kh&#244;n ngoan 3, 7</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Trong khi &#273;&#243;, c&#225;c Gi&#225;o ph&#7909; th&#432;&#7901;ng n&#243;i v&#7873; &#272;&#7913;c Kit&#244; nh&#432; l&#224; lampas<a href="#_ftn4"><sup><span>[4]</span></sup></a>, lucifer<a href="#_ftn5"><sup><span>[5]</span></sup></a>, lumen<a href="#_ftn6"><sup><span>[6]</span></sup></a>, lux<a href="#_ftn7"><sup><span>[7]</span></sup></a>, oriens<a href="#_ftn8"><sup><span>[8]</span></sup></a>, sol iustitiae<a href="#_ftn9"><sup><span>[9]</span></sup></a>, sol novus<a href="#_ftn10"><sup><span>[10]</span></sup></a>, stella<a href="#_ftn11"><sup><span>[11]</span></sup></a>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">C&#225;c tri&#7871;t gia &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n &#273;&#227; coi <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#224; m&#7897;t nguy&#234;n l&#253; v&#361; tr&#7909;. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Heraclitus &#8211; theo l&#7901;i Aristote &#8211; <em>l&#7917;a</em> ch&#237;nh l&#224; arch&#232;<a href="#_ftn12"><sup><span>[12]</span></sup></a>, ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a v&#7841;n v&#7853;t. &#212;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho l&#224; &#273;&#227; kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng v&#361; tr&#7909; t&#7921; t&#225;i t&#7841;o trong m&#7895;i k&#7927; nguy&#234;n th&#244;ng qua <em>l&#7917;a</em>, r&#7857;ng c&#243; t&#432;&#417;ng quan trao &#273;&#7893;i gi&#7919;a v&#7841;n v&#7853;t v&#7899;i <em>l&#7917;a</em>, v&#224; <em>l&#7917;a</em> v&#7899;i v&#7841;n v&#7853;t, gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; vi&#7879;c trao &#273;&#7893;i h&#224;ng h&#243;a l&#7845;y v&#224;ng v&#224; v&#224;ng l&#7845;y h&#224;ng h&#243;a v&#7853;y.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#224; theo Diogenes Laertius, Heraclitus &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho l&#224; &#273;&#227; tuy&#234;n b&#7889; r&#7857;ng m&#7885;i th&#7913; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#236;nh th&#224;nh t&#7915; <em>l&#7917;a</em> v&#224; tr&#7903; v&#7873; v&#7899;i <em>l&#7917;a</em>; r&#7857;ng m&#7885;i s&#7921; v&#7853;t, th&#244;ng qua qu&#225; tr&#236;nh ng&#432;ng t&#7909; v&#224; lo&#227;ng ra, &#273;&#7873;u l&#224; nh&#7919;ng bi&#7871;n th&#7875; c&#7911;a <em>l&#7917;a</em> (<em>l&#7917;a</em> qua ng&#432;ng t&#7909; t&#7921; bi&#7871;n th&#224;nh &#273;&#7897; &#7849;m, &#273;&#7897; &#7849;m c&#7911;ng c&#7889; th&#224;nh &#273;&#7845;t, &#273;&#7845;t &#273;&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;t m&#236;nh h&#243;a l&#7887;ng th&#224;nh n&#432;&#7899;c, v&#224; n&#432;&#7899;c t&#7841;o ra nh&#7919;ng h&#417;i s&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;t s&#225;ng &#273;&#7875; nu&#244;i d&#432;&#7905;ng <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> m&#7899;i). Nh&#432;ng than &#244;i, ch&#250;ng ta bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng Heraclitus v&#7889;n n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng l&#224; kh&#243; hi&#7875;u, r&#7857;ng &#8220;V&#7883; Ch&#250;a t&#7875; c&#243; &#273;&#7873;n th&#7901; t&#7841;i Delphi kh&#244;ng ti&#7871;t l&#7897; c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng che gi&#7845;u, m&#224; ch&#7881; &#273;&#432;a ra m&#7897;t d&#7845;u ch&#7881;&#8221;. Nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i cho r&#7857;ng c&#225;c tham chi&#7871;u v&#7873; <em>l&#7917;a</em> c&#7911;a &#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t &#7849;n d&#7909; &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch t&#237;nh bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i c&#7921;c &#273;&#7897; c&#7911;a m&#7885;i s&#7921;. N&#243;i c&#225;ch kh&#225;c, panta rei, v&#7841;n v&#7853;t v&#244; th&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224; (t&#244;i xin di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i l&#7841;i) ch&#250;ng ta kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; t&#7855;m hai l&#7847;n tr&#234;n c&#249;ng m&#7897;t d&#242;ng s&#244;ng, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i s&#7921; v&#7853;t, ch&#250;ng c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; ch&#225;y hai l&#7847;n trong c&#249;ng m&#7897;t <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">C&#243; l&#7869; ta t&#236;m th&#7845;y s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7865;p &#273;&#7869; nh&#7845;t gi&#7919;a <em>l&#7917;a</em> v&#224; th&#7847;n t&#237;nh trong t&#225;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a Plotinus. <em>L&#7917;a</em> l&#224; m&#7897;t bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a th&#7847;n t&#237;nh b&#7903;i v&#236;, m&#7897;t c&#225;ch ngh&#7883;ch l&#253;, <em>Nh&#7845;t Th&#7875; </em>&#8211; n&#417;i m&#7885;i th&#7913; tu&#244;n tr&#224;n ra v&#224; l&#224; n&#417;i kh&#244;ng th&#7875; n&#243;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236; v&#7873; n&#243; v&#7889;n kh&#244;ng chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7897;ng v&#224; kh&#244;ng b&#7883; ti&#234;u hao trong h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7841;o d&#7921;ng. Th&#7921;c th&#7875; nguy&#234;n s&#417; n&#224;y ch&#7881; c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#236;nh dung nh&#432; th&#7875; n&#243; l&#224; ph&#225;t t&#7887;a, gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; lu&#7891;ng s&#225;ng r&#7921;c r&#7905; bao quanh m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i v&#224; kh&#244;ng ng&#7915;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sinh ra t&#7915; &#273;&#243;, trong khi m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i v&#7851;n gi&#7919; nguy&#234;n nh&#432; c&#361;, b&#7845;t bi&#7871;n (<em>Enneads</em>, quy&#7875;n 5, &#273;o&#7841;n 1, m&#7909;c 6).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#224; n&#7871;u v&#7841;n v&#7853;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra t&#7915; ph&#225;t t&#7887;a/tu&#244;n tr&#224;n ra, th&#236; kh&#244;ng g&#236; tr&#234;n th&#7871; gian n&#224;y &#273;&#7865;p h&#417;n <em>l&#7917;a</em>, th&#7913; ch&#237;nh l&#224; hi&#7879;n th&#226;n c&#7911;a s&#7921; ph&#225;t t&#7887;a th&#7847;n th&#225;nh. V&#7867; &#273;&#7865;p c&#7911;a m&#7897;t m&#224;u s&#7855;c, v&#7889;n l&#224; m&#7897;t th&#7913; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o n&#234;n t&#7915; m&#7897;t &#253; ni&#7879;m ch&#7871; ng&#7921; s&#7921; t&#259;m t&#7889;i c&#7911;a v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t v&#224; t&#7915; s&#7921; hi&#7879;n di&#7879;n &#7911;a m&#7897;t th&#7913; &#225;nh s&#225;ng phi v&#7853;t th&#7875; b&#234;n trong m&#224;u s&#7855;c &#273;&#243;. V&#236; l&#253; do n&#224;y, <em>l&#7917;a</em> t&#7921; th&#226;n n&#243; &#273;&#7865;p h&#417;n b&#7845;t k&#7923; th&#7913; g&#236; kh&#225;c, b&#7903;i t&#237;nh ch&#7845;t v&#244; h&#236;nh c&#7911;a &#253; ni&#7879;m: trong m&#7885;i th&#7921;c th&#7875;, n&#243; nh&#7865; nh&#7845;t, nh&#7865; &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c g&#7847;n nh&#432; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; ch&#7841;m t&#7899;i. N&#243; lu&#244;n thu&#7847;n khi&#7871;t v&#236; n&#243; kh&#244;ng ch&#7913;a &#273;&#7921;ng c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7889; kh&#225;c c&#7845;u th&#224;nh n&#234;n v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t, trong khi t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7889; kh&#225;c &#273;&#7873;u ch&#7913;a &#273;&#7921;ng <em>l&#7917;a</em> b&#234;n trong: ch&#250;ng c&#243; th&#7875; b&#7883; &#273;&#7889;t n&#243;ng, trong khi <em>l&#7917;a</em> th&#236; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; b&#7883; l&#224;m l&#7841;nh. Ch&#7881; ri&#234;ng <em>l&#7917;a</em>, theo b&#7843;n t&#237;nh, m&#7899;i ch&#7913;a &#273;&#7921;ng m&#224;u s&#7855;c, nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; kh&#225;c c&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#253; ni&#7879;m v&#224; m&#224;u s&#7855;c c&#7911;a n&#243;, v&#224; khi r&#7901;i xa &#225;nh <em>l&#7917;a</em>, ch&#250;ng m&#7845;t &#273;i v&#7867; &#273;&#7865;p c&#7911;a m&#236;nh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nh&#7919;ng trang vi&#7871;t c&#7911;a Pseudo-Dionysius ng&#432;&#7901;i Areopagite (th&#7871; k&#7927; V &#8211; VI), v&#7889;n &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n to&#224;n b&#7897; m&#7929; h&#7885;c th&#7901;i Trung c&#7893;, cho th&#7845;y m&#7897;t t&#7847;m &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng s&#226;u s&#7855;c c&#7911;a <em>thuy&#7871;t T&#226;n Platon</em>. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; th&#7875; th&#7845;y trong t&#225;c ph&#7849;m <em>Ph&#7849;m tr&#7853;t Thi&#234;n qu&#7889;c</em>:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;T&#244;i tin r&#7857;ng, <em>l&#7917;a</em> bi&#7875;u th&#7883; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; th&#7847;n th&#225;nh nh&#7845;t trong c&#225;c tr&#237; tu&#7879; thi&#234;n qu&#7889;c; v&#236; c&#225;c th&#225;nh t&#225;c gi&#7843; th&#432;&#7901;ng m&#244; t&#7843; b&#7843;n th&#7875; si&#234;u-th&#7921;c t&#7841;i v&#224; b&#7843;n th&#7875; phi &#253; ni&#7879;m th&#7913; v&#7889;n phi &#253; ni&#7879;m<a href="#_ftn13"><sup><span>[13]</span></sup></a> b&#7857;ng bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em>, v&#236; n&#243; c&#243; nhi&#7873;u kh&#237;a c&#7841;nh c&#7911;a &#273;&#7863;c t&#237;nh th&#7847;n linh... Th&#7921;c v&#7853;y, <em>l&#7917;a</em> c&#7843;m t&#237;nh hi&#7879;n di&#7879;n trong m&#7885;i s&#7921; v&#224; xuy&#234;n qua m&#7885;i s&#7921; m&#224; kh&#244;ng pha tr&#7897;n v&#7899;i ch&#250;ng, v&#224; n&#243; t&#225;ch bi&#7879;t kh&#7887;i m&#7885;i th&#7913; v&#224; &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, v&#7889;n r&#7921;c r&#7905; ho&#224;n to&#224;n, n&#243; v&#7851;n &#7849;n gi&#7845;u, kh&#244;ng th&#7875; th&#7845;u &#273;&#7841;t trong b&#7843;n t&#237;nh thi&#7871;t y&#7871;u c&#7911;a m&#236;nh cho &#273;&#7871;n khi n&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7863;t tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7897;t v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t m&#224; n&#243; c&#243; th&#7875; bi&#7875;u l&#7897; h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a m&#236;nh &#8211; n&#243; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; b&#7883; n&#7855;m b&#7855;t, c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7875; b&#7883; nh&#236;n th&#7845;y, nh&#432;ng n&#243; n&#7855;m gi&#7919; m&#7885;i s&#7921;.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(Ch&#432;&#417;ng 15)</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">C&#7843;m quan v&#7873; c&#225;i &#273;&#7865;p th&#7901;i Trung c&#7893; b&#7883; chi ph&#7889;i b&#7903;i c&#225;c kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m v&#7873; s&#7921; minh b&#7841;ch, s&#7921; t&#7887;a s&#225;ng c&#361;ng nh&#432; s&#7921; c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i. &#272;i&#7879;n &#7843;nh v&#224; tr&#242; ch&#417;i &#273;i&#7879;n t&#7917; th&#432;&#7901;ng khi&#7871;n ch&#250;ng ta ngh&#297; v&#7873; Trung c&#7893; nh&#432; d&#7857;ng d&#7863;c th&#7871; k&#7927; t&#7889;i t&#259;m, kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; theo ngh&#297;a &#7849;n d&#7909; m&#224; c&#242;n v&#7873; m&#224;u s&#7855;c &#273;&#234;m t&#7889;i v&#224; nh&#7919;ng b&#243;ng &#273;en m&#7901; m&#7883;t. Kh&#244;ng g&#236; sai l&#7847;m h&#417;n th&#7871;. Ng&#432;&#7901;i Trung c&#7893; ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n s&#7889;ng trong nh&#7919;ng kh&#244;ng gian t&#7889;i nh&#7919;ng khu r&#7915;ng, nh&#7919;ng h&#224;nh lang l&#226;u &#273;&#224;i, nh&#7919;ng c&#259;n ph&#242;ng nh&#7887; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chi&#7871;u s&#225;ng y&#7871;u &#7899;t b&#7903;i l&#242; s&#432;&#7903;i; nh&#432;ng b&#7887; qua s&#7921; th&#7921;c r&#7857;ng h&#7885; l&#224; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;i ng&#7911; s&#7899;m v&#224; quen thu&#7897;c v&#7899;i ban ng&#224;y h&#417;n ban &#273;&#234;m, th&#236; Trung c&#7893; th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t l&#224; th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng s&#7855;c m&#224;u t&#432;&#417;i s&#225;ng.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#272;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#273;&#7891;ng nh&#7845;t c&#225;i &#273;&#7865;p v&#7899;i &#225;nh s&#225;ng v&#224; m&#224;u s&#7855;c (c&#361;ng nh&#432; v&#7899;i s&#7921; c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i), v&#224; m&#224;u s&#7855;c n&#224;y lu&#244;n l&#224; nh&#7919;ng s&#7855;c &#273;&#7897; c&#417; b&#7843;n, m&#7897;t b&#7843;n giao h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a &#273;&#7887;, xanh lam, v&#224;ng, b&#7841;c, tr&#7855;ng v&#224; xanh l&#225;, kh&#244;ng c&#243; nh&#7919;ng s&#7855;c th&#225;i tinh vi hay n&#7917;a t&#244;ng. S&#7921; huy ho&#224;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra t&#7915; hi&#7879;u &#7913;ng t&#7893;ng th&#7875; h&#417;n l&#224; b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; m&#7897;t lu&#7891;ng s&#225;ng bao ph&#7911; s&#7921; v&#7853;t t&#7915; b&#234;n ngo&#224;i hay t&#244;n vinh m&#224;u s&#7855;c v&#432;&#7907;t qu&#225; &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng n&#233;t c&#7911;a h&#236;nh kh&#7889;i. Trong c&#225;c b&#7913;c ti&#7875;u h&#7885;a Trung c&#7893;, &#225;nh s&#225;ng d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; t&#7887;a ra t&#7915; ch&#237;nh c&#225;c &#273;&#7891; v&#7853;t.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Trong th&#417; ca Trung c&#7893;, c&#7843;m quan v&#7873; m&#224;u s&#7855;c r&#7841;ng r&#7905; n&#224;y lu&#244;n hi&#7879;n di&#7879;n: c&#7887; th&#236; xanh, m&#225;u th&#236; &#273;&#7887;, s&#7919;a tr&#7855;ng tinh kh&#244;i, v&#224; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; &#273;&#7865;p, theo l&#7901;i c&#7911;a Guido Guinizzelli<a href="#_ftn14"><sup><span>[14]</span></sup></a>, c&#243; &#8220;m&#7897;t g&#432;&#417;ng m&#7863;t tuy&#7871;t t&#244; &#273;i&#7875;m s&#7855;c &#273;&#7887; carmine&#8221; (c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng n&#234;n qu&#234;n, sau n&#224;y, l&#224; &#8220;d&#242;ng n&#432;&#7899;c trong l&#224;nh, ng&#7885;t d&#7883;u&#8221; c&#7911;a Petrarch).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>L&#7917;a</em> th&#7893;i h&#7891;n v&#224;o nh&#7919;ng th&#7883; ki&#7871;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c nh&#224; th&#7847;n b&#237;, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; trong c&#225;c b&#7843;n vi&#7871;t c&#7911;a Hildegard x&#7913; Bingen. H&#227;y xem, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n, trong cu&#7889;n <em>Liber scivias</em>:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;T&#244;i th&#7845;y m&#7897;t lu&#7891;ng s&#225;ng l&#243;a m&#7855;t v&#224; trong &#273;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t h&#236;nh h&#224;i ng&#432;&#7901;i mang m&#224;u c&#7911;a ng&#7885;c sapphire, to&#224;n th&#226;n r&#7921;c ch&#225;y trong <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> ch&#243;i d&#7883;u d&#224;ng, v&#224; &#225;nh s&#225;ng huy ho&#224;ng &#273;&#243; lan t&#7887;a kh&#7855;p <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> r&#7841;ng ng&#7901;i, v&#224; <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> n&#224;y s&#225;ng l&#234;n nh&#7901; lu&#7891;ng s&#225;ng huy ho&#224;ng &#273;&#243;, v&#224; lu&#7891;ng s&#225;ng &#273;&#243; r&#7921;c r&#7905; c&#242;n <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> &#7845;y b&#7915;ng s&#225;ng c&#249;ng v&#7899;i to&#224;n b&#7897; h&#236;nh h&#224;i ng&#432;&#7901;i, t&#7841;o n&#234;n m&#7897;t qu&#7847;ng s&#225;ng duy nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a &#273;&#7913;c h&#7841;nh v&#224; quy&#7873;n n&#259;ng v&#244; song... <em>Ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> bao g&#7891;m m&#7897;t s&#7921; minh b&#7841;ch r&#7841;ng ng&#7901;i, m&#7897;t s&#7913;c s&#7889;ng n&#7897;i t&#7841;i v&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; n&#7891;ng nhi&#7879;t h&#7915;ng h&#7921;c; nh&#432;ng ch&#237;nh s&#7921; minh b&#7841;ch r&#7841;ng ng&#7901;i l&#224;m cho n&#243; r&#7921;c r&#7905;, s&#7913;c s&#7889;ng n&#7897;i t&#7841;i l&#224;m cho n&#243; b&#7873;n b&#7881;, v&#224; s&#7921; n&#7891;ng nhi&#7879;t h&#7915;ng h&#7921;c l&#224;m cho n&#243; b&#249;ng ch&#225;y.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(Quy&#7875;n 2, ph&#7847;n 2)</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">C&#361;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7875; qu&#234;n nh&#7919;ng th&#7883; ki&#7871;n v&#7873; &#225;nh s&#225;ng r&#7921;c r&#7905; trong ph&#7847;n <em>Thi&#234;n kh&#250;c</em> c&#7911;a Dante, v&#7889;n &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kh&#7855;c h&#7885;a v&#7899;i s&#7921; huy ho&#224;ng t&#7897;t b&#7853;c b&#7903;i m&#7897;t ngh&#7879; s&#297; th&#7871; k&#7927; XIX, Gustave Dor&#233;. &#212;ng &#273;&#227; c&#7889; g&#7855;ng (nh&#432; ch&#7881; &#244;ng m&#7899;i c&#243; th&#7875;) &#273;&#7875; mi&#234;u t&#7843; nh&#7919;ng c&#7843;nh t&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7887;a r&#7841;ng &#273;&#243;, nh&#7919;ng v&#242;ng xo&#225;y r&#7921;c <em>l&#7917;a</em>, nh&#7919;ng ng&#7885;n &#273;&#232;n, nh&#7919;ng m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i, s&#7921; trong tr&#7867;o &#7849;n gi&#7845;u &#8220;nh&#432; ch&#226;n tr&#7901;i b&#7915;ng s&#225;ng t&#7887; nhi&#7879;m m&#7847;u!&#8221; (kh&#250;c XIV, d&#242;ng 69)<a href="#_ftn15"><sup><span>[15]</span></sup></a>, nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#243;a h&#7891;ng tr&#7855;ng, nh&#7919;ng b&#244;ng hoa &#273;&#7887; th&#7855;m r&#7841;ng ng&#7901;i trong ph&#7847;n th&#7913; ba c&#7911;a b&#7897; <em>Th&#7847;n kh&#250;c</em>, n&#417;i ngay c&#7843; th&#7883; ki&#7871;n v&#7873; Thi&#234;n Ch&#250;a c&#361;ng hi&#7879;n ra nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&#417;n xu&#7845;t th&#7847;n c&#7911;a <em>l&#7917;a</em>:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;">&#8220;Khi b&#7843;n th&#7875;<a href="#_ftn16"><sup><span>[16]</span></sup></a> ch&#236;m &#273;&#7855;m trong th&#7847;n hi&#7875;n</p><p style="text-align: center;">M&#224;u huy&#7873;n vi bi&#7871;n h&#243;a l&#243;a m&#7855;t th&#417;</p><p style="text-align: center;">T&#244;i th&#7845;y ba v&#242;ng to&#224;n b&#237;ch nh&#432; m&#417;</p><p style="text-align: center;">C&#249;ng chu vi v&#7899;i ba m&#224;u kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t<a href="#_ftn17"><sup><span>[17]</span></sup></a>.</p><p style="text-align: center;">V&#242;ng tr&#242;n n&#7885; ph&#7843;n chi&#7871;u v&#242;ng tr&#242;n kh&#225;c</p><p style="text-align: center;">C&#7847;u v&#7891;ng n&#224;y chi&#7871;u s&#225;ng c&#7847;u v&#7891;ng kia</p><p style="text-align: center;">Hai v&#242;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c &#432;&#7899;p &#273;&#7887; v&#242;ng th&#7913; ba<a href="#_ftn18"><sup><span>[18]</span></sup></a></p><p style="text-align: center;">Chao &#244;i l&#7901;i v&#259;n v&#7887;i &#273;&#226;y b&#7845;t x&#7913;ng!&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(Kh&#250;c XXXIII, d&#242;ng 115 &#8211; 20)<a href="#_ftn19"><sup><span>[19]</span></sup></a></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Th&#7901;i Trung c&#7893; b&#7883; chi ph&#7889;i b&#7903;i m&#7897;t v&#361; tr&#7909; lu&#7853;n &#225;nh s&#225;ng. Ngay t&#7915; th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; IX, John Scotus Eriugena &#273;&#227; n&#243;i:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;X&#432;&#7903;ng ch&#7871; t&#225;c ho&#224;n v&#361; c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i n&#224;y l&#224; m&#7897;t ng&#7885;n &#273;&#232;n kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; bao g&#7891;m nhi&#7873;u ph&#7847;n nh&#432; nhi&#7873;u &#225;nh s&#225;ng &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;n l&#7897; c&#225;c ch&#7911;ng lo&#7841;i thu&#7847;n khi&#7871;t c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng th&#7921;c th&#7875; tr&#237; tu&#7879; v&#224; &#273;&#7875; c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n ch&#250;ng b&#7857;ng con m&#7855;t t&#226;m linh, truy&#7873;n d&#7851;n &#226;n s&#7911;ng thi&#234;n li&#234;ng v&#224; s&#7921; tr&#7907; gi&#250;p c&#7911;a l&#253; tr&#237; v&#224;o tr&#225;i tim c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng m&#244;n &#273;&#7891; th&#244;ng th&#225;i. Th&#7853;t &#273;&#250;ng &#273;&#7855;n khi nh&#224; th&#7847;n h&#7885;c g&#7885;i Thi&#234;n Ch&#250;a l&#224; Cha c&#7911;a s&#7921; Khai s&#225;ng, v&#236; v&#7841;n v&#7853;t &#273;&#7873;u t&#7915; Ng&#224;i m&#224; ra, v&#236; Ng&#224;i v&#224; trong Ng&#224;i m&#224; Ng&#224;i t&#7921; bi&#7875;u l&#7897; ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh; v&#224; trong &#225;nh s&#225;ng t&#7915; ng&#7885;n &#273;&#232;n tr&#237; tu&#7879; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, Ng&#224;i th&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t v&#224; t&#7841;o n&#234;n v&#7841;n v&#7853;t.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(<em>B&#236;nh gi&#7843;i v&#7873; Ph&#7849;m tr&#7853;t Thi&#234;n qu&#7889;c</em>, ch&#432;&#417;ng 1)</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#224;o th&#7871; k&#7927; XIII, v&#361; tr&#7909; lu&#7853;n &#225;nh s&#225;ng do gi&#225;o s&#297; ng&#432;&#7901;i Anh Robert Grosseteste &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t &#273;&#227; x&#226;y d&#7921;ng n&#234;n m&#7897;t b&#7913;c tranh v&#7873; v&#361; tr&#7909; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#236;nh th&#224;nh b&#7903;i m&#7897;t d&#242;ng n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng &#225;nh s&#225;ng duy nh&#7845;t, ngu&#7891;n c&#7897;i c&#7911;a c&#7843; c&#225;i &#273;&#7865;p v&#224; h&#7919;u th&#7875;, khi&#7871;n ch&#250;ng ta li&#234;n t&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t ki&#7875;u <em>Big Bang</em>. C&#225;c t&#7847;ng tr&#7901;i v&#224; c&#225;c v&#249;ng t&#7921; nhi&#234;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7889; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra t&#7915; lu&#7891;ng s&#225;ng duy nh&#7845;t &#273;&#243; th&#244;ng qua qu&#225; tr&#236;nh lo&#227;ng ra v&#224; ng&#432;ng t&#7909; d&#7847;n d&#7847;n, t&#7841;o n&#234;n v&#244; s&#7889; s&#7855;c th&#225;i c&#7911;a m&#224;u s&#7855;c v&#224; kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a v&#7841;n v&#7853;t. Th&#225;nh Bonaventure x&#7913; Bagnoregio (<em>B&#236;nh gi&#7843;i v&#7873; S&#225;ch c&#225;c C&#226;u tr&#237;ch</em>, quy&#7875;n 2) c&#361;ng ghi l&#7841;i r&#7857;ng &#225;nh s&#225;ng l&#224; b&#7843;n t&#237;nh chung &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#236;m th&#7845;y trong m&#7885;i th&#7921;c th&#7875;, d&#249; l&#224; thi&#234;n th&#432;&#7907;ng hay tr&#7847;n th&#7871;; &#225;nh s&#225;ng l&#224; &#253; ni&#7879;m b&#7843;n th&#7875; c&#7911;a c&#225;c v&#7853;t th&#7875;, v&#224; ch&#250;ng c&#224;ng s&#7903; h&#7919;u nhi&#7873;u &#225;nh s&#225;ng, ch&#250;ng c&#224;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n th&#7921;c h&#7919;u v&#224; x&#7913;ng &#273;&#225;ng c&#7911;a hi&#7879;n h&#7919;u.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>L&#7916;A &#272;&#7882;A NG&#7908;C</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nh&#432;ng trong khi <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> b&#259;ng qua b&#7847;u tr&#7901;i v&#224; chi&#7871;u s&#225;ng xu&#7889;ng ch&#250;ng ta, th&#236; n&#243; c&#361;ng &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i phun tr&#224;o t&#7915; l&#242;ng &#273;&#7845;t s&#226;u th&#7859;m, mang theo c&#225;i ch&#7871;t. V&#236; v&#7853;y, ngay t&#7915; th&#7901;i k&#7923; s&#417; khai nh&#7845;t, <em>l&#7917;a</em> c&#361;ng &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c li&#234;n &#273;&#7899;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng v&#7921;c th&#7859;m c&#7911;a &#226;m ti.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Trong <em>s&#225;ch Gi&#243;p</em>, t&#7915; mi&#7879;ng <em>con qu&#225;i v&#7853;t Leviathan<strong><a href="#_ftn20"><sup><span>[20]</span></sup></a></strong></em>,</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Mi&#7879;ng n&#243; ph&#243;ng ra nh&#7919;ng ng&#7885;n &#273;u&#7889;c, phun mu&#244;n ng&#224;n tia <em>l&#7917;a</em>. T&#7915; l&#7895; m&#361;i, kh&#243;i b&#7889;c l&#234;n ng&#249;n ng&#7909;t, nh&#432; ch&#7843;o s&#244;i s&#249;ng s&#7909;c tr&#234;n l&#242;. H&#417;i th&#7903; c&#7911;a n&#243; &#273;&#7889;t than &#273;&#7887; r&#7921;c, <em>l&#7917;a</em> h&#7891;ng t&#7915; mi&#7879;ng n&#243; b&#7889;c l&#234;n.</p><p style="text-align: right;">(Gi&#243;p 41, 19 &#8211; 21)<a href="#_ftn21"><sup><span>[21]</span></sup></a></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Trong <em>s&#225;ch Kh&#7843;i Huy&#7873;n</em>, khi &#7845;n th&#7913; b&#7843;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7903; ra, m&#432;a &#273;&#225; v&#224; <em>l&#7917;a</em> &#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n t&#224;n ph&#225; tr&#225;i &#273;&#7845;t, v&#7921;c th&#7859;m kh&#244;ng &#273;&#225;y m&#7903; ra, kh&#243;i v&#224; ch&#226;u ch&#7845;u t&#7915; &#273;&#243; tu&#244;n ra; b&#7889;n v&#7883; thi&#234;n th&#7847;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#225;o xi&#7873;ng kh&#7887;i <em>d&#242;ng s&#244;ng Euphrates</em> d&#7851;n &#273;&#7847;u &#273;&#7841;o qu&#226;n &#273;&#244;ng v&#244; k&#7875; m&#7863;c gi&#225;p <em>l&#7917;a</em>. V&#224; khi Con Chi&#234;n t&#225;i l&#226;m, ng&#7921; tr&#234;n &#273;&#225;m m&#226;y tr&#7855;ng &#273;&#7871;n tr&#432;&#7899;c v&#7883; th&#7849;m ph&#225;n t&#7889;i cao, m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i s&#7869; thi&#234;u &#273;&#7889;t nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; s&#7889;ng s&#243;t. Cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng, sau <em>tr&#7853;n Armageddon</em>, con th&#250; v&#224; t&#234;n ng&#244;n s&#7913; gi&#7843; s&#7869; b&#7883; qu&#259;ng v&#224;o h&#7891; <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#432;u hu&#7923;nh &#273;ang b&#7889;c ch&#225;y ng&#249;n ng&#7909;t.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Trong c&#225;c s&#225;ch Tin M&#7915;ng, nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; t&#7897;i l&#7895;i b&#7883; t&#7889;ng v&#224;o <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&#7901;i:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;V&#7853;y, nh&#432; ng&#432;&#7901;i ta nh&#7863;t c&#7887; l&#249;ng r&#7891;i l&#7845;y <em>l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#7889;t &#273;i th&#7871; n&#224;o, th&#236; &#273;&#7871;n ng&#224;y t&#7853;n th&#7871; c&#361;ng s&#7869; x&#7843;y ra nh&#432; v&#7853;y. Con Ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; sai c&#225;c thi&#234;n th&#7847;n c&#7911;a Ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7853;p trung m&#7885;i k&#7867; l&#224;m g&#432;&#417;ng m&#249; g&#432;&#417;ng x&#7845;u v&#224; m&#7885;i k&#7867; l&#224;m &#273;i&#7873;u gian &#225;c, m&#224; t&#7889;ng ra kh&#7887;i N&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a Ng&#432;&#7901;i, r&#7891;i qu&#259;ng ch&#250;ng v&#224;o l&#242; <em>l&#7917;a</em>; &#7903; &#273;&#243;, ch&#250;ng s&#7869; ph&#7843;i kh&#243;c l&#243;c nghi&#7871;n r&#259;ng.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(M&#225;t-th&#234;u 13, 40 &#8211; 42)</p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;R&#7891;i &#272;&#7913;c Vua s&#7869; ph&#225;n c&#249;ng nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; b&#234;n tr&#225;i r&#7857;ng: &#8216;Qu&#226;n b&#7883; nguy&#7873;n r&#7911;a kia, &#273;i &#273;i cho khu&#7845;t m&#7855;t Ta m&#224; v&#224;o <em>l&#7917;a &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&#7901;i</em>, n&#417;i d&#224;nh s&#7861;n cho t&#234;n &#193;c Qu&#7927; v&#224; c&#225;c s&#7917; th&#7847;n c&#7911;a n&#243;.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(M&#225;t-th&#234;u 25, 41)</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Th&#7853;t k&#7923; l&#7841;, trong t&#7847;ng <em>&#272;&#7883;a ng&#7909;c</em> c&#7911;a Dante l&#7841;i c&#243; &#237;t <em>l&#7917;a</em> h&#417;n ch&#250;ng ta t&#432;&#7903;ng, v&#236; thi s&#297; &#273;&#227; d&#224;y c&#244;ng ngh&#297; ra &#273;&#7911; lo&#7841;i h&#236;nh ph&#7841;t kh&#225;c nhau. Tuy nhi&#234;n, ch&#250;ng ta v&#7851;n c&#243; th&#7875; th&#7845;y th&#7887;a &#273;&#225;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; d&#7883; gi&#225;o n&#7857;m trong c&#225;c quan t&#224;i r&#7921;c <em>l&#7917;a</em>; nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; b&#7841;o l&#7921;c b&#7883; d&#236;m trong c&#225;c &#273;&#7847;m m&#225;u; nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; l&#259;ng m&#7841; th&#225;nh danh, nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; &#273;&#7891;ng t&#237;nh v&#224; nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; cho vay n&#7863;ng l&#227;i b&#7883; nh&#7919;ng c&#417;n <em>m&#432;a l&#7917;a</em> d&#7897;i xu&#7889;ng; nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; bu&#244;n th&#7847;n b&#225;n th&#225;nh b&#7883; &#273;&#7849;y &#273;&#7847;u xu&#7889;ng h&#7889; v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> li&#7871;m l&#7845;y ch&#226;n; v&#224; nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; tham nh&#361;ng b&#7883; nh&#7845;n ch&#236;m trong nh&#7921;a &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng s&#244;i s&#249;ng s&#7909;c.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>L&#7917;a &#273;&#7883;a ng&#7909;c</em> ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n h&#417;n trong c&#225;c t&#225;c ph&#7849;m th&#7901;i Baroque, v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng m&#244; t&#7843; v&#7873; c&#225;c h&#236;nh ph&#7841;t n&#417;i &#273;&#7883;a ng&#7909;c c&#242;n t&#224;n kh&#7889;c h&#417;n c&#7843; s&#7921; b&#7841;o li&#7879;t c&#7911;a Dante, m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n v&#236; ch&#250;ng kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7913;u r&#7895;i b&#7903;i ngu&#7891;n c&#7843;m h&#7913;ng ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#8211; ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; &#273;o&#7841;n v&#259;n n&#224;y c&#7911;a Th&#225;nh Alphonsus de Liguori<a href="#_ftn22"><sup><span>[22]</span></sup></a>:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;H&#236;nh ph&#7841;t l&#224;m cho k&#7867; b&#7883; tr&#7847;m lu&#226;n b&#7883; tra t&#7845;n c&#225;c gi&#225;c quan c&#7911;a nh&#7845;t ch&#237;nh l&#224; <em>l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#7883;a ng&#7909;c... Ngay c&#7843; trong &#273;&#7901;i n&#224;y, n&#7895;i &#273;au &#273;&#7899;n do <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#224; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t trong t&#7845;t c&#7843;; nh&#432;ng c&#243; s&#7921; kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t r&#7845;t l&#7899;n gi&#7919;a <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta v&#224; <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#7883;a ng&#7909;c, m&#224; theo Th&#225;nh Augustine, n&#243; khi&#7871;n <em>l&#7917;a</em> c&#7911;a ta tr&#244;ng nh&#432; ch&#7881; l&#224; h&#7885;a c&#7909;... V&#236; v&#7853;y, nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; kh&#7889;n kh&#7893; s&#7869; b&#7883; bao v&#226;y b&#7903;i <em>l&#7917;a</em>, nh&#432; c&#7911;i kh&#244; trong l&#242;. K&#7867; tr&#7847;m lu&#226;n s&#7869; th&#7845;y m&#236;nh &#273;&#7889;i di&#7879;n v&#7899;i <em>v&#7921;c th&#7859;m l&#7917;a</em> b&#234;n d&#432;&#7899;i, <em>v&#7921;c th&#7859;m l&#7917;a</em> b&#234;n tr&#234;n v&#224; <em>v&#7921;c th&#7859;m l&#7917;a</em> xung quanh. N&#7871;u ch&#250;ng ch&#7841;m v&#224;o, nh&#236;n th&#7845;y hay h&#237;t th&#7903;, ch&#250;ng s&#7869; ch&#7859;ng ch&#7841;m, th&#7845;y hay h&#237;t th&#7903; g&#236; ngo&#224;i <em>l&#7917;a</em>. Ch&#250;ng s&#7869; &#7903; trong <em>l&#7917;a</em> nh&#432; c&#225; &#7903; trong n&#432;&#7899;c. Nh&#432;ng <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> n&#224;y kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; bao quanh k&#7867; b&#7883; nguy&#7873;n r&#7911;a m&#224; c&#242;n th&#226;m nh&#7853;p v&#224;o t&#7853;n ru&#7897;t gan ch&#250;ng &#273;&#7875; d&#224;y v&#242;. C&#417; th&#7875; ch&#250;ng s&#7869; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh <em>l&#7917;a</em> ho&#224;n to&#224;n, &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c ru&#7897;t gan s&#7869; ch&#225;y r&#7921;c trong b&#7909;ng, tim ch&#225;y trong l&#7891;ng ng&#7921;c, n&#227;o ch&#225;y trong &#273;&#7847;u, m&#225;u ch&#225;y trong huy&#7871;t qu&#7843;n, v&#224; th&#7853;m ch&#237; t&#7911;y ch&#225;y trong x&#432;&#417;ng: m&#7895;i linh m&#7909;c b&#7883; h&#432; m&#7845;t s&#7869; t&#7921; bi&#7871;n m&#236;nh th&#224;nh m&#7897;t <em>l&#242; l&#7917;a</em> r&#7921;c ch&#225;y.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(<em>Apparecchio alla morte</em>, suy ni&#7879;m 26)</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#224; Ercole Mattioli, trong cu&#7889;n <em>Piet&#224; illustrate</em> (1694), &#273;&#227; vi&#7871;t:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Th&#7853;t l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; kinh ng&#7841;c l&#7899;n lao khi ch&#7881; m&#7897;t <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> th&#244;i l&#7841;i ch&#7913;a &#273;&#7921;ng ho&#224;n to&#224;n n&#7857;m trong n&#243;, theo c&#225;c nh&#224; th&#7847;n h&#7885;c v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i, c&#225;i l&#7841;nh l&#7869;o c&#7911;a b&#259;ng gi&#225;, s&#7921; &#273;&#226;m ch&#7885;c c&#7911;a gai nh&#7885;n v&#224; s&#7855;t th&#233;p, n&#7885;c &#273;&#7897;c c&#7911;a r&#7855;n h&#7893;, c&#225;c lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7897;c d&#432;&#7907;c c&#7911;a r&#7855;n l&#7909;c, s&#7921; hung d&#7919; c&#7911;a m&#7885;i lo&#224;i d&#227; th&#250;, s&#7921; &#225;c &#273;&#7897;c c&#7911;a m&#7885;i nguy&#234;n t&#7889; v&#224; tinh t&#250;,... Th&#7871; nh&#432;ng, m&#7897;t s&#7921; kinh ng&#7841;c l&#7899;n lao h&#417;n, et supra virtutem ignis<a href="#_ftn23"><sup><span>[23]</span></sup></a>, ch&#237;nh l&#224; vi&#7879;c <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#243;, d&#249; ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t ch&#7911;ng lo&#7841;i duy nh&#7845;t, l&#7841;i c&#243; th&#7875; ph&#226;n bi&#7879;t &#273;&#7875; h&#224;nh h&#236;nh nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; ph&#7841;m t&#7897;i n&#7863;ng nh&#7865; kh&#225;c nhau; n&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Tertullian<a href="#_ftn24"><sup><span>[24]</span></sup></a> g&#7885;i l&#224; sapiens ignis<a href="#_ftn25"><sup><span>[25]</span></sup></a>, v&#224; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Eusebius x&#7913; Emesa<a href="#_ftn26"><sup><span>[26]</span></sup></a> g&#7885;i l&#224; ignis arbiter<a href="#_ftn27"><sup><span>[27]</span></sup></a> B&#7903;i l&#7869;, &#273;&#7875; t&#432;&#417;ng x&#7913;ng v&#7899;i s&#7921; cao th&#7845;p v&#224; &#273;a d&#7841;ng c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; c&#7847;u h&#236;nh, d&#7921;a tr&#234;n m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; l&#7899;n lao v&#224; sai bi&#7879;t c&#7911;a t&#7897;i l&#7895;i h&#7885;,... <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#243;, g&#7847;n nh&#432; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ban cho l&#253; tr&#237; v&#224; tri th&#7913;c v&#7865;n to&#224;n &#273;&#7875; ph&#226;n bi&#7879;t gi&#7919;a t&#7897;i nh&#226;n n&#224;y v&#7899;i t&#7897;i nh&#226;n kh&#225;c, s&#7869; khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ta c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; kh&#7855;c nghi&#7879;t c&#7911;a n&#243; v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; t&#224;n kh&#7889;c kh&#225;c nhau.&#8221;</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#224; nh&#432; th&#7871;, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n b&#237; m&#7853;t cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng c&#7911;a Fatima qua l&#7901;i k&#7875; c&#7911;a Lucia, v&#7883; n&#7919; tu t&#7915;ng l&#224; c&#244; b&#233; ch&#259;n c&#7915;u:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;V&#226;ng, b&#237; m&#7853;t g&#7891;m c&#243; 3 ph&#7847;n t&#225;ch bi&#7879;t, hai ph&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u con s&#7855;p s&#7917;a ti&#7871;t l&#7897; b&#226;y gi&#7901;. Ph&#7847;n th&#7913; nh&#7845;t l&#224; th&#7883; ki&#7871;n v&#7873; h&#7887;a ng&#7909;c. &#272;&#7913;c M&#7865; cho ch&#250;ng con th&#7845;y m&#7897;t bi&#7875;n <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#7899;n lao xem ra nh&#432; l&#224; n&#7857;m d&#432;&#7899;i l&#242;ng &#273;&#7845;t. Nh&#224;o n&#7863;n trong <em>bi&#7875;n</em> <em>l&#7917;a</em> n&#224;y l&#224; c&#225;c qu&#7881; d&#7919; v&#224; c&#225;c linh h&#7891;n mang h&#236;nh d&#7841;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i, gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng c&#7909;c than h&#7891;ng &#273;ang ch&#225;y trong su&#7889;t, t&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;en &#273;&#7911;i hay m&#224;u &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#225;nh b&#243;ng, &#273;ang v&#7853;t v&#7901; tr&#244;i n&#7893;i gi&#7919;a v&#249;ng h&#7887;a ho&#7841;n, l&#250;c th&#236; b&#7883; tung l&#234;n kh&#244;ng trung do nh&#7919;ng <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> h&#7891;ng ph&#225;t ra t&#7921; ch&#237;nh b&#7843;n th&#226;n h&#7885; c&#249;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#225;m kh&#243;i kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;, l&#250;c th&#236; t&#233; xu&#7889;ng t&#7913; ph&#237;a nh&#432; <em>nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7889;m l&#7917;a</em> trong m&#7897;t <em>bi&#7875;n</em> <em>l&#7917;a</em> v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i, kh&#244;ng tr&#7885;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng th&#259;ng b&#7857;ng, v&#224; gi&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng ti&#7871;ng la h&#233;t v&#224; r&#234;n si&#7871;t c&#7911;a &#273;au &#273;&#7899;n v&#224; tuy&#7879;t v&#7885;ng l&#224;m ch&#250;ng con kinh ho&#224;ng v&#224; khi&#7871;n ch&#250;ng con run r&#7849;y v&#236; s&#7907; h&#227;i. Qu&#7927; d&#7919; c&#243; th&#7875; ph&#226;n bi&#7879;t ra &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#236; ch&#250;ng gi&#7889;ng &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7897; kinh ho&#224;ng v&#224; d&#7877; s&#7907; nh&#7919;ng con v&#7853;t khi&#7871;p &#273;&#7843;m kh&#244;ng t&#234;n, t&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;en thui v&#224; trong su&#7889;t.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(B&#7897; Gi&#225;o l&#253; &#272;&#7913;c tin, <em>Th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p Fatima</em>, ng&#224;y 26 th&#225;ng 6 n&#259;m 2000)<a href="#_ftn28"><sup><span>[28]</span></sup></a></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>L&#7916;A GI&#7842; KIM</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">N&#7857;m gi&#7919;a ranh gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a <em>l&#7917;a th&#225;nh</em> v&#224; <em>l&#7917;a &#273;&#7883;a ng&#7909;c</em> l&#224; <em>l&#7917;a</em> v&#7899;i t&#432; c&#225;ch m&#7897;t t&#225;c nh&#226;n gi&#7843; kim. <em>L&#7917;a</em> v&#224; l&#242; luy&#7879;n d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; l&#224; nh&#7919;ng y&#7871;u t&#7889; thi&#7871;t y&#7871;u trong th&#7921;c h&#224;nh gi&#7843; kim thu&#7853;t, th&#7913; t&#236;m c&#225;ch t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng l&#234;n m&#7897;t nguy&#234;n li&#7879;u th&#244; &#273;&#7875; t&#7915; &#273;&#243;, qua m&#7897;t chu&#7895;i c&#225;c thao t&#225;c, thu &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#242;n &#273;&#225; tri&#7871;t gia. V&#7853;t ch&#7845;t n&#224;y c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ph&#243;ng chi&#7871;u, bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i c&#225;c kim lo&#7841;i c&#417; b&#7843;n th&#224;nh v&#224;ng.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">C&#225;c thao t&#225;c tr&#234;n nguy&#234;n li&#7879;u th&#244; di&#7877;n ra qua ba giai &#273;o&#7841;n, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#226;n bi&#7879;t b&#7903;i m&#224;u s&#7855;c m&#224; v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t d&#7847;n d&#7847;n chuy&#7875;n h&#243;a: ph&#7849;m &#273;en, ph&#7849;m tr&#7855;ng v&#224; ph&#7849;m &#273;&#7887;. Ph&#7849;m &#273;en bao g&#7891;m vi&#7879;c nung n&#243;ng (v&#224; do &#273;&#243; c&#7847;n s&#7917; d&#7909;ng <em>l&#7917;a</em>) c&#249;ng s&#7921; ph&#226;n r&#227; c&#7911;a v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t; ph&#7849;m tr&#7855;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t qu&#225; tr&#236;nh th&#259;ng hoa ho&#7863;c ch&#432;ng c&#7845;t; v&#224; ph&#7849;m &#273;&#7887; l&#224; giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng (m&#224;u &#273;&#7887; l&#224; m&#224;u c&#7911;a m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i, th&#7913; th&#432;&#7901;ng bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng cho v&#224;ng v&#224; ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i). L&#242; luy&#7879;n k&#237;n, hay athanor, l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#244;ng c&#7909; thi&#7871;t y&#7871;u, nh&#432;ng c&#225;c b&#236;nh c&#7893; cong, b&#236;nh ch&#7913;a v&#224; c&#7889;i gi&#227; c&#361;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng, m&#7895;i lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; nh&#7919;ng c&#225;i t&#234;n bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng nh&#432;: qu&#7843; tr&#7913;ng tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c, t&#7917; cung m&#7851;u th&#7875;, ph&#242;ng c&#432;&#7899;i, chim b&#7891; n&#244;ng, qu&#7843; c&#7847;u, l&#259;ng m&#7897;,... C&#225;c ch&#7845;t thi&#7871;t y&#7871;u l&#224; l&#432;u hu&#7923;nh, th&#7911;y ng&#226;n v&#224; mu&#7889;i. Tuy nhi&#234;n, c&#225;c quy tr&#236;nh n&#224;y kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; r&#245; r&#224;ng, v&#236; ng&#244;n ng&#7919; c&#7911;a c&#225;c nh&#224; gi&#7843; kim d&#7921;a tr&#234;n ba nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c:</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">1. V&#236; &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t n&#224;y l&#224; t&#7889;i m&#7853;t v&#224; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#7871;t l&#7897; &#8211; b&#237; m&#7853;t c&#7911;a c&#225;c b&#237; m&#7853;t &#8211; n&#234;n kh&#244;ng m&#7897;t di&#7877;n &#273;&#7841;t n&#224;o n&#243;i &#273;&#250;ng nh&#7919;ng g&#236; n&#243; c&#243; v&#7867; &#273;ang n&#243;i, kh&#244;ng m&#7897;t s&#7921; gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng n&#224;o l&#224; cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng, b&#7903;i v&#236; b&#237; m&#7853;t s&#7869; lu&#244;n n&#7857;m &#7903; m&#7897;t n&#417;i kh&#225;c: &#8220;H&#7905;i k&#7867; kh&#7901; kh&#7841;o t&#7897;i nghi&#7879;p! Ng&#432;&#417;i c&#243; th&#7875; ng&#226;y th&#417; &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c tin r&#7857;ng ch&#250;ng ta &#273;ang c&#244;ng khai d&#7841;y ng&#432;&#417;i nh&#7919;ng b&#237; m&#7853;t l&#7899;n lao v&#224; quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t sao? Ta cam &#273;oan v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#417;i r&#7857;ng b&#7845;t c&#7913; ai mu&#7889;n gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch nh&#7919;ng g&#236; c&#225;c Tri&#7871;t gia Hermetic vi&#7871;t theo ngh&#297;a th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224; &#273;en t&#7889;i c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng s&#7869; th&#7845;y m&#236;nh b&#7883; k&#7865;t trong nh&#7919;ng v&#242;ng xo&#225;y c&#7911;a m&#7897;t m&#234; cung kh&#244;ng l&#7889;i tho&#225;t v&#224; s&#7869; ch&#7859;ng c&#243; s&#7907;i ch&#7881; c&#7911;a Ariadne &#273;&#7875; d&#7851;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng ra.&#8221; (Artephius)</p></blockquote><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Khi c&#243; v&#7867; nh&#432; h&#7885; &#273;ang n&#243;i v&#7873; c&#225;c ch&#7845;t th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; v&#224;ng, b&#7841;c hay th&#7911;y ng&#226;n, th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t h&#7885; &#273;ang m&#244; t&#7843; c&#225;c ch&#7845;t kh&#225;c &#8211; v&#224;ng tri&#7871;t gia hay th&#7911;y ng&#226;n tri&#7871;t gia &#8211; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; ch&#7859;ng c&#243; &#273;i&#7875;m chung n&#224;o v&#7899;i v&#224;ng b&#7841;c th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Trong khi kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; n&#224;o &#273;&#250;ng nh&#432; v&#7867; ngo&#224;i c&#7911;a n&#243;, m&#7885;i th&#7913; l&#7841;i lu&#244;n li&#234;n quan &#273;&#7871;n c&#249;ng m&#7897;t b&#237; m&#7853;t. Nh&#432; v&#259;n b&#7843;n <em>Turba philosophorum</em><a href="#_ftn29"><sup><span>[29]</span></sup></a> kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;H&#227;y bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng t&#7845;t c&#7843; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n, d&#249; ch&#250;ng ta n&#243;i g&#236; &#273;i n&#7919;a... Ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#224;y l&#224;m r&#245; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; ng&#432;&#7901;i kia che gi&#7845;u v&#224; ai th&#7921;c s&#7921; t&#236;m ki&#7871;m s&#7869; t&#236;m th&#7845;y m&#7885;i th&#7913;.&#8221;</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Khi n&#224;o <em>l&#7917;a</em> can thi&#7879;p v&#224;o qu&#225; tr&#236;nh gi&#7843; kim? N&#7871;u <em>l&#7917;a gi&#7843; kim</em> c&#243; th&#7875; so s&#225;nh v&#7899;i <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> &#273;i tr&#432;&#7899;c qu&#225; tr&#236;nh ti&#234;u h&#243;a hay thai ngh&#233;n, th&#236; n&#243; h&#7859;n ph&#7843;i can thi&#7879;p trong ti&#7871;n tr&#236;nh c&#7911;a ph&#7849;m &#273;en, khi nhi&#7879;t &#273;&#7897; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng l&#234;n v&#224; ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i &#273;&#7897; &#7849;m g&#7889;c, kim lo&#7841;i, nh&#7899;t v&#224; d&#7847;u &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o ra nigredo. N&#7871;u ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n m&#7897;t v&#259;n b&#7843;n nh&#432; <em>Dictionnaire mytho-herm&#233;tique</em> c&#7911;a Dom Pernety (Paris, 1787), ta s&#7869; &#273;&#7885;c th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;...khi nhi&#7879;t t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng l&#234;n nh&#7919;ng v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t n&#224;y, tr&#432;&#7899;c ti&#234;n ch&#250;ng bi&#7871;n th&#224;nh b&#7897;t, v&#224; th&#7913; n&#432;&#7899;c d&#7847;u d&#237;nh, th&#7913; n&#432;&#7899;c n&#224;y b&#7889;c h&#417;i l&#234;n &#273;&#7881;nh b&#236;nh, sau &#273;&#243; l&#7841;i r&#417;i xu&#7889;ng d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng s&#432;&#417;ng ho&#7863;c m&#432;a xu&#7889;ng &#273;&#225;y, n&#417;i n&#243; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i n&#432;&#7899;c l&#232;o &#273;en nh&#432; d&#7847;u. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; l&#253; do n&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&#224; <em>th&#259;ng hoa</em> v&#224; <em>bay h&#417;i</em>, <em>th&#259;ng thi&#234;n</em> v&#224; <em>gi&#225;ng l&#226;m</em>. N&#432;&#7899;c sau &#273;&#243; ng&#432;ng t&#7909; ng&#224;y c&#224;ng nhi&#7873;u, tr&#7903; n&#234;n gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; nh&#7921;a &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;en, khi&#7871;n n&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&#224; &#273;&#7845;t h&#244;i th&#7889;i v&#224; n&#7891;ng n&#7863;c, c&#361;ng b&#7903;i v&#236; n&#243; t&#7887;a ra m&#249;i &#7849;m m&#7889;c c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng huy&#7879;t m&#7897; v&#224; l&#259;ng t&#7849;m.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(&#8221;La clef de l&#8217;oeuvre&#8221;<a href="#_ftn30"><sup><span>[30]</span></sup></a>, tr. 155 &#8211; 56)</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Nh&#432;ng trong c&#225;c s&#225;ch gi&#225;o khoa c&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875; t&#236;m th&#7845;y c&#225;c kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh cho r&#7857;ng c&#225;c thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; ch&#432;ng c&#7845;t, th&#259;ng hoa, nung ho&#7863;c ti&#234;u h&#243;a, hay c&#225;c thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; &#273;&#7889;t, ph&#7843;n x&#7841;, h&#242;a tan, h&#7841; xu&#7889;ng v&#224; ng&#432;ng t&#7909;, ch&#7859;ng qua c&#361;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t <em>thao t&#225;c</em> duy nh&#7845;t, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n trong m&#7897;t b&#236;nh ch&#7913;a duy nh&#7845;t, n&#243;i c&#225;ch kh&#225;c, &#273;&#243; l&#224; vi&#7879;c nung n&#7845;u v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t. V&#236; v&#7853;y, Pernety k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;...Thao t&#225;c n&#224;y ph&#7843;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c coi l&#224; duy nh&#7845;t, nh&#432;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c di&#7877;n &#273;&#7841;t b&#7857;ng c&#225;c thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; kh&#225;c nhau; v&#224; s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hi&#7875;u r&#7857;ng t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c di&#7877;n &#273;&#7841;t sau &#273;&#226;y &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; c&#249;ng m&#7897;t &#253; ngh&#297;a: ch&#432;ng c&#7845;t b&#7857;ng b&#236;nh c&#7893; cong; t&#225;ch linh h&#7891;n kh&#7887;i th&#226;n x&#225;c; &#273;&#7889;t; nung; h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7889;; chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7893;i ch&#250;ng; bi&#7871;n c&#225;i n&#224;y th&#224;nh c&#225;i kia; l&#224;m th&#7889;i r&#7919;a; nung ch&#7843;y; sinh ra; th&#7909; thai; mang v&#224;o th&#7871; gi&#7899;i; l&#224;m ki&#7879;t qu&#7879;; l&#224;m &#7849;m; r&#7917;a b&#7857;ng <em>l&#7917;a</em>; n&#7879;n b&#7857;ng b&#250;a; l&#224;m &#273;en; ph&#226;n h&#7911;y; l&#224;m &#273;&#7887;; h&#242;a tan; th&#259;ng hoa; nghi&#7873;n; kh&#7917; th&#224;nh b&#7897;t; gi&#227; trong c&#7889;i; nghi&#7873;n tr&#234;n &#273;&#225; c&#7847;m th&#7841;ch v&#224; nhi&#7873;u di&#7877;n &#273;&#7841;t t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; kh&#225;c &#273;&#7873;u ch&#7881; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; n&#7845;u theo c&#249;ng m&#7897;t c&#225;ch, cho &#273;&#7871;n khi c&#243; m&#224;u &#273;&#7887; s&#7851;m. Do &#273;&#243;, ph&#7843;i c&#7849;n th&#7853;n kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7845;c b&#236;nh ra kh&#7887;i <em>l&#7917;a</em>, v&#236; n&#7871;u nguy&#234;n li&#7879;u ngu&#7897;i &#273;i, t&#7845;t c&#7843; s&#7869; m&#7845;t h&#7871;t.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(&#8221;R&#232;gles g&#233;n&#233;rales&#8221;<a href="#_ftn31"><sup><span>[31]</span></sup></a>, tr. 202 &#8211; 206)</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Nh&#432;ng <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> n&#224;o &#273;ang &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#244; t&#7843; &#7903; &#273;&#226;y, khi m&#224; c&#225;c t&#225;c gi&#7843; kh&#225;c nhau th&#7881;nh tho&#7843;ng l&#7841;i n&#243;i v&#7873; <em>l&#7917;a Ba T&#432;</em>, <em>l&#7917;a Ai C&#7853;p</em>, <em>l&#7917;a &#7844;n &#272;&#7897;</em>, <em>l&#7917;a nguy&#234;n t&#7889;</em>, <em>l&#7917;a t&#7921; nhi&#234;n</em>, <em>l&#7917;a nh&#226;n t&#7841;o</em>, <em>l&#7917;a tro</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> <em>c&#225;t</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> <em>m&#7841;t s&#7855;t</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> <em>nung ch&#7843;y</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> <em>ng&#7885;n</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> <em>ph&#7843;n t&#7921; nhi&#234;n</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> <em>Algir</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> <em>Azothic</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> <em>thi&#234;n tri&#7873;u</em>, <em>l&#7917;a &#259;n m&#242;n</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> <em>v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> <em>s&#432; t&#7917;</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> <em>ph&#226;n h&#7911;y</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> <em>r&#7891;ng</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> <em>ph&#226;n th&#250;</em>, v&#224; v&#226;n v&#226;n?</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;<em>L&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#7889;t n&#243;ng l&#242; luy&#7879;n xuy&#234;n su&#7889;t, t&#7915; l&#250;c b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u cho &#273;&#7871;n ph&#7849;m &#273;&#7887;. Nh&#432;ng ph&#7843;i ch&#259;ng t&#7915; <em>l&#7917;a</em> c&#361;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t &#7849;n d&#7909; cho v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t m&#224;u &#273;&#7887; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong qu&#225; tr&#236;nh gi&#7843; kim? V&#224; th&#7921;c t&#7871; &#7903; &#273;&#226;y, theo Pernety, l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7889; t&#234;n g&#7885;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7863;t cho h&#242;n &#273;&#225; &#273;&#7887;: k&#7865;o cao su &#273;&#7887;, d&#7847;u &#273;&#7887;, h&#7891;ng ng&#7885;c, vitriol, tro tartar, th&#7921;c th&#7875; &#273;&#7887;, hoa qu&#7843;, &#273;&#225; &#273;&#7887;, magi&#234;, &#273;&#225; tinh t&#250;, mu&#7889;i &#273;&#7887;, l&#432;u hu&#7923;nh &#273;&#7887;, m&#225;u, anh t&#250;c, r&#432;&#7907;u vang &#273;&#7887;, ph&#232;n &#273;&#7887;, r&#7879;p son, v&#224; c&#7843; &#8216;<em>l&#7917;a</em>, <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> c&#7911;a t&#7921; nhi&#234;n&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(&#8221;Signes&#8221;<a href="#_ftn32"><sup><span>[32]</span></sup></a>, tr. 187 &#8211; 189).</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Do &#273;&#243;, c&#225;c nh&#224; gi&#7843; kim lu&#244;n l&#224;m vi&#7879;c v&#7899;i <em>l&#7917;a</em> v&#224; <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#224; n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng c&#7911;a th&#7921;c h&#224;nh gi&#7843; kim. Th&#7871; nh&#432;ng ch&#237;nh <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> l&#7841;i c&#7845;u th&#224;nh n&#234;n m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng b&#237; &#7849;n kh&#243; th&#226;m nh&#7853;p nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a gi&#7843; kim thu&#7853;t. V&#236; t&#244;i ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; t&#7841;o ra v&#224;ng, t&#244;i kh&#244;ng th&#7875; &#273;&#432;a ra c&#226;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i cho v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&#224;y, v&#224; v&#236; v&#7853;y xin chuy&#7875;n sang m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i <em>l&#7917;a</em> kh&#225;c, m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i gi&#7843; kim kh&#225;c &#8211; &#273;&#243; l&#224; gi&#7843; kim c&#7911;a ngh&#7879; s&#297;, n&#417;i <em>l&#7917;a</em> tr&#7903; th&#224;nh c&#244;ng c&#7909; c&#7911;a s&#7921; t&#225;i sinh, v&#224; c&#225;c ngh&#7879; s&#297; t&#7921; thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p m&#236;nh &#273;&#7875; b&#7855;t ch&#432;&#7899;c c&#225;c v&#7883; th&#7847;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>L&#7916;A NH&#431; NGU&#7890;N G&#7888;C C&#7910;A NGH&#7878; THU&#7852;T</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Plato k&#7875; l&#7841;i trong <em>&#273;&#7889;i tho&#7841;i Protagoras </em>r&#7857;ng:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;ng&#224;y x&#7917;a ng&#224;y x&#432;a &#273;&#227; c&#243; c&#225;c v&#7883; th&#7847;n, nh&#432;ng ch&#432;a c&#243; c&#225;c sinh v&#7853;t ph&#224;m tr&#7847;n... v&#224; khi h&#7885; chu&#7849;n b&#7883; &#273;&#432;a nh&#7919;ng sinh v&#7853;t n&#224;y ra &#225;nh s&#225;ng, h&#7885; &#273;&#227; giao ph&#243; cho Prometheus v&#224; Epimetheus nhi&#7879;m v&#7909; cung c&#7845;p v&#224; ph&#226;n b&#7893; cho m&#7895;i lo&#224;i nh&#7919;ng thi&#234;n ch&#7845;t ph&#249; h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t. Nh&#432;ng Epimetheus &#273;&#227; xin Prometheus &#273;&#7875; m&#236;nh t&#7921; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n vi&#7879;c ph&#226;n b&#7893;: &#8216;V&#224; khi t&#244;i ho&#224;n th&#224;nh vi&#7879;c ph&#226;n b&#7893;, anh h&#227;y &#273;&#7871;n v&#224; xem x&#233;t.&#8217; V&#224; sau khi thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c anh m&#236;nh, &#244;ng b&#7855;t tay v&#224;o c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c. V&#7899;i m&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&#224;i, &#244;ng ban cho s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh m&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#243; t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897;, trong khi nh&#7919;ng lo&#224;i y&#7871;u h&#417;n &#244;ng trang b&#7883; cho s&#7921; nhanh nh&#7865;n. V&#7899;i m&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&#224;i kh&#225;c, &#244;ng ban cho v&#361; kh&#237; &#273;&#7875; ph&#242;ng th&#7911; v&#224; t&#7845;n c&#244;ng, c&#242;n v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng lo&#224;i v&#7889;n d&#297; kh&#244;ng c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng t&#7921; v&#7879;, &#244;ng &#273;&#227; ngh&#297; ra c&#225;c kh&#7843; n&#259;ng kh&#225;c &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o an to&#224;n cho ch&#250;ng. V&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng lo&#224;i nh&#7887; b&#233;, &#244;ng ban cho kh&#7843; n&#259;ng tr&#7889;n tho&#225;t b&#7857;ng c&#225;nh ho&#7863;c &#7849;n n&#225;u d&#432;&#7899;i l&#242;ng &#273;&#7845;t; trong khi v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng lo&#224;i to l&#7899;n, &#244;ng ban cho kh&#7843; n&#259;ng t&#7921; b&#7843;o v&#7879; b&#7857;ng ch&#237;nh k&#237;ch th&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng. &#212;ng &#273;&#227; ph&#226;n b&#7893; t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c thi&#234;n ch&#7845;t kh&#225;c theo c&#225;ch n&#224;y &#273;&#7875; ch&#250;ng c&#226;n b&#7857;ng l&#7851;n nhau,... v&#224; khi &#273;&#227; cung c&#7845;p cho c&#225;c lo&#224;i nh&#7919;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n &#273;&#7875; tr&#225;nh s&#7921; h&#7911;y di&#7879;t l&#7851;n nhau, &#244;ng &#273;&#227; ngh&#297; ra c&#225;ch &#273;&#7875; ch&#250;ng t&#7921; v&#7879; tr&#432;&#7899;c s&#7921; kh&#7855;c nghi&#7879;t c&#7911;a th&#7901;i ti&#7871;t do Zeus g&#7917;i t&#7899;i: bao ph&#7911; ch&#250;ng b&#7857;ng l&#7899;p l&#244;ng d&#224;y v&#224; l&#7899;p da dai, &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i c&#225;i l&#7841;nh v&#224; b&#7843;o v&#7879; kh&#7887;i c&#225;i n&#243;ng, v&#224; khi ch&#250;ng ng&#7911; trong hang, l&#7899;p v&#7887; n&#224;y s&#7869; &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng t&#7845;m ch&#259;n t&#7921; nhi&#234;n ph&#249; h&#7907;p cho t&#7915;ng lo&#224;i. &#212;ng trang b&#7883; m&#243;ng gu&#7889;c cho m&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&#224;i; s&#7889; kh&#225;c &#244;ng ban cho l&#7899;p da d&#224;y v&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#225;u. Sau &#273;&#243;, &#244;ng cung c&#7845;p th&#7913;c &#259;n kh&#225;c nhau cho c&#225;c lo&#224;i kh&#225;c nhau: lo&#224;i n&#224;y l&#224; c&#7887;, lo&#224;i kia l&#224; tr&#225;i c&#226;y, lo&#224;i n&#7885; l&#224; r&#7877; c&#226;y. &#212;ng cho ph&#233;p m&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&#224;i &#259;n th&#7883;t c&#225;c lo&#224;i kh&#225;c l&#224;m th&#7913;c &#259;n; v&#224; &#244;ng quy &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng lo&#224;i &#259;n th&#7883;t s&#7869; c&#243; &#237;t con c&#225;i h&#417;n, trong khi con c&#225;i c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng lo&#224;i b&#7883; s&#259;n &#273;u&#7893;i s&#7869; &#273;&#244;ng &#273;&#250;c h&#417;n, &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a n&#242;i gi&#7889;ng.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">B&#7845;y gi&#7901; Epimetheus, v&#7889;n kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#244;ng minh cho l&#7855;m, &#273;&#227; kh&#244;ng nh&#7853;n ra m&#236;nh &#273;&#227; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng h&#7871;t m&#7885;i thi&#234;n ch&#7845;t cho c&#225;c lo&#224;i &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t: &#273;&#7871;n th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m n&#224;y, lo&#224;i ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7851;n ch&#432;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cung c&#7845;p g&#236;, v&#224; &#244;ng kh&#244;ng bi&#7871;t ph&#7843;i l&#224;m g&#236; v&#7899;i h&#7885;. Trong t&#236;nh th&#7871; b&#7889;i r&#7889;i &#273;&#243;, Prometheus &#273;&#7871;n xem x&#233;t vi&#7879;c ph&#226;n b&#7893; v&#224; nh&#7853;n ra r&#7857;ng trong khi m&#7885;i sinh v&#7853;t kh&#225;c &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cung c&#7845;p &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7911;, th&#236; con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7841;i tr&#7847;n tr&#7909;i, ch&#226;n tr&#7847;n, kh&#244;ng nh&#224; c&#7917;a v&#224; kh&#244;ng v&#361; kh&#237;,...</p><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#236; v&#7853;y, trong t&#236;nh hu&#7889;ng kh&#243; x&#7917; n&#224;y, v&#236; kh&#244;ng bi&#7871;t ngh&#297; ra c&#225;ch c&#7913;u v&#227;n n&#224;o cho con ng&#432;&#7901;i, Prometheus &#273;&#227; &#273;&#225;nh c&#7855;p tr&#237; tu&#7879; k&#7929; ngh&#7879; v&#224; <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> t&#7915; Hephaestus v&#224; Athena (v&#236; n&#7871;u kh&#244;ng c&#243; <em>l&#7917;a</em> th&#236; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; ti&#7871;p thu v&#224; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng tr&#237; tu&#7879; &#273;&#243;) &#273;&#7875; trao cho con ng&#432;&#7901;i.</p><p style="text-align: right;">(&#273;o&#7841;n 320c &#8211; 321d)</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#7899;i vi&#7879;c chinh ph&#7909;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em>, c&#225;c m&#244;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ra &#273;&#7901;i &#237;t nh&#7845;t l&#224; theo ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i Hy L&#7841;p v&#7873; k&#7929; ngh&#7879; &#8211; v&#224; t&#7915; &#273;&#243; l&#224; s&#7921; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i thi&#234;n nhi&#234;n. Th&#7853;t &#273;&#225;ng ti&#7871;c khi Plato ch&#432;a &#273;&#7885;c L&#233;vi-Strauss<a href="#_ftn33"><sup><span>[33]</span></sup></a>, &#273;&#7875; c&#243; th&#7875; k&#7875; th&#234;m cho ch&#250;ng ta r&#7857;ng vi&#7879;c kh&#225;m ph&#225; ra <em>l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#227; &#273;&#225;nh d&#7845;u s&#7921; kh&#7903;i &#273;&#7847;u c&#7911;a th&#7913;c &#259;n ch&#237;n; nh&#432;ng d&#249; sao th&#236; n&#7845;u n&#432;&#7899;ng c&#361;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t v&#224; do &#273;&#243; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bao h&#224;m trong kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m <em>techne</em> c&#7911;a Plato.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Benvenuto Cellini<a href="#_ftn34"><sup><span>[34]</span></sup></a> &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;a ra m&#7897;t m&#244; t&#7843; xu&#7845;t s&#7855;c v&#7873; vi&#7879;c <em>l&#7917;a</em> c&#243; li&#234;n quan m&#7853;t thi&#7871;t th&#7871; n&#224;o &#273;&#7871;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t trong cu&#7889;n <em>Cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i</em> c&#7911;a &#244;ng, khi k&#7875; l&#7841;i c&#225;ch &#244;ng &#273;&#250;c b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng Perseus: bao ph&#7911; b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng b&#7857;ng m&#7897;t khu&#244;n &#273;&#7845;t s&#233;t r&#7891;i d&#249;ng <em>l&#7917;a</em> ch&#225;y ch&#7853;m &#273;&#7875; r&#250;t s&#225;p ra kh&#7887;i &#273;&#243;,</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;s&#225;p tho&#225;t ra qua nhi&#7873;u l&#7895; th&#244;ng m&#224; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; t&#7841;o, v&#236; c&#224;ng c&#243; nhi&#7873;u l&#7895; th&#236; khu&#244;n c&#224;ng &#273;&#7847;y. V&#224; khi &#273;&#227; l&#7845;y h&#7871;t s&#225;p, t&#244;i d&#7921;ng m&#7897;t ph&#7877;u b&#7857;ng g&#7841;ch xung quanh b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng Perseus, t&#7913;c l&#224; xung quanh c&#225;i khu&#244;n n&#243;i tr&#234;n, g&#7841;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#7871;p ch&#7891;ng l&#234;n nhau v&#224; t&#244;i &#273;&#7875; l&#7841;i nhi&#7873;u kho&#7843;ng tr&#7889;ng &#273;&#7875; <em>l&#7917;a</em> d&#7877; d&#224;ng tho&#225;t ra h&#417;n. Sau &#273;&#243;, t&#244;i b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u s&#7855;p x&#7871;p c&#7911;i c&#7849;n th&#7853;n v&#224; gi&#7919; <em>l&#7917;a</em> li&#234;n t&#7909;c trong hai ng&#224;y hai &#273;&#234;m; v&#7899;i m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch l&#224; khi to&#224;n b&#7897; s&#225;p &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chi&#7871;t xu&#7845;t v&#224; khu&#244;n &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nung k&#7929;, t&#244;i l&#7853;p t&#7913;c b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u &#273;&#224;o r&#227;nh &#273;&#7875; ch&#244;n khu&#244;n, v&#7899;i t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p kh&#233;o l&#233;o m&#224; m&#244;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t cao qu&#253; n&#224;y ch&#7881; d&#7851;n...</p><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#224; gi&#7919; khu&#244;n &#273;&#7913;ng th&#7859;ng m&#7897;t c&#225;ch v&#244; c&#249;ng c&#7849;n th&#7853;n, sao cho n&#243; treo &#273;&#250;ng gi&#7919;a r&#227;nh, t&#244;i cho n&#243; h&#7841; xu&#7889;ng th&#7853;t nh&#7865; nh&#224;ng cho &#273;&#7871;n t&#7853;n &#273;&#225;y l&#242;...</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Khi t&#244;i th&#7845;y c&#225;i khu&#244;n &#273;&#227; ho&#224;n to&#224;n ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n, c&#361;ng nh&#432; ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p l&#7845;p khu&#244;n v&#224; vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7863;t c&#225;c &#7889;ng d&#7851;n &#273;&#227; &#273;&#226;u v&#224;o &#273;&#7845;y... t&#244;i quay sang chi&#7871;c l&#242; luy&#7879;n c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, th&#7913; m&#224; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; l&#7879;nh cho ng&#432;&#7901;i ta l&#7845;p &#273;&#7847;y b&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng t&#7843;ng &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#7887; v&#224; c&#225;c m&#7843;nh &#273;&#7891;ng thi&#7871;c kh&#225;c. Sau khi x&#7871;p ch&#250;ng ch&#7891;ng l&#234;n nhau theo c&#225;ch m&#224; chuy&#234;n m&#244;n c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i ch&#7881; d&#7851;n, t&#7913;c l&#224; x&#7871;p cao l&#234;n &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o l&#7889;i cho nh&#7919;ng <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> &#273;i qua, nh&#7901; &#273;&#243; kim lo&#7841;i s&#7869; h&#7845;p th&#7909; nhi&#7879;t nhanh h&#417;n, tan ch&#7843;y v&#224; h&#243;a l&#7887;ng; t&#244;i h&#7841;nh ph&#250;c l&#7879;nh cho h&#7885; &#273;&#7889;t l&#242;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#224; khi ch&#7845;t l&#234;n nh&#7919;ng kh&#250;c c&#7911;i th&#244;ng, v&#7889;n c&#243; l&#7899;p nh&#7921;a b&#233;o ng&#7853;y &#7913;a ra, c&#7897;ng th&#234;m vi&#7879;c chi&#7871;c l&#242; nh&#7887; c&#7911;a t&#244;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#226;y qu&#225; t&#7889;t, n&#243; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c... x&#432;&#7903;ng v&#7869; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u b&#7855;t <em>l&#7917;a</em>, v&#224; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i s&#7907; r&#7857;ng m&#225;i nh&#224; s&#7869; &#273;&#7893; s&#7853;p xu&#7889;ng &#273;&#7847;u m&#236;nh. &#7902; ph&#237;a b&#234;n kia h&#432;&#7899;ng v&#7873; ph&#237;a v&#432;&#7901;n b&#7871;p, b&#7847;u tr&#7901;i tr&#250;t xu&#7889;ng t&#244;i bi&#7871;t bao n&#432;&#7899;c v&#224; gi&#243;, l&#224;m chi&#7871;c l&#242; b&#7883; h&#7841; nhi&#7879;t. Ph&#7843;i ch&#7889;ng ch&#7885;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n kh&#7855;c nghi&#7879;t n&#224;y su&#7889;t nhi&#7873;u gi&#7901;, d&#7891;n nhi&#7873;u n&#7895; l&#7921;c h&#417;n m&#7913;c m&#224; th&#7875; ch&#7845;t tr&#225;ng ki&#7879;n c&#7911;a t&#244;i c&#243; th&#7875; ch&#7883;u &#273;&#7921;ng, m&#7897;t c&#417;n s&#7889;t &#273;&#7897;t ng&#7897;t &#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n, c&#417;n s&#7889;t kh&#7911;ng khi&#7871;p nh&#7845;t c&#243; th&#7875; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#234;n &#273;&#7901;i, khi&#7871;n t&#244;i bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i n&#7857;m li&#7879;t gi&#432;&#7901;ng.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(Quy&#7875;n 2, &#273;o&#7841;n 75)</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#224; nh&#432; th&#7871;, sau bao nhi&#234;u d&#7921; t&#237;nh, c&#7897;ng h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#249;ng h&#7887;a ho&#7841;n ngo&#224;i &#253; mu&#7889;n, <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> nh&#226;n t&#7841;o v&#224; c&#417;n s&#7889;t x&#225;c th&#226;n, b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a &#244;ng &#273;&#227; th&#224;nh h&#236;nh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nh&#432;ng n&#7871;u <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#224; m&#7897;t nguy&#234;n t&#7889; thi&#234;ng li&#234;ng, th&#236; con ng&#432;&#7901;i, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i khi h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#225;ch t&#7841;o ra <em>l&#7917;a</em>, &#273;&#227; chi&#7871;m &#273;o&#7841;t l&#7845;y m&#7897;t quy&#7873;n n&#259;ng v&#7889;n tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#243; ch&#7881; d&#224;nh ri&#234;ng cho c&#225;c v&#7883; th&#7847;n, b&#7903;i v&#7853;y ngay c&#7843; <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> h&#7855;n th&#7855;p l&#234;n trong &#273;&#7873;n th&#7901; c&#361;ng l&#224; k&#7871;t qu&#7843; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t h&#224;nh vi ki&#234;u ng&#7841;o. N&#7873;n v&#259;n minh Hy L&#7841;p l&#7853;p t&#7913;c g&#225;n cho vi&#7879;c chinh ph&#7909;c <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> s&#7855;c th&#225;i c&#7911;a s&#7921; ng&#7841;o m&#7841;n, v&#224; th&#7853;t th&#250; v&#7883; khi th&#7845;y m&#7885;i s&#7921; t&#244;n vinh d&#224;nh cho Prometheus, kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; trong bi k&#7883;ch Hy L&#7841;p m&#224; c&#7843; trong ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t sau n&#224;y, &#273;&#7873;u nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh v&#224;o h&#236;nh ph&#7841;t theo sau h&#417;n l&#224; m&#243;n qu&#224; <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>L&#7916;A NH&#431; M&#7896;T TR&#7842;I NGHI&#7878;M HI&#7874;N LINH</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Khi ng&#432;&#7901;i ngh&#7879; s&#297; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n v&#224; th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n v&#7899;i ni&#7873;m ki&#234;u h&#227;nh v&#224; s&#7921; ng&#7841;o m&#7841;n r&#7857;ng m&#236;nh gi&#7889;ng v&#7899;i c&#225;c v&#7883; th&#7847;n, v&#224; coi ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t nh&#432; m&#7897;t s&#7921; thay th&#7871; cho s&#225;ng t&#7841;o c&#7911;a &#273;&#7845;ng thi&#234;ng li&#234;ng, th&#236; c&#7843;m quan suy &#273;&#7891;i &#273;&#227; m&#7903; &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng cho vi&#7879;c v&#237; von tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m th&#7849;m m&#7929; v&#7899;i <em>l&#7917;a</em>, v&#224; <em>l&#7917;a</em> v&#7899;i <em>s&#7921; hi&#7875;n linh</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m <em>hi&#7875;n linh</em> (n&#7871;u kh&#244;ng mu&#7889;n n&#243;i l&#224; thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; n&#224;y) xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u v&#7899;i Walter Pater trong ph&#7847;n k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n cho ti&#7875;u lu&#7853;n v&#7873; th&#7901;i Ph&#7909;c h&#432;ng c&#7911;a &#244;ng. Kh&#244;ng ng&#7841;c nhi&#234;n khi ph&#7847;n k&#7871;t n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng &#273;&#243; m&#7903; &#273;&#7847;u b&#7857;ng m&#7897;t c&#226;u tr&#237;ch d&#7851;n c&#7911;a Heraclitus. Th&#7921;c t&#7841;i l&#224; t&#7893;ng h&#242;a c&#7911;a c&#225;c l&#7921;c v&#224; c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7889; tr&#7895;i d&#7853;y r&#7891;i d&#7847;n l&#7909;i t&#224;n, v&#224; ch&#7881; c&#243; tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m h&#7901;i h&#7907;t m&#7899;i khi&#7871;n ta th&#7845;y ch&#250;ng r&#7855;n ch&#7855;c v&#224; c&#7889; &#273;&#7883;nh trong m&#7897;t s&#7921; hi&#7879;n di&#7879;n phi&#7873;n to&#225;i: &#8220;Nh&#432;ng khi s&#7921; ph&#7843;n t&#432; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng l&#234;n nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#243;, ch&#250;ng tan bi&#7871;n d&#432;&#7899;i &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a n&#243;, l&#7921;c g&#7855;n k&#7871;t c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; b&#7883; &#273;&#236;nh ch&#7881; gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t tr&#242; &#7843;o thu&#7853;t.&#8221; Ch&#250;ng ta th&#7845;y m&#236;nh &#7903; gi&#7919;a m&#7897;t nh&#243;m nh&#7919;ng &#7845;n t&#432;&#7907;ng kh&#244;ng &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh, l&#7853;p l&#242;e, thi&#7871;u nh&#7845;t qu&#225;n: th&#243;i quen b&#7883; ph&#225; v&#7905;, &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng b&#236;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#7841;t nh&#242;a d&#7847;n, v&#224; t&#7915; &#273;&#243;, v&#432;&#7907;t l&#234;n tr&#234;n &#273;&#243;, ch&#7881; c&#242;n l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c &#273;&#417;n l&#7867; c&#243; th&#7875; n&#7855;m b&#7855;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c trong t&#237;ch t&#7855;c r&#7891;i l&#7853;p t&#7913;c tan bi&#7871;n. &#8220;M&#7895;i kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c, m&#7897;t &#253; ni&#7879;m n&#224;o &#273;&#243; tr&#7903; n&#234;n ho&#224;n h&#7843;o n&#417;i b&#224;n tay hay g&#432;&#417;ng m&#7863;t; m&#7897;t s&#7855;c th&#225;i n&#224;o &#273;&#243; c&#7911;a &#273;&#7891;i n&#250;i hay bi&#7875;n kh&#417;i tr&#7903; n&#234;n ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c h&#417;n ph&#7847;n c&#242;n l&#7841;i; m&#7897;t t&#226;m tr&#7841;ng &#273;am m&#234; hay th&#7845;u su&#7889;t ho&#7863;c s&#7921; h&#432;ng ph&#7845;n tr&#237; tu&#7879; n&#224;o &#273;&#243; tr&#7903; n&#234;n th&#7921;c t&#7871; v&#224; h&#7845;p d&#7851;n ch&#250;ng ta m&#7897;t c&#225;ch kh&#244;ng c&#432;&#7905;ng l&#7841;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#8211; nh&#432;ng ch&#7881; trong kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c &#273;&#243; m&#224; th&#244;i.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Duy tr&#236; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; xu&#7845;t th&#7847;n n&#224;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; &#8220;th&#224;nh c&#244;ng trong cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i&#8221;:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Trong khi m&#7885;i th&#7913; tan ch&#7843;y d&#432;&#7899;i ch&#226;n m&#236;nh, ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; th&#7875; n&#7855;m b&#7855;t b&#7845;t k&#7923; ni&#7873;m &#273;am m&#234; tinh t&#7871; n&#224;o, hay b&#7845;t k&#7923; &#273;&#243;ng g&#243;p n&#224;o cho tri th&#7913;c m&#224; b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch n&#226;ng cao &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#226;n tr&#7901;i d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; &#273;&#227; gi&#7843;i ph&#243;ng t&#226;m h&#7891;n trong ch&#7889;c l&#225;t, hay b&#7845;t k&#7923; s&#7921; khu&#7845;y &#273;&#7897;ng n&#224;o c&#7911;a gi&#225;c quan, nh&#7919;ng s&#7855;c nhu&#7897;m l&#7841; l&#249;ng, nh&#7919;ng m&#224;u s&#7855;c k&#7923; &#7843;o, v&#224; nh&#7919;ng m&#249;i h&#432;&#417;ng hi&#7871;m l&#7841;, hay t&#225;c ph&#7849;m t&#7915; b&#224;n tay ngh&#7879; s&#297;, ho&#7863;c g&#432;&#417;ng m&#7863;t c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(Walter Pater, <em>The Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry</em>, 1873).</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c nh&#224; v&#259;n suy &#273;&#7891;i &#273;&#7873;u c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n s&#7921; xu&#7845;t th&#7847;n th&#7849;m m&#7929; v&#224; nh&#7909;c c&#7843;m d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng s&#7921; r&#7841;ng ng&#7901;i. Nh&#432;ng c&#243; l&#7869; ch&#237;nh D&#8217;Annunzio l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n li&#234;n k&#7871;t s&#7921; xu&#7845;t th&#7847;n th&#7849;m m&#7929; v&#7899;i &#253; ni&#7879;m v&#7873; <em>l&#7917;a</em>; ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; kh&#244;ng t&#7847;m th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c ch&#7881; li&#234;n t&#432;&#7903;ng &#244;ng v&#7899;i &#253; t&#432;&#7903;ng kh&#225; s&#225;o r&#7895;ng r&#7857;ng (nh&#432; Mila di Codro &#273;&#227; th&#233;t l&#234;n trong <em>The Daughter of Iorio</em>) &#8220;<em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> th&#7853;t &#273;&#7865;p.&#8221; &#221; t&#432;&#7903;ng v&#7873; s&#7921; xu&#7845;t th&#7847;n th&#7849;m m&#7929; nh&#432; m&#7897;t tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7911;a <em>l&#7917;a</em> xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t <em>II fuoco</em> (Ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a) c&#7911;a &#244;ng. Tr&#432;&#7899;c v&#7867; &#273;&#7865;p c&#7911;a Venice, Stelio Effrena &#273;&#227; c&#243; tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m v&#7873; <em>l&#7917;a</em>:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;M&#7895;i kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c rung &#273;&#7897;ng xuy&#234;n qua v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t nh&#432; m&#7897;t tia ch&#7899;p kh&#244;ng ch&#7883;u &#273;&#7921;ng n&#7893;i. M&#7885;i th&#7913; l&#7845;p l&#225;nh trong m&#7897;t ni&#7873;m h&#226;n hoan si&#234;u ph&#224;m c&#7911;a &#225;nh s&#225;ng, t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng c&#226;y th&#7853;p gi&#225; d&#7921;ng &#273;&#7913;ng tr&#234;n &#273;&#7881;nh nh&#7919;ng m&#225;i v&#242;m c&#259;ng ph&#7891;ng l&#7901;i c&#7847;u nguy&#7879;n cho &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng gi&#7885;t mu&#7889;i tinh th&#7875; thanh m&#7843;nh treo d&#432;&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng c&#226;y c&#7847;u. Gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; ng&#432;&#7901;i canh g&#225;c tr&#234;n &#273;&#7881;nh c&#7897;t bu&#7891;m h&#233;t l&#7899;n v&#7873; m&#7897;t c&#417;n b&#227;o ngo&#224;i kh&#417;i, thi&#234;n th&#7847;n v&#224;ng tr&#234;n &#273;&#7881;nh t&#242;a th&#225;p cao nh&#7845;t b&#249;ng ch&#225;y v&#224; loan b&#225;o v&#7873; s&#7921; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n. V&#224; th&#7871; l&#224; Ng&#224;i &#273;&#7871;n! Ng&#224;i &#273;&#7871;n, ng&#7921; tr&#234;n m&#7897;t &#273;&#225;m m&#226;y nh&#432; c&#7895; xe <em>l&#7917;a</em>, v&#7841;t &#225;o b&#224;o m&#224;u t&#237;m c&#7911;a Ng&#224;i k&#233;o d&#224;i ph&#237;a sau.&#8221;</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">James Joyce, nh&#224; l&#253; lu&#7853;n &#273;&#7881;nh cao v&#7873; <em>s&#7921; hi&#7875;n linh</em>, &#273;&#227; t&#7915;ng &#273;&#7885;c, y&#234;u m&#7871;n v&#224; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c truy&#7873;n c&#7843;m h&#7913;ng t&#7915; ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a D&#8217;Annunzio.:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;B&#7857;ng <em>s&#7921; hi&#7875;n linh</em>, Stephen mu&#7889;n n&#243;i &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n t&#226;m linh &#273;&#7897;t ng&#7897;t, d&#249; l&#224; trong s&#7921; t&#7847;m th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a l&#7901;i n&#243;i hay c&#7917; ch&#7881;, hay trong m&#7897;t c&#7909;m t&#7915; &#273;&#225;ng nh&#7899; c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh t&#226;m tr&#237;.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: right;">(Stephen Hero)</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m n&#224;y lu&#244;n hi&#7875;n hi&#7879;n trong Joyce d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng r&#7921;c <em>l&#7917;a</em>. Trong cu&#7889;n <em>Ch&#226;n dung ngh&#7879; s&#297; tr&#7867;</em> (Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man), t&#7915; <em>l&#7917;a</em>/fire &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7863;p l&#7841;i 59 l&#7847;n, v&#224; <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em>/flame c&#249;ng r&#7921;c <em>l&#7917;a</em>/flaming l&#224; 35 l&#7847;n, ch&#432;a k&#7875; c&#225;c t&#7915; t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; kh&#225;c nh&#432; s&#7921; r&#7841;ng ng&#7901;i hay huy ho&#224;ng. Trong <em>II fuoco</em>, Foscarina l&#7855;ng nghe nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i c&#7911;a Stelio v&#224; c&#7843;m th&#7845;y &#8220;b&#7883; thu h&#250;t v&#224;o b&#7847;u kh&#244;ng kh&#237; h&#7915;ng h&#7921;c &#273;&#243; nh&#432; l&#242;ng c&#7911;a m&#7897;t l&#242; r&#232;n.&#8221; V&#7899;i Stephen Dedalus, s&#7921; xu&#7845;t th&#7847;n th&#7849;m m&#7929; lu&#244;n hi&#7879;n ra nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng tia s&#225;ng huy ho&#224;ng v&#224; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c di&#7877;n &#273;&#7841;t b&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng &#7849;n d&#7909; v&#7873; m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i. &#272;i&#7873;u t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; c&#361;ng x&#7843;y ra v&#7899;i Stelio Effrena. H&#227;y th&#7917; so s&#225;nh hai &#273;o&#7841;n v&#259;n. Tr&#432;&#7899;c h&#7871;t l&#224; D&#8217;Annunzio:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Con thuy&#7873;n chuy&#7875;n h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7919; d&#7897;i. M&#7897;t ph&#233;p m&#224;u &#273;&#227; b&#7855;t l&#7845;y n&#243;. Nh&#7919;ng tia n&#7855;ng &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n xuy&#234;n qua c&#225;nh bu&#7891;m &#273;ang ph&#7853;p ph&#7891;ng, l&#7845;p l&#225;nh tr&#234;n nh&#7919;ng thi&#234;n th&#7847;n d&#361;ng m&#227;nh n&#417;i th&#225;p chu&#244;ng San Marco v&#224; San Giorgio Maggiore, bi&#7871;n qu&#7843; c&#7847;u Fortuna th&#224;nh <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em>, &#273;&#7897;i v&#432;&#417;ng mi&#7879;n cho n&#259;m chi&#7871;c m&#361; mitra tr&#234;n V&#432;&#417;ng cung th&#225;nh &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng tia ch&#7899;p... &#8216;K&#237;nh m&#7915;ng ph&#233;p m&#224;u&#8217;. M&#7897;t c&#7843;m gi&#225;c si&#234;u ph&#224;m v&#7873; quy&#7873;n n&#259;ng v&#224; t&#7921; do d&#226;ng tr&#224;o trong tim ch&#224;ng trai tr&#7867;, khi gi&#243; l&#224;m c&#259;ng c&#225;nh bu&#7891;m &#273;&#227; bi&#7871;n h&#236;nh tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7855;t anh. Anh &#273;&#7913;ng trong s&#7921; huy ho&#224;ng &#273;&#7887; th&#7855;m c&#7911;a c&#225;nh bu&#7891;m v&#224; trong s&#7921; huy ho&#224;ng c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh d&#242;ng m&#225;u m&#236;nh.&#8221;</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">V&#224; ti&#7871;p theo l&#224; Joyce:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;T&#432; duy c&#7911;a anh l&#224; m&#7897;t bu&#7893;i ho&#224;ng h&#244;n c&#7911;a s&#7921; nghi ng&#7901; v&#224; thi&#7871;u tin t&#432;&#7903;ng v&#224;o b&#7843;n th&#226;n, &#273;&#244;i khi &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7855;p s&#225;ng b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng tia ch&#7899;p c&#7911;a tr&#7921;c gi&#225;c, nh&#432;ng l&#224; nh&#7919;ng tia ch&#7899;p c&#7911;a m&#7897;t s&#7921; huy ho&#224;ng r&#245; r&#7879;t &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c trong nh&#7919;ng kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c &#273;&#243;, th&#7871; gi&#7899;i quanh ch&#226;n anh l&#7909;i t&#224;n nh&#432; th&#7875; &#273;&#227; b&#7883; <em>l&#7917;a</em> thi&#234;u r&#7909;i; v&#224; sau &#273;&#243; l&#432;&#7905;i anh tr&#7903; n&#234;n n&#7863;ng n&#7873; v&#224; anh nh&#236;n v&#224;o m&#7855;t ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c b&#7857;ng &#225;nh m&#7855;t kh&#244;ng h&#7891;i &#226;m, v&#236; anh c&#7843;m th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a c&#225;i &#273;&#7865;p &#273;&#227; bao b&#7885;c l&#7845;y anh nh&#432; m&#7897;t t&#7845;m &#225;o cho&#224;ng.&#8221;</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>L&#7916;A T&#193;I SINH</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Heraclitus, nh&#432; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; th&#7845;y, v&#361; tr&#7909; t&#7921; t&#225;i sinh th&#244;ng qua <em>l&#7917;a</em> trong m&#7895;i th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i. Empedocles d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; c&#242;n th&#226;n thi&#7871;t v&#7899;i <em>l&#7917;a</em> h&#417;n th&#7871; ch&#237;nh &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#234;n t&#237;nh, ho&#7863;c &#273;&#7875; thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c nh&#7919;ng m&#244;n &#273;&#7891; r&#7857;ng m&#236;nh l&#224; m&#7897;t v&#7883; th&#7847;n, &#244;ng &#273;&#227; gieo m&#236;nh v&#224;o mi&#7879;ng n&#250;i <em>l&#7917;a</em> Etna (&#237;t nh&#7845;t l&#224; theo m&#7897;t s&#7889; d&#7883; b&#7843;n). Cu&#7897;c thanh t&#7849;y cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng n&#224;y, l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n h&#432; v&#244; h&#243;a trong <em>l&#7917;a</em>, &#273;&#227; m&#234; ho&#7863;c c&#225;c thi s&#297; m&#7885;i th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i. Ch&#7881; c&#7847;n nh&#7855;c l&#7841;i H&#246;lderlin:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;">&#8220;Con kh&#244;ng th&#7845;y c&#7843;nh c&#361; l&#7841;i v&#7873; sao</p><p style="text-align: center;">Th&#7901;i thanh xu&#226;n nay &#273;ang d&#7847;n tr&#7903; l&#7841;i</p><p style="text-align: center;">Bao v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i v&#7851;n &#273;ang tr&#234;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7871;n</p><p style="text-align: center;">H&#227;y tr&#7895;i l&#234;n, t&#7853;n tr&#234;n &#273;&#7881;nh non cao</p><p style="text-align: center;">&#272;&#7881;nh Etna th&#225;nh thi&#234;ng n&#417;i ta &#273;&#7871;n</p><p style="text-align: center;">N&#417;i th&#7847;n ng&#7921; linh hi&#7875;n tr&#234;n ch&#7889;n n&#224;y</p><p style="text-align: center;">Ta chi&#234;m ng&#432;&#7905;ng b&#7857;ng c&#7863;p m&#7855;t ta &#273;&#226;y</p><p style="text-align: center;">Kh&#7855;p h&#7843;i &#273;&#7843;o, mu&#244;n tr&#249;ng kh&#417;i, v&#7841;n su&#7889;i</p><p style="text-align: center;">Nguy&#7879;n th&#225;i d&#432;&#417;ng, nhu&#7897;m r&#7841;ng r&#7905; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i,</p><p style="text-align: center;">Ban ph&#432;&#7899;c l&#224;nh khi ta b&#432;&#7899;c l&#236;a xa</p><p style="text-align: center;">&#193;nh thanh xu&#226;n t&#7887;a s&#225;ng r&#7921;c bao la</p><p style="text-align: center;">L&#224; cu&#7897;c y&#234;u m&#224; ta h&#7857;ng gi&#7919; l&#7845;y</p><p style="text-align: center;">V&#224; r&#7891;i &#273;&#226;y, quanh hai ta l&#7863;ng l&#7869;</p><p style="text-align: center;">Mu&#244;n sao khuya v&#297;nh c&#7917;u chi&#7871;u m&#234;ng m&#244;ng</p><p style="text-align: center;">L&#250;c dung nham ch&#7843;y trong l&#242;ng n&#250;i <em>l&#7917;a</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">Ch&#7841;m d&#7883;u d&#224;ng v&#224;o v&#7841;n v&#7853;t thinh kh&#244;ng</p><p style="text-align: center;">R&#7891;i ch&#7841;m ta. H&#7905;i &#417;i kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c &#273;&#243;!</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Gi&#7919;a Heraclitus v&#224; Empedocles, ta th&#7845;y m&#7897;t kh&#237;a c&#7841;nh kh&#225;c c&#7911;a <em>l&#7917;a</em>, <em>l&#7917;a</em> kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; &#273;&#7845;ng s&#225;ng t&#7841;o m&#224; &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i c&#242;n l&#224; k&#7867; h&#7911;y di&#7879;t v&#224; &#273;&#7845;ng t&#225;i sinh. C&#225;c tri&#7871;t gia kh&#7855;c k&#7927; &#273;&#227; n&#243;i v&#7873; <em>ekpyrosis</em><a href="#_ftn35"><sup><span>[35]</span></sup></a> nh&#432; m&#7897;t tr&#7853;n &#273;&#7841;i h&#7887;a ho&#7841;n (hay s&#7921; k&#7871;t th&#250;c c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i trong <em>l&#7917;a</em>), qua &#273;&#243; m&#7885;i th&#7913;, v&#7889;n c&#243; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c t&#7915; <em>l&#7917;a</em>, s&#7869; quay tr&#7903; l&#7841;i v&#7899;i <em>l&#7917;a</em> khi k&#7871;t th&#250;c chu k&#7923; ti&#7871;n h&#243;a c&#7911;a n&#243;. &#221; ni&#7879;m v&#7873; <em>ekpyrosis</em> th&#7921;c t&#7871; kh&#244;ng g&#7907;i &#253; r&#7857;ng s&#7921; thanh t&#7849;y th&#244;ng qua <em>l&#7917;a</em> c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7857;ng k&#7871; ho&#7841;ch hay n&#7895; l&#7921;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. Nh&#432;ng ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n &#273;&#7857;ng sau nhi&#7873;u nghi l&#7877; hi&#7871;n t&#7871; b&#7857;ng <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#224; &#253; ni&#7879;m cho r&#7857;ng b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch h&#7911;y di&#7879;t, <em>l&#7917;a</em> thanh t&#7849;y v&#224; t&#225;i sinh. V&#224; t&#7915; &#273;&#243; n&#7843;y sinh t&#237;nh ch&#7845;t thi&#234;ng li&#234;ng c&#7911;a c&#225;i ch&#7871;t tr&#234;n gi&#224;n h&#7887;a thi&#234;u.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">C&#225;c th&#7871; k&#7927; tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7847;y r&#7851;y nh&#7919;ng v&#7909; thi&#234;u tr&#234;n gi&#224;n gi&#225;o, kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; d&#7883; gi&#225;o th&#7901;i Trung c&#7893; m&#224; c&#242;n c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ph&#249; th&#7911;y b&#7883; thi&#234;u s&#7889;ng trong th&#7901;i k&#7923; g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y h&#417;n, &#237;t nh&#7845;t l&#224; cho &#273;&#7871;n th&#7871; k&#7927; XVIII. V&#224; ch&#7881; c&#243; ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a th&#7849;m m&#7929; c&#7911;a D&#8217;Annunzio m&#7899;i khi&#7871;n Mila di Codro n&#243;i r&#7857;ng &#8220;<em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> th&#7853;t &#273;&#7865;p&#8221;. Nh&#7919;ng <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#227; thi&#234;u r&#7909;i bi&#7871;t bao k&#7867; d&#7883; gi&#225;o l&#224; n&#7895;i kinh ho&#224;ng, kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; v&#236; ch&#250;ng n&#7889;i ti&#7871;p nh&#7919;ng h&#236;nh tra t&#7845;n kh&#225;c. Ch&#7881; c&#7847;n tr&#237;ch d&#7851;n (t&#7915; cu&#7889;n <em>Truy&#7879;n v&#7873; Fra Dolcino k&#7867; d&#7883; gi&#225;o</em>) m&#244; t&#7843; v&#7873; cu&#7897;c tra t&#7845;n Fra Dolcino khi &#244;ng v&#224; v&#7907; m&#236;nh, Margherita, b&#7883; giao cho ch&#237;nh quy&#7873;n d&#226;n s&#7921; &#273;&#7875; thi h&#224;nh b&#7843;n &#225;n c&#7911;a T&#242;a &#225;n D&#7883; gi&#225;o. Trong khi ti&#7871;ng chu&#244;ng b&#225;o t&#7917; vang l&#234;n, h&#7885; b&#7883; &#273;&#432;a tr&#234;n m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c xe k&#233;o &#273;i kh&#7855;p th&#224;nh ph&#7889;, v&#226;y quanh l&#224; nh&#7919;ng &#273;ao ph&#7911; v&#224; theo sau l&#224; qu&#226;n l&#237;nh v&#361; trang; t&#7841;i m&#7895;i khu ph&#7889;, da th&#7883;t h&#7885; b&#7883; &#273;&#226;m b&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c k&#7865;p s&#7855;t nung &#273;&#7887;. Margherita b&#7883; thi&#234;u tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7863;t Dolcino, ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#224; n&#233;t m&#7863;t kh&#244;ng h&#7873; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i m&#7897;t c&#417; b&#7855;p, c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7889;t ra m&#7897;t l&#7901;i than v&#227;n n&#224;o khi nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c k&#7865;p x&#233; to&#7841;c da th&#7883;t &#244;ng. Sau &#273;&#243;, chi&#7871;c xe ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c h&#224;nh tr&#236;nh, trong khi c&#225;c &#273;ao ph&#7911; nh&#250;ng nh&#7919;ng thanh s&#7855;t v&#224;o l&#242; than r&#7921;c ch&#225;y. Dolcino c&#242;n ph&#7843;i ch&#7883;u nhi&#7873;u c&#7921;c h&#236;nh kh&#225;c v&#224; &#244;ng v&#7851;n im l&#7863;ng, ngo&#7841;i tr&#7915; &#273;&#244;i vai h&#417;i co l&#7841;i khi h&#7885; x&#7867;o m&#361;i &#244;ng, v&#224; khi h&#7885; c&#7855;t b&#7887; b&#7897; ph&#7853;n sinh d&#7909;c c&#7911;a &#244;ng, &#244;ng &#273;&#227; th&#7889;t ra m&#7897;t ti&#7871;ng th&#7903; d&#224;i k&#233;o d&#224;i, nh&#432; m&#7897;t ti&#7871;ng r&#234;n r&#7881;. Nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng c&#7911;a &#244;ng v&#7851;n mang &#226;m h&#432;&#7903;ng b&#7845;t ph&#7909;c, &#244;ng n&#243;i r&#7857;ng m&#236;nh s&#7869; s&#7889;ng l&#7841;i v&#224;o ng&#224;y th&#7913; ba. Sau &#273;&#243;, &#244;ng b&#7883; thi&#234;u v&#224; tro c&#7889;t b&#7883; r&#7843;i v&#224;o gi&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng th&#7849;m tra vi&#234;n &#7903; m&#7885;i th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i, m&#7885;i s&#7855;c t&#7897;c v&#224; t&#244;n gi&#225;o, <em>l&#7917;a</em> kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; thanh t&#7849;y t&#7897;i l&#7895;i c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#224; c&#242;n c&#7843; t&#7897;i l&#7895;i c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch. C&#243; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7889;t s&#225;ch. &#272;&#244;i khi ch&#250;ng x&#7843;y ra do tai n&#7841;n, &#273;&#244;i khi do s&#7921; thi&#7871;u hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t, nh&#432;ng trong nh&#7919;ng d&#7883;p kh&#225;c, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7889;ng <em>l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#7889;t s&#225;ch c&#7911;a &#272;&#7913;c Qu&#7889;c x&#227;, ch&#250;ng l&#224; &#273;&#7875; thanh t&#7849;y v&#224; ti&#234;u h&#7911;y b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng c&#7911;a m&#7897;t n&#7873;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t suy &#273;&#7891;i. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n nhi&#7879;t th&#224;nh c&#7911;a Don Quixote &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7889;t th&#432; vi&#7879;n s&#225;ch hi&#7879;p s&#297; c&#7911;a &#244;ng v&#236; l&#253; do &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c v&#224; v&#236; s&#7921; t&#7881;nh t&#225;o c&#7911;a &#244;ng. Th&#432; vi&#7879;n trong cu&#7889;n <em>Auto-da-F&#233;</em> c&#7911;a Elias Canetti r&#7921;c ch&#225;y theo c&#225;ch g&#7907;i nh&#7899; &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; hy sinh c&#7911;a Empedocles (&#8220;khi nh&#7919;ng <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng ch&#7841;m &#273;&#7871;n &#244;ng, &#244;ng c&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n, m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7879;u c&#432;&#7901;i &#244;ng ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng c&#432;&#7901;i trong su&#7889;t cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i m&#236;nh&#8221;).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch b&#7883; k&#7871;t &#225;n ph&#7843;i bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t &#273;&#227; b&#7883; thi&#234;u r&#7909;i trong <em>Fahrenheit 451</em> c&#7911;a Ray Bradbury. Th&#432; vi&#7879;n trong tu vi&#7879;n c&#7911;a cu&#7889;n <em>T&#234;n c&#7911;a &#272;&#243;a h&#7891;ng</em> c&#7911;a t&#244;i c&#361;ng b&#7883; thi&#234;u r&#7909;i b&#7903;i &#273;&#7883;nh m&#7879;nh, nh&#432;ng nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n s&#226;u xa l&#7841;i l&#224; m&#7897;t h&#224;nh vi ki&#7875;m duy&#7879;t s&#417; kh&#7903;i.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Fernando B&#225;ez, trong cu&#7889;n <em>L&#7883;ch s&#7917; ph&#7893; qu&#225;t v&#7873; s&#7921; h&#7911;y di&#7879;t s&#225;ch</em> (2004), &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7863;t c&#226;u h&#7887;i t&#7841;i sao <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#7841;i l&#224; t&#225;c nh&#226;n ch&#237;nh trong vi&#7879;c ti&#234;u h&#7911;y s&#225;ch. V&#224; &#244;ng tr&#7843; l&#7901;i:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>&#8220;<em>L&#7917;a</em> l&#224; s&#7921; c&#7913;u r&#7895;i, v&#224; v&#236; l&#253; do &#273;&#243;, h&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&#225;c t&#244;n gi&#225;o &#273;&#7873;u d&#226;ng <em>l&#7917;a</em> cho c&#225;c v&#7883; th&#7847;n t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng c&#7911;a h&#7885;. Quy&#7873;n n&#259;ng b&#7843;o t&#7891;n s&#7921; s&#7889;ng n&#224;y c&#361;ng &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i l&#224; m&#7897;t quy&#7873;n n&#259;ng h&#7911;y di&#7879;t. Khi con ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7911;y di&#7879;t b&#7857;ng <em>l&#7917;a</em>, h&#7855;n &#273;ang &#273;&#243;ng vai Thi&#234;n Ch&#250;a, k&#7867; l&#224;m ch&#7911; <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> c&#7911;a s&#7921; s&#7889;ng v&#224; c&#225;i ch&#7871;t. V&#224; theo c&#225;ch n&#224;y, h&#7855;n &#273;&#7891;ng nh&#7845;t m&#236;nh v&#7899;i m&#7897;t nghi l&#7877; m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i thanh t&#7849;y v&#224; v&#7899;i huy&#7873;n tho&#7841;i v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i v&#7873; s&#7921; h&#7911;y di&#7879;t v&#7889;n h&#7847;u nh&#432; lu&#244;n di&#7877;n ra th&#244;ng qua <em>l&#7917;a</em>. L&#253; do c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c d&#249;ng <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#224; hi&#7875;n nhi&#234;n: n&#243; kh&#7917; tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a m&#7897;t t&#225;c ph&#7849;m tr&#7903; v&#7873; v&#7899;i v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t.&#8221;</p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>EKPYROSI</strong></em><strong>S NG&#192;Y NAY</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>L&#7917;a</em> l&#224; k&#7867; h&#7911;y di&#7879;t trong m&#7885;i th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i chi&#7871;n tranh, t&#7915; <em>L&#7917;a th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i Hy L&#7841;p</em> c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i Byzantine (m&#7897;t b&#237; m&#7853;t qu&#226;n s&#7921; t&#7889;i cao, v&#7873; &#273;i&#7875;m n&#224;y, t&#244;i mu&#7889;n nh&#7855;c &#273;&#7871;n cu&#7889;n ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t xu&#7845;t s&#7855;c <em>II fuoco Greco</em> c&#7911;a Luigi Malerba) cho &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c t&#236;nh c&#7901; ph&#225;t hi&#7879;n ra thu&#7889;c s&#250;ng c&#7911;a Berthold Schwarz, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#227; ch&#7871;t v&#236; ch&#237;nh ph&#225;t minh &#273;&#243; trong m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c <em>ekpyrosis </em>mang t&#237;nh c&#225; nh&#226;n v&#224; tr&#7915;ng ph&#7841;t. <em>L&#7917;a</em> l&#224; h&#236;nh ph&#7841;t cho nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; ph&#7843;n b&#7897;i trong chi&#7871;n tranh, v&#224; &#8220;B&#7855;n!&#8221; (Fire!) l&#224; m&#7879;nh l&#7879;nh cho m&#7885;i &#273;&#7897;i h&#224;nh quy&#7871;t, nh&#432; th&#7875; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a s&#7921; s&#7889;ng &#273;ang &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7847;u vi&#7879;n &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7849;y nhanh c&#225;i k&#7871;t.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nh&#432;ng c&#243; l&#7869; <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> chi&#7871;n tranh l&#224;m nh&#226;n lo&#7841;i khi&#7871;p s&#7907; nh&#7845;t &#8211; &#253; t&#244;i l&#224; to&#224;n th&#7875; nh&#226;n lo&#7841;i tr&#234;n kh&#7855;p &#273;&#7883;a c&#7847;u, l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n &#253; th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236; &#273;ang di&#7877;n ra &#7903; m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#8211; ch&#237;nh l&#224; v&#7909; n&#7893; bom nguy&#234;n t&#7917;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng phi c&#244;ng th&#7843; bom xu&#7889;ng Nagasaki &#273;&#227; vi&#7871;t: &#8220;&#272;&#7897;t nhi&#234;n &#225;nh s&#225;ng c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#224;n m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i th&#7855;p s&#225;ng c&#7843; khoang l&#225;i. T&#244;i bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i nh&#7855;m m&#7855;t trong hai gi&#226;y, d&#249; &#273;&#227; &#273;eo k&#237;nh r&#226;m&#8221;. Trong kinh <em>Ch&#237; t&#244;n ca </em>c&#243; vi&#7871;t: &#8220;N&#7871;u r&#7841;ng &#273;&#244;ng c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#224;n m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i c&#249;ng l&#250;c b&#249;ng l&#234;n tr&#234;n b&#7847;u tr&#7901;i, &#273;&#243; s&#7869; l&#224; s&#7921; huy ho&#224;ng c&#7911;a &#273;&#7845;ng quy&#7873;n n&#259;ng... Ta l&#224; Th&#7901;i gian, th&#7913; h&#7911;y di&#7879;t m&#7885;i th&#7871; gi&#7899;i.&#8221; Nh&#7919;ng d&#242;ng th&#417; n&#224;y &#273;&#227; hi&#7879;n l&#234;n trong t&#226;m tr&#237; Oppenheimer<a href="#_ftn36"><sup><span>[36]</span></sup></a> sau v&#7909; n&#7893; qu&#7843; bom nguy&#234;n t&#7917; &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y d&#7851;n ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#7871;n g&#7847;n &#273;o&#7841;n k&#7871;t &#273;&#7847;y k&#7883;ch t&#237;nh trong b&#224;i gi&#7843;ng c&#7911;a t&#244;i v&#224; trong m&#7897;t kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian h&#7907;p l&#253; h&#417;n &#273;&#7871;n h&#7891;i k&#7871;t c&#7911;a s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&#234;n Tr&#225;i &#272;&#7845;t ho&#7863;c s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a Tr&#225;i &#272;&#7845;t trong v&#361; tr&#7909;. B&#7903;i v&#236; hi&#7879;n nay, h&#417;n bao gi&#7901; h&#7871;t, ba trong s&#7889; c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7889; nguy&#234;n s&#417; &#273;ang b&#7883; &#273;e d&#7885;a: kh&#244;ng kh&#237; b&#7883; b&#243;p ngh&#7865;t b&#7903;i &#244; nhi&#7877;m v&#224; kh&#237; carbon dioxide; n&#432;&#7899;c b&#7883; nhi&#7877;m b&#7849;n m&#7897;t m&#7863;t v&#224; ng&#224;y c&#224;ng khan hi&#7871;m m&#7863;t kh&#225;c. Ch&#7881; c&#243; <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#224; chi&#7871;n th&#7855;ng, d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng m&#7897;t s&#7913;c n&#243;ng &#273;ang l&#224;m kh&#244; h&#7841;n &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai, &#273;&#7843;o l&#7897;n c&#225;c m&#249;a, v&#224; b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch l&#224;m tan ch&#7843;y c&#225;c t&#7843;ng b&#259;ng, &#273;ang m&#7901;i g&#7885;i bi&#7875;n c&#7843; x&#226;m chi&#7871;m l&#7909;c &#273;&#7883;a. Ta kh&#244;ng h&#7873; nh&#7853;n ra, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;ang ti&#7871;n t&#7899;i m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c ekpyrosis &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n m&#7897;t c&#225;ch th&#7921;c s&#7921;. Trong khi Bush v&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c b&#225;c b&#7887; <em>Ngh&#7883; &#273;&#7883;nh th&#432; Kyoto</em>, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;ang ti&#7871;n t&#7899;i c&#225;i ch&#7871;t th&#244;ng qua <em>l&#7917;a</em> &#8211; v&#224; vi&#7879;c v&#361; tr&#7909; c&#243; t&#225;i sinh sau <em>cu&#7897;c holocaust</em> c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta hay kh&#244;ng ch&#7859;ng c&#242;n quan tr&#7885;ng n&#7919;a, v&#236; n&#243; s&#7869; kh&#244;ng c&#242;n l&#224; v&#361; tr&#7909; c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#272;&#7913;c Ph&#7853;t &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;a ra l&#7901;i khuy&#234;n n&#224;y trong <em>Kinh L&#7917;a</em><a href="#_ftn37"><sup><span>[37]</span></sup></a>:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;T&#7845;t c&#7843;, n&#224;y c&#225;c T&#7923;-kheo, &#273;&#7873;u b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y. V&#224; n&#224;y c&#225;c T&#7923;-kheo, t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;i g&#236; &#273;&#7873;u b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y? M&#7855;t, n&#224;y c&#225;c T&#7923;-kheo, b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y. C&#225;c s&#7855;c b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y. Nh&#227;n th&#7913;c b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y. Nh&#227;n x&#250;c b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y. Do duy&#234;n nh&#227;n x&#250;c n&#234;n kh&#7903;i l&#234;n c&#7843;m th&#7885; g&#236;, l&#7841;c, kh&#7893; hay b&#7845;t kh&#7893; b&#7845;t l&#7841;c; c&#7843;m th&#7885; &#7845;y b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y. B&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y b&#7903;i c&#225;i g&#236;? B&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y b&#7903;i <em>l&#7917;a</em> tham, <em>l&#7917;a</em> s&#226;n, <em>l&#7917;a</em> si. Ta n&#243;i r&#7857;ng b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y b&#7903;i sanh, gi&#224;, ch&#7871;t, s&#7847;u, b&#7883;, kh&#7893;, &#432;u, n&#227;o... T&#7841;i b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y. C&#225;c th&#237;nh b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y... M&#361;i b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y. C&#225;c h&#432;&#417;ng b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y... L&#432;&#7905;i, n&#224;y c&#225;c T&#7923;-kheo b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y. C&#225;c v&#7883; b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y... Th&#226;n, n&#224;y c&#225;c T&#7923;-kheo b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y. C&#225;c x&#250;c b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y... &#221;, n&#224;y c&#225;c T&#7923;-kheo b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y. C&#225;c ph&#225;p b&#7883; b&#7889;c ch&#225;y... Nh&#224;m ch&#225;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i tai, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i m&#361;i, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i l&#432;&#7905;i, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i th&#226;n, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i &#253;... Th&#7845;y v&#7853;y, n&#224;y c&#225;c T&#7923;-kheo, v&#7883; &#272;a v&#259;n Th&#225;nh &#273;&#7879; t&#7917; nh&#224;m ch&#225;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i m&#7855;t, nh&#224;m ch&#225;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&#225;c s&#7855;c... &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i tai, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&#225;c th&#237;nh... Do duy&#234;n t&#7929; x&#250;c kh&#7903;i l&#234;n c&#7843;m th&#7885; g&#236;, l&#7841;c, kh&#7893;, hay b&#7845;t kh&#7893; b&#7845;t l&#7841;c; v&#7883; &#7845;y nh&#224;m ch&#225;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&#7843;m th&#7885; &#7845;y. [Do nh&#224;m ch&#225;n n&#234;n v&#7883; &#7845;y ly tham. Do ly tham n&#234;n v&#7883; &#7845;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#7843;i tho&#225;t]&#8221;<a href="#_ftn38"><sup><span>[38]</span></sup></a></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Nh&#432;ng nh&#226;n lo&#7841;i &#273;&#227; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; t&#7915; b&#7887; (d&#249; ch&#7881; m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n) s&#7921; b&#225;m v&#237;u v&#224;o c&#225;c h&#432;&#417;ng, v&#7883;, thanh v&#224; kho&#225;i l&#7841;c x&#250;c gi&#225;c c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh &#8211; v&#224; t&#7915; b&#7887; vi&#7879;c t&#7841;o ra <em>l&#7917;a</em> th&#244;ng qua s&#7921; ma s&#225;t. C&#243; l&#7869; con ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#234;n &#273;&#7875; m&#7863;c vi&#7879;c t&#7841;o ra <em>l&#7917;a</em> cho c&#225;c v&#7883; th&#7847;n, nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7845;ng s&#7869; ch&#7881; trao n&#243; cho ch&#250;ng ta thi tho&#7843;ng m&#7897;t l&#7847;n, d&#432;&#7899;i h&#236;nh d&#7841;ng c&#7911;a m&#7897;t tia s&#233;t.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[B&#224;i gi&#7843;ng t&#7841;i l&#7877; h&#7897;i v&#259;n h&#243;a Milanesiana n&#259;m 2008, t&#7893; ch&#7913;c quanh ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; b&#7889;n nguy&#234;n t&#7889; &#8211; <em>l&#7917;a</em>, kh&#237;, &#273;&#7845;t, n&#432;&#7899;c &#8211; v&#224;o ng&#224;y 7 th&#225;ng 7 n&#259;m 2008].</p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref1"><sup><span>[1]</span></sup></a> Gaston Bachelard (1884 &#8211; 1962): Tri&#7871;t gia ng&#432;&#7901;i Ph&#225;p, n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng v&#7899;i c&#225;c c&#244;ng tr&#236;nh v&#7873; tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c khoa h&#7885;c v&#224; tr&#237; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng thi ca. Cu&#7889;n <em>Ph&#226;n t&#226;m h&#7885;c v&#7873; l&#7917;a </em>(La Psychanalyse du feu) l&#224; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng t&#225;c ph&#7849;m quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a &#244;ng.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref2"><sup><span>[2]</span></sup></a> C&#7893; m&#7851;u (Archetypes): Thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; trong t&#226;m l&#253; h&#7885;c ph&#226;n t&#237;ch c&#7911;a Carl Jung, ch&#7881; nh&#7919;ng h&#236;nh m&#7851;u, bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng ho&#7863;c &#253; ni&#7879;m b&#7849;m sinh, ph&#7893; qu&#225;t trong v&#244; th&#7913;c t&#7853;p th&#7875; c&#7911;a nh&#226;n lo&#7841;i.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref3"><sup><span>[3]</span></sup></a> Denis Papin (1647 &#8211; 1712): Nh&#224; v&#7853;t l&#253;, nh&#224; to&#225;n h&#7885;c v&#224; nh&#224; ph&#225;t minh ng&#432;&#7901;i Ph&#225;p, n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c ph&#225;t minh ra n&#7891;i &#225;p su&#7845;t (Papin&#8217;s digester), ti&#7873;n th&#226;n c&#7911;a &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; h&#417;i n&#432;&#7899;c.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref4"><sup><span>[4]</span></sup></a> ng&#7885;n &#273;&#232;n</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref5"><sup><span>[5]</span></sup></a> sao mai</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref6"><sup><span>[6]</span></sup></a> ngu&#7891;n s&#225;ng</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref7"><sup><span>[7]</span></sup></a> &#225;nh s&#225;ng</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref8"><sup><span>[8]</span></sup></a> r&#7841;ng &#273;&#244;ng</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref9"><sup><span>[9]</span></sup></a> m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i c&#244;ng ch&#237;nh</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref10"><sup><span>[10]</span></sup></a> m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i m&#7899;i</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref11"><sup><span>[11]</span></sup></a> v&#236; sao</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref12"><sup><span>[12]</span></sup></a> arch&#232; (Nguy&#234;n l&#253;/B&#7843;n nguy&#234;n): Thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i ch&#7881; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n, nguy&#234;n l&#253; n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng c&#7845;u th&#224;nh n&#234;n v&#361; tr&#7909;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref13"><sup><span>[13]</span></sup></a> Kh&#250;c n&#224;y kh&#243; d&#7883;ch v&#236; &#273;o&#7841;n g&#7889;c l&#224; &#8220;which has no form at all&#8221;. V&#236; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;ang trong ng&#7919; c&#7843;nh Plato &#8211; Plotinus &#8211; Pseudo-Dionysus n&#234;n &#273;&#226;y l&#224; kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m <em>eidos</em>, n&#234;n t&#244;i v&#7851;n d&#7883;ch l&#224; &#253; ni&#7879;m. Nh&#432;ng ta c&#7847;n hi&#7875;u r&#245; c&#226;u n&#224;y l&#224; <em>l&#7917;a</em> v&#432;&#7907;t ra ngo&#224;i &#253; ni&#7879;m, l&#224; v&#244; t&#432;&#7899;ng, ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; kh&#244;ng h&#224;m ch&#7913;a t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref14"><sup><span>[14]</span></sup></a> Guido Guinizzelli (1230 &#8211; 1276): Thi s&#297; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#221;, ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#225;ng l&#7853;p phong c&#225;ch <em>Dolce Stil Novo</em> (Phong c&#225;ch m&#7899;i ng&#7885;t ng&#224;o), c&#243; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7899;n &#273;&#7871;n Dante.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref15"><sup><span>[15]</span></sup></a> Dante Alighieri. (2022). Th&#7847;n kh&#250;c Thi&#234;n &#272;&#224;ng. &#272;&#236;nh Ch&#7849;n d&#7883;ch (trang 191).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref16"><sup><span>[16]</span></sup></a> Kh&#250;c n&#224;y b&#7843;n g&#7889;c ti&#7871;ng &#221; l&#224; <em>sussistenza</em> ngh&#297;a l&#224; <em>b&#7843;n th&#7875;</em>, d&#7883;ch gi&#7843; &#272;&#236;nh Ch&#7849;n d&#7883;ch th&#224;nh <em>to&#224;n t&#226;m</em> cho &#273;&#250;ng ni&#234;m nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i sai</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref17"><sup><span>[17]</span></sup></a> Di&#7877;n t&#7843; m&#7847;u nhi&#7879;m Ba Ng&#244;i</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref18"><sup><span>[18]</span></sup></a> Ch&#250;a Th&#225;nh Th&#7847;n b&#7903;i Ch&#250;a Cha v&#224; Ch&#250;a Con m&#224; ra</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref19"><sup><span>[19]</span></sup></a> Dante Alighieri. (2022). Th&#7847;n kh&#250;c Thi&#234;n &#272;&#224;ng. &#272;&#236;nh Ch&#7849;n d&#7883;ch (trang 417).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref20"><sup><span>[20]</span></sup></a> Leviathan: M&#7897;t con qu&#225;i v&#7853;t bi&#7875;n kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7855;c &#273;&#7871;n trong <em>Kinh Th&#225;nh</em>, th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hi&#7875;u l&#224; bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a s&#7921; h&#7895;n &#273;&#7897;n ho&#7863;c quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c t&#224; &#225;c ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i Thi&#234;n Ch&#250;a</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref21"><sup><span>[21]</span></sup></a> &#7903; &#273;&#226;y Umberto Eco ho&#7863;c ng&#432;&#7901;i bi&#234;n t&#7853;p nh&#7847;m l&#7851;n, ph&#7843;i l&#224; Gi&#243;p 41, 11 &#8211; 13.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref22"><sup><span>[22]</span></sup></a> Th&#225;nh Alfonso de Liguori (1696 &#8211; 1787): Gi&#225;m m&#7909;c, Ti&#7871;n s&#297; H&#7897;i th&#225;nh, ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#225;ng l&#7853;p <em>d&#242;ng Ch&#250;a C&#7913;u Th&#7871;</em>. &#212;ng n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng v&#7899;i c&#225;c t&#225;c ph&#7849;m v&#7873; th&#7847;n h&#7885;c lu&#226;n l&#253; v&#224; c&#225;c b&#224;i suy ni&#7879;m c&#243; s&#7913;c lay &#273;&#7897;ng m&#7841;nh m&#7869; (&#273;&#244;i khi r&#7845;t kh&#7855;c nghi&#7879;t) v&#7873; s&#7921; ch&#7871;t v&#224; h&#7887;a ng&#7909;c</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref23"><sup><span>[23]</span></sup></a> &#8220;v&#224; v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#234;n c&#7843; quy&#7873;n n&#259;ng/b&#7843;n t&#237;nh c&#7911;a <em>l&#7917;a</em>&#8220;. C&#7909;m t&#7915; n&#224;y &#225;m ch&#7881; r&#7857;ng <em>l&#7917;a</em> &#273;&#7883;a ng&#7909;c kh&#244;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng theo c&#225;c quy lu&#7853;t v&#7853;t l&#253; th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> tr&#7847;n gian</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref24"><sup><span>[24]</span></sup></a> Tertullian (kho&#7843;ng 155 &#8211; 240 CN): M&#7897;t h&#7885;c gi&#7843; Kit&#244; gi&#225;o s&#417; khai quan tr&#7885;ng, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7863;t n&#7873;n m&#243;ng cho thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; th&#7847;n h&#7885;c ph&#432;&#417;ng T&#226;y.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref25"><sup><span>[25]</span></sup></a> <em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> th&#244;ng tu&#7879;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref26"><sup><span>[26]</span></sup></a> Eusebius x&#7913; Emesa (th&#7871; k&#7927; IV): M&#7897;t gi&#225;m m&#7909;c v&#224; nh&#224; ch&#250; gi&#7843;i Kinh Th&#225;nh n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng v&#7899;i kh&#7843; n&#259;ng h&#249;ng bi&#7879;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref27"><sup><span>[27]</span></sup></a> &#8220;<em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> ph&#225;n quan&#8221;. C&#225;ch Eusebius x&#7913; Emesa g&#7885;i <em>l&#7917;a</em> l&#224; ignis arbiter (<em>ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a</em> ph&#225;n quan) nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh v&#224;o vai tr&#242; th&#7921;c thi c&#244;ng l&#253; c&#7911;a h&#7887;a h&#236;nh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref28"><sup><span>[28]</span></sup></a> B&#237; m&#7853;t Fatima: Nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i ti&#234;n tri v&#224; th&#7883; ki&#7871;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho l&#224; do &#272;&#7913;c M&#7865; Maria ti&#7871;t l&#7897; cho ba tr&#7867; ch&#259;n c&#7915;u t&#7841;i Fatima, B&#7891; &#272;&#224;o Nha v&#224;o n&#259;m 1917. Umberto Eco tr&#237;ch d&#7851;n v&#259;n b&#7843;n ch&#237;nh th&#7913;c t&#7915; B&#7897; Gi&#225;o l&#253; &#272;&#7913;c tin (th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&#243; do H&#7891;ng y Joseph Ratzinger, t&#7913;c Gi&#225;o ho&#224;ng Benedict XVI t&#432;&#417;ng lai, &#273;&#7913;ng &#273;&#7847;u) &#273;&#7875; cho th&#7845;y <em>l&#7917;a</em> v&#7851;n l&#224; bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng ch&#7911; &#273;&#7841;o trong t&#226;m th&#7913;c t&#244;n gi&#225;o hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref29"><sup><span>[29]</span></sup></a> <em>Turba philosophorum</em> (S&#7921; h&#7897;i t&#7909; c&#7911;a c&#225;c Tri&#7871;t gia): M&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng v&#259;n b&#7843;n gi&#7843; kim thu&#7853;t c&#7893; nh&#7845;t b&#7857;ng ti&#7871;ng Latin, c&#243; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c t&#7915; ti&#7871;ng &#7842; R&#7853;p, tr&#236;nh b&#224;y d&#432;&#7899;i h&#236;nh th&#7913;c m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c tranh lu&#7853;n gi&#7919;a c&#225;c tri&#7871;t gia ti&#7873;n Socrates v&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref30"><sup><span>[30]</span></sup></a> Ch&#236;a kh&#243;a c&#7911;a t&#225;c ph&#7849;m</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref31"><sup><span>[31]</span></sup></a> Quy t&#7855;c chung</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref32"><sup><span>[32]</span></sup></a> D&#7845;u ch&#7881;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref33"><sup><span>[33]</span></sup></a> Claude L&#233;vi-Strauss (1908 &#8211; 2009): Nh&#224; nh&#226;n ch&#7911;ng h&#7885;c n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng v&#7899;i t&#225;c ph&#7849;m <em>S&#7889;ng v&#224; Ch&#237;n</em> (The Raw and the Cooked)</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref34"><sup><span>[34]</span></sup></a> Benvenuto Cellini (1500 &#8211; 1571): Ngh&#7879; s&#297; &#273;i&#234;u kh&#7855;c, th&#7907; ho&#224;n kim v&#224; t&#225;c gi&#7843; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#221; th&#7901;i Ph&#7909;c h&#432;ng. T&#225;c ph&#7849;m <em>Perseus v&#7899;i &#273;&#7847;u Medusa</em> c&#7911;a &#244;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng ki&#7879;t t&#225;c &#273;i&#234;u kh&#7855;c b&#7857;ng &#273;&#7891;ng l&#7915;ng danh nh&#7845;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref35"><sup><span>[35]</span></sup></a> Ekpyrosis: M&#7897;t thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; c&#7911;a ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a kh&#7855;c k&#7927; ch&#7881; s&#7921; h&#7911;y di&#7879;t &#273;&#7883;nh k&#7923; c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909; b&#7857;ng <em>l&#7917;a</em>, sau &#273;&#243; v&#361; tr&#7909; s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#225;i sinh trong m&#7897;t chu k&#7923; m&#7899;i</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref36"><sup><span>[36]</span></sup></a> Oppenheimer &#273;&#227; tr&#237;ch d&#7851;n &#8220;Now I become Death, destroyer of all worlds&#8221;, &#273;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t b&#7843;n d&#7883;ch b&#7883; sai l&#7879;ch, c&#243; th&#7875; do b&#7843;n d&#7883;ch &#244;ng &#273;&#7885;c. C&#226;u g&#7889;c trong ti&#7871;ng Ph&#7841;n l&#224;: <span>&#2325;&#2366;&#2354;&#2379;&#2365;&#2360;&#2381;&#2350;&#2367; &#2354;&#2379;&#2325;&#2325;&#2381;&#2359;&#2351;&#2325;&#2371;&#2340;&#2381;&#2346;&#2381;&#2352;&#2357;&#2371;&#2342;&#2381;&#2343;&#2379;/k&#257;lo&#8217;smi loka-k&#7779;haya-k&#7771;it prav&#7771;iddho</span>. Trong ng&#7919; c&#7843;nh n&#224;y, th&#7847;n Krishna (h&#243;a th&#226;n c&#7911;a &#273;&#7845;ng t&#7889;i cao Vishnu) l&#224; ch&#7911; th&#7875; n&#243;i, &#273;&#7891;ng nh&#7845;t b&#7843;n th&#226;n v&#7899;i th&#7901;i gian. V&#259;n b&#7843;n <em>Ch&#237; t&#244;n ca </em>v&#7889;n mu&#7889;n th&#7875; hi&#7879;n r&#7857;ng s&#7921; to&#224;n n&#259;ng c&#7911;a th&#7901;i gian m&#7899;i l&#224; th&#7913; h&#7911;y di&#7879;t m&#7885;i th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. Nh&#432;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7875; ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n Oppenheimer n&#243;i sai b&#7903;i v&#236;, trong m&#7897;t v&#224;i ng&#7919; c&#7843;nh, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta s&#7917; d&#7909;ng th&#7901;i gian &#273;&#7875; &#225;m ch&#7881; &#273;&#7871;n c&#225;i ch&#7871;t, v&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; &#8220;your time has come&#8221;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref37"><sup><span>[37]</span></sup></a> &#256;dittapary&#257;ya S&#363;tra</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="#_ftnref38"><sup><span>[38]</span></sup></a> Theo b&#7843;n d&#7883;ch <em>Kinh L&#7917;a</em> c&#7911;a H&#242;a Th&#432;&#7907;ng Th&#237;ch Minh Ch&#226;u</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[MIRCEA CĂRTĂRESCU – SỰ TÀN LỤI CỦA MỘT ĐỊA ĐÀNG]]></title><description><![CDATA[D&#7883;ch t&#7915; ti&#7871;ng T&#226;y Ban Nha ti&#7875;u lu&#7853;n La Ruina De Una Utop&#237;a]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/mircea-cartarescu-su-tan-lui-cua</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/mircea-cartarescu-su-tan-lui-cua</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 04:38:13 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c3d022d0-e5d8-45a2-abf8-f1cc37688943_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>L&#250;c n&#224;o c&#361;ng v&#7853;y, v&#224;o kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian phi th&#7921;c c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng k&#7923; ngh&#7881; Gi&#225;ng sinh, khi t&#244;i th&#7913;c d&#7853;y t&#7915; r&#7845;t s&#7899;m v&#224; nh&#7919;ng &#244; c&#7917;a s&#7893; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#243;ng b&#259;ng ho&#224;n to&#224;n, khi qua l&#7899;p k&#237;nh bi&#7871;n d&#7841;ng &#273;&#243; nh&#7919;ng b&#244;ng tuy&#7871;t r&#417;i ch&#233;o d&#7919; d&#7897;i, v&#224; t&#244;i &#273;&#7913;ng b&#7891;n ch&#7891;n d&#432;&#7899;i b&#7871;p v&#7899;i &#273;&#232;n &#273;ang s&#225;ng; &#273;&#226;u &#273;&#243; t&#7915; n&#417;i s&#226;u th&#7859;m c&#7911;a ng&#244;i nh&#224; vang l&#234;n ti&#7871;ng chu&#244;ng b&#225;o th&#7913;c, t&#244;i l&#7841;i th&#7845;y c&#249;ng m&#7897;t &#7843;o &#7843;nh c&#7911;a m&#7897;t con nghi&#7879;n &#273;&#7885;c s&#225;ch. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Trong khi nh&#7845;m nh&#225;p ly c&#224; ph&#234; n&#243;ng b&#7887;ng, t&#244;i m&#417; v&#7873; </span><em><span>Cu&#7889;n S&#225;ch</span></em><span>. &#272;i&#234;n r&#7891; h&#417;n c&#7843; </span><em><span>Tr&#259;m n&#259;m c&#244; &#273;&#417;n</span></em><span>, s&#226;u s&#7855;c h&#417;n </span><em><span>L&#226;u &#273;&#224;i</span></em><span>, v&#244; t&#7853;n h&#417;n </span><em><span>&#272;i t&#236;m th&#7901;i gian &#273;&#227; m&#7845;t</span></em><span>. T&#244;i h&#236;nh dung ra m&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;i ng&#361; nh&#224; v&#259;n h&#249;ng h&#7853;u l&#224;m vi&#7879;c qua nhi&#7873;u th&#7871; h&#7879; ch&#7881; tr&#234;n m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch duy nh&#7845;t, m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch m&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i ta c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7885;c t&#7915; thu&#7903; &#7845;u th&#417; khi m&#7899;i b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u nh&#7853;n m&#7863;t ch&#7919;, cho &#273;&#7871;n t&#7853;n l&#250;c tr&#234;n gi&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7879;nh khi kh&#244;ng c&#242;n ph&#226;n bi&#7879;t n&#7893;i m&#7863;t ch&#7919; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#7919;a. M&#7897;t cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch thay th&#7871; cho ch&#237;nh cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i b&#7841;n, nh&#432;ng l&#432;&#7907;c b&#7887; &#273;i nh&#7919;ng kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c, nh&#7919;ng ng&#224;y, nh&#7919;ng th&#225;ng, nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m th&#225;ng &#273;&#417;n &#273;i&#7879;u c&#7911;a cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&#243;. Th&#7901;i thi&#7871;u ni&#234;n, cu&#7897;n tr&#242;n tr&#234;n gi&#432;&#7901;ng, &#273;&#244;i khi t&#244;i th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7885;c t&#7915; s&#225;ng &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#234;m, qu&#234;n c&#7843; &#259;n v&#224; g&#7847;n nh&#432; qu&#234;n c&#7843; th&#7903;, b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng trang s&#225;ch &#273;&#243;, th&#7913; m&#224; th&#7921;c t&#7871; t&#244;i g&#7847;n nh&#432; ch&#7859;ng c&#242;n nh&#236;n th&#7845;y, &#273;ang m&#244; t&#7843; nh&#7919;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7921;c s&#7921;, nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#225;m m&#226;y th&#7921;c s&#7921;, nh&#7919;ng th&#224;nh ph&#7889; th&#7921;c s&#7921;, nh&#432;ng khi ng&#432;&#7899;c m&#7855;t l&#234;n, t&#244;i ch&#7859;ng th&#7845;y g&#236; ngo&#224;i nh&#7919;ng b&#243;ng ma qu&#7841;nh qu&#7867;. T&#244;i ch&#7881; nh&#7853;n ra tr&#7901;i &#273;&#227; t&#7889;i khi nh&#7919;ng trang s&#225;ch r&#7921;c &#273;&#7887; nh&#432; l&#7917;a tr&#432;&#7899;c khi chuy&#7875;n sang m&#224;u tro x&#225;m.</span><br><br><span>Bi k&#7883;ch c&#7911;a &#273;&#7901;i t&#244;i b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u sau &#273;&#243;, khi thay v&#236; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7889;ng trong </span><em><span>Cu&#7889;n S&#225;ch</span></em><span>, t&#244;i b&#7883; bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i s&#7889;ng trong th&#7921;c t&#7841;i. T&#244;i e r&#7857;ng t&#7915; nay tr&#7903; &#273;i s&#7869; ch&#7859;ng c&#242;n ai s&#7889;ng trong nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch n&#7919;a, gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; c&#225;ch m&#224; th&#7871; h&#7879; t&#244;i v&#224; nh&#7919;ng th&#7871; h&#7879; tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#243; &#273;&#227; t&#7915;ng l&#224;m. V&#224; r&#7857;ng &#273;&#7883;a &#273;&#224;ng c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7885;c s&#225;ch s&#7869; n&#7857;m l&#7841;i &#273;&#226;u &#273;&#243;, tr&#234;n m&#7897;t ng&#7885;n &#273;&#7891;i xa x&#244;i, nh&#432; m&#7897;t m&#234; cung kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; trong c&#7843;nh hoang t&#224;n. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#7848;n b&#7899;t</strong></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[MIRCEA CĂRTĂRESCU – CHÂU ÂU MANG HÌNH HÀI NÃO TÔI ]]></title><description><![CDATA[D&#7883;ch t&#7915; ti&#7871;ng T&#226;y Ban Nha ti&#7875;u lu&#7853;n Europa Tiene La Forma De Mi Cerebro]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/mircea-cartarescu-chau-au-mang-hinh</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/mircea-cartarescu-chau-au-mang-hinh</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 03:30:55 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/663514f4-72e4-4cc8-a63b-4dbed8e3e159_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>H&#417;n m&#7897;t th&#7871; k&#7927; tr&#432;&#7899;c, khi ng&#432;&#7901;i ta c&#242;n ch&#432;a th&#7845;u r&#245; r&#7857;ng Ch&#226;u &#194;u th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t ki&#7871;n t&#7841;o v&#259;n h&#243;a, m&#7897;t gi&#7845;c m&#417; tr&#237; tu&#7879; v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng con m&#7855;t m&#7903; to, </span><em><span>a heap of broken images,</span></em><span> m&#7897;t b&#7843;n sao trong m&#7897;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i kh&#244;ng c&#243; b&#7843;n g&#7889;c, c&#225;c ngh&#7879; s&#297; &#273;&#227; d&#7889;c s&#7913;c th&#225;o ch&#7841;y kh&#7887;i ph&#225;o &#273;&#224;i kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; &#273;ang b&#7883; v&#226;y b&#7911;a b&#7903;i kh&#243;i than &#273;&#225; v&#224; b&#7883; x&#226;u x&#233; b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n tranh, b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng xung &#273;&#7897;t x&#227; h&#7897;i v&#224; s&#7921; t&#7847;m th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a gi&#7899;i t&#432; s&#7843;n. Ch&#226;u &#194;u l&#224; g&#236; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Rimbaud? M&#7897;t &#273;&#7847;m l&#7847;y u&#7875; o&#7843;i n&#417;i con t&#224;u say c&#7911;a &#244;ng m&#7855;c c&#7841;n trong l&#7899;p b&#249;n nh&#227;o ph&#7843;n &#273;&#7897;ng v&#224; v&#7883; ch&#7911;ng. V&#7899;i Gauguin? L&#224; x&#7913; s&#7903; c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng m&#224;n s&#432;&#417;ng v&#224; s&#7921; khi&#7871;m khuy&#7871;t s&#7855;c m&#224;u. Mallarm&#233; khao kh&#225;t "cao ch&#7841;y xa bay" k&#7875; t&#7915; gi&#226;y ph&#250;t &#244;ng &#273;&#7885;c h&#7871;t m&#7885;i cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch, nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch t&#7921; ch&#7919;a l&#224;nh kh&#7887;i n&#7895;i bu&#7891;n &#273;au x&#225;c th&#7883;t. Ngay c&#7843; c&#226;u </span><em><span>anywhere out of this world</span></em><span> c&#7911;a Baudelaire, th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t c&#361;ng mang ngh&#297;a: "b&#7845;t c&#7913; n&#417;i &#273;&#226;u, mi&#7877;n kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i Ch&#226;u &#194;u". M&#7897;t Ch&#226;u &#194;u kinh khi&#7871;p. M&#7897;t Ch&#226;u &#194;u t&#224;n b&#7841;o, ch&#225;n ch&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224; gi&#224; c&#7895;i. Ta c&#243; th&#7875; tr&#7889;n &#273;i &#273;&#226;u? &#272;&#226;u l&#224; n&#417;i ta t&#236;m th&#7845;y s&#7921; s&#7889;ng th&#7921;c s&#7921;, nh&#7921;a s&#7889;ng th&#7921;c s&#7921;, nh&#7919;ng m&#224;u s&#7855;c th&#7921;c s&#7921;? &#7902; Ch&#226;u Phi, d&#297; nhi&#234;n, &#7903; Tahiti, d&#297; nhi&#234;n. Trong r&#432;&#7907;u vang &#273;&#7887;. Trong hashish</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a><span>. Trong &#273;&#7891;ng t&#237;nh luy&#7871;n &#225;i. Trong s&#7921; &#273;&#7843;o l&#7897;n c&#243; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a m&#7885;i gi&#225;c quan. M&#7885;i th&#7913; &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; gi&#225; tr&#7883; &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#224;o tho&#225;t kh&#7887;i bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a Ch&#226;u &#194;u th&#7901;i b&#7845;y gi&#7901;: c&#225;i l&#253; tr&#237; c&#417; gi&#7899;i, ngu xu&#7849;n v&#224; &#273;&#7891;ng nh&#7845;t h&#243;a c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i t&#432; s&#7843;n. C&#417;n &#225;c m&#7897;ng kinh ho&#224;ng n&#224;o s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sinh ra t&#7915; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i cha trong gia &#273;&#236;nh v&#7889;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#225;o d&#7909;c b&#7857;ng s&#7921; s&#249;ng b&#225;i ti&#7871;n b&#7897; v&#224; h&#242;a h&#7907;p ph&#7893; qu&#225;t? N&#7917;a th&#7871; k&#7927; tr&#244;i qua, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta &#273;&#227; th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng, sau ch&#243;t, n&#7871;u Rimbaud tr&#7889;n sang Ch&#226;u Phi, &#244;ng &#273;&#227; l&#224;m &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243; v&#236; b&#7883; khi&#7871;p h&#227;i b&#7903;i m&#7897;t l&#7901;i ti&#234;n tri kh&#7911;ng khi&#7871;p: "N&#224;y tr&#225;i tim, n&#243;i ta nghe, nh&#7919;ng v&#361;ng m&#225;u n&#224;y c&#243; can h&#7879; g&#236; &#273;&#7871;n ch&#250;ng ta...?". T&#244;i kh&#244;ng th&#7875; c&#432;&#7905;ng l&#7841;i c&#7843;m gi&#225;c r&#7857;ng, theo c&#225;ch ri&#234;ng c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ngh&#7879; s&#297; v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i &#7845;y &#273;&#7873;u bi&#7871;t &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236; s&#7869; x&#7843;y &#273;&#7871;n trong th&#7871; k&#7927; ti&#7871;p theo t&#7841;i Ypres v&#224; Verdun, h&#7885; linh c&#7843;m v&#7873; Stalingrad v&#224; b&#7901; bi&#7875;n Normandy, h&#7885; &#273;&#227; m&#417; v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7889;i &#273;&#7847;u xe t&#259;ng tr&#234;n th&#7843;o nguy&#234;n Nga, cu&#7897;c s&#259;n l&#249;ng kinh ho&#224;ng c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng t&#224;u ng&#7847;m, s&#7921; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t kh&#7887;i m&#7863;t &#273;&#7845;t c&#7911;a c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng th&#224;nh ph&#7889;, c&#7911;a h&#224;ng ng&#224;n di t&#237;ch l&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&#7893; x&#432;a, th&#432; vi&#7879;n v&#224; nh&#224; th&#7901;. H&#7885; th&#7845;u hi&#7875;u theo c&#225;ch c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, b&#7903;i h&#7885; &#273;&#227; tr&#7921;c c&#7843;m th&#7845;y ch&#250;ng ngay t&#7915; trong m&#7847;m m&#7889;ng, c&#225;i "logic" Qu&#7889;c x&#227; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n n&#7841;n Di&#7879;t ch&#7911;ng, c&#225;i "h&#242;a h&#7907;p" X&#244; Vi&#7871;t &#273;&#7867; ra nh&#7919;ng n&#7895;i kinh ho&#224;ng c&#7911;a tr&#7841;i t&#7853;p trung x&#227; h&#7897;i ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a. Kafka v&#224; Trakl bi&#7871;t, Dostoevsky v&#224; Unamuno c&#361;ng bi&#7871;t. T&#7897;i &#225;c l&#7841;nh l&#249;ng, mang t&#237;nh khoa h&#7885;c, nh&#226;n danh "v&#236; l&#7907;i &#237;ch nh&#226;n lo&#7841;i", nh&#7919;ng k&#7929; ngh&#7879; x&#227; h&#7897;i, nh&#7919;ng th&#237; nghi&#7879;m tr&#234;n da th&#7883;t con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#7909; th&#7875; c&#361;ng nh&#432; tr&#234;n l&#7899;p da c&#7911;a m&#7897;t c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng d&#226;n c&#432; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; &#273;ang b&#7883; khi&#7871;p nh&#432;&#7907;c, &#273;&#227; sinh s&#244;i n&#7843;y n&#7903; &#7903; Ch&#226;u &#194;u cho &#273;&#7871;n t&#7853;n g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y, v&#224; nh&#7919;ng d&#432; ch&#7845;n c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng v&#7851;n ch&#432;a h&#7873; d&#7913;t h&#7859;n. Ch&#7915;ng n&#224;o ch&#250;ng ta ch&#432;a ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n g&#432;&#417;ng m&#7863;t n&#224;y c&#7911;a &#273;&#7841;i l&#7909;c t&#226;m linh v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i, ch&#250;ng ta ch&#432;a c&#243; quy&#7873;n (t&#225;i) h&#236;nh dung, (t&#225;i) t&#432;&#7903;ng nh&#7899; v&#224; (t&#225;i) ki&#7871;n thi&#7871;t v&#7867; l&#7897;ng l&#7851;y v&#224; s&#7921; v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i c&#7911;a n&#243;. V&#224; ngay c&#7843; khi ch&#250;ng ta hi&#7875;u r&#7857;ng, v&#7899;i t&#432; c&#225;ch l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i Ch&#226;u &#194;u, ta ph&#7843;i ch&#7883;u tr&#225;ch nhi&#7879;m cho nh&#7919;ng h&#224;nh vi t&#224;n b&#7841;o c&#7911;a th&#7871; k&#7927; tr&#432;&#7899;c, v&#224; ta c&#243; ngh&#297;a v&#7909; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c qu&#234;n, kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7863;p l&#7841;i ch&#250;ng, th&#236; ch&#250;ng ta v&#7851;n ch&#432;a c&#243; quy&#7873;n &#273;&#7875; t&#244;n vinh t</span><em><span>&#237;nh Ch&#226;u &#194;u</span></em><span> c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. &#205;t nh&#7845;t l&#224; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i theo b&#7845;t k&#7923; c&#225;ch th&#7913;c n&#224;o. Nh&#7919;ng l&#224;n s&#243;ng c&#7911;a ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#259;n h&#243;a, c&#7911;a &#273;a v&#259;n h&#243;a v&#224; c&#225;i g&#7885;i l&#224; "&#273;&#250;ng &#273;&#7855;n ch&#237;nh tr&#7883;" trong nh&#7919;ng th&#7853;p k&#7927; g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y, s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a s&#7921; tr&#244;i d&#7841;t kh&#244;ng th&#7875; tr&#225;nh kh&#7887;i v&#224;o m&#7897;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i h&#7853;u hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i, &#273;&#227; d&#7841;y ch&#250;ng ta, b&#7845;t ch&#7845;p nh&#7919;ng th&#225;i qu&#225; v&#224; &#273;&#244;i khi l&#224; nh&#7919;ng kh&#237;a c&#7841;nh l&#7889; b&#7883;ch c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng, ph&#7843;i th&#7853;n tr&#7885;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c vi&#7879;c kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh quy&#7873;n tr&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7917; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh trong l&#242;ng m&#7897;t n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&#243;a l&#7899;n. N&#7871;u v&#7883; tri&#7871;t gia Hy L&#7841;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Diogenes Laertius tr&#237;ch d&#7851;n c&#243; th&#7875; ki&#234;u h&#227;nh th&#7889;t l&#234;n: "T&#244;i h&#7841;nh ph&#250;c v&#236; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sinh ra l&#224; con ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i th&#250; v&#7853;t, l&#224; &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i &#273;&#224;n b&#224;, l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i Hy L&#7841;p ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i k&#7867; man di"; th&#236; ng&#224;y nay, ch&#237;nh nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; ph&#226;n bi&#7879;t &#7845;y l&#7841;i l&#224; &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a s&#7921; d&#227; man. B&#7903;i suy cho c&#249;ng, Ch&#226;u &#194;u c&#242;n l&#226;u m&#7899;i l&#224; m&#7897;t h&#242;n &#273;&#7843;o tinh th&#7847;n bi&#7879;t l&#7853;p, nh&#432; </span><em><span>h&#242;n &#273;&#7843;o bay</span></em><span> Laputa c&#7911;a Swift hay </span><em><span>T&#7881;nh Gi&#225;o d&#7909;c</span></em><span> c&#7911;a Goethe, n&#417;i n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&#243;a cao c&#7845;p, "t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; t&#7889;t &#273;&#7865;p nh&#7845;t &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#243;i v&#224; suy ng&#7851;m trong su&#7889;t l&#7883;ch s&#7917;" (theo &#273;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a Matthew Arnold), soi r&#7885;i m&#7885;i th&#7913; b&#7857;ng th&#7913; &#225;nh s&#225;ng ch&#243;i l&#242;a. V&#224; c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng c&#243; m&#7897;t s&#7921; tr&#237; tu&#7879; kh&#244;ng t&#432;&#7903;ng v&#224; h&#7927; l&#7841;c n&#224;o &#7903; &#273;&#226;y c&#7843;, nh&#432; trong cu&#7889;n </span><em><span>Tr&#242; ch&#417;i bi th&#7911;y tinh</span></em><span> c&#7911;a Hesse. Truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng Hy L&#7841;p &#8211; Do Th&#225;i c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7879;n l&#7841;i t&#7915; v&#244; s&#7889; s&#7907;i d&#226;y d&#7851;n l&#7889;i &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng th&#7871; gi&#7899;i l&#226;n c&#7853;n ho&#7863;c n&#7857;m &#7903; "nh&#7919;ng bi&#234;n th&#249;y xa x&#259;m nh&#7845;t". Ch&#7919; vi&#7871;t c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta l&#224; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i Phoenicia, l&#7883;ch s&#7917; l&#7883;ch c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta l&#224; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i Assyria, nh&#7919;ng "ph&#225;t minh" c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta l&#224; t&#7915; Trung Hoa, trong nh&#7919;ng c&#417;n &#225;c m&#7897;ng c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n con qu&#225;i v&#7853;t Humbaba, t&#7845;t c&#7843; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#7873;u l&#224; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a con c&#7911;a tr&#7853;n &#273;&#7841;i h&#7891;ng th&#7911;y ph&#7893; qu&#225;t. Ch&#226;u &#194;u l&#224; m&#7897;t kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m d&#224;y &#273;&#7863;c v&#224; mang t&#237;nh t&#432;&#417;ng quan, m&#7897;t c&#7845;u tr&#250;c tinh th&#7847;n ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, m&#7897;t th&#7913; c&#7843;m x&#250;c m&#226;u thu&#7851;n n&#417;i s&#7921; t&#7921; y&#234;u v&#224; t&#7921; gh&#233;t h&#7897;i t&#7909;. Tuy nhi&#234;n, vi&#7879;c r&#417;i v&#224;o ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i c&#7921;c &#273;oan, vi&#7879;c b&#224;o ch&#7919;a r&#7857;ng m&#7885;i n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&#243;a &#273;&#7873;u s&#7843;n sinh ra c&#225;c gi&#225; tr&#7883; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng v&#7899;i Homer, Shakespeare v&#224; Cervantes c&#361;ng non n&#7899;t v&#224; ngu ng&#7889;c ch&#7859;ng k&#233;m g&#236; m&#7897;t k&#7867; t&#244;n th&#7901; Ch&#226;u &#194;u trung th&#224;nh, c&#249;ng c&#7921;c, k&#7867; ch&#7881; bi&#7871;t th&#7873; th&#7889;t nh&#226;n danh nh&#7919;ng "thi&#234;n t&#224;i c&#7911;a tinh th&#7847;n nh&#226;n lo&#7841;i" k&#7875; tr&#234;n.</span><br><br><span>T&#244;i t&#7921; h&#224;o l&#224; m&#7897;t con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#236; t&#244;i c&#361;ng l&#224; th&#250; v&#7853;t; l&#224; &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng v&#236; t&#244;i c&#361;ng l&#224; &#273;&#224;n b&#224;; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i Hy L&#7841;p ch&#237;nh v&#236; k&#7867; man di trong t&#244;i &#273;ang tr&#224;n tr&#7873; nh&#7921;a s&#7889;ng. Theo ch&#237;nh c&#225;ch &#273;&#243;, t&#244;i t&#7921; h&#224;o l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i Ch&#226;u &#194;u. Tr&#7903; th&#224;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i Ch&#226;u &#194;u &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i t&#244;i kh&#244;ng c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; tr&#7903; n&#234;n t&#7889;t &#273;&#7865;p (t&#7889;t h&#417;n nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c), m&#224; l&#224; tr&#7903; n&#234;n ph&#7913;c h&#7907;p, l&#224; m&#7897;t nh&#226;n v&#7853;t r&#7855;c r&#7889;i, &#273;&#7847;y r&#7851;y nh&#7919;ng m&#226;u thu&#7851;n, nh&#432;ng c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng nh&#7853;n di&#7879;n v&#224; dung h&#242;a ch&#250;ng. Truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i c&#7911;a Ch&#226;u &#194;u &#273;&#227; d&#7851;n d&#7855;t c&#7843; cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i t&#244;i, c&#361;ng gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; s&#7921; n&#7893;i lo&#7841;n c&#7911;a t&#244;i ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i n&#243; v&#7853;y. Nh&#432;ng n&#243;i v&#7873; Ch&#226;u &#194;u c&#361;ng gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; n&#243;i v&#7873; M&#7929; hay Ch&#226;u &#193;: c&#226;u n&#243;i n&#224;o c&#243; th&#7875; c&#244; &#273;&#7885;ng to&#224;n b&#7897; th&#7921;c t&#7841;i c&#7911;a n&#243;? Hay th&#7853;m ch&#237; l&#224; cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch n&#224;o, b&#7897; b&#225;ch khoa to&#224;n th&#432; &#273;&#7891; s&#7897; n&#224;o? C&#243; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u Ch&#226;u &#194;u, n&#7857;m r&#7843;i r&#225;c trong th&#7901;i gian v&#224; kh&#244;ng gian, m&#7897;t li&#234;n bang &#273;a chi&#7873;u c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng Ch&#226;u &#194;u. T&#244;i k&#7873; vai s&#225;t c&#225;nh v&#7899;i c&#225;i n&#224;o? T&#244;i gh&#233;t b&#7887; c&#225;i n&#224;o? C&#243; nh&#7919;ng c&#225;i th&#7921;c t&#7871; h&#7879;t nh&#432; m&#7897;t n&#7855;m &#273;&#7845;t n&#417;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#7885;n c&#7887; sinh s&#244;i, c&#243; nh&#7919;ng c&#225;i &#7843;o di&#7879;u, ma m&#7883;, ch&#7841;y d&#7885;c theo tr&#237; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta. Li&#7879;u &#273;&#227; t&#7915;ng t&#7891;n t&#7841;i m&#7897;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i n&#417;i Ch&#226;u &#194;u ch&#7859;ng qua l&#224; m&#7897;t n&#7919; th&#7847;n b&#7883; Zeus b&#7855;t c&#243;c tr&#234;n l&#432;ng con b&#242; t&#243;t Crete v&#297;nh c&#7917;u (c&#243; l&#7869; l&#224; bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng b&#7873;n b&#7881; nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a l&#7909;c &#273;&#7883;a gi&#224;)? Li&#7879;u &#273;&#227; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i th&#7871; gi&#7899;i k&#7923; l&#7841; c&#7911;a Arthur v&#224; Lancelot, &#273;&#7847;y r&#7851;y nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7842; R&#7853;p v&#224; nh&#7919;ng ph&#233;p m&#224;u, d&#227; man v&#224; r&#7921;c r&#7905; s&#7855;c m&#224;u nh&#432; m&#7897;t tr&#242; ch&#417;i chi&#7871;n thu&#7853;t tr&#234;n m&#225;y t&#237;nh? Th&#7871; gi&#7899;i ph&#243;ng &#273;&#227;ng c&#7911;a Fragonard? Th&#7871; gi&#7899;i anh h&#249;ng c&#7911;a Napoleon, n&#417;i d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; ch&#7881; c&#243; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#237;nh ch&#236; sinh s&#7889;ng? Th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a m&#7897;t b&#7897; phim &#273;en tr&#7855;ng n&#259;m 1900, nh&#7841;t nh&#242;a v&#224; &#273;&#7847;y v&#7871;t &#7889;, v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng c&#7895; xe ng&#7921;a v&#224; nh&#7919;ng qu&#253; &#244;ng &#273;&#7897;i m&#361; cao b&#7891;i? Ai &#273;&#243; &#273;&#227; n&#243;i r&#7857;ng th&#7871; gi&#7899;i n&#224;y ch&#7881; m&#7899;i t&#7891;n t&#7841;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#224;i ph&#250;t v&#224; t&#7845;t c&#7843; ch&#250;ng ta sinh ra v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7891; k&#253; &#7913;c gi&#7843;? T&#244;i s&#7869; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7875; m&#236;nh l&#7841;c l&#7889;i trong nh&#7919;ng hang &#273;&#7897;ng v&#224; m&#234; cung &#273;&#7863;c th&#249; &#273;&#243;, theo d&#7845;u Hocke, c&#7911;a t&#432; duy homo europaeus. M&#7889;i quan h&#7879; c&#7911;a t&#244;i v&#7899;i Ch&#226;u &#194;u ch&#7911; y&#7871;u l&#224; v&#7899;i </span><em><span>Ch&#226;u &#194;u c&#7911;a ng&#224;y h&#244;m nay</span></em><span>, m&#7897;t th&#7921;c th&#7875; ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#244;ng th&#7853;t h&#417;n nh&#7919;ng th&#7921;c th&#7875; ti&#7873;n nhi&#7879;m, nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i l&#7841;i c&#7909; th&#7875; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i t&#244;i, v&#236; &#273;&#243; l&#224; th&#7921;c th&#7875; duy nh&#7845;t m&#224; t&#244;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#233;p b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;i, c&#7843; trong th&#7921;c t&#7841;i l&#7851;n trong nh&#7919;ng gi&#7845;c m&#417;.</span><br><br><span>Ch&#226;u &#194;u c&#7911;a nhi&#7873;u t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897;, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta n&#243;i. Ch&#226;u &#194;u b&#7883; chia &#273;&#244;i, su&#7889;t nhi&#7873;u th&#7853;p k&#7927;, b&#7903;i m&#7897;t b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7901;ng b&#234; t&#244;ng ngu xu&#7849;n v&#224; d&#226;y th&#233;p gai, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta n&#243;i. Nh&#432;ng khi b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7901;ng b&#234; t&#244;ng s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893; (&#237;t nh&#7845;t l&#224; ph&#7847;n ng&#259;n c&#225;ch hai v&#249;ng Berlin), ng&#432;&#7901;i ta c&#243; th&#7875; th&#7845;y r&#245; r&#7857;ng n&#243; ng&#259;n c&#225;ch nh&#7919;ng v&#249;ng t&#226;m t&#432;&#7903;ng h&#417;n l&#224; c&#225;c v&#249;ng &#273;&#7883;a ch&#237;nh tr&#7883;. &#272;&#243; l&#224; minh ch&#7913;ng cho th&#7845;y Ch&#226;u &#194;u kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t v&#224; s&#7869; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t trong m&#7897;t th&#7901;i gian d&#224;i n&#7919;a, ngay c&#7843; khi t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia ph&#432;&#417;ng &#272;&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;ch h&#7907;p v&#224;o mi&#7873;n T&#226;y &#7843;o t&#432;&#7903;ng. B&#7903;i l&#7869;, gi&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng b&#243;ng ma trong t&#226;m tr&#237; ch&#250;ng ta, c&#242;n c&#243; nh&#7919;ng Ch&#226;u &#194;u c&#7911;a Huntington, va ch&#7841;m v&#224; ti&#234;u di&#7879;t l&#7851;n nhau nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng m&#7843;ng ki&#7871;n t&#7841;o d&#7885;c theo bi&#234;n gi&#7899;i C&#244;ng gi&#225;o/Tin l&#224;nh/Ch&#237;nh th&#7889;ng gi&#225;o, v&#224; c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng Ch&#226;u &#194;u c&#7911;a Goethe v&#224; Thomas Mann, n&#417;i &#273;&#7889;i &#273;&#7847;u gi&#7919;a m&#7897;t mi&#7873;n B&#7855;c l&#253; tr&#237;, kh&#7855;c kh&#7893; v&#7899;i m&#7897;t mi&#7873;n Nam dionysiac &#273;&#7847;y b&#7843;n n&#259;ng,...</span><br><br><span>Ba khu&#244;n m&#7851;u, ba t&#7853;t b&#7879;nh tic, ba &#7843;o t&#432;&#7903;ng g&#7847;n nh&#432; mang t&#237;nh d&#7909;c v&#7851;n &#273;ang bao ph&#7911; l&#234;n b&#225;n &#273;&#7843;o kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; kh&#7903;i ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; d&#227;y Urals cho &#273;&#7871;n t&#7853;n ng&#224;y nay. T&#244;i kh&#244;ng bi&#7871;t li&#7879;u ch&#250;ng ta &#273;ang ti&#7871;t ra ch&#250;ng hay &#273;ang v&#297;nh c&#7917;u ch&#7871; t&#225;c ra ch&#250;ng; li&#7879;u ch&#250;ng &#273;ang giam c&#7847;m ch&#250;ng ta trong nh&#7919;ng tr&#7841;i t&#7853;p trung khi&#7871;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i ta tr&#7903; n&#234;n tr&#7867; con h&#243;a v&#224; m&#234; mu&#7897;i, hay ch&#250;ng ta &#273;ang tr&#244;i d&#7841;t tr&#234;n ch&#250;ng nh&#432; tr&#234;n nh&#7919;ng phao c&#7913;u sinh c&#7911;a con t&#224;u Medusa: T&#226;y &#194;u, Trung &#194;u v&#224; &#272;&#244;ng &#194;u. N&#7873;n v&#259;n minh, s&#7921; lo&#7841;n th&#7847;n v&#224; h&#7895;n mang.</span><br><br><span>Trong m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c g&#7863;p g&#7905; c&#225;ch &#273;&#226;y v&#224;i n&#259;m t&#7841;i H&#7897;i ch&#7907; S&#225;ch Frankfurt v&#7899;i m&#7897;t bi&#234;n t&#7853;p vi&#234;n ng&#432;&#7901;i &#272;&#7913;c, &#244;ng ta b&#7843;o t&#244;i r&#7857;ng &#244;ng ta quan t&#226;m &#273;&#7871;n c&#225;c t&#225;c gi&#7843; &#272;&#244;ng &#194;u. T&#244;i &#273;&#225;p l&#7841;i ngay l&#7853;p t&#7913;c r&#7857;ng c&#225; nh&#226;n t&#244;i kh&#244;ng coi m&#236;nh l&#224; m&#7897;t trong s&#7889; h&#7885;. "Anh n&#243;i &#273;&#250;ng," v&#7883; bi&#234;n t&#7853;p vi&#234;n ti&#7871;p l&#7901;i, "v&#7899;i t&#432; c&#225;ch l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i Romania, anh thu&#7897;c v&#7873; &#272;&#244;ng-Nam &#194;u"... M&#7897;t s&#7921; ch&#237;nh x&#225;c tuy&#7879;t di&#7879;u. M&#7897;t s&#7921; ph&#226;n &#273;&#7883;nh ki&#234;u h&#227;nh c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ph&#226;n &#273;&#7883;nh. "H&#227;y c&#7913; &#7903; y&#234;n ch&#7895; c&#7911;a anh," th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t &#244;ng ta &#273;ang n&#243;i v&#7899;i t&#244;i b&#7857;ng v&#7867; nh&#227; nh&#7863;n, "h&#227;y c&#7913; &#7903; y&#234;n trong c&#225;i khu bi&#7879;t c&#432; c&#7911;a anh. H&#227;y c&#7913; &#273;&#432;a ra &#253; ki&#7871;n v&#7873; c&#225;i m&#7849;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917; &#272;&#244;ng-(Nam)-&#194;u c&#7911;a anh &#273;i. H&#227;y vi&#7871;t v&#7873; l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng an ninh Securitate, v&#7873; Ceau&#537;escu, v&#7873; Cung &#273;i&#7879;n Nh&#226;n d&#226;n c&#7911;a anh. Vi&#7871;t v&#7873; l&#361; ch&#243; hoang, v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng ph&#7889;, v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i Digan. H&#227;y c&#7913; hu&#234;nh hoang v&#7873; s&#7921; ph&#7843;n kh&#225;ng c&#7911;a anh trong th&#7901;i k&#7923; c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n. C&#242;n h&#227;y &#273;&#7875; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i &#8211; ch&#237;nh ch&#250;ng t&#244;i &#8211; vi&#7871;t v&#7873; t&#236;nh y&#234;u, c&#225;i ch&#7871;t, h&#7841;nh ph&#250;c, s&#7921; th&#7889;ng kh&#7893; v&#224; tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i ng&#7845;t ng&#226;y. H&#227;y &#273;&#7875; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i l&#224; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#225;t minh ra c&#225;c tr&#224;o l&#432;u ti&#234;n phong, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#225;ch t&#226;n, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#237;t th&#7903; b&#7847;u kh&#244;ng kh&#237; c&#7911;a s&#7921; b&#236;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng h&#243;a v&#259;n h&#243;a. C&#417; h&#7897;i duy nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a anh l&#224; n&#243;i v&#7873; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i nh&#7887; b&#233; k&#7923; l&#7841; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh t&#7841;i m&#7897;t nh&#224; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n nh&#7887; n&#224;o &#273;&#243;, n&#417;i c&#243; l&#7869; s&#7869; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n anh &#7903; &#273;&#226;y, gi&#7919;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i. V&#236; suy cho c&#249;ng, ai th&#232;m quan t&#226;m ch&#7913;? Ai th&#232;m &#273;&#7875; &#253;? Anh c&#243; quy&#7873;n l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n: ho&#7863;c l&#224; x&#225;c nh&#7853;n nh&#7919;ng khu&#244;n m&#7851;u y&#234;u d&#7845;u c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i, ho&#7863;c l&#224; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t."</span><br><br><span>T&#244;i l&#7863;p l&#7841;i &#7903; &#273;&#226;y c&#226;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i m&#224; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;a ra khi &#273;&#243;: T&#244;i kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t t&#225;c gi&#7843; &#272;&#244;ng &#194;u. T&#244;i kh&#244;ng c&#244;ng nh&#7853;n s&#7921; ph&#226;n chia Ch&#226;u &#194;u th&#224;nh ba khu v&#7921;c &#273;&#243;, d&#249; d&#432;&#7899;i g&#243;c &#273;&#7897; &#273;&#7883;a ch&#237;nh tr&#7883;, v&#259;n h&#243;a, t&#244;n gi&#225;o hay b&#7845;t k&#7923; g&#243;c &#273;&#7897; n&#224;o kh&#225;c. T&#244;i m&#417; v&#7873; m&#7897;t Ch&#226;u &#194;u &#273;a d&#7841;ng nh&#432;ng kh&#244;ng ph&#226;n li&#7879;t. T&#244;i &#273;&#7885;c Musil kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i v&#236; th&#7845;y &#7903; &#244;ng m&#7897;t k&#7867; nhai l&#7841;i k&#253; &#7913;c v&#7873; Kakania, m&#224; v&#236; th&#7845;y m&#7897;t b&#7853;c qu&#226;n v&#432;&#417;ng c&#7911;a tinh th&#7847;n Ch&#226;u &#194;u. T&#244;i kh&#244;ng quan t&#226;m Andr&#233; Breton &#273;&#227; s&#7889;ng v&#224; vi&#7871;t &#7903; qu&#7889;c gia n&#224;o. T&#244;i kh&#244;ng bi&#7871;t x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh v&#7883; tr&#237; Kiev c&#7911;a Bulgakov tr&#234;n b&#7843;n &#273;&#7891;. T&#244;i kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7885;c Catullus, Rabelais, Cantemir hay Virginia Woolf tr&#234;n m&#7897;t t&#7845;m b&#7843;n &#273;&#7891;, t&#244;i &#273;&#7885;c h&#7885; trong m&#7897;t th&#432; vi&#7879;n, n&#417;i c&#225;c cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7863;t c&#7841;nh nhau.</span><br><br><span>S&#225;ch c&#7911;a t&#244;i kh&#244;ng b&#7883; d&#7851;n l&#7889;i b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng con chi&#234;n trong d&#226;n gian Romania hay nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i kinh nguy&#7879;n c&#7911;a nghi l&#7877; Ch&#237;nh th&#7889;ng gi&#225;o, m&#224; b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng v&#236; sao c&#7911;a Dante, b&#7903;i la b&#224;n c&#7911;a John Donne, b&#7903;i ng&#7885;n gi&#225;o c&#7911;a Cervantes, b&#7903;i con b&#7885; c&#7911;a Kafka, b&#7903;i c&#225;i b&#225;nh magdalena c&#7911;a Proust, b&#7903;i con c&#225; b&#417;n c&#7911;a G&#252;nter Grass. T&#244;i kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; c&#7841;nh tranh v&#7899;i c&#225;c t&#225;c gi&#7843; Romania, Bulgaria, Nga, Serbia, S&#233;c hay Ba Lan xung quanh m&#224; t&#244;i c&#7841;nh tranh v&#7899;i c&#225;c t&#225;c gi&#7843; &#7903; kh&#7855;p m&#7885;i n&#417;i m&#224; t&#244;i ng&#432;&#7905;ng m&#7897; v&#224; tr&#226;n tr&#7885;ng. L&#7869; d&#297; nhi&#234;n, c&#225;c ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; c&#7911;a t&#244;i, do s&#7921; c&#432;&#7905;ng b&#225;ch c&#7911;a ho&#224;n c&#7843;nh, c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i Romania, c&#225;c ph&#7909; ki&#7879;n c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; Romania, ng&#244;n ng&#7919; c&#243; th&#7875; mang nh&#7919;ng &#226;m h&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7915; kh&#244;ng gian t&#226;m l&#253;-ng&#244;n ng&#7919; c&#7911;a t&#244;i; nh&#432;ng ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; c&#7911;a t&#244;i kh&#244;ng th&#7875; l&#224; g&#236; kh&#225;c ngo&#224;i nh&#7919;ng ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; l&#7899;n c&#7911;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng Ch&#226;u &#194;u, t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; Euripides v&#224; Joyce. Nh&#7919;ng &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng nu&#244;i d&#432;&#7905;ng c&#7843; th&#417; v&#224; v&#259;n xu&#244;i c&#7911;a t&#244;i (v&#224; tr&#432;&#7899;c h&#7871;t l&#224; s&#7921; suy t&#432;&#7903;ng, m&#224; nh&#432; George Enescu &#273;&#227; vi&#7871;t, l&#224; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng ch&#237;nh c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i ngh&#7879; s&#297;) ch&#7911; y&#7871;u &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i c&#7911;a th&#7871; k&#7927; tr&#432;&#7899;c, c&#7843; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i l&#7851;n Romania, b&#7903;i truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i c&#7911;a Romania, may m&#7855;n thay, c&#361;ng ph&#7913;c h&#7907;p v&#224; r&#7921;c r&#7905; nh&#432; b&#7845;t k&#7923; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng n&#224;o kh&#225;c &#7903; Ch&#226;u &#194;u. Nh&#7919;ng nh&#224; v&#259;n Romania th&#224;nh c&#244;ng trong vi&#7879;c v&#432;&#7907;t qua nh&#7919;ng r&#224;o c&#7843;n t&#226;m tr&#237; gi&#7919;a &#272;&#244;ng v&#224; T&#226;y &#273;&#227; ch&#7913;ng minh h&#7885; l&#224; nh&#7919;ng ng&#244;i sao h&#7841;ng nh&#7845;t tr&#234;n b&#7847;u tr&#7901;i v&#259;n h&#243;a Ch&#226;u &#194;u: Tzara, Ionesco, Cioran. Nh&#432;ng nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c &#8211; m&#7897;t v&#224;i ng&#432;&#7901;i trong s&#7889; h&#7885; ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n c&#242;n gi&#225; tr&#7883; h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u &#8211; &#273;&#227; k&#7865;t l&#7841;i trong c&#225;i b&#7851;y ng&#7885;t ng&#224;o c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#244;n ng&#7919; c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t v&#244; t&#7853;n nh&#432;ng c&#361;ng ch&#237;nh v&#236; th&#7871; m&#224; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; chuy&#7875;n ng&#7919;: Urmuz, Arghezi, Blaga, nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; v&#244; danh thu&#7847;n t&#250;y. V&#7899;i t&#7845;t c&#7843; s&#7921; k&#237;nh tr&#7885;ng d&#224;nh cho h&#7885;, t&#244;i kh&#244;ng mu&#7889;n chia s&#7867; s&#7889; ph&#7853;n &#273;&#243;. T&#244;i c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng mu&#7889;n tr&#7903; th&#224;nh </span><em><span>ng&#432;&#7901;i Romania tr&#7921;c chi&#7871;n</span></em><span>, k&#7867; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7901;i theo &#273;&#7883;nh ki&#7871;n &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n cho qu&#7889;c gia trong c&#225;c cu&#7897;c h&#7897;i th&#7843;o v&#224; t&#7885;a &#273;&#224;m. T&#244;i ch&#7859;ng c&#243; g&#236; &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n ngo&#7841;i tr&#7915; ch&#237;nh b&#7843;n th&#226;n m&#236;nh, ngo&#7841;i tr&#7915; t&#7893; qu&#7889;c trong c&#225;c v&#259;n b&#7843;n c&#7911;a t&#244;i. T&#244;i c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i B&#7891; &#272;&#224;o Nha, ng&#432;&#7901;i Estonia hay ng&#432;&#7901;i Th&#7909;y S&#297;. T&#244;i c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng hay &#273;&#224;n b&#224;, ng&#432;&#7901;i Hy L&#7841;p hay k&#7867; man di. C&#7845;u tr&#250;c c&#225;c t&#225;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a t&#244;i, l&#7869; t&#7921; nhi&#234;n, s&#7869; kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t trong m&#7895;i l&#7847;n, nh&#432;ng tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng v&#7851;n s&#7869; nguy&#234;n v&#7865;n. B&#7903;i Val&#233;ry &#273;&#227; kh&#244;ng ho&#224;n to&#224;n sai khi kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c b&#224;i th&#417; c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c quy v&#7873; cho m&#7897;t nh&#224; th&#417; phi th&#7901;i gian duy nh&#7845;t: tinh th&#7847;n s&#225;ng t&#7841;o. T&#244;i kh&#244;ng &#273;i xa &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c &#273;&#243;, nh&#432;ng v&#7899;i t&#244;i, r&#245; r&#224;ng c&#243; m&#7897;t th&#7913; g&#236; &#273;&#243; tr&#7843;i d&#224;i b&#234;n d&#432;&#7899;i t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c v&#259;n b&#7843;n c&#7845;u th&#224;nh n&#234;n n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&#243;a cao c&#7845;p, b&#7845;t k&#7875; ch&#250;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c vi&#7871;t &#7903; &#273;&#226;u v&#224; d&#249; ch&#250;ng c&#243; b&#7883; v&#7845;y b&#7849;n b&#7903;i c&#225;c lo&#7841;i h&#236;nh v&#259;n h&#243;a kh&#225;c &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c n&#224;o: &#273;&#243; ch&#237;nh l&#224; tinh th&#7847;n Ch&#226;u &#194;u. T&#7915; g&#243;c &#273;&#7897; n&#224;y, Gabriel Garc&#237;a M&#225;rquez l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i Ch&#226;u &#194;u, Pynchon l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i Ch&#226;u &#194;u, Kawabata l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i Ch&#226;u &#194;u. C&#243; th&#7875; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i trong th&#225;i &#273;&#7897; hay &#253; th&#7913;c h&#7879;, nh&#432;ng ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n l&#224; trong c&#225;i si&#234;u ti&#7873;m th&#7913;c t&#7853;p th&#7875; c&#7911;a t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t, trong "tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c" c&#7911;a l&#297;nh v&#7921;c tri th&#7913;c n&#224;y, nh&#432; n&#243; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#225;c l&#7853;p b&#7903;i ng&#432;&#7901;i Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i. Trong nh&#7919;ng gi&#7843; &#273;&#7883;nh, trong nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c di&#7877;n &#273;&#7841;t nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i mang t&#237;nh quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c vi&#7871;t l&#225;ch.</span><br><br><span>T&#432; duy h&#7853;u hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#227; n&#7895; l&#7921;c ch&#7913;ng minh trong v&#224;i th&#7853;p k&#7927; qua n&#417;i r&#7841;n n&#7913;t c&#7911;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t cao c&#7845;p: trong s&#7921; ng&#7841;o m&#7841;n, s&#7921; t&#7921; cung t&#7921; c&#7845;p, t&#237;nh tinh hoa c&#7911;a n&#243;. S&#7921; c&#244; l&#7853;p trong c&#225;c b&#7843;o t&#224;ng, s&#7921; xa r&#7901;i cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng t&#7913;c th&#7901;i. Trong m&#7897;t ti&#7875;u lu&#7853;n ch&#243;i s&#225;ng, Walter Benjamin &#273;&#227; ch&#7913;ng minh "h&#224;o quang" c&#7911;a t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t l&#7909;i t&#224;n ngay khi n&#243; c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sao ch&#233;p b&#7857;ng c&#417; h&#7885;c. T&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#250;ng. Ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t cao c&#7845;p trong m&#7897;t th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i kh&#225;c &#273;&#227; &#273;&#225;ng ph&#7843;i ch&#7883;u nh&#7919;ng "s&#7921; l&#259;ng m&#7841;" c&#7911;a Duchamp &#8211; c&#225;i b&#7891;n ti&#7875;u tr&#432;ng b&#224;y trong b&#7843;o t&#224;ng tr&#234;n m&#7897;t b&#7879; &#273;&#7905; v&#224; b&#7897; r&#226;u c&#7911;a n&#224;ng Gioconda &#8211; v&#224; ng&#224;y nay n&#243; &#273;&#225;ng ph&#7843;i ch&#7883;u nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; c&#244;ng k&#237;ch t&#7915; v&#244; s&#7889; lo&#7841;i h&#236;nh ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#273;&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7841;i, ng&#224;y c&#224;ng &#273;&#7841;i ch&#250;ng v&#224; ng&#7851;u nhi&#234;n h&#417;n. Nh&#432;ng tinh th&#7847;n Ch&#226;u &#194;u c&#7911;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng Hy L&#7841;p-Do Th&#225;i c&#7893; x&#432;a kh&#244;ng b&#7883; bi&#7871;n ch&#7845;t qua nh&#7919;ng cu&#7897;c h&#244;n ph&#7889;i t&#7891;i t&#7879; n&#224;y, thay v&#224;o &#273;&#243;, n&#243; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t d&#242;ng m&#225;u t&#432;&#417;i m&#7899;i tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t. N&#224;ng Gioconda v&#7899;i b&#7897; r&#226;u s&#7869; v&#244; ngh&#297;a n&#7871;u kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7863;t trong m&#7889;i t&#432;&#417;ng quan v&#7899;i n&#224;ng Gioconda th&#7921;c th&#7909;, v&#297;nh c&#7917;u, ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#244;ng b&#7883; l&#224;m nh&#7909;c m&#224; tr&#225;i l&#7841;i, s&#7921; l&#259;ng m&#7841; &#7845;y c&#224;ng khi&#7871;n n&#224;ng ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c t&#7887;a s&#225;ng theo th&#7901;i gian. L&#224;n s&#243;ng v&#259;n h&#243;a &#273;&#7841;i ch&#250;ng, s&#7921; "M&#7929; h&#243;a" &#8211; v&#7889;n b&#7883; m&#7897;t s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i khi&#7871;p s&#7907; &#8211; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; d&#7845;u ch&#7845;m h&#7871;t c&#7911;a NGH&#7878; THU&#7852;T, m&#224; l&#224; c&#417; h&#7897;i &#273;&#7875; n&#243; l&#432;&#7899;t tr&#234;n &#273;&#7881;nh c&#7911;a con s&#243;ng n&#224;y. B&#7845;t ch&#7845;p s&#7921; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i c&#7911;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t th&#224;nh showbiz, th&#224;nh m&#224;n tr&#236;nh di&#7877;n nh&#7845;t th&#7901;i, t&#244;i v&#7851;n ngoan c&#7889; kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng, ngay c&#7843; trong th&#7871; gi&#7899;i h&#244;m nay, m&#7897;t n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&#243;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t v&#7919;ng ch&#7855;c s&#7869; mang l&#7841;i cho b&#7841;n m&#7897;t l&#7907;i th&#7871; v&#244; song tr&#432;&#7899;c nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7897;i qu&#226;n ngh&#7879; s&#297; t&#7847;m th&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224; v&#244; danh &#273;ang nu&#244;i d&#432;&#7905;ng m&#7897;t c&#244;ng ch&#250;ng b&#7883; "ph&#234; thu&#7889;c" b&#7903;i qu&#7843;ng c&#225;o v&#224; truy&#7873;n h&#236;nh.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br><span>C&#243; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u Ch&#226;u &#194;u trong kh&#244;ng gian v&#224; th&#7901;i gian, trong gi&#7845;c m&#417; v&#224; k&#253; &#7913;c, trong &#273;&#7901;i th&#7921;c v&#224; trong t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng. T&#244;i ch&#7881; &#273;&#242;i h&#7887;i cho ri&#234;ng m&#236;nh m&#7897;t trong s&#7889; &#273;&#243;: Ch&#226;u &#194;u c&#7911;a t&#244;i, th&#7913; d&#7877; d&#224;ng nh&#7853;n ra v&#236; n&#243; mang h&#236;nh h&#224;i n&#227;o t&#244;i. V&#224; n&#243; c&#243; h&#236;nh h&#224;i n&#224;y v&#236; ch&#237;nh n&#243; &#273;&#227; nh&#224;o n&#7863;n t&#244;i t&#7915; thu&#7903; ban &#273;&#7847;u, theo h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#224; s&#7921; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7891;ng v&#7899;i n&#243;. Tr&#234;n b&#7873; m&#7863;t c&#7911;a n&#243; c&#243; nh&#7919;ng n&#7871;p nh&#259;n v&#224; n&#7871;p g&#7845;p s&#226;u th&#7859;m, c&#243; nh&#7919;ng v&#249;ng v&#7853;n &#273;&#7897;ng v&#224; v&#249;ng c&#7843;m gi&#225;c, c&#243; khu v&#7921;c ng&#244;n ng&#7919; v&#224; khu v&#7921;c nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c. Nh&#432;ng tuy&#7879;t nhi&#234;n kh&#244;ng c&#243; n&#417;i n&#224;o t&#7891;n t&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7901;ng b&#234; t&#244;ng, nh&#7919;ng b&#7913;c m&#224;n s&#7855;t, hay nh&#7919;ng bi&#234;n th&#249;y.</span></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>M&#7897;t lo&#7841;i c&#7847;n sa v&#7899;i h&#224;m l&#432;&#7907;ng THC cao h&#417;n c&#225;c lo&#7841;i c&#7847;n sa th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng. </p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[ MIRCEA CĂRTĂRESCU – MỘT VÒI TẮM "PHI-LAODICEA" ]]></title><description><![CDATA[D&#7883;ch t&#7915; ti&#7871;ng T&#226;y Ban Nha ti&#7875;u lu&#7853;n Una Ducha No-Laodicea]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/mircea-cartarescu-mot-voi-tam-phi</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/mircea-cartarescu-mot-voi-tam-phi</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 09:38:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33a80b79-856b-4da2-a67e-783a42416de6_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#7897;t v&#242;i t&#7855;m </span><em><span>phi-Laodicea</span></em><span> ngh&#297;a l&#224; g&#236;? &#272;&#7897;c gi&#7843; ph&#7893; th&#244;ng c&#243; th&#7875; thi&#234;n v&#7873; &#253; ngh&#297; r&#7857;ng &#273;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t bi&#7875;u th&#7913;c &#225;m ch&#7881; nh&#7919;ng th&#244;ng s&#7889; k&#7929; thu&#7853;t m&#249; m&#7901; n&#224;o &#273;&#243;, ho&#7863;c gi&#7843; l&#224; m&#7897;t l&#253; thuy&#7871;t to&#225;n h&#7885;c (b&#7903;i ng&#432;&#7901;i ta th&#7845;y n&#243; c&#243; v&#7867; g&#236; &#273;&#243; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7891;ng v&#7899;i kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m </span><em><span>phi-Euclide</span></em><span>). Th&#7871; nh&#432;ng, nh&#7919;ng t&#7915; ng&#7919; &#273;&#243; l&#7841;i xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t k&#7875; v&#7873; m&#7897;t g&#227; &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&#224;nh mang l&#242;ng y&#234;u m&#7897;t b&#233; g&#225;i m&#7897;t c&#225;ch bi&#7871;n th&#225;i, g&#227; b&#7855;t c&#243;c c&#244; b&#233; v&#224; c&#249;ng n&#224;ng du h&#224;nh su&#7889;t hai n&#259;m r&#242;ng r&#227; d&#7885;c ngang kh&#7855;p n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929;. Trong m&#7897;t ph&#226;n &#273;o&#7841;n, h&#7885; d&#7915;ng ch&#226;n t&#7841;i m&#7897;t ng&#244;i nh&#224;; g&#227; Humbert Humbert nham hi&#7875;m mu&#7889;n &#273;i t&#7855;m nh&#432;ng r&#7891;i r&#7889;t cu&#7897;c l&#7841;i t&#7915; b&#7887;, b&#7903;i v&#242;i hoa sen &#7903; &#273;&#243; "ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n l&#224; </span><em><span>phi-Laodicea</span></em><span>". Th&#7871; l&#224; g&#227; b&#432;&#7899;c ra ngo&#224;i, &#273;&#7847;y v&#7867; ho&#7843;ng h&#7889;t, &#273;&#7875; &#273;i t&#236;m Lolita. Khi &#273;&#7885;c &#273;&#7871;n trang v&#259;n v&#7873; v&#242;i t&#7855;m &#273;&#243;, trong cu&#7889;n ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; c&#243; l&#7869; l&#224; g&#226;y ch&#7845;n &#273;&#7897;ng nh&#7845;t to&#224;n b&#7897; th&#7871; k&#7927; XX, t&#244;i &#273;&#227; th&#7921;c s&#7921; ph&#7843;i h&#225; h&#7889;c m&#7891;m kinh ng&#7841;c. Trong cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch thi&#234;n t&#224;i &#273;&#243;, t&#7845;t nhi&#234;n t&#244;i &#273;&#227; t&#236;m th&#7845;y v&#244; v&#224;n nh&#7919;ng k&#7923; quan ng&#244;n ng&#7919;, ch&#250;ng th&#7853;m ch&#237; c&#242;n g&#226;y kinh ng&#7841;c h&#417;n n&#7871;u ta x&#233;t &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c Nabokov vi&#7871;t </span><em><span>Lolita</span></em><span> ch&#237;nh l&#224; &#273;&#7875; h&#7885;c cho tinh t&#432;&#7901;ng, &#273;&#7871;n t&#7853;n nh&#7919;ng ng&#243;c ng&#225;ch l&#7855;t l&#233;o nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a ng&#244;n ng&#7919; ti&#7871;ng Anh. Cu&#7889;n ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t &#273;&#7847;y nhi&#7877;u lo&#7841;n &#273;&#243;, kh&#244;ng nghi ng&#7901; g&#236; n&#7919;a, &#273;&#250;ng nh&#432; t&#225;c gi&#7843; &#273;&#227; n&#243;i, l&#224; "m&#7897;t s&#7921; t&#244;n vinh d&#224;nh cho ti&#7871;ng Anh", nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i c&#361;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;n th&#7855;ng mang &#273;&#7847;y t&#237;nh ki&#7875;u c&#225;ch cho &#273;&#7871;n t&#7853;n c&#417;n l&#7883;m &#273;i v&#224; c&#361;ng &#273;&#7847;y uy l&#7921;c c&#7911;a ng&#244;n ng&#7919; m&#224; nh&#224; v&#259;n ng&#432;&#7901;i Nga &#273;&#227; h&#7885;c t&#7915; thu&#7903; nh&#7887;, sau &#273;&#243; l&#227;ng qu&#234;n v&#224; r&#7891;i t&#236;m l&#7841;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#7903; M&#7929;. "Lolita, fire of my loins!" &#8211; Humbert say &#273;&#7855;m th&#7889;t l&#234;n trong m&#7897;t kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c n&#224;o &#273;&#243;. Khi nh&#7855;c &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t thi&#7871;u ni&#234;n, g&#227; b&#7843;o c&#7853;u ta "ch&#7881; to&#224;n c&#417; b&#7855;p v&#224; m&#7909;n tr&#7913;ng c&#225;". C&#243; m&#7897;t ch&#432;&#417;ng d&#224;nh ri&#234;ng cho t&#234;n g&#7885;i c&#225;c m&#224;u s&#7855;c (&#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#226;n lo&#7841;i v&#224; mang t&#237;nh k&#7929; thu&#7853;t) m&#224; m&#7897;t xe h&#417;i c&#243; th&#7875; s&#7903; h&#7919;u. M&#7897;t ch&#432;&#417;ng kh&#225;c d&#224;nh cho t&#234;n c&#225;c nh&#224; ngh&#7881; m&#224; h&#7885; g&#7863;p d&#7885;c h&#224;nh tr&#236;nh. Nh&#432;ng kh&#244;ng c&#243; g&#236; trong cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch &#273;&#243; c&#243; th&#7875; v&#432;&#7907;t qua &#273;&#432;&#7907;c </span><em><span>v&#242;i t&#7855;m phi-Laodicea</span></em><span>. Khi t&#244;i th&#7845;u hi&#7875;u bi&#7875;u th&#7913;c &#273;&#243; sau m&#7897;t tho&#225;ng b&#7889;i r&#7889;i, th&#7913; bi&#7875;u th&#7913;c c&#243; l&#7869; &#273;&#227; b&#7883; h&#224;ng ng&#224;n &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; &#273;i&#7873;m nhi&#234;n l&#432;&#7899;t qua nh&#432; m&#7897;t th&#224;nh tr&#236; ch&#432;a b&#7883; chinh ph&#7909;c, t&#244;i &#273;&#227; c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ni&#7873;m h&#7841;nh ph&#250;c m&#224; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c &#273;&#237;ch th&#7921;c c&#7843;m th&#7845;y tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7897;t ph&#233;p m&#224;u v&#259;n ch&#432;&#417;ng. Nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i tin r&#7857;ng m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t th&#224;nh c&#244;ng ph&#7843;i tr&#236;nh di&#7877;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t c&#7845;u tr&#250;c, nh&#7919;ng nh&#226;n v&#7853;t tr&#242;n tr&#7883;a, m&#7897;t c&#7889;t truy&#7879;n, v&#259;n phong, t&#237;nh th&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t v&#224; kh&#244;ng bi&#7871;t bao nhi&#234;u &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m l&#253; lu&#7853;n v&#259;n h&#7885;c kh&#225;c n&#7919;a. C&#243; l&#7869; t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; &#273;&#243; l&#224; c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t, nh&#432;ng t&#244;i tin r&#7857;ng s&#7921; th&#224;nh c&#244;ng c&#7911;a m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch n&#7857;m &#7903; nh&#7919;ng kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c t&#7887;a s&#225;ng phi th&#432;&#7901;ng, m&#224; &#273;&#7857;ng sau &#273;&#243;, ta ph&#225;n &#273;o&#225;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; hi&#7879;n di&#7879;n c&#7911;a m&#7897;t tr&#237; tu&#7879; &#273;&#237;ch th&#7921;c, m&#7897;t con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#237;ch th&#7921;c, m&#7897;t s&#7921; th&#244;ng th&#225;i kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; c&#7841;n ki&#7879;t. Proust, trong ti&#7875;u thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, c&#243; h&#224;ng ch&#7909;c, h&#224;ng tr&#259;m trang s&#225;ch t&#7867; nh&#7841;t m&#224; &#273;&#7897;t nhi&#234;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7913;u r&#7895;i, &#273;&#226;y &#273;&#243;, b&#7857;ng m&#7897;t c&#226;u v&#259;n mang v&#7867; &#273;&#7865;p ngh&#7883;ch l&#253;, n&#417;i b&#7841;n th&#7921;c s&#7921; t&#236;m th&#7845;y nh&#224; v&#259;n l&#7899;n d&#432;&#7899;i h&#236;nh h&#224;i c&#7911;a m&#7897;t thi s&#297; v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i. Quay tr&#7903; l&#7841;i v&#7899;i Nabokov, &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nguy&#234;n l&#253; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh c&#7911;a v&#242;i t&#7855;m n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng &#273;&#243; (m&#7897;t v&#242;i t&#7855;m t&#7891;i t&#224;n, v&#7899;i &#7889;ng tho&#225;t n&#432;&#7899;c r&#7881; s&#233;t trong m&#7897;t nh&#224; v&#7879; sinh &#273;&#7893; n&#225;t), b&#7841;n ph&#7843;i t&#236;m &#273;&#7871;n s&#225;ch </span><em><span>Kh&#7843;i Huy&#7873;n</span></em><span> c&#7911;a Th&#225;nh s&#7917; Gioan, ph&#226;n &#273;o&#7841;n v&#7873; b&#7843;y h&#7897;i th&#225;nh, n&#417;i vi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng: </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;H&#227;y vi&#7871;t cho thi&#234;n th&#7847;n c&#7911;a H&#7897;i Th&#225;nh Lao-&#273;i-ki-a: &#272;&#226;y l&#224; l&#7901;i c&#7911;a &#272;&#7845;ng A-men, l&#224; Ch&#7913;ng Nh&#226;n trung th&#224;nh v&#224; ch&#226;n th&#7853;t, l&#224; Kh&#7903;i Nguy&#234;n c&#7911;a m&#7885;i lo&#224;i Thi&#234;n Ch&#250;a t&#7841;o d&#7921;ng. Ta bi&#7871;t c&#225;c vi&#7879;c ng&#432;&#417;i l&#224;m: ng&#432;&#417;i ch&#7859;ng l&#7841;nh m&#224; c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng n&#243;ng. Ph&#7843;i chi ng&#432;&#417;i l&#7841;nh h&#7859;n hay n&#243;ng h&#7859;n &#273;i! Nh&#432;ng v&#236; ng&#432;&#417;i h&#226;m h&#7849;m, ch&#7859;ng n&#243;ng ch&#7859;ng l&#7841;nh, n&#234;n Ta s&#7855;p m&#7917;a ng&#432;&#417;i ra kh&#7887;i mi&#7879;ng Ta.&#8221; </span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>S&#7921; tham chi&#7871;u &#273;&#243; qu&#225; xa c&#225;ch c&#7843; v&#7873; ng&#7919; v&#7921;c l&#7851;n ngh&#297;a &#273;en khi&#7871;n b&#7841;n ph&#7843;i ngh&#7865;t th&#7903;. M&#7897;t nh&#224; v&#259;n trung b&#236;nh c&#243; l&#7869; s&#7869; n&#243;i &#273;&#7841;i lo&#7841;i th&#7871; n&#224;y: "T&#244;i b&#432;&#7899;c v&#224;o ph&#242;ng t&#7855;m, nh&#432;ng t&#7915; c&#225;i v&#242;i ch&#7871;t ti&#7879;t &#273;&#243; l&#250;c th&#236; ch&#7843;y ra n&#432;&#7899;c qu&#225; n&#243;ng, l&#250;c l&#7841;i qu&#225; l&#7841;nh, v&#236; v&#7853;y t&#244;i ph&#7843;i t&#7915; b&#7887; &#253; &#273;&#7883;nh t&#7855;m r&#7917;a". Tuy nhi&#234;n, m&#7897;t nh&#224; v&#259;n l&#7899;n, ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#243; tr&#237; tu&#7879; linh ho&#7841;t nh&#432; m&#7897;t ngh&#7879; s&#297; u&#7889;n d&#7867;o, s&#7869; g&#7853;p l&#432;ng m&#236;nh l&#7841;i m&#7897;t c&#225;ch qu&#225;i d&#7883; v&#224; d&#249;ng r&#259;ng &#273;&#7875; ng&#7853;m l&#7845;y &#273;&#243;a h&#7891;ng n&#7857;m ngay d&#432;&#7899;i g&#243;t ch&#226;n. Sau &#273;&#243;, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#243; &#273;&#7913;ng th&#7859;ng d&#7853;y &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7855;c th&#7855;ng v&#224; n&#233;m &#273;&#243;a h&#7891;ng &#273;&#243; v&#7873; ph&#237;a c&#244;ng ch&#250;ng. B&#7903;i l&#7869; d&#242;ng n&#432;&#7899;c ch&#7843;y ra khi th&#236; s&#244;i s&#249;ng s&#7909;c, l&#250;c l&#7841;i l&#7841;nh nh&#432; b&#259;ng, r&#245; r&#224;ng l&#224; n&#243; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh theo m&#7897;t nguy&#234;n l&#253; </span><em><span>phi-Laodicea</span></em><span>...</span><br><br><span>T&#244;i t&#7921; h&#7887;i c&#243; bao nhi&#234;u &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; th&#7901;i nay c&#242;n nh&#7841;y c&#7843;m tr&#432;&#7899;c nh&#7919;ng lo&#7841;i m&#7891;i nh&#7917; v&#224; nh&#7919;ng k&#7871;t n&#7889;i tinh vi &#273;&#243; (m&#224; th&#7921;c t&#7871; th&#236;, m&#7885;i n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&#7885;c &#273;&#237;ch th&#7921;c, b&#7845;t k&#7875; &#273;&#7883;nh h&#432;&#7899;ng n&#224;o, ngay c&#7843; th&#7913; v&#259;n h&#7885;c c&#243; v&#7867; ngo&#224;i th&#7921;c t&#7871; nh&#7845;t, &#273;&#7873;u nh&#432; v&#7853;y c&#7843;). T&#244;i t&#7921; h&#7887;i c&#243; bao nhi&#234;u ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7903; h&#7919;u n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng v&#259;n h&#243;a c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t &#273;&#7875; n&#7855;m b&#7855;t nh&#7919;ng &#225;m ch&#7881;, nh&#7919;ng tham chi&#7871;u v&#224; t&#237;nh li&#234;n v&#259;n b&#7843;n trong b&#7845;t k&#7923; &#273;o&#7841;n v&#259;n n&#224;o c&#7911;a m&#7897;t n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&#7885;c t&#7889;t. B&#7903;i v&#236; Nabokov, d&#249; ng&#432;&#7901;i ta c&#243; n&#243;i g&#236; &#273;i n&#7919;a, v&#7851;n c&#242;n l&#224; d&#7877; ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n n&#7871;u so v&#7899;i s&#7921; &#273;i&#234;n r&#7891; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#226;y &#273;&#7855;p ch&#7891;ng ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a m&#7897;t Pynchon hay c&#7911;a nhi&#7873;u nh&#224; v&#259;n &#273;&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7841;i kh&#225;c. &#272;&#243; kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; v&#259;n h&#243;a v&#259;n ch&#432;&#417;ng, m&#224; c&#242;n l&#224; v&#259;n h&#243;a khoa h&#7885;c, tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c, t&#244;n gi&#225;o,&#8230; L&#7869; t&#7921; nhi&#234;n, h&#7847;u nh&#432; cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch n&#224;o c&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7845;t k&#7923; ai &#273;&#7885;c. B&#7841;n c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7885;c cu&#7889;n </span><em><span>L&#226;u &#273;&#224;i</span></em><span> c&#7911;a Kafka theo phong c&#225;ch c&#7911;a nh&#226;n v&#7853;t Ovidiu Verde&#351;: m&#7897;t c&#417;n m&#234; s&#7843;ng v&#7873; m&#7897;t g&#227; &#273;&#7841;c &#273;i&#7873;n &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t ng&#244;i l&#224;ng, tr&#250; l&#7841;i trong m&#7897;t qu&#225;n &#259;n,... Nh&#432;ng th&#7853;t &#273;&#225;ng ti&#7871;c thay, t&#244;i th&#224;nh th&#7921;c t&#7921; h&#7887;i li&#7879;u c&#243; c&#242;n s&#243;t l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; n&#224;o &#273;&#7911; ki&#234;n tr&#236; &#273;&#7875; d&#245;i theo m&#7897;t t&#225;c gi&#7843;, xuy&#234;n qua to&#224;n b&#7897; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#273;&#7883;a &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#243;, nh&#432; d&#245;i theo m&#7897;t con c&#225;o gi&#224; gian x&#7843;o hay kh&#244;ng. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7921;c s&#7921; mu&#7889;n b&#432;&#7899;c v&#224;o nh&#7919;ng th&#7871; gi&#7899;i k&#7923; l&#7841; c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng t&#226;m tr&#237; phi th&#432;&#7901;ng. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ai &#273;&#243; &#273;&#227; n&#243;i r&#7857;ng: </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#7897;t nh&#224; v&#259;n thi&#234;n t&#224;i l&#224;m cho ch&#250;ng ta c&#361;ng tr&#7903; n&#234;n thi&#234;n t&#224;i. </span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>T&#244;i t&#7921; h&#7887;i li&#7879;u ch&#250;ng ta c&#242;n mu&#7889;n tr&#7903; n&#234;n thi&#234;n t&#224;i b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch d&#245;i theo Nabokov, v&#432;&#7907;t qua h&#224;ng ng&#224;n ch&#432;&#7899;ng ng&#7841;i v&#7853;t trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#273;&#7883;a &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#243; hay kh&#244;ng. Ch&#7859;ng ph&#7843;i s&#7869; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n v&#224; tho&#7843;i m&#225;i h&#417;n khi xem m&#7897;t b&#7897; phim M&#7929; v&#7899;i m&#7897;t g&#227; Bruce Willis c&#224;ng l&#250;c c&#224;ng kh&#243; ch&#7871;t sao? Ch&#7859;ng ph&#7843;i d&#7877; d&#224;ng h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u khi c&#7913; l&#432;&#7899;t c&#225;c k&#234;nh truy&#7873;n h&#236;nh v&#224; du ngo&#7841;n tr&#234;n internet, t&#7921; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng r&#7857;ng m&#236;nh l&#224; con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#7911;a th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i v&#224; nh&#7901; &#273;&#243; cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#244;i qua &#273;&#7847;y h&#432;&#417;ng hoa v&#224; r&#7921;c r&#7905; s&#7855;c m&#224;u nh&#432; m&#7897;t gi&#7845;c m&#417; sao?</span><br><br><span>Khi ng&#432;&#7901;i ta h&#7887;i t&#244;i m&#7897;t c&#225;ch ch&#237;nh th&#7913;c r&#7857;ng ngh&#7873; nghi&#7879;p c&#7911;a t&#244;i l&#224; g&#236;, t&#244;i t&#7921; &#273;&#7897;ng tr&#7843; l&#7901;i l&#224; "gi&#225;o vi&#234;n", m&#7863;c d&#249; &#273;&#243; l&#224; th&#7913; m&#224; t&#244;i &#237;t gi&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t. L&#224;m sao t&#244;i c&#243; th&#7875; tr&#7843; l&#7901;i l&#224; "nh&#224; v&#259;n" m&#224; kh&#244;ng t&#7887; ra v&#7867; tr&#7883;ch th&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;ang th&#225;ch th&#7913;c ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7889;i tho&#7841;i, v&#7889;n ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t vi&#234;n ch&#7913;c b&#236;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng? D&#249; sao &#273;i n&#7919;a, khi t&#244;i l&#224;m gi&#225;o vi&#234;n (&#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n l&#224; &#7903; tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&#244;ng v&#224; sau &#273;&#243; l&#224; &#7903; &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c), t&#244;i &#273;&#227; lu&#244;n mu&#7889;n tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t gi&#225;o vi&#234;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c y&#234;u m&#7871;n. T&#244;i ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; gi&#7843;ng m&#7897;t ti&#7871;t h&#7885;c n&#224;o m&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#7843;m th&#7845;y nhu c&#7847;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#249;a gi&#7905;n v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7889;i di&#7879;n m&#236;nh. V&#224; lu&#244;n lu&#244;n, b&#7845;t k&#7875; tr&#236;nh &#273;&#7897; chu&#7849;n b&#7883; c&#7911;a h&#7885; ra sao, t&#244;i &#273;&#7873;u nh&#7853;n v&#7873; c&#249;ng m&#7897;t s&#7921; ng&#7841;c nhi&#234;n &#273;&#7871;n n&#7843;n l&#242;ng. Nh&#7919;ng c&#226;u &#273;&#249;a hay nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a t&#244;i (nh&#7919;ng c&#226;u &#273;&#242;i h&#7887;i m&#7897;t khi&#7871;u h&#224;i h&#432;&#7899;c tinh t&#7871; h&#417;n) ch&#7859;ng l&#224;m ai th&#7845;y bu&#7891;n c&#432;&#7901;i, trong khi khi t&#244;i kinh ng&#7841;c h&#7841; th&#7845;p tr&#236;nh &#273;&#7897; xu&#7889;ng v&#224; n&#243;i &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236; &#273;&#243; ki&#7875;u nh&#432; &#273;&#7891;ng dao tr&#7867; con, h&#7885; l&#7841;i ban th&#432;&#7903;ng cho t&#244;i nh&#7919;ng tr&#224;ng c&#432;&#7901;i s&#7843;ng kho&#225;i kh&#244;ng ng&#7901; t&#7899;i. T&#244;i kh&#244;ng bi&#7871;t li&#7879;u m&#236;nh c&#243; n&#234;n r&#250;t ra t&#7915; &#273;&#243; m&#7897;t k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n v&#7873; s&#7921; thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t khi&#7871;u h&#224;i h&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&#226;n, hay v&#7873; s&#7921; thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t t&#237;nh ph&#7913;c h&#7907;p, v&#236; &#273;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; &#273;i&#7875;m t&#244;i mu&#7889;n nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh, c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#224;o t&#7841;o trong v&#224;i th&#7853;p k&#7927; g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y. T&#244;i quan s&#225;t th&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng nguy&#234;n th&#7911;y t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; trong vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7885;c s&#225;ch: s&#7921; b&#7845;t l&#7921;c trong vi&#7879;c thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p c&#225;c li&#234;n t&#432;&#7903;ng, trong vi&#7879;c v&#432;&#7907;t qua t&#7847;ng ngh&#297;a &#273;en. S&#7921; kh&#432;&#7899;c t&#7915; m&#7885;i th&#7913; v&#432;&#7907;t ra ngo&#224;i ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a th&#7921;c t&#7841;i &#273;&#7901;i th&#432;&#7901;ng. &#272;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a "h&#224;nh vi" v&#7873; c&#225;i th&#7921;c ch&#7881; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n duy nh&#7845;t v&#224;o nh&#7919;ng g&#236; m&#7855;t th&#7845;y tai nghe. Ho&#7863;c l&#224; s&#7921; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n m&#7897;t v&#224;i ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7873; l&#253; lu&#7853;n, nh&#432;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; ngh&#232;o n&#224;n nh&#7845;t, tr&#432;&#7903;ng gi&#7843; h&#7885;c l&#224;m sang nh&#7845;t v&#224; c&#259;n b&#7843;n nh&#7845;t: th&#7921;c nghi&#7879;m, s&#7921; gi&#7843;i ph&#243;ng ng&#244;n t&#7915;, hay th&#7853;m ch&#237; l&#224; ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a h&#7853;u hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i...</span><br><br><span>Vi&#7871;t v&#236; c&#225;i g&#236;, vi&#7871;t cho ai &#273;&#227; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh nh&#7919;ng c&#226;u h&#7887;i then ch&#7889;t &#273;&#7863;t ra cho m&#7897;t t&#225;c gi&#7843; ng&#224;y nay. B&#7903;i v&#236;, thay v&#236; m&#7897;t v&#242;i t&#7855;m </span><em><span>phi-Laodicea</span></em><span>, h&#7847;u h&#7871;t &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; &#273;&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7873;u &#432;a chu&#7897;ng m&#7897;t v&#242;i t&#7855;m n&#432;&#7899;c &#7845;m, m&#7897;t b&#7891;n t&#7855;m th&#432; gi&#227;n sau m&#7897;t ng&#224;y l&#224;m vi&#7879;c m&#7879;t nho&#224;i.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[REVIEW KHUNG CỬA HẸP – ANDRÉ GIDE]]></title><description><![CDATA[V&#224; nh&#7919;ng &#273;o&#7841;n tr&#237;ch &#273;&#7855;t gi&#225;]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/review-khung-cua-hep-andre-gide</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/review-khung-cua-hep-andre-gide</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Aug 2026 04:39:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0bafea19-4142-464e-9041-cd35a0c88bf7_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Sau khi &#273;&#7885;c </span><em><span>B&#7885;n l&#224;m b&#7841;c gi&#7843;</span></em><span> v&#7899;i v&#259;n phong di&#7877;m b&#250;t c&#7911;a Andr&#233; Gide v&#224; phong c&#225;ch d&#7883;ch c&#7911;a B&#7917;u &#221; &#273;&#227; th&#244;i th&#250;c t&#244;i l&#7909;c t&#236;m nh&#7919;ng &#225;ng v&#259;n c&#7911;a nh&#224; v&#259;n &#273;o&#7841;t gi&#7843;i Nobel n&#259;m 1947. Xin &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#233;p k&#7875; th&#234;m l&#224; t&#244;i c&#361;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t kh&#225;n gi&#7843; v&#244; c&#249;ng y&#234;u th&#237;ch series anime Bungo Stray Dogs, v&#224; t&#7915; &#273;&#243; d&#7845;y l&#234;n ni&#7873;m &#273;am m&#234; v&#259;n h&#7885;c. May l&#224;m sao s&#225;ch c&#7911;a Andr&#233; Gide v&#7889;n t&#7915; l&#226;u &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; cao v&#224; ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n &#7903; Vi&#7879;t Nam. V&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ti&#7871;p theo t&#244;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#237;nh l&#224; </span><em><span>Khung c&#7917;a h&#7865;p</span></em><span> (La porte &#233;troite) v&#7899;i s&#7921; d&#7883;ch thu&#7853;t c&#7911;a b&#7853;c th&#7847;y &#273;i&#234;n &#8211; B&#249;i Gi&#225;ng.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nhan &#273;&#7873; </span><em><span>khung c&#7917;a h&#7865;p</span></em><span> &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#237;ch t&#7915; ph&#250;c &#226;m:</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><blockquote><p><span>&#8220;H&#227;y qua </span><em><span>khung c&#7917;a h&#7865;p</span></em><span> m&#224; v&#224;o, v&#236; c&#7917;a r&#7897;ng v&#224; &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng th&#234;nh thang th&#236; &#273;&#432;a &#273;&#7871;n di&#7879;t vong, m&#224; nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7841;i &#273;i qua &#273;&#243;. C&#242;n </span><em><span>khung c&#7917;a h&#7865;p</span></em><span> v&#224; con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7853;t th&#236; &#273;&#432;a &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; s&#7889;ng, nh&#432;ng &#237;t ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#236;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7889;i &#7845;y.&#8221;</span></p><p><span>(M&#225;t-th&#234;u 7, 13- 14)</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Khung c&#7917;a h&#7865;p</span></em><span> l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m k&#7923; b&#237;, d&#249; cho c&#243; &#273;&#7885;c &#273;i &#273;&#7885;c l&#7841;i nhi&#7873;u l&#7847;n &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#226;u. </span><em><span>Khung c&#7917;a h&#7865;p</span></em><span> &#273;&#432;&#7907;c vi&#7871;t n&#234;n b&#7857;ng d&#242;ng h&#7891;i t&#432;&#7903;ng ng&#244;i th&#7913; nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a nh&#226;n v&#7853;t x&#432;ng </span><em><span>t&#244;i </span></em><span>t&#234;n l&#224; J&#233;r&#244;me, c&#249;ng t&#236;nh y&#234;u m&#227;nh li&#7879;t v&#224; &#273;&#7847;y &#273;au &#273;&#7899;n v&#7899;i c&#244; ch&#7883; h&#7885; Alissa. Sau khi tr&#7843;i qua bi&#7871;n c&#7889; nh&#7853;n ra m&#7865; ru&#7897;t m&#236;nh ngo&#7841;i t&#236;nh, Alissa quy&#7871;t t&#226;m d&#224;nh c&#7843;m x&#250;c &#273;&#227; t&#7921; cho l&#224; th&#7913;c t&#7881;nh cho c&#7853;u em h&#7885; J&#233;r&#244;me. &#272;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t t&#236;nh y&#234;u, theo nh&#432; B&#249;i Gi&#225;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t </span><em><span>m&#7889;i thanh kh&#237; &#7913;ng c&#7847;u k&#7923; di&#7879;u thi&#234;ng li&#234;ng, x&#7913;ng &#273;&#225;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Ch&#250;a th&#432;&#417;ng x&#243;t b&#7857;ng l&#242;ng</span></em><span>.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Khi n&#224;ng Alissa nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#236;nh c&#7843;m &#273;&#417;n ph&#432;&#417;ng c&#7911;a em g&#225;i Juliette d&#224;nh cho J&#233;r&#244;me, nh&#432;ng anh th&#236; ch&#7859;ng h&#7873; bi&#7871;t, n&#224;ng l&#250;c &#273;&#7847;u t&#236;m c&#225;ch chuy&#7875;n h&#432;&#7899;ng s&#7921; ch&#250; &#253; c&#7911;a J&#233;r&#244;me sang h&#432;&#7899;ng c&#7911;a Juliette. Khi chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#243; th&#7845;t b&#7841;i, do t&#236;nh c&#7843;m c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh n&#224;ng c&#361;ng nh&#432; c&#7911;a anh, Alissa c&#7889; t&#236;nh b&#7855;t tay v&#224;o t&#236;m ki&#7871;m m&#7897;t t&#236;nh y&#234;u th&#7847;n b&#237;, phi v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t m&#224; n&#224;ng v&#224; J&#233;r&#244;me s&#7869; g&#7855;n b&#243; m&#227;i m&#227;i. Cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng, n&#224;ng Alissa &#259;n m&#7863;c gi&#7843;n d&#7883; v&#224; th&#7853;m ch&#237; b&#7887; qua ngo&#7841;i h&#236;nh c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, t&#7915; ch&#7889;i nh&#7919;ng b&#432;&#7899;c ti&#7871;n v&#7909;ng v&#7873; c&#7911;a J&#233;r&#244;me khi n&#224;ng ng&#224;y c&#224;ng r&#250;t lui kh&#7887;i th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, c&#7889; t&#236;nh ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n tr&#237; th&#244;ng minh, h&#7885;c v&#7845;n v&#224; v&#259;n h&#243;a c&#7911;a m&#236;nh b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch t&#7915; b&#7887; v&#259;n h&#7885;c &#273;&#7875; theo &#273;u&#7893;i m&#7847;u nhi&#7879;m ch&#237; th&#225;nh t&#244;n gi&#225;o. Alissa &#273;&#227; m&#7897;t m&#7921;c tin r&#7857;ng t&#236;nh y&#234;u c&#7911;a m&#236;nh kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#225;p l&#7841;i r&#7891;i n&#224;ng ch&#7871;t, trong &#7849;n d&#7853;t, m&#224; kh&#244;ng r&#245; nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n. Tuy nhi&#234;n, sau c&#225;i ch&#7871;t c&#7911;a Alissa, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta ph&#225;t hi&#7879;n ra cu&#7889;n nh&#7853;t k&#253; c&#7911;a n&#224;ng. M&#7863;c d&#249; m&#7897;t s&#7889; trang b&#7883; m&#7845;t, nh&#432;ng nh&#7919;ng trang c&#242;n l&#7841;i l&#224; m&#7897;t ti&#7871;t l&#7897; &#273;&#225;ng kinh ng&#7841;c &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i J&#233;r&#244;me. Cu&#7889;n nh&#7853;t k&#253; g&#7907;i &#253; r&#7857;ng, v&#236; to&#224;n t&#226;m to&#224;n &#253; theo &#273;u&#7893;i ch&#7913;c th&#225;nh, d&#226;ng hi&#7871;n t&#236;nh y&#234;u v&#7899;i J&#233;r&#244;me nh&#432; t&#7871; v&#7853;t cho Ch&#250;a v&#224; c&#7921; tuy&#7879;t &#225;i t&#236;nh v&#7899;i J&#233;r&#244;me, cho n&#234;n Alissa &#273;&#227; l&#7863;ng l&#7869; hy sinh, vi&#7879;c ra &#273;i trong c&#244; &#273;&#7897;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hi&#7875;n hi&#7879;n tr&#234;n nh&#7919;ng d&#242;ng di b&#250;t cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nh&#7919;ng d&#242;ng nh&#7853;t k&#253; c&#7911;a Alissa d&#224;nh cho J&#233;r&#244;me &#273;&#227; di&#7877;n t&#7843; m&#7897;t t&#236;nh y&#234;u m&#227;nh li&#7879;t h&#417;n c&#7843; ch&#237;nh J&#233;r&#244;me d&#224;nh cho c&#244;. Qua cu&#7889;n nh&#7853;t k&#253; ta th&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng l&#7847;n c&#7921; tuy&#7879;t n&#7917;a v&#7901;i c&#7911;a Alissa, gieo cho J&#233;r&#244;me nh&#7919;ng hy v&#7885;ng l&#7841; l&#249;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c th&#7873;m kh&#7855;c bu&#7893;i l&#7877; h&#244;n ph&#7889;i. &#7902; Alissa xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n nh&#7853;p nh&#7857;ng gi&#7919;a t&#236;nh y&#234;u v&#7899;i J&#233;r&#244;me v&#224; s&#7921; th&#225;nh h&#243;a t&#226;m h&#7891;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Ch&#250;a. V&#7899;i s&#7921; m&#7863;c c&#7843;m tu&#7893;i t&#225;c v&#224; m&#7899; c&#7843;m x&#250;c r&#7889;i m&#249;, m&#7901; m&#7883;t &#273;&#227; khi&#7871;n Alissa v&#224; J&#233;r&#244;me th&#234;m &#225;m &#7843;nh nhau nh&#432;ng ch&#7859;ng duy&#234;n g&#236; t&#225;i ng&#7897;. Cho t&#7899;i t&#7915;ng d&#242;ng ch&#7919; cu&#7889;i, hai ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885; c&#7913; &#273;i v&#224;o m&#224;n &#273;&#234;m t&#259;m t&#7889;i m&#224; &#273;&#244;i l&#7913;a ch&#7859;ng th&#7875; n&#224;o &#273;an tay, ch&#7859;ng th&#7875; &#273;i t&#7853;n c&#249;ng vi&#234;n m&#227;n. Li&#7879;u r&#7857;ng c&#225;nh c&#7917;a h&#7865;p qu&#225; &#273;&#7895;i, c&#7843; hai ch&#7859;ng v&#224;o &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hay sao? Cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng, gi&#7919;a hai b&#7901; khung c&#7917;a h&#7865;p, h&#7841;nh ph&#250;c ch&#7859;ng t&#236;m th&#7845;y m&#7897;t ai. &#8220;Th&#7871; r&#7891;i c&#225;i khung c&#7917;a h&#7865;p l&#7841;i tr&#7903; th&#224;nh ch&#237;nh khung c&#7917;a ph&#242;ng Alissa; mu&#7889;n &#273;i v&#224;o, t&#244;i ph&#7843;i thu h&#236;nh l&#7841;i, tr&#250;t b&#7887; h&#7871;t m&#7885;i ni&#7873;m v&#7883; k&#7927;, c&#225; nh&#226;n...&#8221;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Alissa v&#224; J&#233;r&#244;me, hai c&#225; th&#7875; kh&#244;ng h&#7873; t&#432;&#417;ng ph&#7843;n, c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng th&#7875; g&#7885;i l&#224; m&#7843;nh gh&#233;p ho&#224;n h&#7843;o. Ng&#432;&#7901;i o&#7857;n m&#236;nh kh&#7893; h&#7841;nh, k&#7867; c&#249;ng l&#7921;c t&#7921; do, h&#7885; c&#361;ng &#273;&#7873;u c&#7889; g&#7855;ng t&#236;m th&#7845;y</span><em><span> khung c&#7917;a h&#7865;p </span></em><span>c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, t&#236;m ki&#7871;m t&#7899;i v&#244; c&#249;ng th&#7901;i gian! V&#7899;i b&#7843;n d&#7883;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c trau chu&#7889;t, v&#7899;i d&#242;ng ch&#7919; c&#7921;c ki&#7873;u di&#7877;m c&#7911;a B&#249;i Gi&#225;ng &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7875; l&#7841;i cho t&#244;i nhi&#7873;u &#7845;n t&#432;&#7907;ng. &#272;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; nh&#7919;ng c&#226;u sau:</span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;...t&#244;i th&#7845;y &#7903; ph&#237;a b&#234;n kia bao nhi&#234;u kh&#7893; h&#7841;nh, bao nhi&#234;u &#273;au bu&#7891;n, c&#242;n m&#7897;t ni&#7873;m vui kh&#225;c, thu&#7847;n t&#250;y, si&#234;u nhi&#234;n, m&#224; c&#7843; linh h&#7891;n t&#244;i &#273;&#432;&#417;ng b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u ch&#7901; mong, kh&#225;t v&#7885;ng. Ni&#7873;m vui &#7845;y nh&#432; m&#7897;t gi&#7885;ng &#273;&#224;n v&#7915;a g&#7855;t gay v&#7915;a &#234;m d&#7883;u, nh&#432; m&#7897;t ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a thi&#234;u &#273;&#7889;t bu&#7891;ng tim c&#7911;a Alissa v&#224; c&#7911;a t&#244;i. Ch&#250;ng t&#244;i ti&#7871;n l&#234;n v&#7853;n to&#224;n y ph&#7909;c tr&#7855;ng nh&#432; l&#7901;i thi&#234;n m&#7863;c th&#7883; trong Th&#225;nh kinh, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i n&#7855;m tay nhau c&#249;ng &#273;&#259;m &#273;&#259;m nh&#236;n m&#7897;t &#273;&#237;ch...&#8221; (tr. 23)</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Nh&#432; c&#243; m&#7897;t s&#7921; linh c&#7843;m n&#7897;i t&#7841;i &#273;&#7897;t ng&#7897;t, s&#225;ng ng&#7901;i, t&#244;i c&#243; &#253; th&#7913;c v&#7873; m&#236;nh r&#245; r&#7879;t h&#417;n: t&#244;i nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y m&#236;nh s&#226;u k&#237;n, nhi&#7873;u ho&#224;i v&#7885;ng, t&#244;i ch&#7901; mong, t&#244;i &#237;t b&#7853;n t&#226;m &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c l&#224;m c&#7911;a k&#7867; kh&#225;c, t&#244;i m&#7897;ng &#432;&#7899;c kh&#244;ng ngo&#224;i nh&#7919;ng th&#7855;ng l&#7907;i thu &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7899;i ch&#237;nh b&#7843;n th&#226;n m&#236;nh.&#8221; (tr. 26)</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;T&#244;i d&#226;ng n&#224;ng m&#7885;i th&#7913; chi&#234;m bao m&#224; l&#7841;i c&#242;n mu&#7889;n che gi&#7845;u kh&#244;ng cho n&#224;ng r&#245; &#273;&#7847;u &#273;u&#244;i c&#259;n c&#7899; t&#7841;i ai. T&#244;i say s&#432;a trong ni&#7873;m thi&#7871;t tha t&#7915; t&#7889;n, t&#244;i g&#7863;m s&#226;u v&#224;o tr&#225;i &#273;&#7855;ng, t&#244;i bu&#7897;c m&#236;nh kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; ch&#7883;u th&#7887;a m&#227;n v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng th&#224;nh c&#244;ng n&#224;o kh&#244;ng mua b&#7857;ng nhi&#7873;u v&#7845;t v&#7843; ki&#234;n t&#226;m.&#8221; (tr. 27)</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#8230;t&#244;i c&#7843;m th&#7845;y d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; Alissa lu&#244;n &#273;i tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#236;nh, n&#417;i n&#224;o n&#224;ng c&#361;ng thung dung t&#7921; t&#7841;i. Nh&#432;ng tinh th&#7847;n t&#244;i ch&#7885;n l&#7889;i cho m&#236;nh, th&#7875; theo nh&#7883;p ch&#226;n n&#224;ng, v&#224; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; &#273;&#227; l&#432;u t&#226;m &#253; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i thu&#7903; &#273;&#243;, nh&#7919;ng g&#236; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i g&#7885;i l&#224; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng, th&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#225;i c&#7899; cho m&#7897;t m&#7889;i thanh kh&#237; &#7913;ng c&#7847;u k&#7923; di&#7879;u, h&#417;n l&#224; s&#7921; gi&#7843; trang th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a t&#236;nh c&#7843;m, h&#417;n l&#224; l&#7899;p h&#7891; che b&#7885;c t&#236;nh y&#234;u.&#8221; (tr. 33)</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;H&#232; n&#259;m &#7845;y r&#7845;t huy ho&#224;ng. M&#7885;i s&#7921; v&#7853;t nh&#432; r&#7841;ng ng&#7901;i &#225;nh s&#225;ng c&#7911;a thanh thi&#234;n. Nhi&#7879;t t&#236;nh c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i th&#7855;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tang t&#243;c, b&#243;ng t&#7889;i h&#7871;t &#226;m u. M&#7897;t bu&#7893;i mai t&#244;i th&#7913;c gi&#7845;c, l&#242;ng vui ph&#417;i ph&#7899;i, t&#244;i ch&#7841;y ra ngo&#224;i &#273;&#243;n b&#236;nh minh l&#7897;ng l&#7851;y. Ng&#224;y nay &#244;n l&#7841;i chuy&#7879;n x&#432;a, t&#244;i th&#7845;y d&#297; v&#227;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;m nh&#7919;ng s&#432;&#417;ng sa r&#7841;ng r&#7905;.&#8221; (tr. 40)</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#212;i! L&#7889;i gi&#7843; v&#7901; &#234;m d&#7883;u c&#7911;a t&#236;nh y&#234;u? C&#7911;a t&#236;nh y&#234;u s&#226;u th&#7859;m, b&#7903;i n&#7867;o &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng huy&#7873;n b&#237; n&#224;o, Ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#227; d&#7851;n ta &#273;i t&#7915; ti&#7871;ng c&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7871;n gi&#7885;ng kh&#243;c, t&#7915; ni&#7873;m vui trong tr&#7855;ng h&#7891;n nhi&#234;n &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; &#273;&#242;i h&#7887;i kh&#7855;t khe c&#7911;a &#273;&#7913;c h&#7841;nh!&#8221; (tr. 41)</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#8230;t&#244;i kh&#244;ng mu&#7889;n &#273;&#7889;t v&#7897;i c&#225;i ch&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7871;t tuy&#7879;t di&#7877;m nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a y&#234;u &#273;&#432;&#417;ng.&#8221; (tr. 61)</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Em c&#242;n bi&#7871;t bao chuy&#7879;n n&#243;i v&#7899;i anh, em mu&#7889;n li&#234;n mi&#234;n n&#243;i m&#227;i kh&#244;ng ng&#7915;ng! &#272;&#244;i khi em kh&#244;ng t&#236;m ra &#253; r&#245; r&#7879;t n&#7919;a &#8211; chi&#7873;u nay em v&#7915;a vi&#7871;t m&#224; nh&#432; v&#7915;a m&#417; &#8211; ch&#7881; gi&#7919; m&#7897;t c&#7843;m gi&#225;c r&#7845;t n&#7891;ng n&#224;n, &#273;&#7871;n h&#7847;u nh&#432; &#273;au x&#243;t, v&#7873; m&#7897;t n&#7895;i phong ph&#250; v&#244; bi&#234;n c&#7911;a t&#226;m h&#7891;n mu&#7889;n d&#226;ng cho, v&#224; mong &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7853;n.&#8221; (tr. 96)</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;V&#226;ng, anh &#7841;, qu&#7843; &#273;&#250;ng nh&#432; anh n&#243;i, em l&#7855;ng nghe v&#224; nh&#7853;n r&#245; trong b&#7843;n h&#242;a &#226;m m&#417; h&#7891; huy&#7873;n di&#7879;u c&#7911;a &#273;&#7845;t tr&#7901;i, c&#243; g&#236; nh&#432; m&#7897;t l&#7901;i kh&#237;ch l&#7879;, nh&#432; m&#7901;i m&#7885;c Ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#227;y tr&#250;t h&#7853;n &#273;&#7875; h&#226;n hoan. Em l&#7855;ng nghe r&#245; gi&#7885;ng ch&#224;o m&#7915;ng trong t&#7915;ng ti&#7871;ng chim ca; em th&#7903; ni&#7873;m vui trong m&#7895;i m&#249;i h&#432;&#417;ng c&#7911;a t&#7915;ng n&#7909; hoa n&#7903;. Th&#7845;y l&#242;ng tr&#224;n tr&#224;o m&#7897;t t&#236;nh y&#234;u kh&#244;n t&#7843;, v&#224; kh&#244;ng hi&#7875;u v&#7873; sau n&#243; s&#7869; k&#234;u g&#7885;i l&#7901;i g&#236;...&#8221; (tr. 97)</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#8230;nh&#432;ng th&#432; t&#7915; c&#7911;a n&#224;ng l&#224; n&#417;i t&#244;i n&#432;&#417;ng n&#225;u &#234;m &#7845;m nh&#7845;t, v&#224; k&#7927; ni&#7879;m dung nhan n&#224;ng &#8211; n&#243;i theo &#273;i&#7879;u Ronsard &#8211; k&#7927; ni&#7879;m t&#236;nh y&#234;u n&#224;ng l&#224; ch&#7895; &#8216;th&#224;nh t&#7921;u duy nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a vi&#234;n m&#227;n ch&#226;n l&#7841;c ch&#226;n nh&#432;&#8217;.&#8221; (tr. 99)</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Nh&#7919;ng t&#226;m h&#7891;n n&#224;y ch&#7881; bi&#7871;t nghi&#234;ng m&#236;nh chi&#234;m ng&#432;&#7905;ng &#273;&#7845;ng Ch&#237; T&#244;n, nh&#432; c&#7887; n&#7897;i hoa h&#232;n c&#250;i &#273;&#7847;u tr&#432;&#7899;c gi&#243;, kh&#244;ng ranh m&#227;nh, kh&#244;ng tr&#7899; tr&#234;u, kh&#244;ng th&#7855;c m&#7855;c, kh&#244;ng di&#7877;m ki&#7873;u.&#8221; (tr. 134)</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;&#8217;&#272;&#244;i khi trong &#273;&#7901;i c&#243; nh&#7919;ng m&#7889;i du kho&#225;i th&#226;n thi&#7871;t v&#224; nh&#7919;ng ni&#7873;m c&#7843;m giao &#234;m d&#7883;u d&#432;&#7901;ng n&#224;o, m&#224; ta b&#7883; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7901;i c&#7845;m &#273;o&#225;n, th&#236; l&#224;m sao kh&#244;ng &#432;&#7899;c mong c&#243; l&#7847;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#432;&#7903;ng th&#7909;, &#273;&#243; l&#224; l&#7869; t&#7921; nhi&#234;n; nh&#7919;ng l&#7889;i h&#7845;p d&#7851;n m&#234; ho&#7863;c kia ch&#7881; c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#432;&#7907;t qua b&#7903;i l&#242;ng say m&#234; trong tinh th&#224;nh, bi&#7871;t kh&#432;&#7899;c t&#7915; du kho&#225;i b&#7903;i &#273;&#7913;c h&#7841;nh m&#224; th&#244;i&#8217;. Th&#7871; th&#236; sao t&#244;i c&#242;n g&#7855;ng t&#236;m l&#7889;i ch&#7889;ng ch&#7871;? Ph&#7843;i ch&#259;ng v&#236; m&#7897;t v&#7867; quy&#7871;n r&#361; &#226;m th&#7847;m l&#244;i cu&#7889;n t&#244;i, m&#7897;t v&#7867; quy&#7871;n r&#361; n&#224;o m&#227;nh li&#7879;t h&#417;n, ng&#224;o ng&#7841;t h&#417;n v&#7867; quy&#7871;n r&#361; c&#7911;a t&#236;nh y&#234;u. &#212;i! L&#224;m sao c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i gi&#7909;c gi&#227; c&#7843; hai linh h&#7891;n ch&#250;ng t&#244;i v&#236; t&#236;nh y&#234;u m&#224; v&#432;&#7907;t qua t&#236;nh y&#234;u &#8211; l&#224;m sao c&#243; th&#7875;?&#8221; (tr. 165)</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Su&#7889;t &#273;&#234;m tr&#432;&#7901;ng suy t&#432;&#7903;ng, chi&#234;m ni&#7879;m, nguy&#7879;n c&#7847;u. R&#7891;i th&#7889;t nhi&#234;n, d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; t&#7915; &#273;&#226;u lan xu&#7889;ng m&#7897;t ni&#7873;m thanh th&#7843;n s&#225;ng ng&#7901;i...&#8221; (tr. 175)</span></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[CHIẾC NÓN BOWLER CỦA SABINA]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#272;&#7885;c &#272;&#7901;i Nh&#7865; Kh&#244;n Kham c&#7911;a Milan Kundera]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/chiec-non-bowler-cua-sabina</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/chiec-non-bowler-cua-sabina</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2026 01:37:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/07ffc2a4-dc24-42e1-a4ec-5f1f041aa182_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>T&#225;c ph&#7849;m </span><em><span>The Unbearable Lightness of Being</span></em><span> d&#7883;ch n&#244;m na l&#224; </span><em><span>S&#7921; nh&#7865; t&#234;nh kh&#244;ng ch&#7883;u n&#7893;i c&#7911;a t&#7891;n t&#7841;i</span></em><span> &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Tr&#7883;nh Y Th&#432; chuy&#7875;n ng&#7919; th&#224;nh </span><em><span>&#272;&#7901;i nh&#7865; kh&#244;n kham</span></em><span>, v&#7889;n &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7841;n &#273;&#7885;c khen kh&#244;ng ng&#7899;t l&#7901;i t&#7915; h&#7891;i m&#7899;i ra m&#7855;t l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u. &#7902; nh&#226;n v&#7853;t Sabina, </span><em><span>chi&#7871;c n&#243;n bowler</span></em><span> hay c&#242;n g&#7885;i l&#224; n&#243;n d&#7841; tr&#242;n m&#224; c&#244; lu&#244;n gi&#7919; b&#234;n m&#236;nh m&#7885;i l&#250;c m&#7885;i n&#417;i v&#224; th&#7853;t s&#7921; ch&#237;nh c&#244; c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng hi&#7875;u t&#7841;i sao.</span></p><blockquote><p><span>&#8220;Sau &#273;&#225;m tang cha, ng&#432;&#7901;i anh trai t&#236;m c&#225;ch chi&#7871;m &#273;o&#7841;t h&#7871;t c&#7911;a c&#7843;i cha m&#7865; &#273;&#7875; l&#7841;i, v&#224; c&#244;, v&#7899;i v&#7867; khinh b&#7881; ra m&#7863;t, kh&#244;ng th&#232;m tranh ch&#7845;p &#273;&#242;i h&#7887;i th&#7913; g&#236;, c&#242;n tuy&#234;n b&#7889; c&#225;ch nh&#7841;o b&#225;ng l&#224; gia t&#224;i cha m&#7865; &#273;&#7875; l&#7841;i, c&#244; ch&#7881; l&#7845;y chi&#7871;c n&#243;n d&#7841; tr&#242;n.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;[</span><em><span>Chi&#7871;c n&#243;n bowler</span></em><span>] l&#224; bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#225;i g&#236; &#273;&#243; r&#7845;t ri&#234;ng t&#432; c&#244; c&#7889; t&#236;nh x&#226;y &#273;&#7855;p b&#7845;y l&#226;u nay. Khi l&#236;a b&#7887; qu&#234; h&#432;&#417;ng, c&#244; ch&#7881; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c quy&#7873;n &#273;em theo r&#7845;t &#237;t &#273;&#7891; &#273;&#7841;c v&#7853;t d&#7909;ng t&#249;y th&#226;n, v&#224; c&#244; &#244;m theo chi&#7871;c n&#243;n k&#7873;nh c&#224;ng, h&#7871;t s&#7913;c v&#244; d&#7909;ng n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a c&#244; ph&#7843;i b&#7887; l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; kh&#225;c th&#7921;c d&#7909;ng h&#417;n.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Chi&#7871;c n&#243;n bowler</span></em><span> th&#7843;n nhi&#234;n tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng cho &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng l&#432;u vong, rong ru&#7893;i c&#7911;a c&#244; t&#7915; ch&#7889;n ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#224;y sang n&#417;i k&#7867; kh&#225;c &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i n&#243; c&#361;ng ch&#7845;t ch&#7913;a to&#224;n nh&#7919;ng k&#253; &#7913;c v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng, c&#243; th&#7875; k&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n nh&#432; &#244;ng c&#7911;a c&#244;, cha v&#224; anh c&#7911;a c&#244;. T&#7899;i cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng l&#224; Tomas. Chi&#7871;c n&#243;n t&#7921; n&#243; ch&#7859;ng l&#224; g&#236; nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7897;t nhi&#234;n n&#243; l&#7841;i tr&#7903; n&#234;n t&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&#244;. &#7844;n t&#432;&#7907;ng l&#224; khi c&#244; tr&#7847;n tru&#7891;ng c&#417; th&#7875; b&#234;n c&#7841;nh Tomas, Tomas nh&#432; nh&#226;n ch&#7913;ng c&#7911;a kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c &#273;&#243;, m&#7897;t nh&#226;n ch&#7913;ng v&#7899;i &#273;&#244;i m&#7855;t tinh t&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7893; x&#7867; c&#7911;a b&#225;c s&#297; ph&#7851;u thu&#7853;t. C&#244; &#273;&#7913;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c g&#432;&#417;ng t&#7891;ng ng&#7891;ng &#273;&#7897;i n&#243;n. C&#417; th&#7875; n&#7919; t&#237;nh qua g&#432;&#417;ng soi &#273;&#227; kh&#244;ng c&#242;n n&#7919; t&#237;nh khi c&#244; &#273;&#7897;i c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; nam t&#237;nh nh&#7845;t, c&#244; &#273;&#7897;i m&#7885;i k&#253; &#7913;c, m&#7885;i ch&#7845;n th&#432;&#417;ng, m&#7885;i th&#7913; tr&#234;n c&#417; th&#7875; ch&#7859;ng m&#7843;nh v&#7843;i che th&#226;n c&#7911;a m&#236;nh.</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7897;t nhi&#234;n, bu&#7891;n c&#432;&#7901;i bi&#7871;n th&#224;nh kh&#237;ch &#273;&#7897;ng: </span><em><span>chi&#7871;c n&#243;n bowler</span></em><span> kh&#244;ng c&#242;n l&#224; tr&#242; &#273;&#249;a gi&#7905;n n&#7919;a; n&#243; mang &#253; ngh&#297;a b&#7841;o h&#224;nh, s&#7921; b&#7841;o h&#224;nh qu&#7845;t l&#234;n ng&#432;&#7901;i Sabina, x&#250;c ph&#7841;m ph&#7849;m ti&#7871;t &#273;&#224;n b&#224; c&#7911;a c&#244;. C&#244; th&#7845;y &#273;&#244;i ch&#226;n tr&#7847;n tr&#7909;i c&#7911;a m&#236;nh v&#224; m&#7843;ng tam gi&#225;c tr&#225;i c&#7845;m hi&#7879;n r&#245; d&#432;&#7899;i l&#224;n v&#7843;i m&#7887;ng. B&#7897; qu&#7847;n &#225;o l&#243;t l&#224;m c&#244; t&#259;ng v&#7867; ki&#7873;u di&#7877;m &#273;&#7847;y n&#7919; t&#237;nh trong khi chi&#7871;c n&#243;n th&#244; c&#7913;ng &#273;&#7847;y nam t&#237;nh l&#7841;i c&#7889; t&#236;nh ch&#7889;i b&#7887; &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243;, n&#243; vi ph&#7841;m v&#224; ch&#7871; gi&#7877;u n&#233;t &#273;&#224;n b&#224; c&#7911;a c&#244;.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>S&#7921; kh&#237;ch &#273;&#7897;ng kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i t&#7915; d&#7909;c t&#237;nh. T&#7841;i sao l&#7841;i nh&#7855;c &#273;&#7871;n d&#7909;c t&#237;nh &#7903; &#273;&#226;y? D&#7909;c t&#237;nh ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#225;i b&#7875; v&#224; chuy&#7879;n gi&#432;&#7901;ng chi&#7871;u &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&#225;i van x&#7843;. Sabina h&#7911;y m&#236;nh, c&#243; l&#7869; c&#243; l&#7869; c&#244; ngh&#297; r&#7857;ng vi&#7879;c hi&#7871;n d&#226;ng th&#7875; x&#225;c v&#224; ch&#7883;u s&#7921; x&#226;m th&#7921;c nh&#7909;c d&#7909;c t&#7915; Tomas l&#224; c&#225;ch duy nh&#7845;t m&#224; c&#244; c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224;m.</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;Sabina l&#7841;i c&#7889; t&#236;nh khi&#234;u kh&#237;ch, nh&#432; th&#7875; &#273;ang t&#7921; hi&#7871;n d&#226;ng th&#7875; x&#225;c &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#227;m hi&#7871;p c&#244;ng khai. V&#224; &#273;&#7897;t nhi&#234;n, kh&#244;ng c&#432;&#7905;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#232;m mu&#7889;n, c&#244; k&#233;o Tomas n&#7857;m xu&#7889;ng s&#224;n nh&#224;.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;C&#243; d&#226;n ch&#417;i n&#224;o m&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#7897;t c&#244; Sabina cho ri&#234;ng m&#236;nh kh&#244;ng?&#8221; Ta kh&#244;ng lo&#7841;i tr&#7915; vi&#7879;c Tomas s&#7869; h&#7887;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n c&#7911;a anh ta r&#7891;i b&#7853;t c&#432;&#7901;i v&#7899;i n&#7909; c&#432;&#7901;i n&#7917;a t&#7921; h&#224;o n&#7917;a t&#242; m&#242; nh&#432; th&#7871;. Tomas v&#224; Sabina l&#224; cu&#7897;c t&#236;nh &#273;&#7847;y h&#7895;n lo&#7841;n v&#224; chao &#273;&#7843;o, l&#226;ng l&#226;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t l&#7877; h&#7897;i x&#225;c th&#7883;t m&#7895;i l&#7847;n m&#7895;i kh&#225;c. V&#224; &#7903; l&#7847;n </span><em><span>chi&#7871;c n&#243;n bowler</span></em><span> th&#236; n&#243; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; h&#243;a trang n&#7919;a, n&#243;i v&#7853;y th&#236; n&#244;ng c&#7841;n qu&#225;, x&#250;c c&#7843;m c&#7911;a b&#225;c s&#297; v&#224; h&#7885;a s&#297; n&#7855;m b&#7855;t m&#7897;t hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#226;u th&#7875; t&#7847;m th&#432;&#7901;ng v&#7853;y. Sabina th&#7845;y ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#236;nh x&#225;c th&#7883;t &#259;n v&#7853;n k&#237;n &#273;&#225;o v&#224; tr&#234;u ch&#7885;c m&#236;nh, l&#224;m c&#244; li&#234;n t&#432;&#7903;ng v&#7899;i h&#236;nh &#7843;nh c&#7847;m kim nh&#7885;n ho&#7855;c &#273;&#226;m b&#7875; toang ho&#225;c qu&#7843; bong b&#243;ng k&#253; &#7913;c m&#224; c&#244; c&#7913; ph&#236;nh to h&#7871;t c&#7905; &#273;&#7875; c&#7889; nh&#233;t th&#234;m b&#7843;n th&#226;n c&#244; v&#224;o &#273;&#243;. N&#243; toang hoang r&#7891;i, n&#243; ch&#7859;ng c&#242;n g&#236; n&#7919;a, ch&#7859;ng c&#242;n nam t&#237;nh hay n&#7919; t&#237;nh, ch&#7859;ng c&#242;n ai v&#224; r&#7891;i ch&#7859;ng c&#242;n c&#244;. C&#244; ch&#7881; mu&#7889;n qu&#7923; xu&#7889;ng d&#226;ng hi&#7871;n tr&#7885;n v&#7865;n cho s&#7921; c&#432;&#7905;ng d&#226;m c&#244;ng khai nh&#432;ng kh&#244;ng v&#236; b&#7843;n th&#226;n ai h&#7871;t ngo&#224;i ch&#237;nh c&#244;. R&#7891;i c&#242;n c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng l&#7847;n sau v&#224; l&#7847;n sau n&#7919;a, h&#7885; qu&#7847;n qu&#7879;n nhau tr&#234;n gi&#432;&#7901;ng v&#7899;i &#273;&#7911; th&#7913; tr&#242; m&#7899;i c&#243; kh&#225;c g&#236; nh&#7919;ng bu&#7893;i g&#7863;p g&#7905; b&#236;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7893; l&#7897; nh&#7919;ng m&#7843;nh k&#253; &#7913;c m&#224; b&#7843;n th&#226;n m&#7899;i s&#7921;c nh&#7899; l&#7841;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#226;u. N&#7871;u v&#7853;y nh&#7919;ng tr&#242; ch&#417;i t&#236;nh d&#7909;c &#273;&#243; ch&#7859;ng c&#243; g&#236; m&#7899;i, n&#243; ch&#7881; l&#224; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; tr&#7891;i l&#234;n l&#7841;i &#253; th&#7913;c c&#7911;a hai ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885; m&#224; th&#244;i.</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;C&#7843; hai ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u b&#7883; x&#250;c &#273;&#7897;ng. H&#7885; l&#224;m t&#236;nh v&#7899;i nhau nh&#432; th&#7875; l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n n&#7857;m chung gi&#432;&#7901;ng. &#272;&#226;y kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; l&#250;c cho nh&#7919;ng tr&#242; ch&#417;i d&#226;m d&#7853;t, b&#7903;i l&#7847;n g&#7863;p g&#7905; n&#224;y kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; s&#7921; n&#7889;i ti&#7871;p nh&#7919;ng bu&#7893;i h&#7865;n h&#242; t&#236;nh &#225;i c&#7911;a hai ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#224; m&#7895;i l&#7847;n g&#7863;p g&#7905; l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#417; h&#7897;i ngh&#297; ra tr&#242; ch&#417;i h&#432; &#273;&#7889;n nho nh&#7887; n&#224;o &#273;&#243;. L&#7847;n g&#7863;p g&#7905; n&#224;y l&#224; ti&#7871;ng g&#7885;i nh&#7899; th&#7901;i gian, l&#224; b&#7843;n th&#225;nh ca v&#7873; qu&#225; kh&#7913; c&#7911;a hai ng&#432;&#7901;i, l&#224; c&#225;i g&#236; r&#7845;t t&#236;nh c&#7843;m t&#243;m l&#432;&#7907;c c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n kh&#244;ng t&#236;nh c&#7843;m v&#224; &#273;&#227; tan bi&#7871;n &#7903; kho&#7843;ng c&#225;ch xa x&#244;i l&#7855;m.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nh&#432;ng h&#7905;i &#244;i, anh b&#225;c s&#297; v&#224; c&#244; h&#7885;a s&#297; ch&#7885;n c&#225;ch th&#7893; l&#7897; l&#7841;c th&#250; l&#7855;m thay? Nh&#432;ng s&#7869; ch&#7859;ng c&#242;n g&#236; l&#7841; &#273;&#226;u khi b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7901;ng Berlin s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893;, n&#417;i n&#224;o c&#361;ng v&#7853;y, ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#224;o c&#361;ng th&#7871;, ta tr&#225;ch </span><em><span>c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>t&#432; b&#7843;n</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>ph&#7909; quy&#7873;n</span></em><span> hay tr&#225;ch c&#225;i g&#236; &#273;&#226;y? V&#224; r&#7857;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ki&#7875;u &#273;&#243;, ta &#273;&#226;u th&#7875; b&#7843;o c&#225;i s&#7921; b&#7897;c l&#7897; &#273;&#243; l&#224; kh&#244;ng th&#7921;c ho&#7863;c nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; th&#7853;t ch&#7859;ng &#273;&#250;ng &#273;&#7855;n? M&#224; th&#244;i ta s&#7869; quay l&#7841;i v&#7899;i chi&#7871;c n&#243;n, duy ch&#7881; chi&#7871;c n&#243;n.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Chi&#7871;c n&#243;n bowler</span></em><span> n&#243; t&#7921; chuy&#7875;n d&#7883;ch &#253; ngh&#297;a n&#7897;i t&#7841;i c&#7911;a n&#243; li&#234;n t&#7909;c qua Tomas, Sabina v&#224; Franz. Tomas c&#224;ng &#273;&#249;a ngh&#7883;ch bao nhi&#234;u th&#236; Franz l&#7841;i th&#7845;y n&#243; r&#7895;ng tu&#7871;ch v&#244; ngh&#297;a b&#7845;y nhi&#234;u. T&#7841;i sao Tomas l&#7841;i di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i n&#243; t&#7889;t h&#417;n l&#224; Franz? Hay &#7903; &#273;&#226;y ta c&#243; th&#7875; n&#243;i Franz l&#224; th&#7857;ng h&#232;n, th&#7857;ng ngo&#7841;i t&#236;nh nh&#432;ng s&#7907; c&#7843;m gi&#225;c l&#233;n l&#250;t t&#7915; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n b&#224; n&#224;y sang ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n b&#224; kh&#225;c trong c&#249;ng m&#7897;t &#273;&#234;m ch&#259;ng? V&#224; ta k&#7879; Franz &#273;i, ta kh&#244;ng n&#243;i v&#7873; m&#7897;t th&#7857;ng h&#232;n &#7903; &#273;&#226;y, ta ph&#7843;i quay v&#7873; v&#7899;i Sabina. C&#244; th&#7845;y kh&#244;ng c&#7847;n &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u </span><em><span>chi&#7871;c n&#243;n bowler</span></em><span> mang &#253; ngh&#297;a g&#236; cho c&#244;, c&#244; ch&#7881; mong r&#7857;ng, nh&#7901; n&#243; m&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c c&#243; th&#7875; hi&#7875;u c&#244; d&#7851;u c&#244; tr&#236;nh b&#224;y b&#7843;n th&#226;n r&#7845;t &#273;&#7895;i nh&#7853;p nh&#232;m. </span><em><span>Chi&#7871;c</span></em><span> </span><em><span>n&#243;n bowler</span></em><span> nh&#432; l&#224; m&#7897;t giai &#273;i&#7879;u trong &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a Sabina, nh&#7919;ng l&#7847;n n&#243; ra &#273;i v&#224; quay l&#7841;i trong tinh th&#7847;n c&#244; v&#7899;i d&#225;ng v&#7867; kh&#225;c nhau nh&#432;ng n&#243; v&#7851;n l&#224; ch&#237;nh n&#243;. N&#243; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i d&#242;ng n&#432;&#7899;c m&#224; n&#243; l&#224; d&#242;ng s&#244;ng, &#7903; &#273;&#226;y Milan Kundera m&#244; t&#7843; r&#7845;t hay m&#224; ta c&#243; th&#7875; suy ng&#7851;m &#273;o&#7841;n tr&#237;ch &#273;&#243; th&#7853;t nhi&#7873;u l&#7847;n:</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;T&#244;i c&#243; th&#7875; g&#7885;i </span><em><span>chi&#7871;c n&#243;n</span></em><span> l&#224; d&#242;ng s&#244;ng c&#7911;a Heraclitus (&#8221;B&#7841;n kh&#244;ng th&#7875; b&#432;&#7899;c hai l&#7847;n xu&#7889;ng c&#249;ng m&#7897;t d&#242;ng s&#244;ng&#8221;): chi&#7871;c n&#243;n l&#224; l&#242;ng s&#244;ng qua &#273;&#243; Sabina m&#7895;i l&#7847;n m&#7895;i th&#7845;y m&#7897;t d&#242;ng s&#244;ng kh&#225;c ch&#7843;y qua, d&#242;ng s&#244;ng &#253; ngh&#297;a kh&#225;c: m&#7895;i l&#7847;n c&#361;ng m&#243;n &#273;&#7891; v&#7853;t &#273;&#243; &#273;em &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t &#253; ngh&#297;a kh&#225;c, m&#7863;c d&#249; t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng &#253; ngh&#297;a c&#361; c&#7897;ng h&#432;&#7903;ng (nh&#432; ti&#7871;ng d&#7897;i, m&#7897;t lo&#7841;t nh&#7919;ng ti&#7871;ng d&#7897;i) h&#242;a nh&#7853;p v&#224;o &#253; ngh&#297;a m&#7899;i. M&#7895;i l&#7847;n nh&#432; th&#7871;, m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c nghi&#7879;m sinh m&#7899;i l&#7841;i vang l&#234;n, h&#242;a nh&#7853;p v&#224;o nhau khi&#7871;n b&#7843;n h&#242;a &#226;m c&#224;ng th&#234;m phong ph&#250;. Khi Tomas g&#7863;p l&#7841;i Sabina &#7903; Zurich trong c&#259;n ph&#242;ng kh&#225;ch s&#7841;n, h&#236;nh &#7843;nh chi&#7871;c n&#243;n g&#226;y n&#234;n m&#7889;i x&#250;c &#273;&#7897;ng v&#244; c&#249;ng l&#7899;n lao v&#224; l&#224;m hai ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#224;m t&#236;nh v&#7899;i nhau g&#7847;n nh&#432; trong n&#432;&#7899;c m&#7855;t.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Trong l&#7889;i vi&#7871;t c&#7911;a Kundera &#244;ng n&#243;i r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u nh&#432;ng ch&#7859;ng bao gi&#7901; &#273;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a c&#7909; th&#7875; chi&#7871;c n&#243;n n&#224;y g&#243;i g&#7885;n l&#224; c&#225;i g&#236;, &#244;ng ch&#7881; &#273;i &#273;&#7883;nh h&#236;nh ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng c&#243; &#273;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a n&#243;. Nh&#7901; th&#7871; n&#243; hi&#7879;n l&#234;n v&#7899;i t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#226;n v&#7853;t h&#7879; l&#7909;y v&#7899;i n&#243;, v&#224; c&#7843; ch&#250;ng ta, m&#7897;t c&#225;ch s&#7889;ng &#273;&#7897;ng v&#224; &#225;m &#7843;nh kh&#244;n ngu&#244;i. R&#7891;i Sabina r&#7901;i b&#7887; m&#7885;i th&#7913; nh&#432;ng chi&#7871;c n&#243;n v&#7851;n l&#224; th&#7913; duy nh&#7845;t c&#244; c&#7847;m theo, v&#7853;y c&#243; kh&#225;c chi ch&#237;nh chi&#7871;c n&#243;n &#273;&#243; kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a c&#244; th&#244;ng qua nh&#7919;ng h&#236;nh h&#224;i &#7843;o &#7843;nh, l&#7849;n tr&#7889;n trong k&#253; &#7913;c? Ta c&#243; th&#7875; ng&#7847;m hi&#7875;u l&#224; v&#7853;y.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[DƯỚI BÀN CHÂN NỮ THẦN]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ch&#7913;ng s&#249;ng b&#225;i b&#224;n ch&#226;n qua Ng&#7851;u t&#432;&#7907;ng th&#432; c&#7911;a Bruno Schulz]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/duoi-ban-chan-nu-than</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/duoi-ban-chan-nu-than</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 03:40:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9db120b8-88af-4171-b1fb-dfd0be2fe04f_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bruno Schulz (1892 &#8211; 1942) l&#224; m&#7897;t nh&#224; v&#259;n, h&#7885;a s&#297; v&#224; nh&#224; ph&#234; b&#236;nh v&#259;n h&#7885;c ng&#432;&#7901;i Ba Lan g&#7889;c Do Th&#225;i, n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng v&#7899;i hai tuy&#7875;n t&#7853;p truy&#7879;n ng&#7855;n &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#225;t h&#224;nh b&#7903;i Formapubli l&#224; </span><em><span>Nh&#7919;ng hi&#7879;u qu&#7871;</span></em><span> v&#224; </span><em><span>D&#432;&#7905;ng &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7891;ng h&#7891; c&#225;t</span></em><span>. &#212;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#244;ng nh&#7853;n l&#224; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng nh&#226;n v&#7853;t quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a v&#259;n h&#7885;c Ba Lan th&#7871; k&#7927; XX nh&#432;ng cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i v&#224; s&#7921; nghi&#7879;p c&#7911;a &#244;ng kh&#244;ng tr&#7885;n h&#7873; tr&#7885;n v&#7865;n. T&#225;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a Schulz th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n &#273;i s&#226;u v&#224;o c&#225;c ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; v&#7873; s&#7921; tho&#225;i h&#243;a, c&#225;c chi&#7873;u kh&#244;ng gian song song c&#7911;a tu&#7893;i th&#417; v&#224; ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a s&#249;ng b&#225;i c&#225; nh&#226;n, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; s&#7921; t&#244;n th&#7901; h&#236;nh t&#432;&#7907;ng ph&#7909; n&#7919;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>The Book of Idolatry</span></em><span> (ti&#7871;ng Ba Lan: </span><em><span>Xi&#281;ga ba&#322;wochwalcza</span></em><span>, 1920 &#8211; 1922) l&#224; m&#7897;t tuy&#7875;n t&#7853;p c&#225;c b&#7843;n in </span><em><span>clich&#233;-verre</span></em><span> &#273;&#7897;c &#273;&#225;o c&#7911;a Schulz, &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; nh&#432; m&#7897;t t&#225;c ph&#7849;m song song, b&#7893; sung s&#226;u s&#7855;c cho c&#225;c ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; v&#259;n h&#7885;c c&#7911;a &#244;ng. T&#225;c ph&#7849;m n&#224;y l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n b&#7857;ng h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng b&#7883; bi&#7871;n th&#224;nh s&#250;c v&#7853;t, lu&#244;n c&#250;i m&#236;nh d&#432;&#7899;i ch&#226;n nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; th&#7901; &#417;, th&#7875; hi&#7879;n r&#245; r&#224;ng t&#226;m l&#253; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p v&#224; &#225;m &#7843;nh c&#7911;a Schulz. T&#225;c ph&#7849;m &#273;&#227; l&#7853;t &#273;&#7893; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch khi&#234;u kh&#237;ch l&#7879;nh c&#7845;m th&#7847;n t&#432;&#7907;ng trong th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch thay th&#7871; v&#7883; th&#7847;n nam t&#237;nh, gia tr&#432;&#7903;ng b&#7857;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; v&#224; b&#224;n ch&#226;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng v&#7853;t th&#7875; thi&#234;ng li&#234;ng, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#249;ng b&#225;i.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Theo ph&#226;n t&#226;m h&#7885;c c&#7911;a Sigmund Freud, ch&#7913;ng </span><em><span>s&#249;ng b&#225;i t&#236;nh d&#7909;c</span></em><span> (fetishism) l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; thay th&#7871; v&#7853;t th&#7875; t&#236;nh d&#7909;c, trong &#273;&#243; m&#7897;t v&#7853;t th&#7875; v&#244; tri ho&#7863;c m&#7897;t b&#7897; ph&#7853;n c&#417; th&#7875; kh&#244;ng thu&#7897;c c&#417; quan sinh d&#7909;c tr&#7903; th&#224;nh &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng k&#237;ch th&#237;ch t&#236;nh d&#7909;c. Ch&#7913;ng s&#249;ng b&#225;i b&#224;n ch&#226;n ho&#7863;c gi&#224;y d&#233;p l&#224; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng d&#7841;ng ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n nh&#7845;t. Freud gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch fetish l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; thay th&#7871; cho d&#432;&#417;ng v&#7853;t c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7865;, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#236;nh th&#224;nh nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&#417; ch&#7871; b&#7843;o v&#7879; ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i n&#7895;i s&#7907; b&#7883; thi&#7871;n xu&#7845;t ph&#225;t t&#7915; vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; (th&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; b&#233; trai) nh&#7853;n ra ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7865; kh&#244;ng c&#243; d&#432;&#417;ng v&#7853;t. B&#225;i v&#7853;t tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t s&#7921; th&#7887;a hi&#7879;p: n&#243; cho ph&#233;p &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; v&#7851;n tin v&#224;o vi&#7879;c ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7865; c&#243; d&#432;&#417;ng v&#7853;t (v&#224; do &#273;&#243; m&#236;nh kh&#244;ng c&#7847;n s&#7907; b&#7883; thi&#7871;n) &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n s&#7921; th&#7853;t c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c b&#7883; thi&#7871;n. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Trong tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&#7911;a Schulz v&#224; nhi&#7873;u nam gi&#7899;i c&#243; </span><em><span>ch&#7913;ng s&#249;ng b&#225;i b&#224;n ch&#226;n </span></em><span>(foot fetish), b&#224;n ch&#226;n v&#224; gi&#224;y c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; l&#224; v&#7853;t thay th&#7871; m&#7841;nh m&#7869; cho &#226;m v&#7853;t ho&#7863;c n&#7895;i s&#7907; b&#7883; thi&#7871;n. Gi&#224;y cao g&#243;t, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c gi&#224;y trong tranh Schulz, c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hi&#7875;u l&#224; mang t&#237;nh nam t&#237;nh v&#224; gi&#7889;ng </span><em><span>d&#432;&#417;ng v&#7853;t</span></em><span> (phallic/d&#432;&#417;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng). Vi&#7879;c s&#249;ng b&#225;i chi&#7871;c gi&#224;y cao g&#243;t gi&#250;p ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng chuy&#7875;n n&#7895;i s&#7907; h&#227;i sang m&#7897;t v&#7853;t th&#7875; an to&#224;n h&#417;n. Chi&#7871;c gi&#224;y cao g&#243;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7847;n th&#225;nh h&#243;a tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t d&#7841;ng d&#432;&#417;ng v&#7853;t b&#249; &#273;&#7855;p cho ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7865;/ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; m&#224; anh ta v&#7915;a s&#7907; h&#227;i v&#7915;a khao kh&#225;t. Theo ph&#226;n t&#226;m h&#7885;c, vi&#7879;c t&#7853;p trung v&#224;o b&#224;n ch&#226;n thay v&#236; to&#224;n b&#7897; c&#417; th&#7875; ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#417; ch&#7871; gi&#250;p ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng &#273;&#7889;i ph&#243; v&#7899;i s&#7921; s&#7907; h&#227;i v&#224; kinh ho&#224;ng m&#224; </span><em><span>&#226;m &#273;&#7841;o</span></em><span> (bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng cho s&#7921; thi&#7871;n ho&#7841;n) g&#226;y ra. B&#224;n ch&#226;n t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t </span><em><span>c&#7847;u n&#7889;i</span></em><span> an to&#224;n, m&#7897;t &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng d&#7889;c &#273;i l&#234;n t&#7899;i </span><em><span>&#226;m &#273;&#7841;o</span></em><span> &#273;&#225;ng s&#7907; v&#224; kinh ho&#224;ng. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y cho ph&#233;p anh ta ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n v&#224; ki&#7875;m so&#225;t m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n c&#7911;a c&#417; th&#7875; ph&#7909; n&#7919; m&#224; kh&#244;ng b&#7883; &#225;p &#273;&#7843;o b&#7903;i to&#224;n b&#7897; s&#7921; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p v&#224; quy&#7873;n n&#259;ng c&#7911;a c&#244; &#7845;y.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!59DG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb213c8a-e423-4c6b-82a7-cd3bfe7b36d3_1800x1381.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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/__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb213c8a-e423-4c6b-82a7-cd3bfe7b36d3_1800x1381.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!59DG!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb213c8a-e423-4c6b-82a7-cd3bfe7b36d3_1800x1381.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!59DG!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb213c8a-e423-4c6b-82a7-cd3bfe7b36d3_1800x1381.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!59DG!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb213c8a-e423-4c6b-82a7-cd3bfe7b36d3_1800x1381.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>Dedication</span></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JSn5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9320b651-b959-43af-a00b-ff1a2ffbc251_1067x718.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JSn5!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9320b651-b959-43af-a00b-ff1a2ffbc251_1067x718.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JSn5!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9320b651-b959-43af-a00b-ff1a2ffbc251_1067x718.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JSn5!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9320b651-b959-43af-a00b-ff1a2ffbc251_1067x718.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JSn5!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9320b651-b959-43af-a00b-ff1a2ffbc251_1067x718.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JSn5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9320b651-b959-43af-a00b-ff1a2ffbc251_1067x718.jpeg" width="1067" height="718" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9320b651-b959-43af-a00b-ff1a2ffbc251_1067x718.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:718,&quot;width&quot;:1067,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JSn5!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9320b651-b959-43af-a00b-ff1a2ffbc251_1067x718.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JSn5!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9320b651-b959-43af-a00b-ff1a2ffbc251_1067x718.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JSn5!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9320b651-b959-43af-a00b-ff1a2ffbc251_1067x718.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JSn5!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9320b651-b959-43af-a00b-ff1a2ffbc251_1067x718.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>In the Garden</span></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X5-B!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf73c24b-dd30-4ad5-878d-a96866064043_1364x1800.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X5-B!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf73c24b-dd30-4ad5-878d-a96866064043_1364x1800.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X5-B!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf73c24b-dd30-4ad5-878d-a96866064043_1364x1800.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X5-B!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf73c24b-dd30-4ad5-878d-a96866064043_1364x1800.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X5-B!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf73c24b-dd30-4ad5-878d-a96866064043_1364x1800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X5-B!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf73c24b-dd30-4ad5-878d-a96866064043_1364x1800.jpeg" width="1364" height="1800" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bf73c24b-dd30-4ad5-878d-a96866064043_1364x1800.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1800,&quot;width&quot;:1364,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t" title="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X5-B!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf73c24b-dd30-4ad5-878d-a96866064043_1364x1800.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X5-B!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf73c24b-dd30-4ad5-878d-a96866064043_1364x1800.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X5-B!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf73c24b-dd30-4ad5-878d-a96866064043_1364x1800.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X5-B!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf73c24b-dd30-4ad5-878d-a96866064043_1364x1800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>Beasts</span></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vF3p!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b105403-0bd5-4c41-a1df-b2fa5ef3aa22_823x614.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vF3p!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b105403-0bd5-4c41-a1df-b2fa5ef3aa22_823x614.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vF3p!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b105403-0bd5-4c41-a1df-b2fa5ef3aa22_823x614.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vF3p!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b105403-0bd5-4c41-a1df-b2fa5ef3aa22_823x614.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vF3p!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b105403-0bd5-4c41-a1df-b2fa5ef3aa22_823x614.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vF3p!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b105403-0bd5-4c41-a1df-b2fa5ef3aa22_823x614.jpeg" width="823" height="614" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9b105403-0bd5-4c41-a1df-b2fa5ef3aa22_823x614.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:614,&quot;width&quot;:823,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n" title="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vF3p!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b105403-0bd5-4c41-a1df-b2fa5ef3aa22_823x614.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vF3p!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b105403-0bd5-4c41-a1df-b2fa5ef3aa22_823x614.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vF3p!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b105403-0bd5-4c41-a1df-b2fa5ef3aa22_823x614.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vF3p!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b105403-0bd5-4c41-a1df-b2fa5ef3aa22_823x614.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>Springs</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Dedication</span></em><span> mi&#234;u t&#7843; ch&#237;nh Schulz c&#242;ng l&#432;ng, d&#226;ng m&#7897;t v&#432;&#417;ng mi&#7879;n v&#224;ng l&#234;n m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; v&#7899;i s&#7921; t&#244;n k&#237;nh t&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;, b&#225;o tr&#432;&#7899;c s&#7921; phong th&#7847;n c&#7911;a ph&#225;i n&#7919; trong c&#225;c trang ti&#7871;p theo. S&#7921; t&#244;n th&#7901; n&#224;y c&#361;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7875; hi&#7879;n qua m&#244; t&#237;p cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch, n&#417;i Schulz c&#250;i m&#236;nh khi ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; d&#7851;m l&#234;n l&#432;ng &#244;ng b&#7857;ng gi&#224;y cao g&#243;t (</span><em><span>In the Garden</span></em><span>). Nh&#7919;ng b&#7913;c v&#7869; n&#224;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chia &#273;&#244;i v&#7899;i b&#224;n gh&#7871;, gi&#432;&#7901;ng, c&#7917;a s&#7893; &#273;&#227; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng ph&#226;n chia gi&#7919;a ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; v&#224; ph&#7847;n c&#242;n l&#7841;i g&#7891;m nh&#7919;ng chi ti&#7871;t bao g&#7891;m b&#224;n ch&#226;n v&#224; gi&#224;y c&#7911;a h&#7885;, &#273;&#227; n&#7893;i b&#7853;t l&#234;n m&#7897;t quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c thi&#234;ng li&#234;ng s&#226;u s&#7855;c &#225;p ch&#7871; l&#234;n t&#226;m h&#7891;n ch&#237;nh h&#7885;a s&#297;. G&#432;&#417;ng m&#7863;t b&#7883; k&#233;o gi&#227;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c nh&#226;n v&#7853;t nam (&#273;i&#7875;n h&#236;nh nh&#7845;t l&#224; </span><em><span>Beasts)</span></em><span> l&#224; m&#7897;t m&#244; t&#237;p l&#7863;p &#273;i l&#7863;p l&#7841;i trong c&#225;c b&#7913;c v&#7869; c&#7911;a Schulz. Th&#432;&#7901;ng th&#236; ch&#237;nh khu&#244;n m&#7863;t s&#249;ng b&#225;i, r&#432;&#7899;n mi&#7879;ng l&#432;&#7905;i t&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; l&#224;m c&#417; th&#7875; h&#7885; &#273;&#7849;y ng&#7917;a ra sau t&#7841;o th&#224;nh m&#7897;t v&#242;ng cung ng&#226;y ng&#7845;t. C&#242;n b&#7913;c </span><em><span>Spring</span></em><span> nh&#226;n v&#7853;t nam ph&#7843;i li&#234;n t&#7909;c l&#224;m th&#250; c&#432;&#7905;i b&#7883; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; qu&#7845;t roi.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962c2ec3-6358-4409-ad27-e745a0e861f7_1800x1119.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hY_X!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962c2ec3-6358-4409-ad27-e745a0e861f7_1800x1119.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hY_X!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962c2ec3-6358-4409-ad27-e745a0e861f7_1800x1119.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hY_X!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962c2ec3-6358-4409-ad27-e745a0e861f7_1800x1119.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hY_X!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962c2ec3-6358-4409-ad27-e745a0e861f7_1800x1119.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hY_X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962c2ec3-6358-4409-ad27-e745a0e861f7_1800x1119.jpeg" width="1456" height="905" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/962c2ec3-6358-4409-ad27-e745a0e861f7_1800x1119.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:905,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t" title="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hY_X!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962c2ec3-6358-4409-ad27-e745a0e861f7_1800x1119.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hY_X!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962c2ec3-6358-4409-ad27-e745a0e861f7_1800x1119.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hY_X!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962c2ec3-6358-4409-ad27-e745a0e861f7_1800x1119.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hY_X!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F962c2ec3-6358-4409-ad27-e745a0e861f7_1800x1119.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>The Book of Idolatry</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>The Book of Idolatry</span></em><span> cho th&#7845;y Schulz c&#7847;m m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch m&#7903; tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7863;t c&#244;, r&#7845;t c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; ch&#237;nh cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch c&#249;ng t&#234;n c&#7911;a &#244;ng, t&#7841;o ra m&#244; t&#237;p s&#225;ch trong s&#225;ch. Ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; &#273;&#7863;c tr&#432;ng l&#224; kh&#244;ng quan t&#226;m. Chi ti&#7871;t n&#224;y cho th&#7845;y m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch v&#244; danh b&#7903;i l&#7869; d&#249; l&#224; cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch n&#224;o &#273;i ch&#259;ng n&#7919;a &#273;&#7873;u l&#224; nh&#7919;ng v&#7853;t thay th&#7871; k&#233;m c&#7887;i cho c&#417; th&#7875; ph&#7909; n&#7919;, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; b&#224;n ch&#226;n v&#224; gi&#224;y c&#7911;a h&#7885;, nh&#7919;ng v&#7853;t th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; m&#7897;t quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c thi&#234;ng li&#234;ng s&#226;u s&#7855;c.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mdMw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84a9dd4b-1b96-43be-80a3-b86d35ced373_746x1079.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mdMw!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84a9dd4b-1b96-43be-80a3-b86d35ced373_746x1079.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mdMw!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84a9dd4b-1b96-43be-80a3-b86d35ced373_746x1079.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mdMw!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84a9dd4b-1b96-43be-80a3-b86d35ced373_746x1079.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mdMw!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84a9dd4b-1b96-43be-80a3-b86d35ced373_746x1079.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mdMw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84a9dd4b-1b96-43be-80a3-b86d35ced373_746x1079.jpeg" width="746" height="1079" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/84a9dd4b-1b96-43be-80a3-b86d35ced373_746x1079.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1079,&quot;width&quot;:746,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh minh h&#7885;a&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh minh h&#7885;a" title="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh minh h&#7885;a" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mdMw!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84a9dd4b-1b96-43be-80a3-b86d35ced373_746x1079.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mdMw!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84a9dd4b-1b96-43be-80a3-b86d35ced373_746x1079.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mdMw!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84a9dd4b-1b96-43be-80a3-b86d35ced373_746x1079.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mdMw!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84a9dd4b-1b96-43be-80a3-b86d35ced373_746x1079.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>Undula at night</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Undula at night</span></em><span> (m&#7897;t c&#225;i t&#234;n &#273;&#7891;ng &#226;m v&#7899;i Adela v&#224; t&#7915; &#8220;idol&#8221; , m&#244; t&#7843; Schulz ngoan ngo&#227;n ti&#7871;n &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; n&#7917;a tr&#7847;n tr&#7909;i c&#243; khu&#244;n m&#7863;t b&#7883; che b&#7903;i m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c m&#361; l&#7899;n v&#224; c&#7847;m m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c roi &#7903; tay ph&#7843;i.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q6vx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe55447b0-3cbe-4e7e-97e6-a3e5e34aa82f_750x579.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q6vx!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe55447b0-3cbe-4e7e-97e6-a3e5e34aa82f_750x579.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q6vx!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe55447b0-3cbe-4e7e-97e6-a3e5e34aa82f_750x579.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q6vx!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe55447b0-3cbe-4e7e-97e6-a3e5e34aa82f_750x579.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q6vx!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe55447b0-3cbe-4e7e-97e6-a3e5e34aa82f_750x579.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q6vx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe55447b0-3cbe-4e7e-97e6-a3e5e34aa82f_750x579.jpeg" width="750" height="579" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e55447b0-3cbe-4e7e-97e6-a3e5e34aa82f_750x579.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:579,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Procession, from the Series 'The Book of Idolatry', 1924 - Bruno Schulz&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Procession, from the Series 'The Book of Idolatry', 1924 - Bruno Schulz" title="The Procession, from the Series 'The Book of Idolatry', 1924 - Bruno Schulz" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q6vx!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe55447b0-3cbe-4e7e-97e6-a3e5e34aa82f_750x579.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q6vx!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe55447b0-3cbe-4e7e-97e6-a3e5e34aa82f_750x579.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q6vx!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe55447b0-3cbe-4e7e-97e6-a3e5e34aa82f_750x579.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q6vx!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe55447b0-3cbe-4e7e-97e6-a3e5e34aa82f_750x579.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>The Procession</span></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DRWd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F802d3561-9fbd-46b8-96a9-0d528ec53126_1300x1034.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DRWd!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F802d3561-9fbd-46b8-96a9-0d528ec53126_1300x1034.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DRWd!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F802d3561-9fbd-46b8-96a9-0d528ec53126_1300x1034.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DRWd!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F802d3561-9fbd-46b8-96a9-0d528ec53126_1300x1034.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DRWd!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F802d3561-9fbd-46b8-96a9-0d528ec53126_1300x1034.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DRWd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F802d3561-9fbd-46b8-96a9-0d528ec53126_1300x1034.jpeg" width="1300" height="1034" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/802d3561-9fbd-46b8-96a9-0d528ec53126_1300x1034.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1034,&quot;width&quot;:1300,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t" title="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DRWd!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F802d3561-9fbd-46b8-96a9-0d528ec53126_1300x1034.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DRWd!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F802d3561-9fbd-46b8-96a9-0d528ec53126_1300x1034.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DRWd!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F802d3561-9fbd-46b8-96a9-0d528ec53126_1300x1034.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DRWd!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F802d3561-9fbd-46b8-96a9-0d528ec53126_1300x1034.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>The Pilgrims</span></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xvR0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd71c4d11-2c48-4411-8cc7-b9779fd296e0_564x430.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xvR0!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd71c4d11-2c48-4411-8cc7-b9779fd296e0_564x430.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xvR0!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd71c4d11-2c48-4411-8cc7-b9779fd296e0_564x430.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xvR0!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd71c4d11-2c48-4411-8cc7-b9779fd296e0_564x430.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xvR0!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd71c4d11-2c48-4411-8cc7-b9779fd296e0_564x430.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xvR0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd71c4d11-2c48-4411-8cc7-b9779fd296e0_564x430.jpeg" width="564" height="430" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d71c4d11-2c48-4411-8cc7-b9779fd296e0_564x430.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:430,&quot;width&quot;:564,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." title="Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#244; t&#7843; &#7843;nh." srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xvR0!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd71c4d11-2c48-4411-8cc7-b9779fd296e0_564x430.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xvR0!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd71c4d11-2c48-4411-8cc7-b9779fd296e0_564x430.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xvR0!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd71c4d11-2c48-4411-8cc7-b9779fd296e0_564x430.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xvR0!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd71c4d11-2c48-4411-8cc7-b9779fd296e0_564x430.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>Untitled</span></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eElH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cf8e974-2ee0-4da3-a0fc-418f364d2a8d_786x1045.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eElH!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cf8e974-2ee0-4da3-a0fc-418f364d2a8d_786x1045.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eElH!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cf8e974-2ee0-4da3-a0fc-418f364d2a8d_786x1045.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eElH!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cf8e974-2ee0-4da3-a0fc-418f364d2a8d_786x1045.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eElH!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cf8e974-2ee0-4da3-a0fc-418f364d2a8d_786x1045.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eElH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cf8e974-2ee0-4da3-a0fc-418f364d2a8d_786x1045.jpeg" width="786" height="1045" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3cf8e974-2ee0-4da3-a0fc-418f364d2a8d_786x1045.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1045,&quot;width&quot;:786,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh minh h&#7885;a&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh minh h&#7885;a" title="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh minh h&#7885;a" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eElH!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cf8e974-2ee0-4da3-a0fc-418f364d2a8d_786x1045.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eElH!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cf8e974-2ee0-4da3-a0fc-418f364d2a8d_786x1045.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eElH!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cf8e974-2ee0-4da3-a0fc-418f364d2a8d_786x1045.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eElH!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cf8e974-2ee0-4da3-a0fc-418f364d2a8d_786x1045.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>Susanna and The Elders</span></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GEFb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1fc9ee6-b1e3-4138-b63e-d30a004ad761_950x741.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GEFb!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1fc9ee6-b1e3-4138-b63e-d30a004ad761_950x741.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GEFb!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1fc9ee6-b1e3-4138-b63e-d30a004ad761_950x741.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GEFb!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1fc9ee6-b1e3-4138-b63e-d30a004ad761_950x741.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GEFb!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1fc9ee6-b1e3-4138-b63e-d30a004ad761_950x741.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GEFb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1fc9ee6-b1e3-4138-b63e-d30a004ad761_950x741.jpeg" width="950" height="741" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b1fc9ee6-b1e3-4138-b63e-d30a004ad761_950x741.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:741,&quot;width&quot;:950,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n" title="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh &#7843;nh v&#7873; v&#259;n b&#7843;n" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GEFb!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1fc9ee6-b1e3-4138-b63e-d30a004ad761_950x741.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GEFb!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1fc9ee6-b1e3-4138-b63e-d30a004ad761_950x741.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GEFb!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1fc9ee6-b1e3-4138-b63e-d30a004ad761_950x741.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GEFb!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1fc9ee6-b1e3-4138-b63e-d30a004ad761_950x741.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>Revolution in The City</span></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oXsc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d249c6c-7d42-4fb0-aeb0-39bdc3850467_696x930.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oXsc!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d249c6c-7d42-4fb0-aeb0-39bdc3850467_696x930.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oXsc!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d249c6c-7d42-4fb0-aeb0-39bdc3850467_696x930.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oXsc!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d249c6c-7d42-4fb0-aeb0-39bdc3850467_696x930.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oXsc!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d249c6c-7d42-4fb0-aeb0-39bdc3850467_696x930.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oXsc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d249c6c-7d42-4fb0-aeb0-39bdc3850467_696x930.jpeg" width="696" height="930" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9d249c6c-7d42-4fb0-aeb0-39bdc3850467_696x930.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:930,&quot;width&quot;:696,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh minh h&#7885;a&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh minh h&#7885;a" title="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; h&#236;nh minh h&#7885;a" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oXsc!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d249c6c-7d42-4fb0-aeb0-39bdc3850467_696x930.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oXsc!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d249c6c-7d42-4fb0-aeb0-39bdc3850467_696x930.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oXsc!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d249c6c-7d42-4fb0-aeb0-39bdc3850467_696x930.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oXsc!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d249c6c-7d42-4fb0-aeb0-39bdc3850467_696x930.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>Infanta and The Dwarves</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Trong t&#225;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a Schulz, ch&#7913;ng s&#249;ng b&#225;i b&#224;n ch&#226;n kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; thay th&#7871; m&#224; c&#242;n g&#7855;n li&#7873;n v&#7899;i m&#7897;t <em>chu&#7895;i b&#7841;o d&#226;m &#8211; kh&#7893; d&#226;m</em>. H&#224;nh vi c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng b&#242; l&#7893;m ng&#7893;m nh&#432; th&#250;, c&#250;i m&#236;nh v&#224; &#273;&#7875; ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; d&#7851;m l&#234;n l&#432;ng b&#7857;ng gi&#224;y cao g&#243;t th&#7875; hi&#7879;n r&#245; s&#7921; khu&#7845;t ph&#7909;c nam gi&#7899;i v&#224; n&#7895;i &#273;au kh&#7893; d&#226;m. <em><span>The Procession</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>The Pilgrims</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>Untitled</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>Susanna and The Elders</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>Revolution in The City</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>Infanta and The Dwarves</span></em><span> cho th&#7845;y ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7863;t &#7903; v&#7883; tr&#237; trung t&#226;m trong c&#225;c b&#7913;c v&#7869; th&#432;&#7901;ng s&#225;ng r&#7921;c l&#234;n t&#7915; m&#7897;t n&#7873;n t&#7889;i. C&#243; b&#7913;c m&#244; t&#7843; ph&#237;a ngo&#224;i tr&#7901;i v&#7899;i b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh l&#224; c&#225;c t&#242;a nh&#224; t&#7915; Drohobycz v&#224; c&#243; b&#7913;c m&#244; t&#7843; trong kh&#244;ng gian trong ph&#242;ng. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; &#273;i l&#7841;i, d&#249; kh&#7887;a th&#226;n hay m&#7863;c qu&#7847;n &#225;o, &#273;&#7847;u ng&#7849;ng cao, d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; th&#7901; &#417; v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng &#273;ang b&#242; d&#432;&#7899;i ch&#226;n h&#7885;. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Schulz d&#225;n nh&#227;n trong c&#225;c ti&#234;u &#273;&#7873; l&#224; </span><em><span>nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#224;nh h&#432;&#417;ng</span></em><span> &#273;&#7875; ti&#7871;n g&#7847;n &#273;&#7871;n c&#225;c n&#7919; th&#7847;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c quy th&#7901; b&#225;i l&#7841;y. </span>Vi&#7879;c Schulz m&#244; t&#7843; ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh qu&#7923; l&#7841;y, b&#7883; gi&#7851;m &#273;&#7841;p, th&#7853;m ch&#237; v&#7869; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i u&#7889;ng t&#7915; b&#244; v&#7879; sinh (<em>Susanna and The Elders</em>) cho th&#7845;y s&#7921; kho&#225;i c&#7843;m t&#236;m th&#7845;y trong s&#7921; s&#7881; nh&#7909;c v&#224; khu&#7845;t ph&#7909;c.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ods6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd544dfb8-6b3e-4972-aad6-4c57b336ffcf_1122x763.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ods6!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd544dfb8-6b3e-4972-aad6-4c57b336ffcf_1122x763.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ods6!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd544dfb8-6b3e-4972-aad6-4c57b336ffcf_1122x763.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ods6!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd544dfb8-6b3e-4972-aad6-4c57b336ffcf_1122x763.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ods6!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_webp, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd544dfb8-6b3e-4972-aad6-4c57b336ffcf_1122x763.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ods6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd544dfb8-6b3e-4972-aad6-4c57b336ffcf_1122x763.jpeg" width="1122" height="763" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d544dfb8-6b3e-4972-aad6-4c57b336ffcf_1122x763.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:763,&quot;width&quot;:1122,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t" title="C&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t" srcset="/__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ods6!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_424, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd544dfb8-6b3e-4972-aad6-4c57b336ffcf_1122x763.jpeg 424w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ods6!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_848, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd544dfb8-6b3e-4972-aad6-4c57b336ffcf_1122x763.jpeg 848w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ods6!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1272, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd544dfb8-6b3e-4972-aad6-4c57b336ffcf_1122x763.jpeg 1272w, /__u/substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ods6!, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/w_1456, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/c_limit, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/f_auto, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/q_auto:good, /__u/tindocmotchut.substack.com/fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd544dfb8-6b3e-4972-aad6-4c57b336ffcf_1122x763.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>Stallions and Eunuchs</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Stallions and Eunuchs</span></em><span> (&#272;&#225;m ng&#7921;a &#273;&#7921;c v&#224; l&#361; b&#7883; thi&#7871;n) g&#7907;i m&#7897;t kho&#7843;ng c&#225;ch kh&#244;ng gian v&#224; c&#7843;m x&#250;c gi&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng v&#224; ph&#7909; n&#7919; trong ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t c&#7911;a Schulz m&#224; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; b&#7855;c c&#7847;u. M&#7897;t v&#224;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng tr&#244;ng tuy&#7879;t v&#7885;ng nh&#236;n qua c&#7917;a s&#7893; v&#224;o m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; ngo&#224;i t&#7847;m v&#7899;i  khu&#244;n m&#7863;t b&#7883; m&#233;o m&#243;, b&#7865;t d&#237; v&#224;o t&#7845;m k&#237;nh. V&#224; c&#244; &#7903; gi&#7919;a trung t&#226;m, n&#7857;m tr&#234;n gi&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#226;u y&#7871;m b&#7903;i hai con ng&#7921;a &#273;&#7921;c to l&#7899;n. Do &#273;&#243;, h&#7885; b&#7883; t&#225;ch bi&#7879;t kh&#7887;i ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; m&#224; h&#7885; r&#236;nh r&#7853;p, b&#7845;t l&#7921;c nh&#432;ng tuy&#7879;t v&#7885;ng mu&#7889;n b&#432;&#7899;c v&#224;o th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a c&#244;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nh&#7919;ng m&#244;-t&#237;p v&#7873; s&#7921; qu&#7923; l&#7841;y, s&#7921; s&#7881; nh&#7909;c t&#7921; nguy&#7879;n v&#224; kho&#7843;ng c&#225;ch kh&#244;ng th&#7875; b&#7855;c c&#7847;u gi&#7919;a hai gi&#7899;i trong <em>The Book of Idolatry</em> ch&#237;nh l&#224; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7873; th&#7883; gi&#225;c, &#273;&#7863;t n&#7873;n m&#243;ng soi s&#225;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p cho kh&#244;ng gian v&#259;n ch&#432;&#417;ng c&#7911;a Schulz trong <em>Nh&#7919;ng hi&#7879;u qu&#7871;</em> l&#7851;n <em>D&#432;&#7905;ng &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7891;ng h&#7891; c&#225;t</em>. B&#224;n ch&#226;n v&#224; g&#243;t gi&#224;y c&#7911;a n&#7919; th&#7847;n, v&#236; l&#7869; &#273;&#243;, tr&#7903; n&#234;n t&#226;m &#273;i&#7875;m h&#7897;i t&#7909; m&#7885;i s&#225;ng t&#7841;o c&#7911;a &#244;ng. D&#249; cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i v&#224; s&#7921; nghi&#7879;p c&#7911;a Bruno Schulz kh&#233;p l&#7841;i m&#7897;t c&#225;ch bi k&#7883;ch v&#224; d&#7903; dang, ch&#237;nh s&#7921; d&#361;ng c&#7843;m &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n t&#7853;n c&#249;ng nh&#7919;ng g&#243;c khu&#7845;t t&#259;m t&#7889;i nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a b&#7843;n n&#259;ng &#273;&#227; bi&#7871;n di s&#7843;n c&#7911;a &#244;ng th&#224;nh m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#7897;c &#273;&#225;o, &#225;m &#7843;nh v&#224; quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a v&#259;n h&#7885;c ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t Ba Lan th&#7871; k&#7927; XX.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[JOAN DIDION – VỀ VIỆC GIỮ MỘT CUỐN SỔ GHI CHÉP]]></title><description><![CDATA[D&#7883;ch ti&#7875;u lu&#7853;n On Keeping a Notebook c&#7911;a Joan Didion]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/joan-didion-ve-viec-giu-mot-cuon</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/joan-didion-ve-viec-giu-mot-cuon</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2026 02:13:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/056491c7-292f-4941-a90a-3280f8f51159_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#7849;u ghi ch&#233;p vi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng: &#8220;Ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n b&#224; t&#234;n Estelle &#273;&#243;, ch&#237;nh l&#224; m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n l&#253; do khi&#7871;n t&#244;i v&#224; George Sharp ly t&#225;n nh&#432; ng&#224;y h&#244;m nay. M&#7897;t chi&#7871;c &#225;o cho&#224;ng b&#7857;ng v&#7843;i crepe-de-Chine b&#7849;n th&#7881;u, qu&#7847;y bar kh&#225;ch s&#7841;n, Wilmington RR, 9:45 s&#225;ng m&#7897;t ng&#224;y th&#7913; Hai th&#225;ng T&#225;m.&#8221; B&#7903;i v&#236; m&#7849;u ghi ch&#233;p n&#7857;m trong cu&#7889;n s&#7893; c&#7911;a t&#244;i, n&#234;n h&#7859;n n&#243; ph&#7843;i c&#243; &#253; ngh&#297;a n&#224;o &#273;&#243; v&#7899;i t&#244;i. T&#244;i nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u n&#243; m&#7897;t l&#250;c l&#226;u. Ban &#273;&#7847;u, t&#244;i ch&#7881; c&#243; nh&#7919;ng kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m m&#417; h&#7891; nh&#7845;t v&#7873; vi&#7879;c m&#236;nh &#273;&#227; l&#224;m g&#236; v&#224;o m&#7897;t bu&#7893;i s&#225;ng th&#7913; Hai th&#225;ng T&#225;m trong qu&#7847;y bar c&#7911;a kh&#225;ch s&#7841;n &#273;&#7889;i di&#7879;n ga &#272;&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7855;t Pennsylvania &#7903; Wilmington, Delaware (&#273;ang ch&#7901; t&#224;u? L&#7905; chuy&#7871;n? N&#259;m 1960? N&#259;m 1961? T&#7841;i sao l&#7841;i l&#224; Wilmington?), nh&#432;ng t&#244;i nh&#7899; l&#224; m&#236;nh &#273;&#227; &#7903; &#273;&#243;. Ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n b&#224; trong chi&#7871;c &#225;o cho&#224;ng crepe-de-Chine b&#7849;n th&#7881;u &#273;&#227; &#273;i t&#7915; ph&#242;ng c&#244; ta xu&#7889;ng &#273;&#7875; u&#7889;ng bia, v&#224; g&#227; pha ch&#7871; tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#243; &#273;&#227; nghe v&#7873; l&#253; do khi&#7871;n c&#244; ta v&#224; George Sharp ly t&#225;n ng&#224;y h&#244;m nay. &#8220;Ph&#7843;i r&#7891;i,&#8221; g&#227; n&#243;i, v&#224; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c lau s&#224;n. &#8220;C&#244; k&#7875; t&#244;i nghe r&#7891;i.&#8221; &#7902; &#273;&#7847;u kia c&#7911;a qu&#7847;y bar l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#244; g&#225;i. C&#244; &#273;ang n&#243;i chuy&#7879;n, m&#7897;t c&#225;ch &#273;&#7847;y &#7849;n &#253;, kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng b&#234;n c&#7841;nh m&#224; v&#7899;i m&#7897;t con m&#232;o &#273;ang th&#7843; m&#236;nh t&#7855;m trong v&#7879;t n&#7855;ng h&#236;nh tam gi&#225;c chi&#7871;u qua c&#225;nh c&#7917;a m&#7903;. C&#244; m&#7863;c m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c v&#225;y l&#7909;a k&#7867; caro t&#7915; hi&#7879;u Peck &amp; Peck, v&#224; g&#7845;u v&#225;y &#273;ang tu&#7897;t ra.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Chuy&#7879;n l&#224; th&#7871; n&#224;y: c&#244; g&#225;i v&#7915;a &#7903; Eastern Shore v&#7873; v&#224; gi&#7901; c&#244; &#273;ang quay l&#7841;i th&#224;nh ph&#7889;, r&#7901;i b&#7887; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng b&#234;n c&#7841;nh, t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; c&#244; c&#243; th&#7875; h&#236;nh dung ph&#237;a tr&#432;&#7899;c l&#224; nh&#7919;ng l&#7873; &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng m&#249;a h&#232; nh&#7899;p nh&#225;p nh&#7921;a &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224; nh&#7919;ng cu&#7897;c g&#7885;i &#273;i&#7879;n tho&#7841;i d&#224;i t&#7901; m&#7901; 3 gi&#7901; s&#225;ng khi&#7871;n c&#244; thao th&#7913;c, &#273;&#7875; r&#7891;i sau &#273;&#243; l&#7883;m v&#224;o c&#417;n ng&#7911; m&#234; m&#7879;t qua nh&#7919;ng bu&#7893;i s&#225;ng oi n&#7891;ng c&#242;n l&#7841;i c&#7911;a th&#225;ng T&#225;m (1960? 1961?). V&#236; ph&#7843;i &#273;i th&#7859;ng t&#7915; chuy&#7871;n t&#224;u &#273;&#7871;n bu&#7893;i &#259;n tr&#432;a &#7903; New York, c&#244; &#432;&#7899;c m&#236;nh c&#243; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c kim b&#259;ng c&#224;i cho g&#7845;u chi&#7871;c v&#225;y l&#7909;a k&#7867; caro v&#224; c&#244; c&#361;ng &#432;&#7899;c m&#236;nh c&#243; th&#7875; qu&#234;n &#273;i c&#225;i g&#7845;u v&#225;y l&#7851;n bu&#7893;i &#259;n tr&#432;a &#273;&#243; &#273;&#7875; &#7903; l&#7841;i trong qu&#7847;y bar m&#225;t m&#7867; n&#7891;ng m&#249;i thu&#7889;c s&#225;t tr&#249;ng v&#224; m&#7841;ch nha n&#224;y, &#273;&#7875; k&#7871;t b&#7841;n v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n b&#224; m&#7863;c &#225;o cho&#224;ng crepe-de-Chine kia. C&#244; b&#7883; gi&#224;y v&#242; b&#7903;i m&#7897;t ch&#250;t t&#7921; th&#432;&#417;ng h&#7841;i v&#224; c&#244; mu&#7889;n so s&#225;nh nh&#7919;ng &#8220;Estelle&#8221; c&#7911;a &#273;&#7901;i m&#236;nh. &#272;&#243; ch&#237;nh l&#224; &#253; ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a t&#7845;t c&#7843; chuy&#7879;n n&#224;y.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>H&#224; c&#7899; g&#236; t&#244;i l&#7841;i ph&#7843;i ghi ch&#233;p nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y? &#272;&#7875; ghi nh&#7899;, &#7915; th&#236; &#273;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&#234;n, nh&#432;ng ch&#237;nh x&#225;c l&#224; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; mu&#7889;n nh&#7899; &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236;? Bao nhi&#234;u ph&#7847;n trong &#273;&#243; th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;&#227; x&#7843;y ra? C&#243; ch&#250;t n&#224;o l&#224; th&#7853;t kh&#244;ng? Suy cho c&#249;ng t&#7841;i sao t&#244;i l&#7841;i gi&#7919; cu&#7889;n s&#7893; &#273;&#7875; l&#224;m g&#236;? Ng&#432;&#7901;i ta r&#7845;t d&#7877; t&#7921; l&#7915;a d&#7889;i m&#236;nh v&#7873; t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n &#273;&#243;. S&#7921; th&#244;i th&#250;c ghi ch&#233;p l&#7841;i m&#7885;i th&#7913; l&#224; m&#7897;t d&#7841;ng c&#432;&#7905;ng b&#225;ch k&#7923; l&#7841;, kh&#244;ng t&#224;i n&#224;o gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch n&#7893;i cho nh&#7919;ng ai kh&#244;ng c&#249;ng chung c&#7843;m gi&#225;c &#273;&#243;, n&#243; ch&#7881; h&#7919;u &#237;ch m&#7897;t c&#225;ch t&#236;nh c&#7901;, m&#7897;t c&#225;ch th&#7913; y&#7871;u, theo c&#225;i c&#225;ch m&#224; b&#7845;t k&#7923; s&#7921; c&#432;&#7905;ng b&#225;ch n&#224;o c&#361;ng c&#7889; g&#7855;ng t&#7921; bi&#7879;n minh cho ch&#237;nh n&#243;. T&#244;i &#273;&#7891; r&#7857;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u ho&#7863;c kh&#244;ng b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u ngay t&#7915; thu&#7903; n&#7857;m n&#244;i. D&#249; t&#244;i lu&#244;n c&#7843;m th&#7845;y b&#7883; th&#244;i th&#250;c ph&#7843;i vi&#7871;t l&#7841;i m&#7885;i th&#7913; t&#7915; n&#259;m l&#234;n n&#259;m tu&#7893;i, t&#244;i nghi ng&#7901; r&#7857;ng con g&#225;i m&#236;nh s&#7869; ch&#7859;ng bao gi&#7901; l&#224;m th&#7871;, b&#7903;i n&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7847;y &#417;n ph&#432;&#7899;c v&#224; bi&#7871;t ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n m&#7897;t c&#225;ch l&#7841; l&#249;ng, n&#243; m&#7915;ng r&#7905; v&#7899;i cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i ch&#237;nh x&#225;c nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i ph&#244; di&#7877;n, kh&#244;ng s&#7907; h&#227;i khi &#273;i ng&#7911; v&#224; c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng s&#7907; h&#227;i khi th&#7913;c d&#7853;y. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&#7919; s&#7893; ghi ch&#233;p c&#225; nh&#226;n l&#224; m&#7897;t gi&#7889;ng lo&#224;i ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c, l&#224; l&#361; ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7855;p x&#7871;p l&#7841;i v&#7841;n v&#7853;t m&#7897;t c&#225;ch c&#244; &#273;&#7897;c v&#224; &#273;&#7847;y kh&#225;ng c&#7921;, l&#361; ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7845;t m&#227;n lo &#226;u, l&#224; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; ngay t&#7915; khi l&#7885;t l&#242;ng &#273;&#227; b&#7883; gi&#224;y v&#242; b&#7903;i m&#7897;t linh c&#7843;m n&#224;o &#273;&#243; v&#7873; s&#7921; m&#7845;t m&#225;t.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cu&#7889;n s&#7893; ghi ch&#233;p &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n c&#7911;a t&#244;i l&#224; m&#7897;t x&#7845;p gi&#7845;y hi&#7879;u Big Five, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7865; t&#7863;ng k&#232;m theo l&#7901;i g&#7907;i &#253; ch&#237; l&#253; r&#7857;ng t&#244;i n&#234;n ng&#7915;ng k&#234;u ca v&#224; h&#227;y h&#7885;c c&#225;ch t&#7921; gi&#7843;i khu&#226;y qua vi&#7879;c vi&#7871;t ra nh&#7919;ng suy ngh&#297; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. B&#224; &#273;&#227; tr&#7843; l&#7841;i x&#7845;p gi&#7845;y &#273;&#243; cho t&#244;i v&#224;i n&#259;m tr&#432;&#7899;c; d&#242;ng ghi ch&#233;p &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n l&#224; c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n b&#224; tin r&#7857;ng m&#236;nh &#273;ang &#273;&#243;ng b&#259;ng &#273;&#7871;n ch&#7871;t trong &#273;&#234;m B&#7855;c C&#7921;c, &#273;&#7875; r&#7891;i l&#250;c &#225;nh d&#432;&#417;ng l&#243; r&#7841;ng, b&#224; nh&#7853;n ra m&#236;nh &#273;&#227; l&#7841;c v&#224;o sa m&#7841;c Sahara, n&#417;i b&#224; s&#7869; ch&#7871;t v&#236; n&#7855;ng n&#243;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c gi&#7901; &#259;n tr&#432;a. T&#244;i kh&#244;ng hi&#7875;u t&#226;m tr&#237; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; n&#259;m tu&#7893;i &#273;&#227; chuy&#7875;n bi&#7871;n ra sao &#273;&#7875; th&#250;c &#273;&#7849;y m&#7897;t c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n &#8220;m&#7881;a mai&#8221; v&#224; k&#7923; l&#7841; &#273;&#7871;n th&#7871;, nh&#432;ng n&#243; b&#7897;c l&#7897; m&#7897;t thi&#234;n h&#432;&#7899;ng nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng g&#236; c&#7921;c &#273;oan, th&#7913; &#273;&#227; &#273;eo b&#225;m t&#244;i cho &#273;&#7871;n t&#7853;n khi tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&#224;nh; c&#243; l&#7869; n&#7871;u t&#244;i l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng th&#237;ch ph&#226;n t&#237;ch, t&#244;i s&#7869; th&#7845;y &#273;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n ch&#226;n th&#7921;c h&#417;n b&#7845;t k&#7923; &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236; t&#244;i c&#243; th&#7875; k&#7875; v&#7873; b&#7919;a ti&#7879;c sinh nh&#7853;t c&#7911;a Donald Johnson hay c&#225;i ng&#224;y ch&#7883; h&#7885; Brenda c&#7911;a t&#244;i &#273;&#7893; c&#225;t v&#7879; sinh cho m&#232;o v&#224;o b&#7875; c&#225; c&#7843;nh.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>V&#7853;y n&#234;n, m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c t&#244;i gi&#7919; m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n s&#7893; ghi ch&#233;p ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; v&#224; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; &#273;&#7875; c&#243; m&#7897;t b&#7843;n ghi ch&#237;nh x&#225;c v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; ki&#7879;n hay nh&#7919;ng g&#236; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; suy t&#432;. &#272;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; th&#250;c b&#225;ch ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c, m&#7897;t b&#7843;n n&#259;ng h&#432;&#7899;ng v&#7873; th&#7921;c t&#7841;i m&#224; &#273;&#244;i khi t&#244;i th&#232;m mu&#7889;n nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i ch&#7859;ng h&#7873; s&#7903; h&#7919;u. Ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; t&#244;i c&#243; th&#7875; th&#224;nh c&#244;ng trong vi&#7879;c vi&#7871;t nh&#7853;t k&#253;; c&#225;ch t&#244;i &#273;&#7889;i di&#7879;n v&#7899;i cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#7853;t dao &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7915; s&#7921; l&#417; l&#224; th&#225;i qu&#225; cho &#273;&#7871;n v&#7867; l&#417; &#273;&#227;ng thu&#7847;n t&#250;y v&#224; trong v&#224;i d&#7883;p hi&#7871;m hoi khi t&#244;i c&#7889; g&#7855;ng ghi ch&#233;p l&#7841;i c&#225;c s&#7921; ki&#7879;n trong ng&#224;y m&#7897;t c&#225;ch b&#7893;n ph&#7853;n, s&#7921; ch&#225;n n&#7843;n x&#226;m chi&#7871;m t&#244;i &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c k&#7871;t qu&#7843; thu &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, x&#224;i c&#225;ch n&#243;i nh&#7865; nh&#224;ng l&#224; &#273;&#7847;y b&#237; &#7849;n. Nh&#7919;ng d&#242;ng ki&#7875;u nh&#432; &#8220;&#273;i mua s&#7855;m, &#273;&#225;nh m&#225;y b&#7843;n th&#7843;o, &#259;n t&#7889;i v&#7899;i E, tr&#7847;m c&#7843;m&#8221; r&#7889;t cu&#7897;c l&#224; chuy&#7879;n g&#236;? Mua c&#225;i g&#236;? &#272;&#225;nh m&#225;y b&#224;i n&#224;o? E l&#224; ai? L&#224; E tr&#7847;m c&#7843;m, hay t&#244;i tr&#7847;m c&#7843;m? Ai m&#224; th&#232;m quan t&#226;m &#273;&#226;u nh&#7881;?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Th&#7921;c t&#7871;, t&#244;i &#273;&#227; t&#7915; b&#7887; ho&#224;n to&#224;n lo&#7841;i ghi ch&#233;p v&#244; ngh&#297;a &#273;&#243;; thay v&#224;o &#273;&#243;, t&#244;i k&#7875; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; m&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; g&#7885;i l&#224; l&#7901;i n&#243;i d&#7889;i. &#8220;Chuy&#7879;n &#273;&#243; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#250;ng,&#8221; c&#225;c th&#224;nh vi&#234;n trong gia &#273;&#236;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n b&#7843;o t&#244;i m&#7895;i khi h&#7885; ch&#7841;m tr&#225;n v&#7899;i k&#253; &#7913;c c&#7911;a t&#244;i v&#7873; m&#7897;t s&#7921; ki&#7879;n chung. &#8220;B&#7919;a ti&#7879;c &#273;&#243; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i d&#224;nh cho con, con nh&#7879;n &#273;&#243; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; nh&#7879;n g&#243;a ph&#7909; &#273;en, m&#7885;i chuy&#7879;n kh&#244;ng h&#7873; nh&#432; th&#7871;.&#8221; R&#7845;t c&#243; th&#7875; h&#7885; &#273;&#250;ng, b&#7903;i t&#244;i kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; lu&#244;n g&#7863;p kh&#243; kh&#259;n trong vi&#7879;c ph&#226;n &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng g&#236; &#273;&#227; x&#7843;y ra v&#224; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; thu&#7847;n t&#250;y c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#227; x&#7843;y ra, m&#7863;c cho t&#244;i c&#242;n kh&#244;ng b&#7883; thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c r&#7857;ng s&#7921; ph&#226;n bi&#7879;t &#273;&#243; l&#224; quan tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. M&#243;n cua h&#7845;p m&#224; t&#244;i nh&#7899; m&#236;nh &#273;&#227; &#259;n tr&#432;a v&#224;o c&#225;i ng&#224;y cha t&#244;i t&#7915; Detroit tr&#7903; v&#7873; n&#259;m 1945 ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t chi ti&#7871;t th&#234;u d&#7879;t, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#224;i c&#7855;m v&#224;o b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh ng&#224;y h&#244;m &#273;&#243; &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o v&#7867; ch&#226;n th&#7921;c; khi &#273;&#243; t&#244;i m&#7899;i m&#432;&#7901;i tu&#7893;i v&#224; gi&#7901; &#273;&#226;y l&#7869; ra kh&#244;ng th&#7875; nh&#7899; n&#7893;i m&#243;n cua h&#7845;p. S&#7921; ki&#7879;n ng&#224;y h&#244;m &#273;&#243; &#273;&#226;u c&#243; xoay quanh m&#243;n cua. Th&#7871; m&#224; ch&#237;nh con cua h&#432; c&#7845;u &#273;&#243; l&#7841;i khi&#7871;n t&#244;i h&#236;nh dung ra c&#7843; bu&#7893;i chi&#7873;u &#273;&#243; m&#7897;t l&#7847;n n&#7919;a, nh&#432; m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n phim gia &#273;&#236;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#236;nh chi&#7871;u qu&#225; nhi&#7873;u l&#7847;n: ng&#432;&#7901;i cha mang theo nh&#7919;ng m&#243;n qu&#224;, &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; kh&#243;c l&#243;c, nh&#7919;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng n&#7891;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;m t&#236;nh y&#234;u th&#432;&#417;ng v&#224; n&#7895;i m&#7863;c c&#7843;m t&#7897;i l&#7895;i trong gia &#273;&#236;nh. Ho&#7863;c &#237;t nh&#7845;t, &#273;&#243; l&#224; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; n&#243; g&#7907;i ra trong t&#244;i. T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; v&#7853;y, c&#243; l&#7869; tr&#7901;i ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; &#273;&#7893; tuy&#7871;t v&#224;o th&#225;ng T&#225;m n&#259;m &#273;&#243; &#7903; Vermont; c&#243; l&#7869; ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; c&#243; nh&#7919;ng b&#244;ng tuy&#7871;t l&#7845;t ph&#7845;t trong gi&#243; &#273;&#234;m v&#224; c&#243; l&#7869; ch&#7859;ng ai kh&#225;c c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7863;t &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ang c&#7913;ng l&#7841;i v&#224; m&#249;a h&#232; &#273;&#227; l&#7909;i t&#224;n k&#7875; c&#7843; khi ch&#250;ng ta v&#7851;n &#273;ang gi&#7843; v&#7901; t&#7853;n h&#432;&#7903;ng n&#243;, nh&#432;ng &#273;&#243; l&#224; c&#7843;m gi&#225;c c&#7911;a t&#244;i, v&#224; tr&#7901;i c&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#227; tuy&#7871;t, l&#7869; ra n&#234;n c&#243; tuy&#7871;t, v&#224; &#273;&#227; th&#7921;c s&#7921; tuy&#7871;t nh&#432; th&#7871;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nh&#7919;ng g&#236; t&#244;i c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c: &#273;&#243; m&#7899;i l&#224; th&#7913; ti&#7879;m c&#7853;n v&#7899;i s&#7921; th&#7853;t v&#7873; m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n s&#7893; ghi ch&#233;p. &#272;&#244;i khi t&#244;i t&#7921; huy&#7877;n ho&#7863;c m&#236;nh v&#7873; l&#253; do t&#7841;i sao t&#244;i l&#7841;i gi&#7919; m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n s&#7893; tay, t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng r&#7857;ng c&#243; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;c h&#7841;nh ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m n&#224;o &#273;&#243; n&#7843;y sinh t&#7915; vi&#7879;c l&#432;u gi&#7919; l&#7841;i m&#7885;i th&#7913; quan s&#225;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. </span><em><span>H&#227;y nh&#236;n cho &#273;&#7911; v&#224; vi&#7871;t n&#243; xu&#7889;ng,</span></em><span> t&#244;i t&#7921; nh&#7911;, r&#7891;i m&#7897;t kh&#7855;c &#273;i&#7875;m tinh s&#432;&#417;ng n&#224;o &#273;&#243;, th&#7871; gian d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; c&#7841;n ki&#7879;t nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u k&#7923; di&#7879;u, m&#7897;t ng&#224;y n&#224;o &#273;&#243; khi t&#244;i ch&#7881; &#273;ang l&#224;m vi&#7879;c m&#7897;t c&#225;ch m&#225;y m&#243;c nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; t&#244;i ph&#7843;i l&#224;m, &#273;&#243; l&#224; vi&#7871;t v&#224;o c&#225;i bu&#7893;i s&#225;ng s&#7841;t nghi&#7879;p &#273;&#243;, t&#244;i s&#7869; ch&#7881; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n m&#7903; cu&#7889;n s&#7893; ghi ch&#233;p ra v&#224; t&#7845;t c&#7843; s&#7869; &#7903; &#273;&#243;, m&#7897;t t&#224;i kho&#7843;n b&#7883; b&#7887; qu&#234;n v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t t&#237;ch l&#361;y, m&#7897;t t&#7845;m v&#233; th&#244;ng h&#224;nh &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#7843; &#273;&#7875; tr&#7903; l&#7841;i v&#7899;i th&#7871; gian ngo&#224;i kia: nh&#7919;ng m&#7849;u &#273;&#7889;i tho&#7841;i nghe l&#7887;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c trong kh&#225;ch s&#7841;n, thang m&#225;y v&#224; t&#7841;i qu&#7847;y g&#7917;i n&#243;n &#7903; Pavillon (m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng trung ni&#234;n cho ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c xem th&#7867; g&#7917;i m&#361; v&#224; n&#243;i: &#8220;&#272;&#243; l&#224; s&#7889; &#225;o b&#243;ng b&#7847;u d&#7909;c c&#361; c&#7911;a t&#244;i&#8221;); nh&#7919;ng &#7845;n t&#432;&#7907;ng v&#7873; Bettina Aptheker, Benjamin Sonnenberg v&#224; Teddy (&#8221;Qu&#253; ng&#224;i Acapulco&#8221;) Stauffer; nh&#7919;ng nh&#7853;n x&#233;t s&#7855;c s&#7843;o v&#224; c&#7849;n tr&#7885;ng v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng k&#7867; lang thang ch&#417;i qu&#7847;n v&#7907;t, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7851;u h&#7871;t th&#7901;i v&#224; nh&#7919;ng n&#7919; th&#7915;a k&#7871; t&#224;u bi&#7875;n ng&#432;&#7901;i Hy L&#7841;p, m&#7897;t trong s&#7889; h&#7885; &#273;&#227; d&#7841;y t&#244;i m&#7897;t b&#224;i h&#7885;c quan tr&#7885;ng (b&#224;i h&#7885;c m&#224; l&#7869; ra t&#244;i c&#243; th&#7875; h&#7885;c t&#7915; F. Scott Fitzgerald, nh&#432;ng c&#243; l&#7869; t&#7845;t c&#7843; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#7873;u ph&#7843;i t&#7921; m&#236;nh ti&#7871;p x&#250;c v&#7899;i gi&#7899;i si&#234;u gi&#224;u m&#7899;i th&#7845;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c) b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch h&#7887;i t&#244;i, khi t&#244;i &#273;&#7871;n ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n c&#244; ta trong ph&#242;ng kh&#225;ch &#273;&#7847;y hoa lan v&#224;o ng&#224;y th&#7913; hai c&#7911;a m&#7897;t tr&#7853;n b&#227;o tuy&#7871;t l&#224;m t&#234; li&#7879;t New York, r&#7857;ng li&#7879;u b&#234;n ngo&#224;i tr&#7901;i c&#243; &#273;ang c&#243; tuy&#7871;t r&#417;i kh&#244;ng. N&#243;i c&#225;ch kh&#225;c, t&#244;i t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng r&#7857;ng cu&#7889;n s&#7893; ghi ch&#233;p l&#224; &#273;&#7875; vi&#7871;t v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c. Nh&#432;ng d&#297; nhi&#234;n kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i v&#7853;y. T&#244;i ch&#7859;ng c&#243; vi&#7879;c g&#236; th&#7921;c s&#7921; li&#234;n quan &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng g&#236; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7841; n&#243;i v&#7899;i m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7841; kh&#225;c t&#7841;i qu&#7847;y g&#7917;i n&#243;n &#7903; Pavillon; th&#7921;c t&#7871;, t&#244;i nghi ng&#7901; r&#7857;ng c&#226;u n&#243;i &#8220;&#272;&#243; l&#224; s&#7889; &#225;o b&#243;ng b&#7847;u d&#7909;c c&#361; c&#7911;a t&#244;i&#8221; ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#244;ng ch&#7841;m &#273;&#7871;n tr&#237; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a ri&#234;ng t&#244;i m&#224; ch&#7881; &#273;&#417;n thu&#7847;n l&#224; m&#7897;t k&#253; &#7913;c v&#7873; &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236; &#273;&#243; t&#7915;ng &#273;&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, c&#243; l&#7869; l&#224; trong truy&#7879;n ng&#7855;n </span><em><span>The Eighty-Yard Run</span></em><span>. M&#7889;i quan t&#226;m c&#7911;a t&#244;i c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng &#273;&#7863;t n&#417;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n b&#224; trong chi&#7871;c &#225;o cho&#224;ng crepe-de-Chine b&#7849;n th&#7881;u &#7903; qu&#7847;y bar t&#7841;i Wilmington. M&#7889;i li&#234;n h&#7879; c&#7911;a t&#244;i, d&#297; nhi&#234;n, lu&#244;n n&#7857;m &#7903; c&#244; g&#225;i kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7855;c t&#234;n trong chi&#7871;c v&#225;y l&#7909;a k&#7867; caro. Ghi nh&#7899; c&#7843;m gi&#225;c l&#224;m ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh l&#224; nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o: &#273;&#243; lu&#244;n lu&#244;n l&#224; m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#272;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u kh&#243; l&#242;ng th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n. Ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nu&#244;i d&#7841;y trong m&#7897;t h&#7879; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c r&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c, b&#7845;t k&#7923; ai, t&#7845;t c&#7843; m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i, theo &#273;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a &#273;&#7873;u th&#250; v&#7883; h&#417;n ch&#237;nh b&#7843;n th&#226;n ta; ta &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#7841;y ph&#7843;i khi&#234;m nh&#432;&#7901;ng, gi&#7919; m&#236;nh &#7903; ranh gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a s&#7921; lu m&#7901;. (&#8221;C&#244; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#237;t quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t trong c&#259;n ph&#242;ng n&#224;y, &#273;&#7915;ng qu&#234;n &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243;,&#8221; nh&#361; m&#7851;u c&#7911;a Jessica Mitford th&#432;&#7901;ng th&#236; th&#7847;m v&#224;o tai b&#224; nh&#432; th&#7871; m&#7895;i khi c&#243; m&#7897;t s&#7921; ki&#7879;n x&#227; h&#7897;i; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; ch&#233;p l&#7841;i c&#226;u &#273;&#243; v&#224;o s&#7893; v&#236; ch&#7881; g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y t&#244;i m&#7899;i c&#243; th&#7875; b&#432;&#7899;c v&#224;o m&#7897;t c&#259;n ph&#242;ng m&#224; kh&#244;ng nghe th&#7845;y m&#7897;t c&#7909;m t&#7915; t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; vang l&#234;n trong t&#226;m t&#432;&#7903;ng). Ch&#7881; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i r&#7845;t tr&#7867; v&#224; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i r&#7845;t gi&#224; m&#7899;i c&#243; quy&#7873;n k&#7875; l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng gi&#7845;c m&#417; c&#7911;a h&#7885; trong b&#7919;a s&#225;ng, &#273;&#7855;m ch&#236;m v&#224;o c&#225;i t&#244;i, ng&#7855;t l&#7901;i b&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng k&#253; &#7913;c v&#7873; c&#225;c bu&#7893;i d&#227; ngo&#7841;i tr&#234;n b&#227;i bi&#7875;n, nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c v&#225;y c&#7887; hi&#7879;u Liberty y&#234;u th&#237;ch v&#224; l&#361; c&#225; h&#7891;i v&#226;n trong con su&#7889;i g&#7847;n Colorado Springs. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#242;n l&#7841;i trong ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&#7923; v&#7885;ng m&#7897;t c&#225;ch &#273;&#250;ng &#273;&#7855;n l&#224; ph&#7843;i t&#7887; ra say m&#234; nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c v&#225;y y&#234;u th&#237;ch c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c, nh&#7919;ng con c&#225; h&#7891;i c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>V&#224; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; l&#224;m th&#7871;. Nh&#432;ng nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n s&#7893; ghi ch&#233;p &#273;&#227; t&#7889; c&#225;o ch&#250;ng ta, b&#7903;i cho d&#249; ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; ghi ch&#233;p l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng g&#236; th&#7845;y xung quanh m&#236;nh m&#7897;t c&#225;ch t&#7853;n t&#7909;y &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#226;u, th&#236; m&#7851;u s&#7889; chung c&#7911;a t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; ch&#250;ng ta th&#7845;y lu&#244;n lu&#244;n, m&#7897;t c&#225;ch r&#245; r&#224;ng v&#224; kh&#244;ng ch&#250;t h&#7893; th&#7865;n, ch&#237;nh l&#224; c&#225;i &#8220;T&#244;i&#8221; ki&#234;n &#273;&#7883;nh. Ch&#250;ng ta kh&#244;ng n&#243;i v&#7873; lo&#7841;i s&#7893; ghi ch&#233;p hi&#7875;n nhi&#234;n d&#224;nh cho c&#244;ng ch&#250;ng th&#432;&#7903;ng l&#227;m, m&#7897;t th&#7911; ph&#225;p c&#7845;u tr&#250;c &#273;&#7875; k&#7871;t n&#7889;i nh&#7919;ng d&#242;ng suy t&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7883;ch thi&#7879;p; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;ang n&#243;i v&#7873; m&#7897;t th&#7913; ri&#234;ng t&#432;, v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng m&#7849;u v&#7909;n trong t&#226;m tr&#237; qu&#225; ng&#7855;n &#273;&#7875; c&#243; th&#7875; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng, m&#7897;t s&#7921; t&#7853;p h&#7907;p b&#7915;a b&#227;i v&#224; th&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7881; c&#243; &#253; ngh&#297;a v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7841;o ra n&#243;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>V&#224; &#273;&#244;i khi ngay c&#7843; ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7841;o ra n&#243; c&#361;ng g&#7863;p kh&#243; kh&#259;n trong vi&#7879;c t&#236;m hi&#7875;u &#253; ngh&#297;a. V&#237; d&#7909;, d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; ch&#7859;ng c&#243; &#237;ch g&#236; khi t&#244;i ph&#7843;i bi&#7871;t trong su&#7889;t qu&#227;ng &#273;&#7901;i c&#242;n l&#7841;i r&#7857;ng, trong n&#259;m 1964, c&#243; 720 t&#7845;n b&#7891; h&#243;ng &#273;&#227; r&#417;i xu&#7889;ng m&#7895;i d&#7863;m vu&#244;ng c&#7911;a th&#224;nh ph&#7889; New York, v&#7853;y m&#224; n&#243; v&#7851;n n&#7857;m &#273;&#243; trong s&#7893; c&#7911;a t&#244;i, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#225;n nh&#227;n &#8220;S&#7920; TH&#7852;T&#8221;. T&#244;i c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&#7847;n nh&#7899; r&#7857;ng Ambrose Bierce th&#237;ch vi&#7871;t t&#234;n c&#7911;a Leland Stanford th&#224;nh &#8220;feland Stanford&#8221; hay &#8220;nh&#7919;ng ph&#7909; n&#7919; th&#244;ng minh h&#7847;u nh&#432; lu&#244;n m&#7863;c &#273;&#7891; &#273;en &#7903; Cuba&#8221; m&#7897;t l&#7901;i khuy&#234;n th&#7901;i trang kh&#244;ng c&#243; nhi&#7873;u ti&#7873;m n&#259;ng &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng th&#7921;c t&#7871;. V&#224; ch&#7859;ng ph&#7843;i t&#237;nh li&#234;n quan c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng ghi ch&#250; n&#224;y d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; ch&#7881; &#7903; m&#7913;c th&#7913; y&#7871;u sao?:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Trong b&#7843;o t&#224;ng d&#432;&#7899;i t&#7847;ng h&#7847;m c&#7911;a T&#242;a &#225;n Qu&#7853;n Inyo &#7903; Independence, California, m&#7897;t t&#7845;m bi&#7875;n &#273;&#237;nh tr&#234;n chi&#7871;c &#225;o cho&#224;ng quan l&#7841;i: &#8220;</span><em><span>Chi&#7871;c &#193;o Kho&#225;c Mandarin n&#224;y th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#224; Minnie S. Brooks m&#7863;c khi thuy&#7871;t tr&#236;nh v&#7873; B&#7897; S&#432;u T&#7853;p &#7844;m Tr&#224; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh.</span></em><span>&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#7897;t ph&#7909; n&#7919; t&#243;c &#273;&#7887; b&#432;&#7899;c ra kh&#7887;i xe h&#417;i ph&#237;a tr&#432;&#7899;c Kh&#225;ch s&#7841;n Beverly Wilshire, kho&#225;c kh&#259;n cho&#224;ng l&#244;ng s&#243;c chinchilla, t&#250;i Vuitton v&#7899;i nh&#227;n ghi:</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>B&#224; Lou Fox</span></em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>Kh&#225;ch S&#7841;n Sahara</span></em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><span>Vegas</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#7890;, c&#243; l&#7869; ch&#250;ng ch&#7859;ng h&#7873; th&#7913; y&#7871;u &#273;&#7871;n th&#7871;. Th&#7921;c t&#7871; l&#224;, b&#224; Minnie S. Brooks v&#224; chi&#7871;c &#193;o Kho&#225;c Mandarin c&#7911;a b&#224; &#273;&#227; k&#233;o t&#244;i tr&#7903; v&#7873; v&#7899;i tu&#7893;i th&#417; c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh; b&#7903;i d&#249; t&#244;i ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng bi&#7871;t b&#224; Brooks v&#224; m&#227;i &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m ba m&#432;&#417;i tu&#7893;i m&#7899;i gh&#233; th&#259;m Qu&#7853;n Inyo, t&#244;i &#273;&#227; l&#7899;n l&#234;n trong ch&#237;nh m&#7897;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i nh&#432; v&#7853;y, trong nh&#7919;ng ng&#244;i nh&#224; l&#7897;n x&#7897;n nh&#7919;ng di v&#7853;t c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i da &#273;&#7887;, nh&#7919;ng m&#7849;u qu&#7863;ng v&#224;ng, long di&#234;n h&#432;&#417;ng v&#224; nh&#7919;ng m&#243;n qu&#224; l&#432;u ni&#7879;m m&#224; d&#236; Mercy Farnsworth c&#7911;a t&#244;i mang v&#7873; t&#7915; ph&#432;&#417;ng &#272;&#244;ng. &#272;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t h&#224;nh tr&#236;nh d&#224;i t&#7915; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#273;&#243; &#273;&#7871;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a b&#224; Lou Fox, n&#417;i t&#7845;t c&#7843; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;ang s&#7889;ng hi&#7879;n nay, v&#224; ch&#7859;ng ph&#7843;i ghi nh&#7899; &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243; c&#361;ng t&#7889;t sao? Bi&#7871;t &#273;&#226;u b&#224; Minnie S. Brooks c&#243; th&#7875; gi&#250;p t&#244;i nh&#7899; l&#7841;i m&#236;nh l&#224; ai? Bi&#7871;t &#273;&#226;u b&#224; Lou Fox c&#243; th&#7875; gi&#250;p t&#244;i nh&#7899; l&#7841;i m&#236;nh kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; h&#7841;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#224;o?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nh&#432;ng &#273;&#244;i khi, m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch l&#7841;i kh&#243; nh&#7853;n di&#7879;n h&#417;n. Ch&#237;nh x&#225;c th&#236; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; suy t&#432; &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236; khi ghi ch&#233;p l&#7841;i r&#7857;ng cha c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i quen &#273;&#227; ph&#7843;i t&#7889;n 650 &#273;&#244; la m&#7895;i th&#225;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#7875; th&#7855;p s&#225;ng c&#259;n nh&#224; b&#234;n d&#242;ng s&#244;ng Hudson n&#417;i &#244;ng ta s&#7889;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c </span><em><span>cu&#7897;c &#272;&#7841;i kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng</span></em><span>? T&#244;i &#273;&#227; d&#7921; t&#237;nh s&#7869; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&#226;u n&#243;i n&#224;y c&#7911;a Jimmy Hoffa v&#224;o vi&#7879;c g&#236;: &#8220;T&#244;i c&#243; th&#7875; c&#243; nh&#7919;ng khuy&#7871;t &#273;i&#7875;m, nh&#432;ng sai l&#7847;m th&#236; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t trong s&#7889; &#273;&#243;&#8221;? V&#224; m&#7863;c d&#249; t&#244;i th&#7845;y th&#250; v&#7883; khi bi&#7871;t nh&#7919;ng c&#244; g&#225;i &#273;i c&#249;ng c&#225;c b&#259;ng nh&#243;m t&#7897;i ph&#7841;m th&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224;m t&#243;c &#7903; &#273;&#226;u khi h&#7885; &#7903; B&#7901; T&#226;y, li&#7879;u t&#244;i c&#243; bao gi&#7901; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng n&#243; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch th&#237;ch &#273;&#225;ng kh&#244;ng? Ch&#7859;ng ph&#7843;i t&#7889;t h&#417;n l&#224; c&#7913; chuy&#7875;n n&#243; cho John O&#8217;Hara sao? M&#7897;t c&#244;ng th&#7913;c l&#224;m d&#432;a c&#7843;i &#272;&#7913;c &#273;ang l&#224;m g&#236; trong s&#7893; ghi ch&#233;p c&#7911;a t&#244;i th&#7871; n&#224;y? Lo&#7841;i chim tha r&#225;c n&#224;o l&#7841;i gi&#7919; cu&#7889;n s&#7893; n&#224;y v&#7853;y nh&#7881;? &#8220;&#212;ng ta ch&#224;o &#273;&#7901;i v&#224;o c&#225;i &#273;&#234;m t&#224;u Titanic ch&#236;m&#8221;. &#272;&#243; d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#226;u v&#259;n kh&#225; hay, v&#224; t&#244;i th&#7853;m ch&#237; c&#242;n nh&#7899; ai &#273;&#227; n&#243;i ra n&#243;, nh&#432;ng ch&#7859;ng ph&#7843;i n&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#226;u tho&#7841;i &#273;&#7901;i th&#7921;c hay h&#417;n b&#7845;t k&#7923; s&#7921; h&#432; c&#7845;u n&#224;o sao?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nh&#432;ng d&#297; nhi&#234;n, ch&#237;nh x&#225;c l&#224; nh&#432; v&#7853;y: kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7875; t&#244;i s&#7869; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&#226;u n&#243;i &#273;&#243; m&#224; l&#224; &#273;&#7875; t&#244;i nh&#7899; v&#7873; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n b&#224; &#273;&#227; n&#243;i ra n&#243; v&#224; bu&#7893;i chi&#7873;u khi t&#244;i nghe th&#7845;y n&#243;. Ch&#250;ng t&#244;i &#273;ang &#7903; tr&#234;n hi&#234;n nh&#224; b&#224; nh&#236;n ra bi&#7875;n, u&#7889;ng n&#7889;t ch&#7895; r&#432;&#7907;u vang c&#242;n l&#7841;i t&#7915; b&#7919;a tr&#432;a, c&#7889; g&#7855;ng t&#7853;n h&#432;&#7903;ng ch&#250;t n&#7855;ng &#237;t &#7887;i, c&#225;i n&#7855;ng m&#249;a &#273;&#244;ng c&#7911;a California. Ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n b&#224; c&#243; ch&#7891;ng sinh v&#224;o &#273;&#234;m t&#224;u Titanic ch&#236;m mu&#7889;n cho thu&#234; nh&#224; &#273;&#7875; tr&#7903; v&#7873; v&#7899;i c&#225;c con &#7903; Paris. T&#244;i nh&#7899; m&#236;nh &#273;&#227; &#432;&#7899;c g&#236; c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7911; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng thu&#234; c&#259;n nh&#224; &#273;&#243;, v&#7899;i gi&#225; 1.000 &#273;&#244; la m&#7897;t th&#225;ng. &#8220;R&#7891;i s&#7869; c&#243; ng&#224;y ch&#225;u &#273;&#7911; s&#7913;c th&#244;i,&#8221; b&#224; n&#243;i m&#7897;t c&#225;ch u&#7875; o&#7843;i. &#8220;R&#7891;i m&#7885;i th&#7913; s&#7869; &#273;&#7871;n&#8221;. D&#432;&#7899;i &#225;nh n&#7855;ng tr&#234;n hi&#234;n nh&#224; b&#224;, th&#7853;t d&#7877; d&#224;ng &#273;&#7875; tin v&#224;o &#8220;m&#7897;t ng&#224;y n&#224;o &#273;&#243;&#8221;, nh&#432;ng sau &#273;&#243; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; tr&#7843;i qua m&#7897;t bu&#7893;i chi&#7873;u ch&#7871;nh cho&#225;ng, m&#7879;t m&#7887;i v&#224; c&#225;n qua m&#7897;t con r&#7855;n &#273;en tr&#234;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7871;n si&#234;u th&#7883;, r&#7891;i b&#7883; ng&#7853;p tr&#224;n trong n&#7895;i s&#7907; h&#227;i kh&#244;ng l&#7901;i khi nghe c&#244; thu ng&#226;n gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng &#273;&#7913;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c t&#244;i l&#253; do t&#7841;i sao cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng c&#244; l&#7841;i ly h&#244;n v&#7899;i ch&#7891;ng. &#8220;Anh ta kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7875; cho t&#244;i l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n n&#224;o kh&#225;c&#8221; c&#244; l&#7863;p &#273;i l&#7863;p l&#7841;i khi nh&#7845;n ph&#237;m tr&#234;n m&#225;y t&#237;nh ti&#7873;n. &#8220;Anh ta c&#243; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;a con b&#7843;y th&#225;ng tu&#7893;i v&#7899;i c&#244; ta, anh ta kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7875; cho t&#244;i l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n n&#224;o kh&#225;c&#8221;. T&#244;i mu&#7889;n tin r&#7857;ng n&#7895;i khi&#7871;p nh&#432;&#7907;c c&#7911;a m&#236;nh l&#250;c &#273;&#243; l&#224; d&#224;nh cho th&#226;n ph&#7853;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i, nh&#432;ng d&#297; nhi&#234;n, &#273;&#243; l&#224; n&#7895;i s&#7907; cho ch&#237;nh t&#244;i, v&#236; t&#244;i mu&#7889;n c&#243; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;a con m&#224; l&#250;c &#273;&#243; v&#7851;n ch&#432;a c&#243;, v&#224; v&#236; t&#244;i mu&#7889;n s&#7903; h&#7919;u c&#259;n nh&#224; c&#243; gi&#225; thu&#234; 1.000 &#273;&#244; la m&#7897;t th&#225;ng kia, v&#224; v&#236; t&#244;i &#273;ang b&#7883; c&#417;n say ch&#7871;nh cho&#225;ng h&#224;nh h&#7841;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>T&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;&#7873;u quay tr&#7903; l&#7841;i. C&#243; l&#7869; th&#7853;t kh&#243; &#273;&#7875; th&#7845;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#225; tr&#7883; c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c t&#236;m l&#7841;i ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh trong t&#226;m tr&#7841;ng &#273;&#243;, nh&#432;ng t&#244;i th&#236; th&#7845;y; t&#244;i ngh&#297; ch&#250;ng ta n&#234;n gi&#7919; m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; x&#227; giao v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#224; ch&#250;ng ta t&#7915;ng nh&#432; th&#7871;, cho d&#249; ta th&#7845;y h&#7885; l&#224; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n &#273;&#7891;ng h&#224;nh th&#250; v&#7883; hay kh&#244;ng. N&#7871;u kh&#244;ng, h&#7885; s&#7869; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n kh&#244;ng b&#225;o tr&#432;&#7899;c v&#224; khi&#7871;n ta kinh ng&#7841;c, &#273;&#7871;n g&#245; c&#7917;a t&#226;m tr&#237; v&#224;o l&#250;c 4 gi&#7901; s&#225;ng c&#7911;a m&#7897;t &#273;&#234;m t&#7891;i t&#7879; v&#224; n&#7857;ng n&#7863;c &#273;&#242;i bi&#7871;t ai &#273;&#227; b&#7887; r&#417;i h&#7885;, ai &#273;&#227; ph&#7843;n b&#7897;i h&#7885;, ai s&#7869; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7891;i th&#432;&#7901;ng. Ch&#250;ng ta qu&#234;n &#273;i qu&#225; s&#7899;m nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u m&#224; ta t&#7915;ng ngh&#297; m&#236;nh kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; c&#243; th&#7875; qu&#234;n. Ch&#250;ng ta qu&#234;n &#273;i nh&#7919;ng t&#236;nh y&#234;u l&#7851;n nh&#7919;ng ph&#7843;n b&#7897;i, qu&#234;n &#273;i nh&#7919;ng g&#236; ta &#273;&#227; th&#7847;m th&#236; v&#224; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; ta &#273;&#227; g&#224;o th&#233;t, qu&#234;n &#273;i ta &#273;&#227; t&#7915;ng l&#224; ai. T&#244;i &#273;&#227; m&#7845;t li&#234;n l&#7841;c v&#7899;i v&#224;i </span><em><span>b&#7843;n th&#7875;</span></em><span> m&#224; m&#236;nh t&#7915;ng l&#224;; m&#7897;t trong s&#7889; &#273;&#243;, m&#7897;t c&#244; b&#233; m&#432;&#7901;i b&#7843;y tu&#7893;i, &#237;t g&#226;y ra m&#7889;i &#273;e d&#7885;a n&#224;o, d&#249; t&#244;i c&#361;ng &#273;&#244;i ch&#250;t h&#7913;ng th&#250; mu&#7889;n bi&#7871;t l&#7841;i c&#7843;m gi&#225;c ng&#7891;i tr&#234;n con &#273;&#234; s&#244;ng u&#7889;ng r&#432;&#7907;u vodka pha n&#432;&#7899;c cam, l&#7855;ng nghe Les Paul v&#224; Mary Ford c&#249;ng ti&#7871;ng vang c&#7911;a h&#7885; h&#225;t b&#224;i </span><em><span>How High the Moon</span></em><span> tr&#234;n radio &#244; t&#244;. (B&#7841;n th&#7845;y &#273;&#7845;y, t&#244;i v&#7851;n c&#242;n gi&#7919; l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng c&#7843;nh tr&#237;, nh&#432;ng t&#244;i kh&#244;ng c&#242;n th&#7845;y m&#236;nh hi&#7879;n di&#7879;n trong s&#7889; &#273;&#243; n&#7919;a, th&#7853;m ch&#237; kh&#244;ng c&#242;n c&#243; th&#7875; &#7913;ng t&#225;c m&#7897;t c&#226;u tho&#7841;i n&#224;o.) M&#7897;t b&#7843;n th&#7875; kh&#225;c, c&#244; g&#225;i tu&#7893;i hai m&#432;&#417;i ba, khi&#7871;n t&#244;i b&#7853;n l&#242;ng h&#417;n. C&#244; ta lu&#244;n l&#224; m&#7897;t r&#7855;c r&#7889;i l&#7899;n, v&#224; t&#244;i &#273;&#7891; r&#7857;ng c&#244; ta s&#7869; t&#225;i xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n v&#224;o l&#250;c t&#244;i &#237;t mu&#7889;n th&#7845;y c&#244; ta nh&#7845;t, v&#225;y qu&#225; d&#224;i, nh&#250;t nh&#225;t &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c g&#226;y b&#7921;c m&#236;nh, lu&#244;n &#273;&#243;ng vai n&#7841;n nh&#226;n, &#273;&#7847;y r&#7851;y nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i tr&#225;ch m&#243;c, nh&#7919;ng t&#7893;n th&#432;&#417;ng nh&#7887; nh&#7863;t v&#224; nh&#7919;ng c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n t&#244;i kh&#244;ng mu&#7889;n nghe l&#7841;i l&#7847;n n&#7919;a, c&#244; ta v&#7915;a l&#224;m t&#244;i bu&#7891;n v&#7915;a l&#224;m t&#244;i gi&#7853;n b&#7903;i s&#7921; mong manh v&#224; s&#7921; thi&#7871;u hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh, m&#7897;t b&#243;ng ma c&#224;ng tr&#7903; n&#234;n n&#224;i n&#7881; h&#417;n v&#236; &#273;&#227; b&#7883; xua &#273;u&#7893;i t&#7915; bao gi&#7901;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>V&#7853;y n&#234;n, gi&#7919; li&#234;n l&#7841;c l&#224; m&#7897;t &#253; t&#432;&#7903;ng hay, v&#224; theo t&#244;i th&#236; &#273;&#243; ch&#237;nh l&#224; &#253; ngh&#297;a c&#7889;t l&#245;i c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n s&#7893; ghi ch&#233;p. Ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#417;n &#273;&#7897;c trong vi&#7879;c gi&#7919; cho nh&#7919;ng s&#7907;i d&#226;y k&#7871;t n&#7889;i v&#7899;i ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh lu&#244;n th&#244;ng su&#7889;t: cu&#7889;n s&#7893; c&#7911;a b&#7841;n s&#7869; ch&#7859;ng bao gi&#7901; gi&#250;p &#237;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho t&#244;i v&#224; cu&#7889;n c&#7911;a t&#244;i c&#361;ng s&#7869; kh&#244;ng gi&#250;p g&#236; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho b&#7841;n. &#8220;V&#7853;y, ng&#224;nh kinh doanh r&#432;&#7907;u c&#243; g&#236; m&#7899;i kh&#244;ng?&#8221;, c&#226;u &#273;&#243; c&#243; th&#7875; c&#243; &#253; ngh&#297;a g&#236; v&#7899;i b&#7841;n c&#417; ch&#7913;? V&#7899;i t&#244;i, n&#243; g&#7907;i l&#234;n h&#236;nh &#7843;nh m&#7897;t c&#244; n&#224;ng t&#243;c v&#224;ng trong b&#7897; &#273;&#7891; b&#417;i hi&#7879;u Pucci ng&#7891;i c&#249;ng v&#224;i g&#227; &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng b&#233;o m&#7853;p b&#234;n h&#7891; b&#417;i kh&#225;ch s&#7841;n Beverly Hills. M&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng kh&#225;c ti&#7871;n l&#7841;i g&#7847;n, v&#224; t&#7845;t c&#7843; b&#7885;n h&#7885; nh&#236;n nhau im l&#7863;ng m&#7897;t h&#7891;i. &#8220;V&#7853;y, ng&#224;nh kinh doanh r&#432;&#7907;u c&#243; g&#236; m&#7899;i kh&#244;ng?&#8221; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng g&#227; m&#7853;p cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng l&#234;n ti&#7871;ng thay cho l&#7901;i ch&#224;o, v&#224; c&#244; n&#224;ng t&#243;c v&#224;ng &#273;&#7913;ng d&#7853;y, ki&#7877;ng ch&#226;n r&#7891;i nh&#250;ng xu&#7889;ng h&#7891; b&#417;i, m&#7855;t kh&#244;ng r&#7901;i kh&#7887;i c&#259;n l&#7873;u nh&#7887; n&#417;i Baby Pignatari &#273;ang n&#243;i chuy&#7879;n &#273;i&#7879;n tho&#7841;i. Chuy&#7879;n ch&#7881; c&#243; v&#7853;y, ngo&#7841;i tr&#7915; vi&#7879;c v&#224;i n&#259;m sau, t&#244;i th&#7845;y c&#244; n&#224;ng t&#243;c v&#224;ng &#273;&#243; b&#432;&#7899;c ra t&#7915; c&#7917;a h&#224;ng Saks Fifth Avenue &#7903; New York v&#7899;i l&#224;n da &#273;&#7863;c tr&#432;ng v&#249;ng California v&#224; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c &#225;o kho&#225;c l&#244;ng ch&#7891;n &#273;&#7891; s&#7897;. Trong c&#417;n gi&#243; nghi&#7879;t ng&#227; ng&#224;y h&#244;m &#273;&#243;, c&#244; ta tr&#244;ng gi&#224; nua v&#224; m&#7879;t m&#7887;i m&#7897;t c&#225;ch kh&#244;ng th&#7875; c&#7913;u v&#227;n trong m&#7855;t t&#244;i v&#224; ngay c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng l&#7899;p da tr&#234;n chi&#7871;c &#225;o l&#244;ng c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#7917; l&#253; theo c&#225;ch ng&#432;&#7901;i ta l&#224;m n&#259;m &#273;&#243;, kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i theo c&#225;ch c&#244; ta mong mu&#7889;n v&#224; &#273;&#243; ch&#237;nh l&#224; m&#7845;u ch&#7889;t c&#7911;a c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n. M&#7897;t th&#7901;i gian sau &#273;&#243;, t&#244;i kh&#244;ng c&#242;n mu&#7889;n nh&#236;n v&#224;o g&#432;&#417;ng, m&#7855;t t&#244;i l&#432;&#7899;t qua nh&#7919;ng trang b&#225;o v&#224; ch&#7881; l&#7885;c ra nh&#7919;ng tin t&#7913;c ch&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i, nh&#7919;ng n&#7841;n nh&#226;n ung th&#432;, nh&#7919;ng ca nh&#7891;i m&#225;u c&#417; tim s&#7899;m, nh&#7919;ng v&#7909; t&#7921; s&#225;t; v&#224; t&#244;i ng&#7915;ng &#273;i tuy&#7871;n t&#224;u &#273;i&#7879;n ng&#7847;m IRT &#273;&#7841;i l&#7897; Lexington v&#236; l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n t&#244;i nh&#7853;n ra r&#7857;ng t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7841; m&#224; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; th&#7845;y su&#7889;t bao n&#259;m qua &#8211; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#224;n &#244;ng v&#7899;i con ch&#243; d&#7851;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng, ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; &#273;&#7897;c th&#226;n &#273;&#7885;c trang rao v&#7863;t m&#7895;i ng&#224;y, c&#244; n&#224;ng &#273;&#7851;y &#273;&#224; lu&#244;n xu&#7889;ng t&#224;u c&#249;ng t&#244;i &#7903; ga Grand Central &#8211; &#273;&#7873;u tr&#244;ng gi&#224; h&#417;n tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#226;y.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>T&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;&#7873;u quay tr&#7903; l&#7841;i. Ngay c&#7843; c&#244;ng th&#7913;c l&#224;m m&#243;n d&#432;a c&#7843;i &#272;&#7913;c kia: ngay c&#7843; n&#243; c&#361;ng g&#7907;i l&#7841;i m&#7885;i th&#7913;. T&#244;i &#273;&#227; &#7903; &#273;&#7843;o Fire khi l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n l&#224;m m&#243;n d&#432;a c&#7843;i &#273;&#243;, tr&#7901;i khi &#273;&#243; t&#7847;m t&#227; m&#432;a, v&#224; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i &#273;&#227; u&#7889;ng r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u r&#432;&#7907;u bourbon, &#259;n m&#243;n d&#432;a c&#7843;i r&#7891;i &#273;i ng&#7911; l&#250;c m&#432;&#7901;i gi&#7901;; t&#244;i l&#7855;ng nghe ti&#7871;ng m&#432;a v&#224; ti&#7871;ng s&#243;ng &#272;&#7841;i T&#226;y D&#432;&#417;ng v&#224; c&#7843;m th&#7845;y an l&#242;ng. T&#7889;i qua t&#244;i l&#7841;i l&#224;m m&#243;n d&#432;a c&#7843;i &#273;&#243;, n&#243; kh&#244;ng l&#224;m t&#244;i th&#7845;y an l&#242;ng th&#234;m ch&#250;t n&#224;o, nh&#432;ng &#273;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n kh&#225;c, nh&#432; ng&#432;&#7901;i ta v&#7851;n th&#432;&#7901;ng n&#243;i.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[ITALO CALVINO – NHỮNG DỰ ĐỊNH XỊN]]></title><description><![CDATA[V&#7873; nh&#7919;ng d&#7921; &#273;&#7883;nh x&#7883;n x&#242; &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7885;c trong k&#7923; ngh&#7881;]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/italo-calvino-nhung-du-inh-xin</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/italo-calvino-nhung-du-inh-xin</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 04:10:41 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2979188e-3eff-4dcf-b8e9-48ae4516aed6_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c x&#7883;n</em> lu&#244;n s&#7889;t ru&#7897;t tr&#244;ng ng&#243;ng k&#7923; ngh&#7881; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. Anh ta &#273;&#227; d&#224;nh ri&#234;ng m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng s&#225;ch anh ta ghi&#7873;n cho nh&#7919;ng tu&#7847;n s&#7855;p t&#7899;i t&#225;ch bi&#7879;t n&#417;i s&#417;n c&#249;ng th&#7911;y t&#7853;n v&#224; anh &#273;&#227; c&#243; th&#7875; n&#7871;m tr&#432;&#7899;c ni&#7873;m vui c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng gi&#7845;c tr&#432;a d&#432;&#7899;i b&#243;ng r&#226;m, ti&#7871;ng gi&#7845;y s&#7897;t so&#7841;t, cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7855;m m&#236;nh v&#224;o c&#417;n quy&#7871;n r&#361; c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng th&#7871; gi&#7899;i kh&#225;c to&#225;t ra t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng trang s&#225;ch in d&#224;y &#273;&#7863;c.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Khi k&#7923; ngh&#7881; &#273;&#7871;n g&#7847;n, <em>ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c x&#7883;n</em> d&#7841;o quanh c&#225;c hi&#7879;u s&#225;ch, ng&#7855;m ngh&#237;a, h&#237;t h&#224;, &#273;&#7855;n &#273;o, r&#7891;i ng&#224;y h&#244;m sau l&#7841;i quay l&#7841;i &#273;&#7875; mua; v&#7873; &#273;&#7871;n nh&#224;, anh nh&#7845;c t&#7915; tr&#234;n k&#7879; xu&#7889;ng nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch ch&#432;a r&#7885;c r&#7891;i x&#7871;p ch&#250;ng ngay ng&#7855;n gi&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng t&#7845;m ch&#7863;n s&#225;ch tr&#234;n b&#224;n l&#224;m vi&#7879;c.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#272;&#226;y l&#224; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m m&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i leo n&#250;i m&#417; v&#7873; &#273;&#7881;nh cao m&#224; m&#236;nh &#273;ang chu&#7849;n b&#7883; chinh ph&#7909;c, v&#224; <em>ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c x&#7883;n</em> c&#361;ng v&#7853;y, anh ch&#7885;n cho m&#236;nh m&#7897;t &#273;&#7881;nh cao &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7847;u. V&#237; d&#7909;, &#273;&#243; c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7841;i v&#259;n h&#224;o c&#7911;a th&#7871; k&#7927; XIX &#8211; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#224; ta ch&#7859;ng bao gi&#7901; d&#225;m v&#7895; ng&#7921;c r&#7857;ng &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7885;c h&#7871;t to&#224;n b&#7897; di s&#7843;n v&#259;n h&#7885;c c&#7911;a h&#7885;, ho&#7863;c nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#224; kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#225;c ph&#7849;m &#273;&#7891; s&#7897; lu&#244;n khi&#7871;n <em>ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c x&#7883;n</em> c&#243; ch&#250;t ki&#234;ng d&#232;, ho&#7863;c nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#224; t&#225;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a h&#7885;, v&#7889;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7885;c v&#224;o nh&#7919;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m v&#224; giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i kh&#225;c nhau, ch&#7881; c&#242;n &#273;&#7875; l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng m&#7843;nh k&#253; &#7913;c.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c x&#7883;n</em> quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng, cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng th&#236; v&#224;o h&#232; n&#224;y anh s&#7869; th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;&#7885;c t&#225;c gi&#7843; &#273;&#243;; c&#243; th&#7875; anh s&#7869; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7885;c h&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7885;i th&#7913; trong k&#7923; ngh&#7881;, nh&#432;ng anh s&#7869; x&#226;y d&#7921;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng &#273;&#7885;c c&#259;n b&#7843;n, v&#224; r&#7891;i trong n&#259;m, anh c&#243; th&#7875; l&#7845;p &#273;&#7847;y nh&#7919;ng kho&#7843;ng tr&#7889;ng m&#7897;t c&#225;ch d&#7877; d&#224;ng v&#224; thong th&#7843;. Th&#7871; l&#224; anh t&#236;m mua nh&#7919;ng t&#225;c ph&#7849;m m&#236;nh &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;&#7885;c, b&#7857;ng nguy&#234;n t&#225;c n&#7871;u &#273;&#243; l&#224; ng&#244;n ng&#7919; anh r&#224;nh, n&#7871;u kh&#244;ng th&#236; b&#7857;ng b&#7843;n d&#7883;ch t&#7889;t nh&#7845;t; anh &#432;u ti&#234;n nh&#7919;ng t&#7853;p l&#7899;n trong c&#225;c b&#7897; tuy&#7875;n t&#7853;p t&#225;c ph&#7849;m, nh&#432;ng c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng ch&#234; s&#225;ch b&#236;a m&#7873;m &#8211; lo&#7841;i thu&#7853;n ti&#7879;n h&#417;n &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7885;c tr&#234;n b&#227;i bi&#7875;n, d&#432;&#7899;i t&#225;n c&#226;y hay tr&#234;n xe bu&#253;t. Anh b&#7893; sung th&#234;m m&#7897;t v&#224;i b&#224;i ti&#7875;u lu&#7853;n ph&#234; b&#236;nh hay v&#7873; t&#225;c gi&#7843; &#273;&#227; ch&#7885;n, ho&#7863;c c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; m&#7897;t t&#7853;p th&#432; t&#7915; qua l&#7841;i: V&#7853;y l&#224; xong, gi&#7901; anh &#273;&#227; c&#243; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n &#273;&#7891;ng h&#224;nh v&#7919;ng ch&#227;i cho k&#7923; ngh&#7881; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. Tr&#7901;i c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7893; m&#432;a &#273;&#225; su&#7889;t th&#7901;i gian &#273;&#243;, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n &#273;&#7891;ng h&#224;nh c&#249;ng &#273;i ngh&#7881; c&#243; th&#7875; h&#243;a ra &#273;&#225;ng gh&#233;t, l&#361; mu&#7895;i c&#243; th&#7875; g&#226;y kh&#243; ch&#7883;u v&#224; &#273;&#7891; &#259;n th&#236; kh&#244;ng nu&#7889;t tr&#244;i: [nh&#432;ng] k&#7923; ngh&#7881; s&#7869; ch&#7859;ng b&#7883; ph&#237; ho&#224;i, <em>ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c x&#7883;n</em> s&#7869; tr&#7903; v&#7873; v&#7899;i t&#226;m h&#7891;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#224;n tr&#7873; b&#7903;i m&#7897;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng m&#7899;i.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#272;&#226;y hi&#7875;n nhi&#234;n m&#7899;i ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#243;n ch&#237;nh, gi&#7901; anh ph&#7843;i ngh&#297; &#273;&#7871;n c&#225;c m&#243;n ph&#7909;. <em>Ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c x&#7883;n</em> mu&#7889;n theo d&#245;i nh&#7919;ng &#7845;n ph&#7849;m m&#7899;i nh&#7845;t ngo&#224;i hi&#7879;u s&#225;ch; r&#7891;i c&#242;n c&#243; nh&#7919;ng c&#244;ng tr&#236;nh m&#7899;i xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c chuy&#234;n m&#244;n c&#7911;a anh n&#7919;a, v&#224; vi&#7879;c t&#7853;n d&#7909;ng nh&#7919;ng ng&#224;y n&#224;y &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7885;c ch&#250;ng l&#224; v&#244; c&#249;ng quan tr&#7885;ng; anh c&#361;ng ph&#7843;i ch&#7885;n th&#234;m v&#224;i cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t v&#7899;i m&#7899; &#273;&#227; ch&#7885;n tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#243; &#273;&#7875; cho &#273;a d&#7841;ng, t&#7841;o &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n cho nh&#7919;ng qu&#227;ng ngh&#7881; th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n, s&#7921; th&#432; gi&#227;n v&#224; thay &#273;&#7893;i cung b&#7853;c c&#7843;m x&#250;c. Gi&#7901; &#273;&#226;y, tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7855;t <em>ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c x&#7883;n</em> l&#224; m&#7897;t k&#7871; ho&#7841;ch &#273;&#7885;c chi ti&#7871;t cho m&#7885;i ho&#224;n c&#7843;nh, m&#7885;i gi&#7901; gi&#7845;c trong ng&#224;y, m&#7885;i t&#226;m tr&#7841;ng. Gi&#225; m&#224; anh ta c&#243; s&#7861;n m&#7897;t ng&#244;i nh&#224; cho k&#7923; ngh&#7881; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh...</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1952)</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[SỰ BIẾN MẤT CỦA VIRGIL TRONG THẦN KHÚC]]></title><description><![CDATA[Th&#7917; m&#7897;t l&#7889;i bi&#7879;n h&#7897; qua Williams &#8211; Nietzsche &#8211; Lacan]]></description><link>https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/su-bien-mat-cua-virgil-trong-than</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/p/su-bien-mat-cua-virgil-trong-than</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Tín Đọc Một Chút]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2026 01:54:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/018f57bb-6b89-443d-8dd2-39072f8d7cf2_1200x630.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Sau khi b&#432;&#7899;c ra kh&#7887;i n&#250;i </span><em><span>Luy&#7879;n ng&#7909;c</span></em><span> v&#224; gi&#7851;m ch&#226;n l&#234;n &#273;&#7883;a &#273;&#224;ng s&#417; nguy&#234;n, Dante th&#7845;y b&#7843;n th&#7875; m&#236;nh &#273;&#7897;t ng&#7897;t b&#7883; v&#249;i v&#224;o m&#7897;t ngh&#7883;ch l&#253; gi&#7919;a t&#7921; do v&#224; m&#7845;t t&#259;m h&#7879; quy chi&#7871;u l&#253; tr&#237;. Virgil &#273;&#227; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t. Minh s&#432; Virgil &#273;&#227; k&#7873; vai s&#225;t c&#225;nh c&#249;ng Dante v&#432;&#7907;t h&#7889; th&#7859;m </span><em><span>&#272;&#7883;a ng&#7909;c</span></em><span> &#273;&#227; tan bi&#7871;n v&#224;o thinh kh&#244;ng khi &#225;nh s&#225;ng c&#7911;a Beatrice v&#7915;a chi&#7871;u ch&#7841;m v&#224;o t&#225;n l&#225; khu v&#432;&#7901;n v&#224; cho&#225;n ng&#7907;p m&#7885;i gi&#225;c quan c&#7911;a Dante. S&#7903; d&#297; c&#243; b&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y l&#224; v&#236; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n c&#7911;a t&#244;i v&#7915;a d&#7845;y l&#234;n s&#7921; nghi ng&#7901; s&#226;u th&#7859;m v&#7899;i t&#236;nh ti&#7871;t n&#224;y trong</span><em><span> La Divina Commedia</span></em><span> (Th&#7847;n Kh&#250;c). Quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a h&#7885; cho r&#7857;ng: &#8220;Virgil &#273;&#227; b&#7887; m&#7863;c Dante m&#224; kh&#244;ng m&#7897;t l&#7901;i gi&#227; t&#7915;, qu&#7843; l&#224; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7847;y kh&#244;ng &#273;&#225;ng tin khi &#244;ng &#273;&#227; ch&#7841;y tr&#7889;n kh&#7887;i t&#236;nh c&#7843;nh.&#8221; Nh&#432;ng li&#7879;u r&#7857;ng c&#243; ph&#7843;i l&#224; v&#7853;y? Gi&#7901; &#273;&#226;y, h&#227;y c&#249;ng nhau &#273;i s&#226;u v&#224;o khung c&#7843;nh thi ca mang t&#237;nh l&#7857;n ranh n&#224;y.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;to say to Virgil: &#8216;Not a single drop of blood</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>remains in me that does not tremble</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>I know the signs of the ancient flame.&#8217;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>But Virgil had departed, leaving us bereft:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Virgil, sweetest of fathers,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Virgil, to whom I gave myself for my salvation.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>(Dante Alighieri, </span><em><span>Luy&#7879;n ng&#7909;c</span></em><span>, canto XXX, b&#7843;n d&#7883;ch c&#7911;a nh&#224; Hollander)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>N&#7871;u nh&#236;n nh&#7853;n s&#7921; bi&#7871;n l&#224; s&#7921; tr&#7889;n ch&#7841;y c&#7911;a Virgil th&#236; th&#7853;t oan cho &#244;ng qu&#225; &#273;&#7895;i. Theo ph&#226;n t&#237;ch c&#7911;a Charles Williams, t&#225;c gi&#7843; cu&#7889;n </span><em><span>The Figure of Beatrice</span></em><span> th&#236; &#273;&#226;y l&#224; s&#7921; ho&#224;n t&#7845;t v&#7865;n to&#224;n c&#7911;a</span><em><span> s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng-hi&#7879;n</span></em><span>, ngh&#297;a l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; r&#7901;i &#273;i c&#243; tr&#7853;t t&#7921; trong m&#7897;t gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n ch&#7913;c ph&#7853;n. Virgil &#7903; &#273;&#226;y &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n cho m&#7897;t s&#7921; gi&#225;n ti&#7871;p tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7911;a Dante, l&#224; bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a l&#253; tr&#237; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. Nh&#432; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c n&#224;o c&#243; t&#236;m hi&#7875;u c&#361;ng bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng Virgil sinh s&#7889;ng c&#225;ch Dante h&#417;n ch&#7909;c th&#7871; k&#7927;, vi&#7879;c Virgil xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong Th&#7847;n Kh&#250;c th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t l&#224; s&#7921; ph&#243;ng chi&#7871;u c&#7911;a Dante v&#7873; Virgil, t&#244;n &#244;ng l&#224; v&#7883; th&#7847;y linh h&#432;&#7899;ng c&#7911;a m&#236;nh.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Beatrice xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n &#7903; &#273;&#226;y, theo &#273;&#243;, kh&#244;ng h&#7873; l&#224; m&#7897;t Beatrice b&#7857;ng x&#432;&#417;ng b&#7857;ng th&#7883;t n&#7919;a m&#224; &#273;&#226;y l&#224; th&#7921;c th&#7875; t&#226;m linh. Cu&#7897;c h&#7841;nh ng&#7897; v&#7899;i Beatrice l&#224; &#273;&#7881;nh &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a thi ph&#7849;m n&#224;y khi Dante m&#244; t&#7843;, c&#225;ch &#273;&#7897;c nh&#7845;t v&#244; nh&#7883;, n&#224;ng t&#7915; tr&#7901;i cao gi&#225;ng tr&#7847;n gi&#7919;a v&#432;&#7901;n hoang. Kho&#7843;ng c&#225;ch gi&#7919;a Virgil v&#224; Beatrice l&#224; kho&#7843;ng c&#225;ch gi&#7919;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#224; thi&#234;n linh, </span><em><span>&#272;&#7883;a Ng&#7909;c</span></em><span> v&#224; </span><em><span>Luy&#7879;n Ng&#7909;c</span></em><span> t&#225;ch bi&#7879;t h&#7859;n so v&#7899;i c&#245;i Thi&#234;n &#272;&#224;ng. Beatrice xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong thi ph&#7849;m kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i Beatrice trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; &#273;&#227; ch&#7871;t v&#224; Dante &#273;&#227; y&#234;u m&#224; &#273;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t Beatrice bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng huy&#7873;n b&#237;, &#7849;n t&#224;ng trong s&#7855;c m&#226;y b&#7891;ng v&#224; ng&#225;t h&#432;&#417;ng hoa v&#7899;i thi&#234;n th&#7847;n h&#7897; t&#7889;ng. Nh&#432;ng c&#7843;nh s&#7855;c v&#224; h&#236;nh t&#432;&#7907;ng n&#224;y cho th&#7845;y ch&#237;nh trong t&#225;c ph&#7849;m m&#236;nh Dante &#273;&#227; kh&#244;ng ch&#7885;n nh&#7919;ng g&#236; thu&#7847;n t&#250;y ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7875; l&#224;m ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span> &#9;T&#7915; bi&#7871;n c&#7889; g&#7863;p g&#7905; cho&#225;n ng&#7907;p cho &#273;&#7871;n khi ngo&#225;i &#273;&#7847;u th&#7845;y th&#7847;y kh&#244;ng c&#242;n, Dante xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t kho&#7843;ng kh&#244;ng, hay s&#7921; v&#7855;ng l&#7863;ng, trong m&#7897;t kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c. &#272;&#7875; d&#7877; hi&#7875;u ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; th&#7875; chi&#7871;u theo l&#253; thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a Lacan. Dante coi Virgil nh&#432; m&#7897;t t&#7845;m g&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7875; r&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7907;c v&#7873; m&#236;nh trong </span><em><span>ph&#7893; bi&#7875;u tr&#432;ng </span></em><span>(Symbolic order) v&#236; Virgil l&#224; </span><em><span>c&#225;i Kh&#225;c L&#7899;n </span></em><span>(the Big Other). Nh&#432;ng m&#7897;t s&#7921; thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t t&#224;n kh&#7889;c ngay l&#7853;p t&#7913;c nh&#432; v&#7853;y &#273;&#227; l&#224;m Dante ph&#7843;i g&#7885;i t&#234;n th&#7847;y li&#234;n t&#7909;c v&#224; h&#7889;t ho&#7843;ng. Tuy nhi&#234;n, s&#7921; thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t &#273;&#7897;t ng&#7897;t c&#243; d&#7909;ng &#253; n&#224;y l&#224; m&#7897;t th&#7911; ph&#225;p b&#7843;n th&#7875; h&#7885;c. Dante ph&#7843;i tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m s&#7921; m&#7845;t m&#225;t Virgil &#273;&#7875; nh&#7853;n ra ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh v&#7889;n d&#297; c&#243; th&#7875; ng&#432;ng nh&#236;n l&#7841;i s&#7921; soi chi&#7871;u t&#7915; g&#432;&#417;ng th&#7847;y r&#7891;i. D&#7851;n ch&#7913;ng cho chi ti&#7871;t n&#224;y l&#224; t&#7915; c&#226;u th&#417; d&#7851;n l&#7901;i Virgil:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#8220;No longer wait for word or sign from me.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Your will is free, upright, and sound.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Not to act as it chooses is unworthy: over yourself I crown and miter you.&#8221;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>(Dante Alighieri, Luy&#7879;n ng&#7909;c, canto XXVII, b&#7843;n d&#7883;ch c&#7911;a nh&#224; Hollander)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Virgil tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t s&#7921; &#8220;v&#7855;ng m&#7863;t &#273;&#7847;y hi&#7879;n di&#7879;n&#8221;, bu&#7897;c Dante ph&#7843;i t&#7921; &#273;&#7913;ng v&#7919;ng tr&#234;n &#273;&#244;i ch&#226;n c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ch&#7911; th&#7875; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#8220;trao v&#432;&#417;ng mi&#7879;n v&#224; m&#361; gi&#225;m m&#7909;c&#8221; (</span><em><span>corono e mitrio</span></em><span>)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Lu&#7853;n &#273;i&#7875;m coi Virgil l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7847;y kh&#244;ng &#273;&#225;ng tin c&#7853;y th&#432;&#7901;ng l&#7847;m t&#432;&#7903;ng s&#7921; h&#7919;u h&#7841;n c&#7911;a &#244;ng, theo ngh&#297;a l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, v&#7899;i s&#7921; sai l&#7847;m. Vi&#7879;c di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i thi ph&#7849;m mang &#273;&#7853;m m&#224;u s&#7855;c huy&#7873;n nhi&#7879;m t&#244;n gi&#225;o theo thi&#234;n h&#432;&#7899;ng l&#7883;ch s&#7917; v&#224; t&#226;m l&#253; nh&#432; v&#7853;y e r&#7857;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7875; &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n t&#7853;n c&#249;ng c&#225;c l&#7899;p ngh&#297;a. Th&#7921;c t&#7871;, Virgil l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#225;ng tin nh&#7845;t v&#236; &#244;ng bi&#7871;t r&#245; ranh gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. Trong th&#7847;n h&#7885;c, &#273;&#226;y l&#224; ti&#7871;n tr&#236;nh </span><em><span>kenosis</span></em><span> (h&#432; kh&#244;ng h&#243;a). Gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; vi&#7879;c Ch&#250;a Kit&#244; ph&#7843;i r&#7901;i b&#7887; c&#225;c m&#244;n &#273;&#7879; &#273;&#7875; Th&#225;nh Th&#7847;n c&#243; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n xu&#7889;ng, Virgil ph&#7843;i t&#7921; </span><em><span>h&#432; kh&#244;ng h&#243;a</span></em><span> ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh &#273;&#7875; Beatrice c&#243; th&#7875; hi&#7875;n l&#7897;. N&#7871;u Virgil ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c &#7903; l&#7841;i, Virgil s&#7869; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t &#8220;th&#7847;n t&#432;&#7907;ng&#8221; ng&#259;n c&#7843;n Dante ch&#7841;m t&#7899;i Thi&#234;n Ch&#250;a. S&#7921; ra &#273;i l&#7863;ng l&#7869; c&#7911;a &#244;ng l&#224; h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7883;ch thi&#7879;p cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng c&#7911;a m&#7897;t tr&#237; tu&#7879; La M&#227; qua vi&#7879;c kh&#244;ng tranh gi&#224;nh kh&#244;ng gian v&#7899;i &#226;n s&#7911;ng thi&#234;n &#273;&#224;ng. Ch&#237;nh Virgil &#273;&#227; d&#7851;n Dante &#273;&#7871;n t&#7853;n c&#249;ng c&#7911;a kh&#7843; n&#259;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i, v&#224; t&#7841;i &#273;&#243;, s&#7921; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t c&#7911;a &#244;ng ch&#237;nh l&#224; b&#224;i gi&#7843;ng cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng v&#7873; s&#7921; khi&#234;m nh&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a tr&#237; tu&#7879;. Virgil c&#243; th&#7875; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7913;u r&#7895;i theo ngh&#297;a gi&#225;o lu&#7853;t, nh&#432;ng nh&#432; Williams vi&#7871;t: &#8220;Vi&#7879;c ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c nh&#7901; ch&#250;ng ta m&#224; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh nh&#224; th&#417; hay Kit&#244; h&#7919;u kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7891;ng ngh&#297;a v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c ch&#237;nh ch&#250;ng ta c&#361;ng tr&#7903; th&#224;nh Kit&#244; h&#7919;u hay nh&#224; th&#417;... nh&#432;ng to&#224;n b&#7897; </span><em><span>s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng-hi&#7879;n</span></em><span>&#8221; S&#7921; c&#7913;u r&#7895;i c&#7911;a Dante ch&#237;nh l&#224; s&#7921; ho&#224;n t&#7845;t c&#7911;a Virgil. Virgil &#273;&#225;ng tin b&#7903;i v&#236; th&#224;nh qu&#7843; c&#7911;a &#244;ng, m&#7897;t Dante &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thanh t&#7849;y, &#273;ang &#273;&#7913;ng v&#7919;ng t&#7841;i ng&#432;&#7905;ng c&#7917;a Thi&#234;n &#273;&#224;ng.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>L&#253; tr&#237; (Virgil) &#273;&#227; chu&#7849;n b&#7883; ng&#244;n ng&#7919; cho Dante, nh&#432;ng gi&#7901; &#273;&#226;y, ng&#244;n ng&#7919; &#273;&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7893; v&#224;o m&#7897;t b&#236;nh ch&#7913;a m&#7899;i l&#224; T&#236;nh y&#234;u (Beatrice). Khi Dante th&#7889;t l&#234;n l&#7901;i ch&#224;o Beatrice: </span><em><span>&#8220;Conosco i segni dell&#8217;antica fiamma&#8221;</span></em><span> (I know the signs of the ancient flame&#8221;) &#273;&#227; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t s&#7921; tri nh&#7853;n m&#7897;t hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng v&#224; &#273;&#7883;nh danh cho m&#7897;t t&#236;nh y&#234;u m&#7899;i. Ngh&#297;a l&#224; v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c nh&#7853;n ra n&#224;y, Dante gi&#225;n ti&#7871;p kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng th&#244;ng tu&#7879; lo&#224;i ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#417;i Virgil &#273;ang hi&#7879;n h&#7919;u n&#417;i Dante. C&#225;i tinh th&#7847;n s&#7889;ng &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a Virgil tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n trong h&#417;i th&#7903; c&#7911;a Dante. S&#7921; v&#7855;ng m&#7863;t c&#7911;a Virgil trong kh&#244;ng gian v&#7853;t l&#253; l&#7841;i l&#224; s&#7921; hi&#7879;n di&#7879;n tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i trong c&#7845;u tr&#250;c t&#432; duy c&#7911;a Dante. K&#7867; d&#7851;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng kh&#244;ng c&#242;n &#273;i b&#234;n c&#7841;nh v&#236; &#244;ng &#273;&#227; h&#242;a nh&#7853;p v&#224;o b&#234;n trong ch&#7911; th&#7875;. C&#243; th&#7875; hi&#7875;u nh&#432; t&#7915;</span><em><span> giai &#273;o&#7841;n G&#432;&#417;ng </span></em><span>cho &#273;&#7871;n ho&#224;n t&#7845;t qu&#225; tr&#236;nh </span><em><span>Ch&#7911; th&#7875; h&#243;a </span></em><span>(Subjectification).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>N&#7871;u c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n t&#7853;n c&#249;ng c&#7911;a khung c&#7843;nh b&#7857;ng th&#7911; ph&#225;p c&#7911;a Nietzsche trong </span><em><span>S&#7921; ra &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a Bi k&#7883;ch</span></em><span>, ta c&#243; th&#7875; ph&#225;t hi&#7879;n ra </span><em><span>xung l&#7921;c Apollonian</span></em><span> t&#7841;i kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c th&#259;ng hoa c&#7911;a m&#7897;t c&#7845;u tr&#250;c bi k&#7883;ch mang t&#7847;m v&#243;c v&#361; tr&#7909;. Nh&#432; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p, Virgil mang &#273;&#7871;n g&#432;&#417;ng soi v&#224; ph&#7893; bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng, &#273;&#243; c&#361;ng l&#224; nh&#7919;ng h&#236;nh kh&#7889;i, l&#7873; lu&#7853;t, quy &#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7875; Dante v&#7919;ng v&#224;ng l&#242;ng d&#7841; &#273;i v&#224;o n&#417;i &#8220;b&#7887; m&#7885;i hy v&#7885;ng&#8221; m&#224; kh&#244;ng b&#7883; tha h&#243;a. Tuy nhi&#234;n, nh&#432; Nietzsche &#273;&#227; l&#7853;p lu&#7853;n, bi k&#7883;ch ch&#7881; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; v&#7865;n to&#224;n khi </span><em><span>xung l&#7921;c Apollonian</span></em><span> tan r&#227; &#273;&#7875; nh&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7895; cho </span><em><span>xung l&#7921;c Dionysian</span></em><span>. S&#7921; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a Beatrice, trong c&#417;n l&#7889;c c&#7911;a m&#226;y v&#224; hoa, ch&#237;nh l&#224; m&#7897;t </span><em><span>xung l&#7921;c Dionysian</span></em><span> t&#7915; thi&#234;n &#273;&#224;ng. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; kh&#237;a c&#7841;nh v&#297;nh c&#7917;u c&#7911;a t&#236;nh y&#234;u, theo d&#242;ng ch&#7843;y t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7915; Nietzsche &#273;&#7871;n Heidegger, m&#224; ch&#7881; c&#243; tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7881;nh thi ca m&#7899;i c&#243; th&#7875; ch&#7841;m &#273;&#7871;n. S&#7921; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t c&#7911;a Virgil ch&#237;nh l&#224; h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7921; h&#7911;y minh tri&#7871;t c&#7911;a h&#236;nh th&#7913;c &#273;&#7875; nh&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7895; cho n&#7897;i dung, c&#7911;a tr&#237; tu&#7879; &#273;&#7875; nh&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7895; cho say m&#234;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#272;&#7875; k&#7871;t l&#7841;i, Virgil &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kh&#7855;c h&#7885;a trong Th&#7847;n Kh&#250;c l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7847;y v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i nh&#7845;t b&#7903;i &#244;ng &#273;&#227; d&#225;m tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t kho&#7843;ng tr&#7889;ng c&#243; d&#7909;ng &#253; m&#7897;t s&#7921; thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t b&#7843;n th&#7875; &#273;&#7875; h&#7885;c tr&#242; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh c&#243; th&#7875; th&#7921;c s&#7921; t&#225;i sinh. Trong s&#7921; im l&#7863;ng v&#297;nh c&#7917;u c&#7911;a Virgil, ta nghe th&#7845;y m&#7897;t s&#7907;i thinh l&#7863;ng c&#7911;a m&#7897;t h&#7841;nh ph&#250;c m&#224; ch&#237;nh &#244;ng kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#7871;m tr&#7843;i.  Dante kh&#243;c cho s&#7921; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t c&#7911;a Virgil, nh&#432;ng ch&#237;nh trong nh&#7919;ng gi&#7885;t l&#7879; &#273;&#243;, &#244;ng &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c </span><em><span>trao v&#432;&#417;ng mi&#7879;n</span></em><span> &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7889;i di&#7879;n v&#7899;i &#225;nh s&#225;ng. L&#253; tr&#237; &#273;&#227; r&#250;t lui, nh&#432;&#7901;ng l&#7841;i m&#7897;t ch&#7911; th&#7875; t&#7921; do, ch&#226;n th&#7921;c v&#224; s&#7861;n s&#224;ng th&#259;ng hoa t&#7899;i c&#245;i m&#224; t&#236;nh y&#234;u d&#7901;i chuy&#7875;n m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i v&#224; nh&#7919;ng v&#236; tinh t&#250;.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://tindocmotchut.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! 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